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Choi D, Jang SJ, Choi S, Park S, Kim WK, Lee G, Lee C, Ko G. Oral Administration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri KBL346 Ameliorates Influenza Virus A/PR8 Infection in Mouse. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10301-8. [PMID: 38949757 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is an important public-health concern because of its high transmissibility and potential for severe complications. To mitigate the severity and complications of influenza, probiotics containing Lactobacillus are used and generally recognized as safe. We evaluated the anti-influenza effect of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) KBL346, isolated from the fecel sample of healthy South Koreans, in mice. BALB/c mice were orally administered live and heat-inactivated L. reuteri KBL346. After infection with influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/34) 0.5 times the 50% lethal dose (LD50), body weight loss was improved and recovery was accelerated. Furthermore, L. reuteri KBL346 improved body weight loss and survival rate of mice infected with 4 times the LD50 of influenza virus. Heat-inactivated L. reuteri KBL346 reduced the viral titer in the lung and the plasma immunoglobulin G level. Expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ and toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2), were decreased in the lung tissues of mice administered L. reuteri KBL346. Live and heat-inactivated L. reuteri KBL346 increased the expression level of Adamts4, which promotes recovery after infection, and decreased that of Tlr2. The α-diversity of the gut microbiome was modulated by the administration of L. reuteri KBL346. In addition, the structure of the gut microbial community differed according to the degree of weight loss. L. reuteri KBL346 has the potential to alleviate disease severity and improve histopathological changes in mice infected with influenza A/PR8, suggesting its efficacy as a probiotic against influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doseon Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Jang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueun Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Ki Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Giljae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- KoBioLabs, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Martignoni MM, Raulo A, Linkovski O, Kolodny O. SIR+ models: accounting for interaction-dependent disease susceptibility in the planning of public health interventions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12908. [PMID: 38839831 PMCID: PMC11153654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Avoiding physical contact is regarded as one of the safest and most advisable strategies to follow to reduce pathogen spread. The flip side of this approach is that a lack of social interactions may negatively affect other dimensions of health, like induction of immunosuppressive anxiety and depression or preventing interactions of importance with a diversity of microbes, which may be necessary to train our immune system or to maintain its normal levels of activity. These may in turn negatively affect a population's susceptibility to infection and the incidence of severe disease. We suggest that future pandemic modelling may benefit from relying on 'SIR+ models': epidemiological models extended to account for the benefits of social interactions that affect immune resilience. We develop an SIR+ model and discuss which specific interventions may be more effective in balancing the trade-off between minimizing pathogen spread and maximizing other interaction-dependent health benefits. Our SIR+ model reflects the idea that health is not just the mere absence of disease, but rather a state of physical, mental and social well-being that can also be dependent on the same social connections that allow pathogen spread, and the modelling of public health interventions for future pandemics should account for this multidimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Martignoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Aura Raulo
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Oren Kolodny
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Taufer CR, da Silva J, Rampelotto PH. The Influence of Probiotic Lactobacilli on COVID-19 and the Microbiota. Nutrients 2024; 16:1350. [PMID: 38732597 PMCID: PMC11085918 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the potential of using lactobacilli as a probiotic in the management of COVID-19. Our findings suggest that lactobacilli show promise in reducing the risk of death, gastrointestinal and overall symptoms, and respiratory failure, as well as in lowering cytokines and inflammatory markers associated with the disease. The molecular mechanisms by which lactobacilli protect against COVID-19 and other viral infections may be related to the reduction in inflammation, modulation of the immune response, and direct interaction with viruses to produce antiviral substances. However, the selected studies demonstrate the presence of mixed findings for various clinical, biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters, which may be attributed to methodological differences among studies. We highlight the importance of clearly describing randomization processes to minimize bias and caution against small sample sizes and inappropriate statistical tests that could lead to errors. This review offers valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of lactobacilli in the context of COVID-19 and identifies avenues for further research and applications. These findings hold promise for the development of novel approaches to managing COVID-19 and warrant further investigation into the potential benefits of lactobacilli in combating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Reginato Taufer
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Hong GH, Lee SY, Kim IA, Suk J, Baeg C, Kim JY, Lee S, Kim KJ, Kim KT, Kim MG, Park KY. Effect of Heat-Treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 on the Immune System Including Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1339. [PMID: 38732587 PMCID: PMC11085399 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HT-nF1) increases immune cell activation and the production of various immunomodulators (e.g., interleukin (IL)-12) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) G, which plays an important role in humoral immunity, and IgA, which activates mucosal immunity. To determine the effect of HT-nF1 intake on improving immune function, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 100 subjects with normal white blood cell counts. The HT-nF1 group was administered capsules containing 5 × 1011 cells of HT-nF1 once a day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of HT-nF1 intake, significant changes in IL-12 were observed in the HT-nF1 group (p = 0.045). In particular, the change in natural killer (NK) cell activity significantly increased in subjects with low secretory (s) IgA (≤49.61 μg/mL) and low NK activity (E:T = 10:1) (≤3.59%). These results suggest that HT-nF1 has no safety issues and improves the innate immune function by regulating T helper (Th)1-related immune factors. Therefore, we confirmed that HT-nF1 not only has a positive effect on regulating the body's immunity, but it is also a safe material for the human body, which confirms its potential as a functional health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hye Hong
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - So-Young Lee
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - In Ah Kim
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jangmi Suk
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Chaemin Baeg
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Sehee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Min Gee Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Kun-Young Park
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
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Giovanetti M, Pannella G, Altomare A, Rocchi G, Guarino M, Ciccozzi M, Riva E, Gherardi G. Exploring the Interplay between COVID-19 and Gut Health: The Potential Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Support. Viruses 2024; 16:370. [PMID: 38543736 PMCID: PMC10975078 DOI: 10.3390/v16030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, leading to extensive research focused on developing strategies to enhance outbreak response and mitigate the disease's severity. In the aftermath of the pandemic, attention has shifted towards understanding and addressing long-term health implications, particularly in individuals experiencing persistent symptoms, known as long COVID. Research into potential interventions to alleviate long COVID symptoms has intensified, with a focus on strategies to support immune function and mitigate inflammation. One area of interest is the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and maintaining overall health. Prebiotics and probiotics, known for their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents in bolstering immune function and reducing inflammation. This review delves into the intricate relationship between long COVID, the gut microbiota, and immune function, with a specific focus on the role of prebiotics and probiotics. We examine the immune response to long COVID, emphasizing the importance of inflammation and immune regulation in the persistence of symptoms. The potential of probiotics in modulating immune responses, including their mechanisms in combating viral infections such as COVID-19, is discussed in detail. Clinical evidence supporting the use of probiotics in managing long COVID symptoms is summarized, highlighting their role as adjunctive therapy in addressing various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its aftermath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giovanetti
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Brasilia 70070-130, Brazil
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Gianfranco Pannella
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- Department of Agricultural, Enviromental and Food Science, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Michele Guarino
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
- Operative Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Roma, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Unit of Virology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Applied Bacteriological Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gherardi
- Applied Bacteriological Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Kim HJ, Park JG, Moon KS, Jung SB, Kwon YM, Kang NS, Kim JH, Nam SJ, Choi G, Baek YB, Park SI. Identification and characterization of a marine bacterium extract from Mameliella sp. M20D2D8 with antiviral effects against influenza A and B viruses. Arch Virol 2024; 169:41. [PMID: 38326489 PMCID: PMC10850258 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in vaccines and chemotherapeutic drugs, pathogenic RNA viruses continue to have a profound impact on the global economy and pose a serious threat to animal and human health through emerging and re-emerging outbreaks of diseases. To overcome the challenge of viral adaptation and evolution, increased vigilance is required. Particularly, antiviral drugs derived from new, natural sources provide an attractive strategy for controlling problematic viral diseases. In this antiviral study, we discovered a previously unknown bacterium, Mameliella sp. M20D2D8, by conducting an antiviral screening of marine microorganisms. An extract from M20D2D8 exhibited antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity and was found to be effective in vitro against multiple influenza virus strains: A/PR8 (IC50 = 2.93 µg/mL, SI = 294.85), A/Phil82 (IC50 = 1.42 µg/mL, SI = 608.38), and B/Yamagata (IC50 = 1.59 µg/mL, SI = 543.33). The antiviral action was found to occur in the post-entry stages of viral replication and to suppress viral replication by inducing apoptosis in infected cells. Moreover, it efficiently suppressed viral genome replication, protein synthesis, and infectivity in MDCK and A549 cells. Our findings highlight the antiviral capabilities of a novel marine bacterium, which could potentially be useful in the development of drugs for controlling viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Seo Moon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Yong Min Kwon
- Department of Microbial Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 75, Jangsan-ro 101beon-gil, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Seon Kang
- Department of Microbial Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 75, Jangsan-ro 101beon-gil, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Grace Choi
- Department of Microbial Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 75, Jangsan-ro 101beon-gil, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeong-Bin Baek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Liu Z, Zhang S, Hu H, Wang H, Qiu Y, Dong M, Wang M, Cui Z, Cui H, Wang Y, He G. Construction of recombinant Lactococcus expressing thymosin and interferon fusion protein and its application as an immune adjuvant. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:40. [PMID: 38321474 PMCID: PMC10845779 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, biosafety and green food safety standards have increased the demand for immune enhancers and adjuvants. In the present study, recombinant food-grade Lactococcus lactis (r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN) expressing thymosin Tα1 and chicken interferon fusion protein was constructed. RESULTS The in vitro interactions with macrophages revealed a mixture of recombinant r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN could significantly activate both macrophage J774-Dual™ NF-κB and interferon regulator (IRF) signaling pathways. In vitro interactions with chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) demonstrated that a mixture of recombinant r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN significantly enhanced the expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, CD80, and CD86 proteins in chicken PBMCs. Animal experiments displayed that injecting a lysis mixture of recombinant r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN could significantly activate the proliferation of T cells and antigen-presenting cells in chicken PBMCs. Moreover, 16S analysis of intestinal microbiota demonstrated that injection of the lysis mixture of recombinant r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN could significantly improve the structure and composition of chicken intestinal microbiota, with a significant increase in probiotic genera, such as Lactobacillus spp. Results of animal experiments using the lysis mixture of recombinant r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN as an immune adjuvant for inactivated chicken Newcastle disease vaccine showed that the serum antibody titers of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the vaccine control group, and the expression levels of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly higher than those of the vaccine control group. CONCLUSION These results indicate that food-safe recombinant r-L. lactis-Tα1-IFN has potential as a vaccine immune booster and immune adjuvant. This study lays the foundation for the development of natural green novel animal immune booster or immune adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Suhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongjiao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Harbin Guosheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Mingqi Dong
- Harbin Guosheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Muping Wang
- Harbin Guosheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Ziyang Cui
- Clinical Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Harbin Guosheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, China.
| | - Gaoming He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Taufer CR, Rampelotto PH. Lactobacilli in COVID-19: A Systematic Review Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Studies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:284. [PMID: 38399688 PMCID: PMC10891515 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, known as COVID-19, which primarily affects the respiratory and intestinal systems and impacts the microbial communities of patients. This systematic review involved a comprehensive search across the major literature databases to explore the relationship between lactobacilli and COVID-19. Our emphasis was on investigations employing NGS technologies to explore this connection. Our analysis of nine selected studies revealed that lactobacilli have a reduced abundance in the disease and an association with disease severity. The protective mechanisms of lactobacilli in COVID-19 and other viral infections are likely to be multifaceted, involving complex interactions between the microbiota, the host immune system, and the virus itself. Moreover, upon closely examining the NGS methodologies and associated statistical analyses in each research study, we have noted concerns regarding the approach used to delineate the varying abundance of lactobacilli, which involves potential biases and the exclusion of pertinent data elements. These findings provide new insight into the relationship between COVID-19 and lactobacilli, highlighting the potential for microbiota modulation in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Reginato Taufer
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Zabel B, Mäkelä SM, Nedveck D, Hibberd AA, Yeung N, Latvala S, Lehtoranta L, Junnila J, Walters KB, Morovic W, Lehtinen MJ. The Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 on Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2582. [PMID: 37894240 PMCID: PMC10609243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection is a major global disease requiring annual vaccination. Clinical studies indicate that certain probiotics may support immune function against influenza and other respiratory viruses, but direct molecular evidence is scarce. Here, mice were treated with a placebo or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (Bl-04) orally via food (cereal) and also by gavage and exposed to Influenza A virus H1N1 (H1N1). The symptoms of the infection were observed, and tissues and digesta were collected for viral load RT-qPCR, transcriptomics, and microbiomics. The treatment decreased the viral load by 48% at day 3 post-infection in lungs and symptoms of infection at day 4 compared to placebo. Tissue transcriptomics showed differences between the Bl-04 and placebo groups in the genes in the Influenza A pathway in the intestine, blood, and lungs prior to and post-infection, but the results were inconclusive. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene profiling and qPCR showed the presence of Bl-04 in the intestine, but without major shifts in the microbiome. In conclusion, Bl-04 treatment may influence the host response against H1N1 in a murine challenge model; however, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Zabel
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, 3329 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI 53716, USA
| | - Sanna M Mäkelä
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Derek Nedveck
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, 3329 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI 53716, USA
| | - Ashley A Hibberd
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, 3329 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI 53716, USA
| | - Nicolas Yeung
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Sinikka Latvala
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Liisa Lehtoranta
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | | | - Kevin B Walters
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Wesley Morovic
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, 3329 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI 53716, USA
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
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10
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Antony MA, Patel S, Verma V, Kant R. The Role of Gut Microbiome Supplementation in COVID-19 Management. Cureus 2023; 15:e46960. [PMID: 38021562 PMCID: PMC10640765 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by the RNA virus, SARS-CoV-2, mainly affects the respiratory system and has a varied clinical presentation. However, several studies have shown that COVID-19 can also affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Patients can experience various GI symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea, and the virus has been detected in the stool samples of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. There have also been rare reports of COVID-19 presenting with isolated GI symptoms and lack of respiratory symptoms, and the virus has also been detected for prolonged periods in the fecal samples of COVID-19 patients. Major alterations in the gut microbiome in the form of depletion of beneficial organisms and an abundance of pathogenic organisms have been reported in the fecal samples of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Although the US FDA has approved several drugs to manage COVID-19, their efficacy remains modest. So, there is a constant ongoing effort to investigate novel treatment options for COVID-19. Health supplements like probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have been popularly known for their various health benefits. In this review, we have summarized the current literature, which shows the potential benefit of these health supplements to mitigate and/or prevent the clinical presentation of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mc Anto Antony
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical University of South Carolina, Anderson, USA
| | - Siddharth Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Decatur Morgan Hospital, Decatur, USA
| | - Vipin Verma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Anderson, USA
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical University of South Carolina, Anderson, USA
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11
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Chioma Mgbodile F, Nwagu TNT. Probiotic therapy, African fermented foods and food-derived bioactive peptides in the management of SARS-CoV-2 cases and other viral infections. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 38:e00795. [PMID: 37041970 PMCID: PMC10066861 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The current paper focuses on the impact of probiotics, African fermented foods and bioactive peptides on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection severity and related viral infections. Using probiotics or bioactive peptides as therapeutic adjuncts appears superior to standard care alone. Probiotics play critical roles in innate and adaptive immune modulation by balancing the gut microbiota to combat viral infections, secondary bacterial infections and microbial dysbiosis. African fermented foods contain abundant potential probiotic microorganisms such as the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Saccharomyces, and Bacillus. More so, fermented food-derived bioactive peptides play vital roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, lung injury, diabetes, and other COVID-19 comorbidities. Regularly incorporating potential probiotics and bioactive peptides into diets should enable a build-up of the benefits in the body system that may result in a better prognosis, especially in COVID-19 patients with underlying complexities. Despite the reported therapeutic potentials of probiotics and fermented foods, numerous setbacks exist regarding their application in disease management. These shortfalls underscore an evident need for more studies to evaluate the specific potentials of probiotics and traditional fermented foods in ameliorating SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections.
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12
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Rasai D, Hosseinian SA, Asasi K, Shekarforosh SS, Tafti K. The beneficial effects of spraying of probiotic Bacillus and Lactobacillus bacteria on broiler chickens experimentally infected with avian influenza virus H9N2. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102669. [PMID: 37146538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical, antiviral, and immunological effects of spraying Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. as a single or mixture probiotic compound on experimentally infected broiler chickens with AIV H9N2. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to 6 groups as follows: Ctrl- (no challenge AIV; no spray probiotic), Ctrl+ (AIV challenged; no spray probiotic), AI+B (AIV challenged; daily spraying of probiotic Bacillus spp.), AI+L group (AIV challenged; daily spraying of probiotic Lactobacillus spp.), AIV+BL (AIV challenged; daily spraying of probiotic Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp.), and G-DW (daily spraying of normal saline; no AIV challenged). The birds were reared for 35 d. On the 22nd day of age, broiler chickens were challenged by AIV H9N2. The probiotics were sprayed at 9×109 CFU/m2 daily for 35 d. Growth performance, clinical signs, virus shedding, macroscopic and microscopic lesions were evaluated at various days in all groups. Spraying with probiotics improved the body weight gain and food conversion ratio in the AI+B, AI+L, and AI+BL groups compared to the Ctrl+. The severity of clinical signs, gross lesions, pathological lesions and viral shedding in the probiotic treatment groups was lower than in the Ctrl+ group. The findings of this study suggest the daily spraying of Lactobacillus and Bacillus probiotics alone or in combination during the rearing period reduce clinical and nonclinical aspects of H9N2 virus infection; so, it can be effective as a preventive protocol for controlling the severity of AIV H9N2 infection in broilers.
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13
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Krumina A, Bogdanova M, Gintere S, Viksna L. Gut-Lung Microbiota Interaction in COPD Patients: A Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58121760. [PMID: 36556962 PMCID: PMC9785780 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world, which is why a lot of attention has been recently paid to studying the possible mechanisms for the development of pulmonary diseases and assessing the impact on their course. The microbiota plays an important role in these processes and influences the functionality of the human immune system. Thus, alterations in the normal microflora contribute to a reduction in immunity and a more severe course of diseases. In this review, we summarized the information about gut and lung microbiota interactions with particular attention to their influence on the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Krumina
- Department of Infectology, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.B.); Tel.: +371-29113833 (A.K.); +371-26656592 (M.B.)
| | - Marina Bogdanova
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.B.); Tel.: +371-29113833 (A.K.); +371-26656592 (M.B.)
| | - Sandra Gintere
- Department of Family Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ludmila Viksna
- Department of Infectology, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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14
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Eichberg J, Maiworm E, Oberpaul M, Czudai-Matwich V, Lüddecke T, Vilcinskas A, Hardes K. Antiviral Potential of Natural Resources against Influenza Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112452. [PMID: 36366550 PMCID: PMC9693975 DOI: 10.3390/v14112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a severe contagious disease caused by influenza A and B viruses. The WHO estimates that annual outbreaks lead to 3-5 million severe infections of which approximately 10% lead to the death of the patient. While vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention, antiviral drugs represent the most important treatment option of acute infections. Only two classes of drugs are currently approved for the treatment of influenza in numerous countries: M2 channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors. In some countries, additional compounds such as the recently developed cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil or the polymerase inhibitor favipiravir are available. However, many of these compounds suffer from poor efficacy, if not applied early after infection. Furthermore, many influenza strains have developed resistances and lost susceptibility to these compounds. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-influenza drugs against a broad spectrum of subtypes. Natural products have made an important contribution to the development of new lead structures, particularly in the field of infectious diseases. Therefore, this article aims to review the research on the identification of novel lead structures isolated from natural resources suitable to treat influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichberg
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Maiworm
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Oberpaul
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Czudai-Matwich
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Lüddecke
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence:
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15
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Lactic Acid Bacteria as Mucosal Immunity Enhancers and Antivirals through Oral Delivery. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination offer an advantage over systemic inoculation from the immunological viewpoint. The development of an efficient vaccine is now a priority for emerging diseases such as COVID-19, that was declared a pandemic in 2020 and caused millions of deaths globally. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) especially Lactobacillus are the vital microbiota of the gut, which is observed as having valuable effects on animals’ and human health. LAB produce lactic acid as the major by-product of carbohydrate degradation and play a significant role in innate immunity enhancement. LAB have significant characteristics to mimic pathogen infections and intrinsically possess adjuvant properties to enhance mucosal immunity. Increasing demand and deliberations are being substantially focused on probiotic organisms that can enhance mucosal immunity against viral diseases. LAB can also strengthen their host’s antiviral defense system by producing antiviral peptides, and releasing metabolites that prevent viral infections and adhesion to mucosal surfaces. From the perspectives of “one health” and the use of probiotics, conventional belief has opened up a new horizon on the use of LAB as antivirals. The major interest of this review is to depict the beneficial use of LAB as antivirals and mucosal immunity enhancers against viral diseases.
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16
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Anti-Influenza Virus Potential of Probiotic Strain Lactoplantibacillus plantarum YML015 Isolated from Korean Fermented Vegetable. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are one of the potential natural remedies used worldwide, commonly known as probiotics. Here, the aim of this research investigation was to isolate a probiotic Lactobacilli strain, YLM015, from the popular Korean fermented vegetable “Kimchi” and to evaluate its anti-viral potential against influenza virus A (IFVA) H1N1 using the MDCK cell line in vitro, and in embryonated eggs in ovo. The YML015 strain was selected from among the 1200 Lactobacilli isolates for further studies based on its potent anti-viral efficacy. YML015 was identified and characterized as Lactoplantibacillus plantarum YML015 based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemically with an API 50 CHL Kit. In ovo assay experienced with embryonated eggs and the hemagglutination inhibition method, as well as cytopathogenic reduction assay, was performed individually to observe anti-influenza viral activity of YML015 against influenza virus A H1N1. Additionally, YML015 was classified for its non-resistance nature as safe for humans and animals as confirmed by the antibiotic susceptibility (MIC) test, cell viability, and hemolysis assay. The heat stability test was also experienced by using different heat-treated cell-free supernatant (CFS) samples of YML015. As a result, YML015 showed highly potent anti-viral activity against influenza virus A H1N1 in vitro in the MDCK cell line. Overall findings suggest that anti-influenza viral activity of L. plantarum YML015 makes it a potential candidate of choice for use as an influential probiotic in pharmacological preparations to protect humans and animals from flu and viral infection.
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17
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Malik J, Ahmed S, Yaseen Z, Alanazi M, Alharby TN, Alshammari HA, Anwar S. Association of SARS-CoV-2 and Polypharmacy with Gut-Lung Axis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33651-33665. [PMID: 36164411 PMCID: PMC9491241 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel infectious contagion leading to COVID-19 disease. The virus has affected the lives of millions of people across the globe with a high mortality rate. It predominantly affects the lung (respiratory system), but it also affects other organs, including the cardiovascular, psychological, and gastrointestinal (GIT) systems. Moreover, elderly and comorbid patients with compromised organ functioning and pre-existing polypharmacy have worsened COVID-19-associated complications. Microbiota (MB) of the lung plays an important role in developing COVID-19. The extent of damage mainly depends on the predominance of opportunistic pathogens and, inversely, with the predominance of advantageous commensals. Changes in the gut MB are associated with a bidirectional shift in the interaction among the gut with a number of vital human organs, which leads to severe disease symptoms. This review focuses on dysbiosis in the gut-lung axis, COVID-19-induced worsening of comorbidities, and the influence of polypharmacy on MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid
Ahmad Malik
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Rupnagar 140001, India
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Zahid Yaseen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Delhi Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Muteb Alanazi
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Nafea Alharby
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Effects of coronavirus disease 19 on the gastrointestinal tract and the potential impact on gastrointestinal toxicities during cancer treatment. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2022; 16:168-173. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Xie M, Li Y, Olsen RE, Ringø E, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Ran C, Zhou Z. Dietary supplementation of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 improved the resistance of zebrafish against spring viremia of carp virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968348. [PMID: 35990638 PMCID: PMC9389081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) can cause high mortality of fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 exopolysaccharides (GCC-3 EPS) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected with SVCV and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Zebrafish were fed with a control diet or diet supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of GCC-3 EPS for 2 weeks. The results showed that supplementation of GCC-3 EPS significantly improved the survival rate of zebrafish compared with the control group. In addition, dietary 0.5% and 1% GCC-3 EPS significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to type I interferon (IFN) antiviral immunity. Consistent with in vivo results, GCC-3 EPS significantly inhibited SVCV replication in zebrafish embryonic fibroblast (ZF4) cells while significantly increased the expression of type I IFN signaling pathway related genes. Furthermore, knocking down TANK-binding kinase 1 significantly blocked the antiviral effect of GCC-3 EPS. Dietary GCC-3 EPS improved gut microbiota, and the culture supernatant of GCC-3 EPS-associated microbiota significantly inhibited SVCV replication in ZF4 cells compared with the control-microbiota counterpart. In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary GCC-3 EPS can improve the resistance of zebrafish against SVCV infection, and the mechanism may involve enhanced type I interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Xie
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yu Li
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Ringø
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø (UiT) The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Zhou, ; Chao Ran,
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Zhou, ; Chao Ran,
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20
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Schuermann LE, Bergmann CB, Goetzman H, Caldwell CC, Satish L. Heat-killed probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum affects the function of neutrophils but does not improve survival in murine burn injury. Burns 2022; 49:877-888. [PMID: 35850881 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have become of interest as therapeutics in trauma or sepsis-induced inflammation due to their ability to affects the immune response. However, their use is still under debate due to the potential risk of septicemia. Therefore, heat-killed probiotics offer a potential alternative, with recent research suggesting a comparable immunomodulating potential and increased safety. In a previous study, we demonstrated decreased mortality by administration of live Lactobacillus plantarum in a mouse burn-sepsis model. Neutrophils are an essential innate defense against pathogens. Therefore, our present study aims to understand the impact of heat-killed probiotic L. plantarum (HKLP) on neutrophil function. Utilizing an in vitro stimulation with HKLP and a burn-infection in vivo model, we determined that administration of HKLP induced significant release of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stimulated the release of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. HKLP had no impact on neutrophil function, such as phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and NETosis, but increased apoptosis and activated neutrophils. HKLP did not improve survival. Together, contrary to our hypothesis, heat-killed probiotics did not improve neutrophil function and survival outcome in a murine severe burn injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Schuermann
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christian B Bergmann
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Holly Goetzman
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles C Caldwell
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Latha Satish
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Varsha KK, Narisetty V, Brar KK, Madhavan A, Alphy MP, Sindhu R, Awasthi MK, Varjani S, Binod P. Bioactive metabolites in functional and fermented foods and their role as immunity booster and anti-viral innate mechanisms. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 60:1-10. [PMID: 35789583 PMCID: PMC9243801 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Live microorganisms in the fermented foods termed probiotics and their secondary metabolites with bioactive potential were considered as potential anti-viral capabilities through various mechanisms. Given the importance of functional and fermented foods in disease prevention, there is a need to discuss the contextualization and deep understanding of the mechanism of action of these foods, particularly considering the appearance of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which is causing health concerns and increased social services globally. The mechanism of probiotic strains or their bioactive metabolites is due to stimulation of immune response through boosting T-lymphocytes, cytokines, and cell toxicity of natural killer cells. Proper consumption of these functional and fermented foods may provide additional antiviral approaches for public benefit by modulating the immune functions in the hosts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05528-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Narisetty
- Moolec Science, Innovation Centre, Gallows Hill, CV34 6UW, Warwick, UK
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
- Centre Technologique des Résidus Industriels en Abitibi Témiscamingue, 433 Boulevard du collège, J9X0E1, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 India
| | - Maria Paul Alphy
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, Kerala 691505 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712 100 Shaanxi China
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Paryavaran Bhavan, CHH Road, Sector 10 A, Gujarat Gandhinagar, 382010 India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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22
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Wang Y, Moon A, Huang J, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Antiviral Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Probiotics as Promising Antivirals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:928050. [PMID: 35734576 PMCID: PMC9207339 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics exert a variety of beneficial effects, including maintaining homeostasis and the balance of intestinal microorganisms, activating the immune system, and regulating immune responses. Due to the beneficial effects of probiotics, a wide range of probiotics have been developed as probiotic agents for animal and human health. Viral diseases cause serious economic losses to the livestock every year and remain a great challenge for animals. Moreover, strategies for the prevention and control of viral diseases are limited. Viruses enter the host through the skin and mucosal surface, in which are colonized by hundreds of millions of microorganisms. The antiviral effects of probiotics have been proved, including modulation of chemical, microbial, physical, and immune barriers through various probiotics, probiotic metabolites, and host signaling pathways. It is of great significance yet far from enough to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of probiotics. The major interest of this review is to discuss the antiviral effects and underlying mechanisms of probiotics and to provide targets for the development of novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Sun
- *Correspondence: Hua-Ji Qiu, ; Yuan Sun,
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- *Correspondence: Hua-Ji Qiu, ; Yuan Sun,
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23
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Nayebi A, Navashenaq JG, Soleimani D, Nachvak SM. Probiotic supplementation: A prospective approach in the treatment of COVID-19. Nutr Health 2022; 28:163-175. [PMID: 34747257 PMCID: PMC9160438 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211049631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Despite strategies based on social distancing, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) expands globally, and so far, many attempts have been made to achieve effective treatment for patients with COVID-19. This disease infects the lower respiratory tract and may lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). COVID-19 also can cause gastrointestinal infections. Therefore, COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms are more likely to be complicated by SARS-CoV. In this disease, acquired immune responses are impaired, and uncontrolled inflammatory responses result in cytokine storms, leading to acute lung injury and thrombus formation. Probiotics are living microorganisms that contribute to the health of the host if administered in appropriate doses. Aim: This study aimed to provide evidence to show the importance of gut dysbiosis in viral disease, especially COVID-19. Therefore, we have focused on the impact of probiotics consumption on preventing severe symptoms of the disease. Methods: We have entirely searched SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to collect evidence regarding the relationship between probiotics and viral infections to expand this relationship to the COVID-19. Results: It has been shown that probiotics directly counteract SARS-CoV in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Moreover, probiotics suppress severe immune responses and prevent cytokine storms to inhibit pathologic inflammatory conditions in the body via modulation of immune responses. Conclusion: According to available evidence based on their antiviral and respiratory activities, using probiotics might be an adjuvant therapy to reduce the burden and severity of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Nayebi
- Student Research Committee, Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Davood Soleimani
- Student Research Committee, Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Seyyed Mostafa Nachvak, Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6719851552, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Student Research Committee, Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kang MS, Park GY. In Vitro Inactivation of Respiratory Viruses and Rotavirus by the Oral Probiotic Strain Weissella cibaria CMS1. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:760-766. [PMID: 35536505 PMCID: PMC9086127 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Weissella cibaria CMS1 (oraCMS1) has been commercially used in Korea as an oral care probiotic for several years. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the influenza A virus (H1N1) are representative viruses that cause infantile lower respiratory tract infections. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of oraCMS1 in inactivating RSV, H1N1, and RVA in suspension as per ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) E1052-20. The mixture of oraCMS1 and these viruses was evaluated at contact times of 1, 2, and 4 h. Virucidal activity was measured using a 50% tissue culture infective dose assay (log10TCID50) after infecting the host cells with the viruses. The CFS of oraCMS1 inactivated RSV by up to 99.0% after 1 h and 99.9% after 2 and 4 h, and H1N1 and RVA were inactivated by up to 99.9% and 99.0% at 2 h, respectively. Although these in vitro results cannot be directly interpreted as implying clinical efficacy, our findings suggest that oraCMS1 provides a protective barrier against RSV, H1N1, and RVA, and therefore, it can help decrease the risk of respiratory tract and intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kang
- R&D Center, OraPharm Inc, Seoul, 04782, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Gonçalves JIB, Borges TJ, de Souza APD. Microbiota and the Response to Vaccines Against Respiratory Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889945. [PMID: 35603203 PMCID: PMC9122122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini review describes the role of gut and lung microbiota during respiratory viral infection and discusses the implication of the microbiota composition on the immune responses generated by the vaccines designed to protect against these pathogens. This is a growing field and recent evidence supports that the composition and function of the microbiota can modulate the immune response of vaccination against respiratory viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Recent studies have highlighted that molecules derived from the microbiome can have systemic effects, acting in distant organs. These molecules are recognized by the immune cells from the host and can trigger or modulate different responses, interfering with vaccination protection. Modulating the microbiota composition has been suggested as an approach to achieving more efficient protective immune responses. Studies in humans have reported associations between a better vaccine response and specific bacterial taxa. These associations vary among different vaccine strategies and are likely to be context-dependent. The use of prebiotics and probiotics in conjunction with vaccination demonstrated that bacterial components could act as adjuvants. Future microbiota-based interventions may potentially improve and optimize the responses of respiratory virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- João I. B. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Health and Life Science School - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thiago J. Borges
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Health and Life Science School - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Biological Functions of Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Potential Benefits for Humans and Farmed Animals. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091284. [PMID: 35564008 PMCID: PMC9101012 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are structurally diverse biopolymers with a broad range of technological properties and bioactivities. There is scientific evidence that these polymers have health-promoting properties. Most commercialized probiotic microorganisms for consumption by humans and farmed animals are LAB and some of them are EPS-producers indicating that some of their beneficial properties could be due to these polymers. Probiotic LAB are currently used to improve human health and for the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions. They are also used in food-producing animal husbandry, mainly due to their abilities to promote growth and inhibit pathogens via different mechanisms, among which the production of EPS could be involved. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of the characteristics, usage and biological role of EPS from LAB, as well as their postbiotic action in humans and animals, and to predict the future contribution that they could have on the diet of food animals to improve productivity, animal health status and impact on public health.
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Abstract
Fermented foods (FFs) hold global attention because of their huge advantages. Their health benefits, palatability, preserved, tasteful, and aromatic properties impart potential importance in the comprehensive evaluation of FFs. The bioactive components, such as minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, and other phytochemicals synthesized during fermentation, provide consumers with several health benefits. Fermentation of food is an ancient process that has met with many remarkable changes owing to the development of scientific technologies over the years. Initially, fermentation relied on back-slapping. Nowadays, starter cultures strains are specifically chosen for the type of fermentation process. Modern biotechnological methods are being implemented in the fermentation process to achieve the desired product in high quality. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections are the most severe health issues affecting human beings of all age groups, especially children and older adults, during this COVID-19 pandemic period. Studies suggest that the consumption of probiotic Lactobacillus strains containing fermented foods protects the subjects from common infectious diseases (CIDs, which is classified as upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections) by improving the host’s immune system. Further studies are obligatory to develop probiotic-based functional FFs that are effective against CIDs. Presently, we are urged to find alternative, safe, and cost-effective prevention measures against CIDs. The current manuscript briefs the production of FFs, functional properties of FFs, and their beneficial effects against respiratory tract infections. It summarizes the outcomes of clinical trials using human subjects on the effects of supplementation of FFs.
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Akhmedov VA. Correction of intestinal microbial composition disturbances as a potential link in complex therapy of patients with COVID-19. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:277-282. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.02.201388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The article reflects the potential for correcting intestinal microbiota disorders in the complex therapy of patients with COVID-19. It has been noted that the inclusion of dietary fiber in the diet contributes to protection against disruption of the integrity of the intestinal barrier and may limit bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation. The possibility of using psyllium (Mucofalk) is reflected, the action of which is realized both through its sorption, cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in viral lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, and through stimulation of the own beneficial intestinal microbiota. The paper presents studies of the prospects for the use of probiotics, synbiotics in the complex therapy of patients with COVID-19. Detailed data are provided on the mechanisms of the positive effect of short-chain fatty acid preparations on reducing the severity of the disease in patients with COVID-19. It was noted that taking the drug Zacofalk leads to a significant increase in its own butyrate-producing microbiota (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) and suppression of the growth of opportunistic flora with pro-inflammatory activity. The results of a recent study are presented showing that in patients with a mild course of COVID infection with respiratory and intestinal symptoms, the administration of Zakofalk for 30 days (3 tablets per day) led to significantly faster stool normalization (by day 7), persistent normalization of the frequency and consistency of stools by the 21st day and a significantly more pronounced regression of bloating and abdominal pain, as well as a decrease in the risk of developing post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.
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Shima T, Kaga C, Shimamoto K, Sugimoto T, Kado Y, Watanabe O, Suwa T, Amamoto R, Tsuji H, Matsumoto S. Characteristics of gut microbiome, organic acid profiles and viral antibody indexes of healthy Japanese with live Lacticaseibacillus detected in stool. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:33-46. [PMID: 35144523 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the health-promoting effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (previously Lactobacillus casei) strain Shirota (LcS) that reached the lower gastrointestinal tract alive, we investigated the characteristics of gut microbiome, organic acid profiles, defecatory symptoms and serum viral antibody indexes of healthy Japanese adults between the group in whom live LcS was detected or not from stool. The β-diversity index of the gut microbiome constituted a significant difference between the live-LcS-detected-group (LLD) and the live-LcS-not-detected-group (LLnD). In the LLD, the Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae counts were significantly higher, and the succinate concentration was significantly lower than that in the LLnD. The serum herpes simplex virus (HSV) immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody index in the LLD tended to be lower than that of the LLnD in HSV IgG-positive subjects. Of the LLD, those in the fermented milk products containing LcS (FML)-high-frequency-group (FML-HF) and those in the FML-low-frequency-group (FML-LF) had different gut microbiome and organic acid profiles. However, the pattern of differences between FML-HF and FML-LF was dissimilar those between LLD and LLnD. In contrast, among subjects with FML-LF, those in the group with LLD in stool (LF-LLD) and those in the LLnD in stool (LF-LLnD) showed a similar pattern of differences in their gut microbiome and organic acid profiles as those in the LLnD and LLD. The LLD and LF-LLD commonly had lower caloric and carbohydrate intakes from the diet than their respective control groups. In this study, we found that the presence of live LcS in stool is associated with a healthy gut environment and inhibition of the reactivation of latently infected viruses in the host. However, these health-promoting effects on the host were not related to the frequency of FML intake. Furthermore, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and diet including caloric intake was related to the viability of ingested LcS in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shima
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - C Kaga
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K Shimamoto
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - T Sugimoto
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Y Kado
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - O Watanabe
- Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd., Development Department, 1-10-30 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - T Suwa
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - R Amamoto
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - H Tsuji
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - S Matsumoto
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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Nguyen QV, Chong LC, Hor YY, Lew LC, Rather IA, Choi SB. Role of Probiotics in the Management of COVID-19: A Computational Perspective. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020274. [PMID: 35057455 PMCID: PMC8781206 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic at the beginning of 2020, causing millions of deaths worldwide. Millions of vaccine doses have been administered worldwide; however, outbreaks continue. Probiotics are known to restore a stable gut microbiota by regulating innate and adaptive immunity within the gut, demonstrating the possibility that they may be used to combat COVID-19 because of several pieces of evidence suggesting that COVID-19 has an adverse impact on gut microbiota dysbiosis. Thus, probiotics and their metabolites with known antiviral properties may be used as an adjunctive treatment to combat COVID-19. Several clinical trials have revealed the efficacy of probiotics and their metabolites in treating patients with SARS-CoV-2. However, its molecular mechanism has not been unraveled. The availability of abundant data resources and computational methods has significantly changed research finding molecular insights between probiotics and COVID-19. This review highlights computational approaches involving microbiome-based approaches and ensemble-driven docking approaches, as well as a case study proving the effects of probiotic metabolites on SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Vo Nguyen
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Suite 9.2, 9th Floor, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia;
| | - Li Chuin Chong
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Istanbul 34820, Turkey;
| | - Yan-Yan Hor
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea;
| | - Lee-Ching Lew
- Probionic Corporation, Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810, Korea;
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.A.R.); (S.-B.C.)
| | - Sy-Bing Choi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Suite 9.2, 9th Floor, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.R.); (S.-B.C.)
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Xiao Y, Yang F, Liu F, Yao H, Wu N, Wu H. Antigen-capture ELISA and immunochromatographic test strip to detect the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus rapidly based on monoclonal antibodies. Virol J 2021; 18:198. [PMID: 34600550 PMCID: PMC8487345 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) has become the most widespread subtype of AIV among birds in Asia, which threatens the poultry industry and human health. Therefore, it is important to establish methods for the rapid diagnosis and continuous surveillance of H9N2 subtype AIV. Methods In this study, an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) and a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test (ICT) strip using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 3G4 and 2G7 were established to detect H9N2 subtype AIV. Results The AC-ELISA method and ICT strip can detect H9N2 subtype AIV quickly, and do not cross-react with other subtype AIVs or other viruses. The detection limit of AC-ELISA was a hemagglutinin (HA) titer of 4 for H9N2 subtype AIV per 100 μl sample, and the limit of detection of the HA protein of AIV H9N2 was 31.5 ng/ml. The ICT strip detection limit was an HA titer of 4 for H9N2 subtype AIV per 100 μl sample. Moreover, both detection methods exhibited good reproducibility and repeatability, with coefficients of variation < 5%. For detection in 200 actual poultry samples, the sensitivities and specificities of AC-ELISA were determined as 93.2% and 98.1%, respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of the ICT strips were determined as 90.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Conclusions The developed AC-ELISA and ICT strips displayed high specificity, sensitivity, and stability, making them suitable for rapid diagnosis and field investigation of H9N2 subtype AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Das G, Heredia JB, de Lourdes Pereira M, Coy-Barrera E, Rodrigues Oliveira SM, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Cabanillas-Bojórquez LA, Shin HS, Patra JK. Korean traditional foods as antiviral and respiratory disease prevention and treatments: A detailed review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 116:415-433. [PMID: 34345117 PMCID: PMC8321624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korean traditional food (KTF), originated from ancestral agriculture and the nomadic traditions of the Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria, is based on healthy food that balances disease prevention and treatment. Fermented foods that include grains, herbs, fruits, and mushrooms are also an important practice in KTF, providing high levels of Lactobacilli, which confer relevant health benefits, including antiviral properties. Some of these probiotics may also protect against the Influenza virus through the modulation of innate immunity. SCOPE AND APPROACH The emerging of the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to other diseases of viral origin, and the problems associated with other respiratory disorders, highlight how essential is a healthy eating pattern to strengthen our immune system.Key Findings and Conclusions: The present review covers the information available on edible plants, herbs, mushrooms, and preparations used in KTF to outline their multiple medicinal effects (e.g., antidiabetic, chemopreventive, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial), emphasizing their role and effects on the immune system with an emphasis on modulating properties of the gut microbiota that further support strong respiratory immunity. Potential functional foods commonly used in Korean cuisine such as Kimchi (a mixture of fermented vegetables), Meju, Doenjang, Jeotgal, and Mekgeolli and fermented sauces, among others, are highlighted for their great potential to improve gut-lung immunity. The traditional Korean diet and dietary mechanisms that may target viruses ACE-2 receptors or affect any step of a virus infection pathway that can determine a patient's prognosis are also highlighted. The regular oral intake of bioactive ingredients used in Korean foods can offer protection for some viral diseases, through protective and immunomodulatory effects, as evidenced in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - J Basilio Heredia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP. 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, 250247, Cajicá, Colombia
| | - Sonia Marlene Rodrigues Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- HMRI and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance Centres, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva
- Catedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP. 80110 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Luis Angel Cabanillas-Bojórquez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP. 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Chrzastek K, Leng J, Zakaria MK, Bialy D, La Ragione R, Shelton H. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection retards colon microbiota diversification in two different chicken lines. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:64. [PMID: 34583770 PMCID: PMC8479891 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A commensal microbiota regulates and is in turn regulated by viruses during host infection which can influence virus infectivity. In this study, analysis of colon microbiota population changes following a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype infection of two different chicken breeds was conducted. METHODS Colon samples were taken from control and infected groups at various timepoints post infection. 16S rRNA sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform was performed on the samples and the data mapped to operational taxonomic units of bacterial using a QIIME based pipeline. Microbial community structure was then analysed in each sample by number of observed species and phylogenetic diversity of the population. RESULTS We found reduced microbiota alpha diversity in the acute period of AIV infection (day 2-3) in both Rhode Island Red and VALO chicken lines. From day 4 post infection a gradual increase in diversity of the colon microbiota was observed, but the diversity did not reach the same level as in uninfected chickens by day 10 post infection, suggesting that AIV infection retards the natural accumulation of colon microbiota diversity, which may further influence chicken health following recovery from infection. Beta diversity analysis indicated a bacterial species diversity difference between the chicken lines during and following acute influenza infection but at phylum and bacterial order level the colon microbiota dysbiosis was similar in the two different chicken breeds. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that H9N2 influenza A virus impacts the chicken colon microbiota in a predictable way that could be targeted via intervention to protect or mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy Leng
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mohammad Khalid Zakaria
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK.
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Hung YP, Lee CC, Lee JC, Tsai PJ, Ko WC. Gut Dysbiosis during COVID-19 and Potential Effect of Probiotics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081605. [PMID: 34442684 PMCID: PMC8402052 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an influenza-like disease that chiefly infects the lungs through respiratory transmission. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a transmembrane protein in its outer portion, targets angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the binding receptor for the cell entry. As ACE2 is highly expressed in the gut and pulmonary tissues, SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently result in gastrointestinal inflammation, with presentations ordinarily ranging from intestinal cramps to complications with intestinal perforations. However, the evidence detailing successful therapy for gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients is currently limited. A significant change in fecal microbiomes, namely dysbiosis, was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and the depletion of beneficial commensals and their crucial association to COVID-19 severity has been evidenced. Oral probiotics had been evidenced to improve gut health in achieving homeostasis by exhibiting their antiviral effects via the gut-lung axis. Although numerous commercial probiotics have been effective against coronavirus, their efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients remain debated. In ClinicalTrials.gov, 19 clinical trials regarding the dietary supplement of probiotics, in terms of Lactobacillus and mixtures of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, for treating COVID-19 cases are ongoing. Accordingly, the preventive or therapeutic role of probiotics for COVID-19 patients can be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Ching-Chi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 705, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Physical properties of lactic acid bacteria influence the level of protection against influenza infection in mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251784. [PMID: 34003877 PMCID: PMC8130949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether the water dispersibility of lactic acid bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis KH2) affects their efficacy. When cultured lactic acid bacteria are washed, heat-killed, and powdered, adhesion occurs between results in aggregation (non-treated lactic acid bacteria, n-LAB). However, dispersed lactic acid bacteria (d-LAB) with a lower number of aggregates can be prepared by treating them with a high-pressure homogenizer and adding an excipient during powdering. Mice were administered n-LAB or d-LAB Peyer’s patches in the small intestine were observed. Following n-LAB administration, a high amount of aggregated bacteria drifting in the intestinal mucosa was observed; meanwhile, d-LAB reached the Peyer’s patches and was absorbed into them. Evaluation in a mouse influenza virus infection model showed that d-LAB was more effective than n-LAB in the influenza yield of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids on day 3 post-infection and neutralizing antibody titers of sera and influenza virus-specific immunoglobulin A in the feces on day 14 post-infection. Therefore, the physical properties of lactic acid bacteria affect their efficacy; controlling their water dispersibility can improve their effectiveness.
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Gautier T, David-Le Gall S, Sweidan A, Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Jolivet-Gougeon A, Loréal O, Bousarghin L. Next-Generation Probiotics and Their Metabolites in COVID-19. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050941. [PMID: 33925715 PMCID: PMC8146258 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, a global pandemic has been observed, caused by the emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS CoV-2. The latter is responsible for the respiratory disease, COVID-19. The infection is also characterized by renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal dysfunctions suggesting the spread of the virus to other organs. A dysregulated immune response was also reported. To date, there is no measure to treat or prevent SARS CoV-2 infection. Additionally, as gut microbiota composition is altered in patients with COVID-19, alternative therapies using probiotics can be considered to fight SARS CoV-2 infection. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and their benefits in viral respiratory tract infections and in COVID-19. We describe these bacteria, highlighted by studies using metagenomic approaches. In addition, these bacteria generate metabolites such as butyrate, desaminotyrosine, and secondary bile acid, suggested to prevent viral respiratory infections. Gut microbial metabolites transported via the circulation to the lungs could inhibit viral replication or improve the immune response against viruses. The use of probiotics and/or their metabolites may target either the virus itself and/or the immunologic process. However, this review showed that more studies are needed to determine the benefits of probiotics and metabolite products in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- UMR 1241, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Inserm, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (T.G.); (S.D.-L.G.); (Z.T.-S.); (A.J.-G.); (O.L.)
| | - Sandrine David-Le Gall
- UMR 1241, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Inserm, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (T.G.); (S.D.-L.G.); (Z.T.-S.); (A.J.-G.); (O.L.)
| | - Alaa Sweidan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Zohreh Tamanai-Shacoori
- UMR 1241, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Inserm, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (T.G.); (S.D.-L.G.); (Z.T.-S.); (A.J.-G.); (O.L.)
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- UMR 1241, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Inserm, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (T.G.); (S.D.-L.G.); (Z.T.-S.); (A.J.-G.); (O.L.)
| | - Olivier Loréal
- UMR 1241, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Inserm, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (T.G.); (S.D.-L.G.); (Z.T.-S.); (A.J.-G.); (O.L.)
| | - Latifa Bousarghin
- UMR 1241, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Inserm, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (T.G.); (S.D.-L.G.); (Z.T.-S.); (A.J.-G.); (O.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2232-3489-8
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Ngo VL, Gewirtz AT. Microbiota as a potentially-modifiable factor influencing COVID-19. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:21-26. [PMID: 34000641 PMCID: PMC8059947 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impacts of respiratory tract viruses have long been appreciated to highly heterogeneous both between and within various populations. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is the first time that a pathogen’s spread across the globe has been extensively monitored by direct detection of the pathogen itself rather just than the morbidity left in its wake, indicates such heterogeneity is not limited to outcomes of infections but whether infection of a particular host occurs at all. This suggests an important role for yet to be discovered environmental (i.e. non-genetic) factors that influence whether an exposure to the virus initiates a productive infection and, moreover, the severity of disease that results. This article discusses the emerging hypothesis that the composition of a host’s commensal microbial communities, that is, its ‘microbiome’, may be one such determinant that influences outcomes following encounters with respiratory viral pathogens in general and SARS-CoV-2 in particular. Specifically, we will review the rationales and evidence that supports this hypothesis and, moreover, speculate as to possible approaches to manipulate microbiota to ameliorate disease induced by respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu L Ngo
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Heidari Z, Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi-Hayat SM, Moattari A, Razban V, Berenjian A, Savardashtaki A, Negahdaripour M. Probiotics/ prebiotics in viral respiratory infections: implication for emerging pathogens. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:112-136. [PMID: 33874878 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210419103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory infections could result in perturbation of the gut microbiota due to a probable cross-talk between lungs and gut microbiota. This can affect the pulmonary health and the gastrointestinal system. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to discuss the impact of probiotics/ prebiotics and supplements on the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, especially emerging pathogens. METHODS The data were searched were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Google Patents, and The Lens-Patent using keywords of probiotics and viral respiratory infections in the title, abstract, and keywords. RESULT Probiotics consumption could decrease the susceptibility to viral respiratory infections, such as COVID-19 and simultaneously enhance vaccine efficiency in infectious disease prevention through the immune system enhancement. Probiotics improve the gut microbiota and the immune system via regulating the innate system response and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, treatment with probiotics contributes to the intestinal homeostasis restitution under antibiotic pressure and decreasing the risk of secondary infections due to viral respiratory infections. Probiotics present varied performances in different conditions; thus, promoting their efficacy through combining with supplements (prebiotics, postbiotics, nutraceuticals, berberine, curcumin, lactoferrin, minerals, and vitamins) is important. Several supplements reported to enhance the probiotics' efficacy and their mechanisms as well as probiotics related patents are summarized in this review. Using nanotechnology and microencapsulation techniques can also improve probiotics efficiency. CONCLUSION Given the global challenge of COVID-19, probiotic/prebiotic and following nutritional guidelines should be regarded seriously. Additionally, their role as an adjuvant in vaccination for immune response augmentation needs attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi-Hayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Vahid Razban
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton. New Zealand
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz. Iran
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Muhialdin BJ, Zawawi N, Abdull Razis AF, Bakar J, Zarei M. Antiviral activity of fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria towards respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. Food Control 2021; 127:108140. [PMID: 33867696 PMCID: PMC8036130 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19, a viral outbreak calls for a high demand for non-conventional antiviral agents that can reduce the risk of infections and promote fast recovery. Fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria have recently received increasing interest due to the reported potential of high antiviral activity. Several probiotics strains demonstrated broad range of antiviral activities and different mechanisms of action. This article will review the diversity, health benefits, interaction with immune system and antiviral activity of fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria. In addition, the mechanisms of action will be reviewed to determine the broad range potential antiviral activity against the respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. The probiotics bacteria and bioactive compounds in fermented foods demonstrated antiviral activities against respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. The mechanism of action was reported to be due to the stimulation of the immune system function via enhancing natural killers cell toxicity, enhance the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the cytotoxic of T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD16+, CD56+). However, further studies are highly recommended to determine the potential antiviral activity for traditional fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal J Muhialdin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.,Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhasnida Zawawi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.,Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.,Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamilah Bakar
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
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40
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Raheem A, Liang L, Zhang G, Cui S. Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections With Emphasis on Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616713. [PMID: 33897683 PMCID: PMC8060567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth, antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only affect target pathogens but also intestinal beneficially microbes, inducing long-lasting changes in intestinal microbiota associated with diseases. The application of antibiotics also has many other side effects like, intestinal barrier dysfunction, antibiotics residues in foodstuffs, nephropathy, allergy, bone marrow toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorders, hepatotoxicity carcinogenicity, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which greatly compromise the efficacy of antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antibiotics is necessary, while the search for antibiotic alternatives continues. Probiotics are considered the ideal antibiotic substitute; in recent years, probiotic research concerning their application during pathogenic infections in humans, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock industry, with emphasis on modulating the immune system of the host, has been attracting considerable interest. Hence, the adverse effects of antibiotics and remedial effects of probiotics during infectious diseases have become central points of focus among researchers. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and when given in adequate quantities, confer good health effects to the host through different mechanisms. Among them, the regulation of host immune response during pathogenic infections is one of the most important mechanisms. A number of studies have investigated different aspects of probiotics. In this review, we mainly summarize recent discoveries and discuss two important aspects: (1) the application of probiotics during pathogenic infections; and (2) their modulatory effects on the immune response of the host during infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raheem
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Kurian SJ, Unnikrishnan MK, Miraj SS, Bagchi D, Banerjee M, Reddy BS, Rodrigues GS, Manu MK, Saravu K, Mukhopadhyay C, Rao M. Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:582-594. [PMID: 33785208 PMCID: PMC7972717 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Saving lives and flattening the curve are the foremost priorities during the ongoing pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2. Developing cutting-edge technology and collating available evidence would support frontline health teams. Nutritional adequacy improves general health and immunity to prevent and assuage infections. This review aims to outline the potential role of probiotics in fighting the COVID-19 by covering recent evidence on the association between microbiota, probiotics, and COVID-19, the role of probiotics as an immune-modulator and antiviral agent. The high basic reproduction number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2, absence of conclusive remedies, and the pleiotropic effect of probiotics in fighting influenza and other coronaviruses together favour probiotics supplements. However, further support from preclinical and clinical studies and reviews outlining the role of probiotics in COVID-19 are critical. Results are awaited from many ongoing clinical trials investigating the benefits of probiotics in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilia Jacob Kurian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, USA
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - B Shrikar Reddy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Gabriel Sunil Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan K Manu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Singh K, Rao A. Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management. Nutr Res 2021; 87:1-12. [PMID: 33592454 PMCID: PMC7881295 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is an ongoing global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 affects the human respiratory tract's epithelial cells, leading to a proinflammatory cytokine storm and chronic lung inflammation. With numerous patients dying daily, a vaccine and specific antiviral drug regimens are being explored. Probiotics are live microorganisms with proven beneficial effects on human health. While probiotics as nutritional supplements are long practiced in different cuisines across various countries, the emerging scientific evidence supports the antiviral and general immune-strengthening health effects of the probiotics. Here, we present an overview of the experimental studies published in the last 10 years that provide a scientific basis for unexplored probiotics as a preventive approach to respiratory viral infections. Based on collated insights from these experimental data, we identify promising microbial strains that may serve as lead prophylactic and immune-boosting probiotics in COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljit Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036 India
| | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036 India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India.
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Ran C, Li Y, Ma X, Xie Y, Xie M, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Wei K, Zhou Z. Interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection: insights for viral disease control in farmed animals. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1437-1448. [PMID: 33420920 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases cause serious economic loss in farmed animals industry. However, the efficacy of remedies for viral infection in farmed animals is limited, and treatment strategies are generally lacking for aquatic animals. Interactions of commensal microbiota and viral infection have been studied in recent years, demonstrating a third player in the interaction between hosts and viruses. Here, we discuss recent developments in the research of interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection, including both promotion and inhibition effect of commensal bacteria on viral pathogenesis, as well as the impact of viral infection on commensal microbiota. The antiviral effect of commensal bacteria is mostly achieved through priming or regulation of the host immune responses, involving differential microbial components and host signaling pathways, and gives rise to various antiviral probiotics. Moreover, we summarize studies related to the interaction between commensal bacteria and viral infection in farmed animals, including pigs, chickens, fish and invertebrate species. Further studies in this area will deepen our understanding of antiviral immunity of farmed animals in the context of commensal microbiota, and promote the development of novel strategies for treatment of viral diseases in farmed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Li
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yadong Xie
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mingxu Xie
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaijian Wei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Baindara P, Chakraborty R, Holliday Z, Mandal S, Schrum A. Oral probiotics in coronavirus disease 2019: connecting the gut-lung axis to viral pathogenesis, inflammation, secondary infection and clinical trials. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 40:100837. [PMID: 33425362 PMCID: PMC7785423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defined as helpful live bacteria that can provide medical advantages to the host when administered in tolerable amounts, oral probiotics might be worth considering as a possible preventive or therapeutic modality to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptom severity. This hypothesis stems from an emerging understanding of the gut-lung axis wherein probiotic microbial species in the digestive tract can influence systemic immunity, lung immunity, and possibly viral pathogenesis and secondary infection co-morbidities. We review the principles underlying the gut-lung axis, examples of probiotic-associated antiviral activities, and current clinical trials in COVID-19 based on oral probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Corresponding author: P. Baindara, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - R. Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, North Bengal University, Darjeeling, India
| | - Z.M. Holliday
- Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S.M. Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India,Corresponding author: S.M. Mandal, Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
| | - A.G. Schrum
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical, Biological, & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Corresponding author: A. Schrum, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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45
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Din AU, Mazhar M, Waseem M, Ahmad W, Bibi A, Hassan A, Ali N, Gang W, Qian G, Ullah R, Shah T, Ullah M, Khan I, Nisar MF, Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 microbiome dysbiosis linked disorders and possible probiotics role. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110947. [PMID: 33197765 PMCID: PMC7657099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak of unknown etiology was reported which caused panic in Wuhan city of central China, which was later identified as Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and WHO. To date, the SARS-CoV-2 spread has already become a global pandemic with a considerable death toll. The associated symptoms of the COVID-19 infection varied with increased inflammation as an everyday pathological basis. Among various other symptoms such as fever, cough, lethargy, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms included diarrhea and IBD with colitis, have been reported. Currently, there is no sole cure for COVID-19, and researchers are actively engaged to search out appropriate treatment and develop a vaccine for its prevention. Antiviral for controlling viral load and corticosteroid therapy for reducing inflammation seems to be inadequate to control the fatality rate. Based on the available related literature, which documented GI symptoms with diarrhea, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) with colitis, and increased deaths in the intensive care unit (ICU), conclude that dysbiosis occurs during SARS-COV-2 infection as the gut-lung axis cannot be ignored. As probiotics play a therapeutic role for GI, IBD, colitis, and even in viral infection. So, we assume that the inclusion of studies to investigate gut microbiome and subsequent therapies such as probiotics might help decrease the inflammatory response of viral pathogenesis and respiratory symptoms by strengthening the host immune system, amelioration of gut microbiome, and improvement of gut barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ud Din
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Muhammed Waseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Asma Bibi
- Institute of Zoonosis Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Adil Hassan
- Key Laboratory for Bio-rheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Niaz Ali
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio-resources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wang Gang
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Gao Qian
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Razi Ullah
- Key Laboratory for Bio-rheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tariq Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mehraj Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology School of Fermentation Engineering Tianjin University of Science and Technology China, China
| | - Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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46
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Hsieh LE, Tremoulet AH, Burns JC, Noval Rivas M, Arditi M, Franco A. Characterization of the T Cell Response to Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract in Children With Kawasaki Disease and Its Potential Role in Vascular Inflammation. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:633244. [PMID: 33681107 PMCID: PMC7933244 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.633244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KD is an acute febrile illness and systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology among young children, which can cause coronary artery abnormalities and aneurysms (CAA) and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in the US. Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE) induces in mice a vasculitis following intraperitoneal injection defined by the activation of macrophages, dendritic cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells leading to aortitis, coronary arteritis, aneurysms and myocarditis that strongly mimic the immunopathology and the cardiac lesions observed in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). To address a potential pathogenic role of LCWE-specific T cells in human vascular inflammation, we studied the activation of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells ex vivo in response to LCWE in 3 cohorts: (1) KD children 2-3 weeks after fever onset, (2) age-similar healthy children controls, (3) healthy adult controls. In all subjects studied, pro-inflammatory CD4+ and CD8+T cells responded to LCWE with no significant differences. Peripherally-induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) also responded to LCWE and potentially reverted to Th17, as suggested by the detection of IL-17 in culture supernatants. Central memory T cells were also detectable and were more abundant in adults. The potential homing to the vessels of LCWE-specific T cells was suggested by the expression of CCR6 and CD31. In conclusion, a non-pathogenic, LCWE-specific T cell repertoire could lead to KD depending upon priming conditions, genetic factors and immune activation by other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Adriana H Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jane C Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alessandra Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United States
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47
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Respiratory Epithelial Cells Respond to Lactobacillus plantarum but Provide No Cross-Protection against Virus-Induced Inflammation. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010002. [PMID: 33374950 PMCID: PMC7821944 DOI: 10.3390/v13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced inflammation plays a critical role in determining the clinical outcome of an acute respiratory virus infection. We have shown previously that the administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) directly to the respiratory tract prevents lethal inflammatory responses to subsequent infection with a mouse respiratory virus pathogen. While Lp-mediated protective responses involve non-redundant contributions of both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NOD2, the cellular basis of these findings remains unclear. Here, we address the impact of Lp and its capacity to suppress inflammation in virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells in two cell culture models. We found that both MLE-12 cells and polarized mouse tracheal epithelial cells (mTECs) were susceptible to infection with Influenza A and released proinflammatory cytokines, including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL10, in response to replicating virus. MLE-12 cells express NOD2 (81 ± 6.3%) and TLR2 (19 ± 4%), respond to Lp, and are TLR2-specific, but not NOD2-specific, biochemical agonists. By contrast, we found that mTECs express NOD2 (81 ± 17%) but minimal TLR2 (0.93 ± 0.58%); nonetheless, mTECs respond to Lp and the TLR2 agonist, Pam2CSK4, but not NOD2 agonists or the bifunctional TLR2-NOD2 agonist, CL-429. Although MLE-12 cells and mTECS were both activated by Lp, little to no cytokine suppression was observed in response to Lp followed by virus infection via a protocol that replicated experimental conditions that were effective in vivo. Further study and a more complex approach may be required to reveal critical factors that suppress virus-induced inflammatory responses.
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48
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The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. NPJ Sci Food 2020; 4:17. [PMID: 33083549 PMCID: PMC7536434 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-020-00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new viral infection was first identified in China in December 2019, and it has subsequently spread globally. The lack of a vaccine or curative treatment for COVID-19 necessitates a focus on other strategies to prevent and treat the infection. Probiotics consist of single or mixed cultures of live microorganisms that can beneficially affect the host by maintaining the intestinal or lung microbiota that play a major role in human health. At present, good scientific evidence exists to support the ability of probiotics to boost human immunity, thereby preventing colonization by pathogens and reducing the incidence and severity of infections. Herein, we present clinical studies of the use of probiotic supplementation to prevent or treat respiratory tract infections. These data lead to promising benefits of probiotics in reducing the risk of COVID-19. Further studies should be conducted to assess the ability of probiotics to combat COVID-19.
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49
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Jeong† M, Kim† JH, Lee JS, Kang SD, Shim S, Jung MY, Yang H, Byun S, Lee KW. Heat-Killed Lactobacillus brevis Enhances Phagocytic Activity and Generates Immune-Stimulatory Effects through Activating the TAK1 Pathway. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1395-1403. [PMID: 32627755 PMCID: PMC9728231 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2002.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in using inactivated probiotics to modulate the host immune system and protect against pathogens. As the immunomodulatory function of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KCTC 12777BP (LBB) and its mechanism is unclear, we investigated the effect of LBB on immune response based on the hypothesis that LBB might exert stimulatory effects on immunity. In the current study, we demonstrate that administration of LBB can exert immune-stimulatory effects and promote clearance of foreign matters through enhancing phagocytosis. Treatment with LBB induced the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide in macrophages. Importantly, LBB directly increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages against bacterial particles. LBB was able to promote the production of TNF-α in bone marrow-derived macrophages and splenocytes and also increase the proliferation rate of splenocytes, suggesting that the immune-stimulating activity of LBB can be observed in primary immune cells. Investigation into the molecular mechanism responsible revealed that LBB upregulates TAK1 activity and its downstream ERK, p38, and JNK signaling pathways. To further confirm the immunomodulatory capability of LBB in vivo, we orally administered LBB to mice and assessed the effect on primary splenocytes. Splenocytes isolated from LBB-treated mice exhibited higher TNF-α expression and proliferative capacity. These results show that heat-killed L. brevis, a wildly consumed probiotic, may provide protection against pathogens through enhancing host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Jeong†
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim†
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Dal Kang
- Research Institute of Food and Biotechnology, SPC Group, Seoul 151742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Shim
- Research Institute of Food and Biotechnology, SPC Group, Seoul 151742, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Jung
- Research Institute of Food and Biotechnology, SPC Group, Seoul 151742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors K.W.L. Phone: +82-2-880-4662 E-mail:
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors K.W.L. Phone: +82-2-880-4662 E-mail:
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50
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Satomi S, Khanum S, Miller P, Suzuki S, Suganuma H, Heiser A, Gupta SK. Short Communication: Oral Administration of Heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 in Combination with Retinoic Acid Provides Protection against Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102925. [PMID: 32987850 PMCID: PMC7600661 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus type A (IAV) is a seasonal acute respiratory disease virus with severe symptoms, and an effective preventive measure is required. Despite many reports describing the potentially protective effects of lactic acid bacteria, few studies have investigated the effects of nutritional supplement combinations. This study reports the effect of the combined intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 (KB290) and vitamin A (VA) on mice challenged with a sublethal dose of IAV. For 2 weeks, five groups of mice were fed either placebo, KB290, VA, or a combination of KB290 and VA (KB290+VA). After subsequent IAV challenge, bodyweight and general health were monitored for up to 2 weeks. Viral titres were determined in the lungs of animal subgroups euthanised at days 3, 7, and 14 after IAV challenge. A significant loss was observed in the bodyweights of IAV-infected animals from day 1 post-IAV challenge, whereas the mice fed KB290+VA did not lose any weight after IAV infection, indicating successful protection from the infection. Additionally, mice in the KB290+VA group showed the highest reduction in lung viral titres. In conclusion, the combination of KB290 and VA could be a useful food supplement relevant for protection against seasonal influenza virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Satomi
- Department of Nature & Wellness Research, Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan; (S.S.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.G.); Tel.: +81-80-8132-3813 (S.S.); +64-06351-8697 (S.K.G.)
| | - Sofia Khanum
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Poppy Miller
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Shigenori Suzuki
- Department of Nature & Wellness Research, Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan; (S.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Suganuma
- Department of Nature & Wellness Research, Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan; (S.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Axel Heiser
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Sandeep K Gupta
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.G.); Tel.: +81-80-8132-3813 (S.S.); +64-06351-8697 (S.K.G.)
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