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Iesari S, Nava FL, Zais IE, Coubeau L, Ferraresso M, Favi E, Lerut J. Advancing immunosuppression in liver transplantation: A narrative review. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:441-448. [PMID: 38523030 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppression is essential to ensure recipient and graft survivals after liver transplantation (LT). However, our understanding and management of the immune system remain suboptimal. Current immunosuppressive therapy cannot selectively inhibit the graft-specific immune response and entails a significant risk of serious side effects, i.e., among others, de novo cancers, infections, cardiovascular events, renal failure, metabolic syndrome, and late graft fibrosis, with progressive loss of graft function. Pharmacological research, aimed to develop alternative immunosuppressive agents in LT, is behind other solid-organ transplantation subspecialties, and, therefore, the development of new compounds and strategies should get priority in LT. The research trajectories cover mechanisms to induce T-cell exhaustion, to inhibit co-stimulation, to mitigate non-antigen-specific inflammatory response, and, lastly, to minimize the development and action of donor-specific antibodies. Moreover, while cellular modulation techniques are complex, active research is underway to foster the action of T-regulatory cells, to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, and to promote the function of B-regulatory cells. We herein discuss current lines of research in clinical immunosuppression, particularly focusing on possible applications in the LT setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Iesari
- General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 15 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Laura Nava
- General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 15 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Elena Zais
- General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 15 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Coubeau
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Service de Chirurgie et Transplantation Abdominale, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 55 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariano Ferraresso
- General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 15 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 19 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Evaldo Favi
- General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 15 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 19 Via della Commenda, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Jan Lerut
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Ohishi K, Ishikura A, Nishida S, Abo H, Nakatsukasa H, Kawashima H. Sialyl Lewis X Defines an Activated and Functional Regulatory T Cell Subpopulation in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1627-1638. [PMID: 38639586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Attempts have been made to elucidate the functional markers of regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD4+Foxp3+ T cells with an immunosuppressive function. Sialyl Lewis X (sLex), a tetrasaccharide Ag, is involved in leukocyte trafficking as selectin ligands and is a marker of highly differentiated Tregs in humans. However, the importance of sLex in murine Tregs remains unknown. In this study, we report that sLex defines the activated and functional subset of murine Tregs. The contact hypersensitivity model showed that murine Tregs strongly express sLex upon activation, accompanied by functional Treg marker elevation, such as Foxp3, CD25, CD103, CD39, and granzyme B. RNA sequencing analysis revealed sLex-positive (sLex+) Tregs expressed genes involved in Treg function at a higher level than sLex-negative (sLex-) Tregs. Using an in vitro suppression assay, we found that sLex+ Tregs could more efficiently suppress naive CD4+ T cell proliferation than sLex- Tregs. In the murine contact hypersensitivity elicitation model, the topical sLex+ Treg injection into the ears suppressed ear inflammation more efficiently than that of sLex- Tregs. Our results indicate that sLex could serve as a unique surface marker of activated and functional Tregs with immunosuppressive functions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Ohishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asaki Ishikura
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shogo Nishida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirohito Abo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Li Y, Wang M, Hong S. Live-Cell Glycocalyx Engineering. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200707. [PMID: 36642971 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A heavy layer of glycans forms a brush matrix bound to the outside of all the cells in our bodies; it is referred to as the "sugar forest" or glycocalyx. Beyond the increased appreciation of the glycocalyx over the past two decades, recent advances in engineering the glycocalyx on live cells have spurred the creation of cellular drugs and novel medical treatments. The development of new tools and techniques has empowered scientists to manipulate the structures and functions of cell-surface glycans on target cells and endow target cells with desired properties. Herein, we provide an overview of live-cell glycocalyx engineering strategies for controlling the cell-surface molecular repertory to suit therapeutic applications, even though the realm of this field remains young and largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Senlian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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4
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Metabolic Glycoengineering: A Promising Strategy to Remodel Microenvironments for Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:1655750. [PMID: 36814525 PMCID: PMC9940976 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1655750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based regenerative therapy utilizes the differentiation potential of stem cells to rejuvenate tissues. But the dynamic fate of stem cells is calling for precise control to optimize their therapeutic efficiency. Stem cell fate is regulated by specific conditions called "microenvironments." Among the various factors in the microenvironment, the cell-surface glycan acts as a mediator of cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions and manipulates the behavior of cells. Herein, metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) is an easy but powerful technology for remodeling the structure of glycan. By presenting unnatural glycans on the surface, MGE provides us an opportunity to reshape the microenvironment and evoke desired cellular responses. In this review, we firstly focused on the determining role of glycans on cellular activity; then, we introduced how MGE influences glycosylation and subsequently affects cell fate; at last, we outlined the application of MGE in regenerative therapy, especially in the musculoskeletal system, and the future direction of MGE is discussed.
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5
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Choi Y, Jung JH, Lee EG, Kim KM, Yoo WH. 4-phenylbutyric acid mediates therapeutic effect in systemic lupus erythematosus: Observations in an experimental murine lupus model. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:460. [PMID: 33747192 PMCID: PMC7967889 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our previous study demonstrated aberrant responses of T lymphocytes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in patients with SLE. The present study investigated whether ER stress inhibition by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) ameliorated lupus manifestations in an experimental lupus model and the effect of ER stress inhibition on the frequency and function of Tregs. A murine lupus model was induced through a 4-week treatment with Resiquimod, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist. From the 8th week, the mice were treated with 4-PBA for 4 weeks. 4-PBA significantly decreased the levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies and serum TNF-α. A significant decrease in glomerulonephritis score was also observed in the 4-PBA-treated group. ER stress inhibition decreased the activated T and B lymphocytes population of splenocytes; however, the population of Tregs was not significantly different between the vehicle and 4-PBA group. However, a markedly enhanced suppressive capacity of Treg was detected in the 4-PBA-treated group. The present results suggest that ER stress inhibition attenuated disease activity in an experimental model by improving the suppressive capacity of Tregs. Therefore, reduction of ER stress could be used as a beneficial therapeutic strategy in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyeong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Jeonjuk National Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Hee Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
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6
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García-Bernal D, García-Arranz M, García-Guillén AI, García-Hernández AM, Blanquer M, García-Olmo D, Sackstein R, Moraleda JM, Zapata AG. Exofucosylation of Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Alters Their Secretome Profile. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584074. [PMID: 33324641 PMCID: PMC7726227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) constitute the cell type more frequently used in many regenerative medicine approaches due to their exclusive immunomodulatory properties, and they have been reported to mediate profound immunomodulatory effects in vivo. Nevertheless, MSCs do not express essential adhesion molecules actively involved in cell migration, a phenotypic feature that hampers their ability to home inflamed tissues following intravenous administration. In this study, we investigated whether modification by fucosylation of murine AdMSCs (mAdMSCs) creates Hematopoietic Cell E-/L-selectin Ligand, the E-selectin-binding CD44 glycoform. This cell surface glycan modification of CD44 has previously shown in preclinical studies to favor trafficking of mAdMSCs to inflamed or injured peripheral tissues. We analyzed the impact that exofucosylation could have in other innate phenotypic and functional properties of MSCs. Compared to unmodified counterparts, fucosylated mAdMSCs demonstrated higher in vitro migration, an altered secretome pattern, including increased expression and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules, and a higher capacity to inhibit mitogen-stimulated splenocyte proliferation under standard culture conditions. Together, these findings indicate that exofucosylation could represent a suitable cell engineering strategy, not only to facilitate the in vivo MSC colonization of damaged tissues after systemic administration, but also to convert MSCs in a more potent immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory cell therapy-based product for the treatment of a variety of autoimmune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Bernal
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medicine School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mariano García-Arranz
- Foundation Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I García-Guillén
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Hernández
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medicine School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- Foundation Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jose M Moraleda
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medicine School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Hou J, Sun Y. Role of Regulatory T Cells in Disturbed Immune Homeostasis in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32411140 PMCID: PMC7198877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic disease in which T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation has been shown to play a key role. Accumulating evidence shows that COPD has many of the characteristics of an autoimmune response. An adaptive immune response directed against lung self-antigens, which are released during the initial innate inflammatory response and are triggered by constant exposure to cigarette smoke and epithelial injury, drives the persistent inflammatory response found in smokers. The development and severity of adaptive inflammation depend on the level of tolerance to self-antigens. For these reasons, the effect of regulatory T (Treg) cells on adaptive immunity in COPD patients is of particular interest and could be targeted therapeutically. The disturbance in immune homeostasis caused by changes in the number or function of Treg cells, which is related to cigarette smoke exposure, may be of importance in understanding the development and progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Raffin C, Vo LT, Bluestone JA. T reg cell-based therapies: challenges and perspectives. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:158-172. [PMID: 31811270 PMCID: PMC7814338 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies using regulatory T (Treg) cells are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. In this Review, we discuss the biology of Treg cells and describe new efforts in Treg cell engineering to enhance specificity, stability, functional activity and delivery. Finally, we envision that the success of Treg cell therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation will encourage the clinical use of adoptive Treg cell therapy for non-immune diseases, such as neurological disorders and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Raffin
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda T Vo
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Looman KIM, Meel ER, Grosserichter‐Wagener C, Vissers FJM, Klingenberg JH, Jong NW, Jongste JC, Pasmans SGMA, Duijts L, Zelm MC, Moll HA. Associations of Th2, Th17, Treg cells, and IgA + memory B cells with atopic disease in children: The Generation R Study. Allergy 2020; 75:178-187. [PMID: 31385614 DOI: 10.1111/all.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New insights into immune cells could contribute to treatment and monitoring of atopic disease. Because nongenetic factors shape the human immune system, we here studied these immune cells in a large cohort with atopic children with adjustment for prenatal and postnatal confounders. METHODS Information on atopic dermatitis, inhalant- and food-allergic sensitization, asthma lung function scores was obtained from 855 10-year-old children within the Generation R cohort. 11-color flow cytometry was performed to determine CD27+ and CD27- IgG+ , IgE+ and IgA+ memory B cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg-memory cells from venous blood. Associations between any atopic disease, the individual atopic diseases, and immune cell numbers were determined. RESULTS Children with any atopic disease had higher Th2, Treg, Treg-memory, and CD27+ IgA+ memory B-cell numbers compared to children without atopic disease. When studying the individual diseases compared to children without the individual diseases, children with atopic dermatitis, inhalant-, and food-allergic sensitization had higher memory Treg cell numbers 12.3% (95% CI 4.2; 21.0), (11.1% (95% CI 3.0; 19.8), (23.7% (95% CI 7.9; 41.8), respectively. Children with food-allergic sensitization had higher total B and CD27+ IgA+ memory B-cell numbers (15.2% [95% CI 3.2; 28.7], 22.5% [95% CI 3.9; 44.3], respectively). No associations were observed between asthma and B- or T-cell numbers. CONCLUSION Children with any atopic disease and children with inhalant- and food-allergic sensitization or atopic dermatitis had higher circulating memory Treg cells, but not higher IgE+ B-cell numbers. The associations of higher Treg and CD27+ IgA+ B-cell numbers in children with food-allergic sensitization are suggestive of TGF-β-mediated compensation for chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I. M. Looman
- Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Evelien R. Meel
- Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Floor J. M. Vissers
- Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Janice H. Klingenberg
- Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Nicolette W. Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Johan C. Jongste
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Menno C. Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School Monash University and Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Henriëtte A. Moll
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
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10
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Staats J. Immunophenotyping of Human Regulatory T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2032:141-177. [PMID: 31522418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9650-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells, also known as Tregs, play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system and self-tolerance. Tregs express CD3, CD4, CD25, and FOXP3 but lack CD127. CD4 and CD3 identify helper T lymphocytes, of which Tregs are a subset. CD25 is IL-2Rα, an essential activation marker that is expressed in high levels on Tregs. FOXP3 is the canonical transcription factor, important in the development, maintenance, and identification of Tregs. CD127 is IL-7 receptor, expressed inversely with suppression, and is therefore downregulated on Tregs. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that is capable of simultaneously measuring Tregs along with several markers associated with subpopulations of Tregs, activation, maturation, proliferation, and surrogates of functional suppression. This chapter describes a multicolor flow cytometry-based approach to measure human Tregs, including details for surface staining, fixation/permeabilization, intracellular/intranuclear staining, acquisition of samples on a flow cytometer, plus analysis and interpretation of resulting FCS files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Staats
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Immune Profiling Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Agatemor C, Buettner MJ, Ariss R, Muthiah K, Saeui CT, Yarema KJ. Exploiting metabolic glycoengineering to advance healthcare. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:605-620. [PMID: 31777760 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) is a technique for manipulating cellular metabolism to modulate glycosylation. MGE is used to increase the levels of natural glycans and, more importantly, to install non-natural monosaccharides into glycoconjugates. In this Review, we summarize the chemistry underlying MGE that has been developed over the past three decades and highlight several recent advances that have set the stage for clinical translation. In anticipation of near-term application to human healthcare, we describe emerging efforts to deploy MGE in diverse applications, ranging from the glycoengineering of biotherapeutic proteins and the diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer to the development of new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agatemor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keerthana Muthiah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Greenberg SA, Pinkus JL, Kong SW, Baecher-Allan C, Amato AA, Dorfman DM. Highly differentiated cytotoxic T cells in inclusion body myositis. Brain 2019; 142:2590-2604. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis is a late onset treatment-refractory autoimmune disease of skeletal muscle associated with a blood autoantibody (anti-cN1A), an HLA autoimmune haplotype, and muscle pathology characterized by cytotoxic CD8+ T cell destruction of myofibres. Here, we report on translational studies of inclusion body myositis patient muscle compared with a diverse set of other muscle disease samples. Using available microarray data on 411 muscle samples from patients with inclusion body myositis (n = 40), other muscle diseases (n = 265), and without neuromuscular disease (normal, n = 106), we identified a signature of T-cell cytotoxicity in inclusion body myositis muscle coupled with a signature of highly differentiated CD8 T-cell effector memory and terminally differentiated effector cells. Further, we examined killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) as a marker of this population of cells, demonstrated the correlation of KLRG1 gene expression with lymphocyte cytotoxicity across 28 870 human tissue samples, and identified the presence of KLRG1 on pathogenic inclusion body myositis muscle invading T cells and an increase in KLRG1 expressing T cells in inclusion body myositis blood. We examined inclusion body myositis muscle T-cell proliferation by Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrating that diseased muscle-invading T cells are minimally or non-proliferative, in accordance with known properties of highly differentiated or terminally differentiated T cells. We found low expression of KLRG1 on infection-protective human lymphoid tissue central memory T cells and autoimmune-protective human blood regulatory T cells. Targeting highly differentiated cytotoxic T cells could be a favourable approach to treatment of inclusion body myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Greenberg
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack L Pinkus
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony A Amato
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Dorfman
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Sackstein R. The First Step in Adoptive Cell Immunotherapeutics: Assuring Cell Delivery via Glycoengineering. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3084. [PMID: 30687313 PMCID: PMC6336727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive attention directed to creation of genetically altered cells (e.g., as in development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells) and/or to achieve requisite in vitro accumulation of desired immunologic effectors (e.g., elaboration of virus-specific T cells, expansion of NK cells, differentiation of dendritic cells, isolation, and propagation of Tregs, etc.), there has been essentially no interest in the most fundamental of all hurdles: assuring tissue-specific delivery of administered therapeutic cells to sites where they are needed. With regards to use of CAR T-cells, the absence of information on the efficacy of cell delivery is striking, especially in light of the clear association between administered cell dose and adverse events, and the obvious fact that pertinent cell acquisition/expansion costs would be dramatically curtailed with more efficient delivery of the administered cell bolus. Herein, based on information garnered from studies of human leukocytes and adult stem cells, the logic underlying the use of cell surface glycoengineering to enforce E-selectin ligand expression will be conveyed in the context of how this approach offers strategies to enhance delivery of CAR T-cells to marrow and to tumor beds. This application of glycoscience principles and techniques with intention to optimize cell therapeutics is a prime example of the emerging field of “translational glycobiology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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14
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Treg/Th17 imbalance is associated with poor autoimmune hepatitis prognosis. Clin Immunol 2019; 198:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Ex vivo generation of umbilical cord blood T regulatory cells expressing the homing markers CD62L and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33694-33701. [PMID: 30263095 PMCID: PMC6154753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an important component of the immune system involved in regulation of immune cell proliferation and inflammatory responses and preventing autoimmune diseases. The use of Tregs in cellular therapy has recently been explored in clinical trials specifically evaluating the role of ex vivo expanded Tregs in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease during stem cell transplantation. The possibility of Treg use in the clinic requires clinical grade expansion of Tregs for development of cell therapy protocols and proper homing of Tregs to the intended target. Here we demonstrate a novel medium composition to expand CB Tregs, specifically upregulation the homing and activation markers CD62L and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA). CLA expression was uniquely acquired during activation of Tregs with subsequent loss or lack of expression with media change. This finding highlights the importance of proper growth conditions unique to Tregs that can alter expression of proteins and establishes a baseline for expanding marker specific Tregs that home and target unique tissues.
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16
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Small GTPase RAS in multiple sclerosis - exploring the role of RAS GTPase in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Small GTPases 2018; 11:312-319. [PMID: 30043672 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1502591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS signaling is involved in the development of autoimmunity in general. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. It is widely recognized that a reduction of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells is an immunological hallmark of MS, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In experimental autoimmune models, N-Ras and K-Ras inhibition triggers an anti-inflammatory effect up-regulating, via foxp3 elevation, the numbers and the functional suppressive properties of Tregs. Similarly, an increase in natural Tregs number during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in R-RAS -/- mice results in attenuated disease. In humans, only KRAS GTPase isoform is involved in mechanism causing tolerance defects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T cells from these patients have increased transcription of KRAS (but not NRAS). RAS genes are major drivers in human cancers. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in developing anti-RAS inhibitors for cancer treatment. Despite efforts, no anti-RAS therapy has succeeded in the clinic. The major strategy that has so far reached the clinic aimed to inhibit activated Ras indirectly through blocking its post-translational modification and inducing its mis-localization. The disappointing clinical outcome of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors (FTIs) in cancers has decreased interest in these drugs. However, FTIs suppress EAE by downregulation of myelin-reactive activated T-lymphocytes and statins are currently studied in clinical trials for MS. However, no pharmacologic approaches to targeting Ras proteins directly have yet succeeded. The therapeutic strategy to recover immune function through the restoration of impaired Tregs function with the mounting evidences regarding KRAS in autoimmune mediated disorder (MS, SLE, RA, T1D) suggest as working hypothesis the direct targeting KRAS activation using cancer-derived small molecules may be clinically relevant. ABBREVIATIONS FTIs: Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors; MS: Multiple Sclerosis; RRMS: Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis; PPMS: Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis; Tregs: regulatory T-cells; Foxp3: Forkhead box P3; EAE: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis; T1D: Type 1 Diabete; SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis; CNS: Central Nervous System; TMEV: Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus; FTS: farnesyl thiosalicylic acid; TCR: T-Cell Receptor; AIA: Adjuvant-induced Arthritis; EAN: experimental autoimmune neuritis; HVR: hypervariable region; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
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17
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Marshall GP, Cserny J, Perry DJ, Yeh WI, Seay HR, Elsayed AG, Posgai AL, Brusko TM. Clinical Applications of Regulatory T cells in Adoptive Cell Therapies. CELL & GENE THERAPY INSIGHTS 2018; 4:405-429. [PMID: 34984106 PMCID: PMC8722436 DOI: 10.18609/cgti.2018.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interest in adoptive T-cell therapies has been ignited by the recent clinical success of genetically-modified T cells in the cancer immunotherapy space. In addition to immune targeting for malignancies, this approach is now being explored for the establishment of immune tolerance with regulatory T cells (Tregs). Herein, we will summarize the basic science and clinical results emanating from trials directed at inducing durable immune regulation through administration of Tregs. We will discuss some of the current challenges facing the field in terms of maximizing cell purity, stability and expansion capacity, while also achieving feasibility and GMP production. Indeed, recent advances in methodologies for Treg isolation, expansion, and optimal source materials represent important strides toward these considerations. Finally, we will review the emerging genetic and biomaterial-based approaches on the horizon for directing Treg specificity to augment tissue-targeting and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Cserny
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wen-I Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ahmed G Elsayed
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- OneVax LLC, Sid Martin Biotechnology Institute, Alachua, Florida, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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