1
|
Berv JS, Singhal S, Field DJ, Walker-Hale N, McHugh SW, Shipley JR, Miller ET, Kimball RT, Braun EL, Dornburg A, Parins-Fukuchi CT, Prum RO, Winger BM, Friedman M, Smith SA. Genome and life-history evolution link bird diversification to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0114. [PMID: 39083615 PMCID: PMC11290531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Complex patterns of genome evolution associated with the end-Cretaceous [Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg)] mass extinction limit our understanding of the early evolutionary history of modern birds. Here, we analyzed patterns of avian molecular evolution and identified distinct macroevolutionary regimes across exons, introns, untranslated regions, and mitochondrial genomes. Bird clades originating near the K-Pg boundary exhibited numerous shifts in the mode of molecular evolution, suggesting a burst of genomic heterogeneity at this point in Earth's history. These inferred shifts in substitution patterns were closely related to evolutionary shifts in developmental mode, adult body mass, and patterns of metabolic scaling. Our results suggest that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction triggered integrated patterns of evolution across avian genomes, physiology, and life history near the dawn of the modern bird radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Berv
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Daniel J. Field
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nathanael Walker-Hale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sean W. McHugh
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Population Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J. Ryan Shipley
- Department of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Eliot T. Miller
- Center for Avian Population Studies, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Rebecca T. Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Edward L. Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - C. Tomomi Parins-Fukuchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Richard O. Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Winger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen A. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Windfelder AG, Steinbart J, Graser L, Scherberich J, Krombach GA, Vilcinskas A. An enteric ultrastructural surface atlas of the model insect Manducasexta. iScience 2024; 27:109410. [PMID: 38558941 PMCID: PMC10981077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The tobacco hornworm is a laboratory model that is particularly suitable for analyzing gut inflammation, but a physiological reference standard is currently unavailable. Here, we present a surface atlas of the healthy hornworm gut generated by scanning electron microscopy and nano-computed tomography. This comprehensive overview of the gut surface reveals morphological differences between the anterior, middle, and posterior midgut, allowing the screening of aberrant gut phenotypes while accommodating normal physiological variations. We estimated a total resorptive midgut surface of 0.42 m2 for L5d6 larvae, revealing its remarkable size. Our data will support allometric scaling and dose conversion from Manduca sexta to mammals in preclinical research, embracing the 3R principles. We also observed non-uniform gut colonization by enterococci, characterized by dense biofilms in the pyloric cone and downstream of the pylorus associated with pore and spine structures in the hindgut intima, indicating a putative immunosurveillance function in the lepidopteran hindgut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Windfelder
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Steinbart
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonie Graser
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Scherberich
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele A. Krombach
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kriete A. Dissipative scaling of development and aging in multicellular organisms. Biosystems 2024; 237:105157. [PMID: 38367762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Evolution, self-replication and ontogenesis are highly dynamic, irreversible and self-organizing processes dissipating energy. While progress has been made to decipher the role of thermodynamics in cellular fission, it is not yet clear how entropic balances shape organism growth and aging. This paper derives a general dissipation theory for the life history of organisms. It implies a self-regulated energy dissipation facilitating exponential growth within a hierarchical and entropy lowering self-organization. The theory predicts ceilings in energy expenditures imposed by geometric constrains, which promote thermal optimality during development, and a dissipative scaling across organisms consistent with ecological scaling laws combining isometric and allometric terms. The theory also illustrates how growing organisms can tolerate damage through continuous extension and production of new dissipative structures low in entropy. However, when organisms reduce their rate of cell division and reach a steady adult state, they become thermodynamically unstable, increase internal entropy by accumulating damage, and age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Kriete
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone Research Center, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fromm B, Sorger T. Rapid adaptation of cellular metabolic rate to the MicroRNA complements of mammals and its relevance to the evolution of endothermy. iScience 2024; 27:108740. [PMID: 38327773 PMCID: PMC10847693 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic efficiency of mammalian cells depends on the attenuation of intrinsic translation noise by microRNAs. We devised a metric of cellular metabolic rate (cMR), rMR/Mexp optimally fit to the number of microRNA families (mirFam), that is robust to variation in mass and sensitive to body temperature (Tb), consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory of Speakman and Król (2010). Using mirFam as predictor, an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process of stabilizing selection, with an adaptive shift at the divergence of Boreoeutheria, accounted for 95% of the variation in cMR across mammals. Branchwise rates of evolution of cMR, mirFam and Tb concurrently increased 6- to 7-fold at the divergence of Boreoeutheria, independent of mass. Cellular MR variation across placental mammals was also predicted by the sum of model conserved microRNA-target interactions, revealing an unexpected degree of integration of the microRNA-target apparatus into the energy economy of the mammalian cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fromm
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Sorger
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Camacho-Vidales LJ, Robledo A. A Nonlinear Dynamical View of Kleiber's Law on the Metabolism of Plants and Animals. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 26:32. [PMID: 38248158 PMCID: PMC11154355 DOI: 10.3390/e26010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Kleiber's empirical law, which describes that metabolism increases as the mass to the power 3/4, has arguably remained life sciences' enigma since its formal uncovering in 1930. Why is this behavior sustained over many orders of magnitude? There have been quantitative rationalizations put forward for both plants and animals based on realistic mechanisms. However, universality in scaling laws of this kind, like in critical phenomena, has not yet received substantiation. Here, we provide an account, with quantitative reproduction of the available data, of the metabolism for these two biology kingdoms by means of broad arguments based on statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics. We consider iterated renormalization group (RG) fixed-point maps that are associated with an extensive generalized (Tsallis) entropy. We find two unique universality classes that satisfy the 3/4 power law. One corresponds to preferential attachment processes-rich gets richer-and the other to critical processes that suppress the effort for motion. We discuss and generalize our findings to other empirical laws that exhibit similar situations, using data based on general but different concepts that form a conjugate pair that gives rise to the same power-law exponents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Robledo
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, Mexico City 01000, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gavrilov VM, Golubeva TB, Bushuev AV. Metabolic rate, sleep duration, and body temperature in evolution of mammals and birds: the influence of geological time of principal groups divergence. Zookeys 2023; 1148:1-27. [DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1148.93458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study contains an analysis of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in 1817 endothermic species. The aim was to establish how metabolic scaling varies between the main groups of endotherms during evolution. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent in the allometric relationship between the BMR and body weight was established as b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae – Passeriformes – 1.00, Neognathae – Non-Passeriformes – 0.75, Palaeognathae – 0.53, Eutheria – 0.57, Marsupialia – 0.44, and Monotremata – 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present. In parallel, the average body temperature in the group rises, the duration of sleep decreases and the duration of activity increases. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is its activity period; group exponents decrease as group divergence nears present times while with increase metabolic rate during activity, they not only do not decrease but can increase. Sleep duration in mammals was on average 40% longer than in birds while BMR, in contrast, was 40% higher in birds. The evolution of metabolic scaling, body temperature, sleep duration, and activity during the development of endothermic life forms is demonstrated, allowing for a better understanding of the underlying principles of endothermy formation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chown SL. Macrophysiology for decision‐making. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Glazier DS. Variable metabolic scaling breaks the law: from 'Newtonian' to 'Darwinian' approaches. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221605. [PMID: 36259209 PMCID: PMC9579773 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life's size and tempo are intimately linked. The rate of metabolism varies with body mass in remarkably regular ways that can often be described by a simple power function, where the scaling exponent (b, slope in a log-linear plot) is typically less than 1. Traditional theory based on physical constraints has assumed that b is 2/3 or 3/4, following natural law, but hundreds of studies have documented extensive, systematic variation in b. This overwhelming, law-breaking, empirical evidence is causing a paradigm shift in metabolic scaling theory and methodology from ‘Newtonian’ to ‘Darwinian’ approaches. A new wave of studies focuses on the adaptable regulation and evolution of metabolic scaling, as influenced by diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors, according to multiple context-dependent mechanisms, and within boundary limits set by physical constraints.
Collapse
|
9
|
Metabolic Scaling in Birds and Mammals: How Taxon Divergence Time, Phylogeny, and Metabolic Rate Affect the Relationship between Scaling Exponents and Intercepts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071067. [PMID: 36101445 PMCID: PMC9312277 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study is based on a large dataset and re-evaluates data on the metabolic rate, providing new insights into the similarities and differences across different groups of birds and mammals. We compared six taxonomic groups of mammals and birds according to their energetic characteristics and the geological time of evolutionary origin. The overall metabolic rate of a taxonomic group increases with the geological time of evolutionary origin. The terrestrial mammals and flightless birds have almost equal metabolic levels. The higher the metabolic rate in a group, the less it increases within increasing body size in this group. Abstract Analysis of metabolic scaling in currently living endothermic animal species allowed us to show how the relationship between body mass and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) has evolved in the history of endothermic vertebrates. We compared six taxonomic groups according to their energetic characteristics and the time of evolutionary divergence. We transformed the slope of the regression lines to the common value and analyzed three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body size. Correlation between average field metabolic rate (FMR) of the group and its average BMR was shown. We evaluated the efficiency of self-maintenance in ordinary life (defined BMR/FMR) in six main groups of endotherms. Our study has shown that metabolic scaling in the main groups of endothermic animals correlates with their evolutionary age: the younger the group, the higher the metabolic rate, but the rate increases more slowly with increasing body weight. We found negative linear relationship for scaling exponents and the allometric coefficient in five groups of endotherms: in units of mL O2/h per g, in relative units of allometric coefficients, and also in level or scaling elevation. Mammals that diverged from the main vertebrate stem earlier have a higher “b” exponent than later divergent birds. A new approach using three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body mass will be useful for many biological size-scaling relationships that follow the power function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Soh HY, Tan PXY, Ng TTM, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Data of Antibiotics in Avian Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060741. [PMID: 35740148 PMCID: PMC9219738 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In avian medicine, the use of antibiotic dosing regimens based on species-specific pharmacological studies is ideal. However, due to a lack of such studies, dose extrapolation, which may cause inefficacy and toxicity, is common practice. Multiple searches were performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to extract relevant pharmacological studies performed in exotic avian species. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety data of the selected antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanate) from these studies were reviewed. This review aimed to identify trends amenable for safe inter-species dose extrapolation and provide updated findings on dosing regimens that are safe and efficacious for various exotic avian species. We observed that the half-life of antibiotics appears to be shorter in the common ostrich and that amikacin may be amenable to inter-species dose extrapolation as it is safe and shows little inter-species PK and PD variation. Species-specific enrofloxacin dosing regimens that were not listed in the Exotic Animal Formulary (5th ed.) were found for Caribbean flamingos, African penguins, southern crested caracaras, common ostriches, and greater rheas. Specific dosing regimens recommended for psittacine birds (doxycycline 130 mg/kg medicated water) and ratites (PO doxycycline 2–3.5 mg/kg q12 h, PO enrofloxacin 1.5–2.5 mg/kg q12 h and IM enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg q12 h) in the formulary may not be effective in budgerigars and common ostriches, respectively. Apart from the lack of species-specific pharmacological studies, a lack of multiple dose studies was also noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Soh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Prisca Xin Yi Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Tao Tao Magdeline Ng
- National University of Singapore Libraries, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore;
| | - Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Mandai Wildlife Group, Conservation, Research, and Veterinary Department, Singapore 259569, Singapore
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saha P, Sarkar D. Structural and information-theoretic complexity measures of brain networks: Evolutionary aspects and implications. Biosystems 2022; 218:104711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Lognormals, power laws and double power laws in the distribution of frequencies of harmonic codewords from classical music. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2615. [PMID: 35173194 PMCID: PMC8850585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Zipf's law is a paradigm describing the importance of different elements in communication systems, especially in linguistics. Despite the complexity of the hierarchical structure of language, music has in some sense an even more complex structure, due to its multidimensional character (melody, harmony, rhythm, timbre, etc.). Thus, the relevance of Zipf's law in music is still an open question. Using discrete codewords representing harmonic content obtained from a large-scale analysis of classical composers, we show that a nearly universal Zipf-like law holds at a qualitative level. However, in an in-depth quantitative analysis, where we introduce the double power-law distribution as a new player in the classical debate between the superiority of Zipf's (power) law and that of the lognormal distribution, we conclude not only that universality does not hold, but also that there is not a unique probability distribution that best describes the usage of the different codewords by each composer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Garavaglia L, Gulich D, Defeo MM, Thomas Mailland J, Irurzun IM. The effect of age on the heart rate variability of healthy subjects. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255894. [PMID: 34624048 PMCID: PMC8500436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we study the characteristics of heart rate variability (HRV) as a function of age and gender. Our analysis covers a wider age range than that studied so far. It includes results previously reported in the literature and reveals behaviours not reported before. We can establish basic scale relationships in different HRV measurements. The mean value of the RR intervals shows a power-law behaviour independent of gender. Magnitudes such as the standard deviation or pNN50 show abrupt changes at around the age of 12 years, and above that age they show gender dependence, which mainly affects short-time (or high frequency) scales. We present a unified analysis for the calculation of the non-linear α and β parameters. Both parameters depend on age; they increase in the extremes of life and reach a minimum at around one year of age. These gender-independent changes occur at low frequencies and in scale ranges that depend on age. The results obtained in this work are discussed in terms of the effects of basal metabolic rate, hormonal regulation, and neuronal activity on heart rate variability. This work finally discusses how these findings influence the interpretation of HRV measurements from records of different lengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Garavaglia
- Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) La Plata- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Damián Gulich
- Centro de Investigaciones Opticas, La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Magdalena M. Defeo
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos “Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Rossi”, La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Julieta Thomas Mailland
- Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) La Plata- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Isabel M. Irurzun
- Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) La Plata- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, República Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang M, Mori S, Kurosawa Y, Ferrio JP, Yamaji K, Koyama K. Consistent scaling of whole-shoot respiration between Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and trees. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:989-997. [PMID: 34115233 PMCID: PMC8364903 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and tree forests have a large biomass; they are considered to play an important role in ecosystem carbon budgets. The scaling relationship between individual whole-shoot (i.e., aboveground parts) respiration and whole-shoot mass provides a clue for comparing the carbon budgets of Moso bamboo and tree forests. However, nobody has empirically demonstrated whether there is a difference between these forest types in the whole-shoot scaling relationship. We developed whole-shoot chambers and measured the shoot respiration of 58 individual mature bamboo shoots from the smallest to the largest in a Moso bamboo forest, and then compared them with that of 254 tree shoots previously measured. For 30 bamboo shoots, we measured the respiration rate of leaves, branches, and culms. We found that the scaling exponent of whole-shoot respiration of bamboo fitted by a simple power function on a log-log scale was 0.843 (95 % CI 0.797-0.885), which was consistent with that of trees, 0.826 (95 % CI 0.799-0.851), but higher than 3/4, the value typifying the Kleiber's rule. The respiration rates of leaves, branches, and culms at the whole-shoot level were proportional to their mass, revealing a constant mean mass-specific respiration of 1.19, 0.224, and 0.0978 µmol CO2 kg- 1 s- 1, respectively. These constant values suggest common traits of organs among physiologically integrated ramets within a genet. Additionally, the larger the shoots, the smaller the allocation of organ mass to the metabolically active leaves, and the larger the allocation to the metabolically inactive culms. Therefore, these shifts in shoot-mass partitioning to leaves and culms caused a negative metabolic scaling of Moso bamboo shoots. The observed convergent metabolic scaling of Moso bamboo and trees may facilitate comparisons of the ecosystem carbon budgets of Moso bamboo and tree forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mofei Wang
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeta Mori
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kurosawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Keiko Yamaji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Koyama
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wright T, Davis RW, Pearson HC, Murray M, Sheffield-Moore M. Skeletal muscle thermogenesis enables aquatic life in the smallest marine mammal. Science 2021; 373:223-225. [PMID: 34244415 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate generally scales with body mass in mammals, and variation from predicted levels indicates adaptive metabolic remodeling. As a thermogenic adaptation for living in cool water, sea otters have a basal metabolic rate approximately three times that of the predicted rate; however, the tissue-level source of this hypermetabolism is unknown. Because skeletal muscle is a major determinant of whole-body metabolism, we characterized respiratory capacity and thermogenic leak in sea otter muscle. Compared with that of previously sampled mammals, thermogenic muscle leak capacity was elevated and could account for sea otter hypermetabolism. Muscle respiratory capacity was modestly elevated and reached adult levels in neonates. Premature metabolic development and high leak rate indicate that sea otter muscle metabolism is regulated by thermogenic demand and is the source of basal hypermetabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traver Wright
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Randall W Davis
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi C Pearson
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK, USA.,College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, USA
| | | | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hamilton MJ, Walker RS, Kempes CP. Diversity begets diversity in mammal species and human cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19654. [PMID: 33184380 PMCID: PMC7661729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the planet the biogeographic distribution of human cultural diversity tends to correlate positively with biodiversity. In this paper we focus on the biogeographic distribution of mammal species and human cultural diversity. We show that not only are these forms of diversity similarly distributed in space, but they both scale superlinearly with environmental production. We develop theory that explains that as environmental productivity increases the ecological kinetics of diversity increases faster than expected because more complex environments are also more interactive. Using biogeographic databases of the global distributions of mammal species and human cultures we test a series of hypotheses derived from this theory and find support for each. For both mammals and cultures, we show that (1) both forms of diversity increase exponentially with ecological kinetics; (2) the kinetics of diversity is faster than the kinetics of productivity; (3) diversity scales superlinearly with environmental productivity; and (4) the kinetics of diversity is faster in increasingly productive environments. This biogeographic convergence is particularly striking because while the dynamics of biological and cultural evolution may be similar in principle the underlying mechanisms and time scales are very different. However, a common currency underlying all forms of diversity is ecological kinetics; the temperature-dependent fluxes of energy and biotic interactions that sustain all forms of life at all levels of organization. Diversity begets diversity in mammal species and human cultures because ecological kinetics drives superlinear scaling with environmental productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Hamilton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
| | - Robert S Walker
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
An non-loglinear enzyme-driven law of photosynthetic scaling in two representative crop seedlings under different water conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12720. [PMID: 32728129 PMCID: PMC7391708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The loglinear pattern of respiratory scaling has been studied for over a century, while an increasing number of non-loglinear patterns have been found in the plant kingdom. Several previous studies had attempted to reconcile conflicting patterns from the aspects of statistical approaches and developmental stages of the organisms. However, the underlying enzymatic mechanism was largely ignored. Here, we propose an enzyme-driven law of photosynthetic scaling and test it in typical crop seedlings under different water conditions. The results showed that the key enzyme activity, the relative photosynthetic assimilation and the relative growth rate were all constrained by the available water, and the relationship between these biological traits and the available water supported our predictions. The enzyme-driven law appears to be more suitable to explain the curvature of photosynthetic scaling than the well-established power law, since it provides insight into the biochemical origin of photosynthetic assimilation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sukhotin A, Kovalev A, Sokolov E, Sokolova IM. Mitochondrial performance of a continually growing marine bivalve, Mytilus edulis, depends on body size. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb226332. [PMID: 32527963 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allometric decline of mass-specific metabolic rate with increasing body size in organisms is a well-documented phenomenon. Despite a long history of research, the mechanistic causes of metabolic scaling with body size remain under debate. Some hypotheses suggest that intrinsic factors such as allometry of cellular and mitochondrial metabolism may contribute to the organismal-level metabolic scaling. The aim of our present study was to determine the metabolic allometry at the mitochondrial level using a continually growing marine ectotherm, the mussel Mytilus edulis, as a model. Mussels from a single cohort that considerably differed in body size were selected, implying faster growth in the larger specimens. We determined the body mass-dependent scaling of the mitochondrial proton leak respiration, respiration in the presence of ADP indicative of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and maximum activity of the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Respiration was measured at normal (15°C), and elevated (27°C) temperatures. The results demonstrated a pronounced allometric increase in both proton leak respiration and OXPHOS activity of mussel mitochondria. Mussels with faster growth (larger body size) showed an increase in OXPHOS rate, proton leak respiration rate, and ETS and COX activity (indicating an overall improved mitochondrial performance) and higher respiratory control ratio (indicating better mitochondrial coupling and potentially lower costs of mitochondrial maintenance at the same OXPHOS capacity) compared with slower growing (smaller) individuals. Our data show that the metabolic allometry at the organismal level cannot be directly explained by mitochondrial functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sukhotin
- White Sea Biological Station, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anton Kovalev
- White Sea Biological Station, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Eugene Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Leibniz ScienceCampus Rostock: Phosphorus Research, D-18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Activity alters how temperature influences intraspecific metabolic scaling: testing the metabolic-level boundaries hypothesis. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:445-454. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Ilker E, Hinczewski M. Modeling the Growth of Organisms Validates a General Relation between Metabolic Costs and Natural Selection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:238101. [PMID: 31298905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.238101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism and evolution are closely connected: if a mutation incurs extra energetic costs for an organism, there is a baseline selective disadvantage that may or may not be compensated for by other adaptive effects. A long-standing, but to date unproven, hypothesis is that this disadvantage is equal to the fractional cost relative to the total resting metabolic expenditure. We validate this result from physical principles through a general growth model and show it holds to excellent approximation for experimental parameters drawn from a wide range of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efe Ilker
- Physico-Chimie Curie UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michael Hinczewski
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
In some organisms and cells, oxygen availability influences oxygen consumption. In this review, we examine this phenomenon of hypoxic hypometabolism (HH), discussing its features, mechanisms, and implications. Small mammals and other vertebrate species exhibit "oxyconformism," a downregulation of metabolic rate and body temperature during hypoxia which is sensed by the central nervous system. Smaller body mass and cooler ambient temperature contribute to a high metabolic rate in mammals. It is this hypermetabolic state that is suppressed by hypoxia leading to HH. Larger mammals including humans do not exhibit HH. Tissues and cells also exhibit reductions in respiration during hypoxia in vitro, even at oxygen levels ample for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanisms of cellular HH involve intracellular oxygen sensors including hypoxia-inducible factors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) which downregulate mitochondrial activity and ATP utilization. HH has a profound impact on cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic physiology in rodents. Therefore, caution should be exercised when extrapolating the results of rodent hypoxia studies to human physiology.
Collapse
|