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Ghodasara A, Raza A, Wolfram J, Salomon C, Popat A. Clinical Translation of Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301010. [PMID: 37421185 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) occur in a variety of bodily fluids and have gained recent attraction as natural materials due to their bioactive surfaces, internal cargo, and role in intercellular communication. EVs contain various biomolecules, including surface and cytoplasmic proteins; and nucleic acids that are often representative of the originating cells. EVs can transfer content to other cells, a process that is thought to be important for several biological processes, including immune responses, oncogenesis, and angiogenesis. An increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms of EV biogenesis, composition, and function has led to an exponential increase in preclinical and clinical assessment of EVs for biomedical applications, such as diagnostics and drug delivery. Bacterium-derived EV vaccines have been in clinical use for decades and a few EV-based diagnostic assays regulated under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments have been approved for use in single laboratories. Though, EV-based products are yet to receive widespread clinical approval from national regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMA), many are in late-stage clinical trials. This perspective sheds light on the unique characteristics of EVs, highlighting current clinical trends, emerging applications, challenges and future perspectives of EVs in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Ghodasara
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Department of Research, Postgraduate and Further Education (DIPEC), Falcuty of Health Sciences, University of Alba, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Wang J, Chen HC, Sheng Q, Dawson TR, Coffey RJ, Patton JG, Weaver AM, Shyr Y, Liu Q. Systematic Assessment of Small RNA Profiling in Human Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3446. [PMID: 37444556 PMCID: PMC10340377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and released by most cells and are now recognized to play a role in intercellular communication through the delivery of molecular cargo, including proteins, lipids, and RNA. Small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq) has been widely used to characterize the small RNA content in EVs. However, there is a lack of a systematic assessment of the quality, technical biases, RNA composition, and RNA biotypes enrichment for small RNA profiling of EVs across cell types, biofluids, and conditions. METHODS We collected and reanalyzed small RNA-seq datasets for 2756 samples from 83 studies involving 55 with EVs only and 28 with both EVs and matched donor cells. We assessed their quality by the total number of reads after adapter trimming, the overall alignment rate to the host and non-host genomes, and the proportional abundance of total small RNA and specific biotypes, such as miRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and Y RNA. RESULTS We found that EV extraction methods varied in their reproducibility in isolating small RNAs, with effects on small RNA composition. Comparing proportional abundances of RNA biotypes between EVs and matched donor cells, we discovered that rRNA and tRNA fragments were relatively enriched, but miRNAs and snoRNA were depleted in EVs. Except for the export of eight miRNAs being context-independent, the selective release of most miRNAs into EVs was study-specific. CONCLUSION This work guides quality control and the selection of EV isolation methods and enhances the interpretation of small RNA contents and preferential loading in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hua-Chang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - T. Renee Dawson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (T.R.D.); (R.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (T.R.D.); (R.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James G. Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Alissa M. Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (T.R.D.); (R.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Xiao H, Feng X, Liu M, Gong H, Zhou X. SnoRNA and lncSNHG: Advances of nucleolar small RNA host gene transcripts in anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1143980. [PMID: 37006268 PMCID: PMC10050728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) are a group of genes that can be transcript into long non-coding RNA SNHG (lncSNHG) and further processed into small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Although lncSNHGs and snoRNAs are well established to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis, how lncSNHGs and snoRNAs regulate the immune cell behavior and function to mediate anti-tumor immunity remains further illustrated. Certain immune cell types carry out distinct roles to participate in each step of tumorigenesis. It is particularly important to understand how lncSNHGs and snoRNAs regulate the immune cell function to manipulate anti-tumor immunity. Here, we discuss the expression, mechanism of action, and potential clinical relevance of lncSNHGs and snoRNAs in regulating different types of immune cells that are closely related to anti-tumor immunity. By uncovering the changes and roles of lncSNHGs and snoRNAs in different immune cells, we aim to provide a better understanding of how the transcripts of SNHGs participate in tumorigenesis from an immune perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hanwen Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zhou,
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Estravís M, García-Sánchez A, Martin MJ, Pérez-Pazos J, Isidoro-García M, Dávila I, Sanz C. RNY3 modulates cell proliferation and IL13 mRNA levels in a T lymphocyte model: a possible new epigenetic mechanism of IL-13 regulation. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:59-69. [PMID: 36089628 PMCID: PMC9905197 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most common type of asthma. It is characterized by TH2 cell-driven inflammation in which interleukin-13 (IL-13) plays a pivotal role. Cytoplasmic RNAs (Y-RNAs), a variety of non-coding RNAs that are dysregulated in many cancer types, are also differentially expressed in patients with allergic asthma. Their function in the development of the disease is still unknown. We investigated the potential role of RNY3 RNA (hY3) in the TH2 cell inflammatory response using the Jurkat cell line as a model. hY3 expression levels were modulated to mimic the upregulation effect in allergic disease. We evaluated the effect of hY3 over cell stimulation and the expression of the TH2 cytokine IL13. Total RNA was isolated and retrotranscribed, and RNA levels were assessed by qPCR. In Jurkat cells, hY3 levels increased upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. When transfecting with high levels of hY3 mimic molecules, cell proliferation rate decreased while IL13 mRNA levels increased upon stimulation compared to stimulated control cells. Our results show the effect of increased hY3 levels on cell proliferation and the levels of IL13 mRNA in Jurkat cells. Also, we showed that hY3 could act over other cells via exosomes. This study opens up new ways to study the potential regulatory function of hY3 over IL-13 production and its implications for asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Estravís
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Maria J Martin
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Pérez-Pazos
- Unidad de Farmacogenética y Medicina de Precisión, Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Servicio de Alergología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunoalergia, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunoediting and Their Potential as Oncoimmunotherapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010082. [PMID: 36612080 PMCID: PMC9817790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) within and around a tumor is a complex interacting mixture of tumor cells with various stromal cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. In the early steps of tumor formation, the local microenvironment tends to oppose carcinogenesis, while with cancer progression, the microenvironment skews into a protumoral TME and the tumor influences stromal cells to provide tumor-supporting functions. The creation and development of cancer are dependent on escape from immune recognition predominantly by influencing stromal cells, particularly immune cells, to suppress antitumor immunity. This overall process is generally called immunoediting and has been categorized into three phases; elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Interaction of tumor cells with stromal cells in the TME is mediated generally by cell-to-cell contact, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The least well studied are EVs (especially exosomes), which are nanoparticle-sized bilayer membrane vesicles released by many cell types that participate in cell/cell communication. EVs carry various proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and small molecules that influence cells that ingest the EVs. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) play a significant role in every stage of immunoediting, and their cargoes change from immune-activating in the early stages of immunoediting into immunosuppressing in the escape phase. In addition, their cargos change with different treatments or stress conditions and can be influenced to be more immune stimulatory against cancer. This review focuses on the emerging understanding of how TEVs affect the differentiation and effector functions of stromal cells and their role in immunoediting, from the early stages of immunoediting to immune escape. Consideration of how TEVs can be therapeutically utilized includes different treatments that can modify TEV to support cancer immunotherapy.
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Sarcar B, Fang B, Izumi V, O Nunez Lopez Y, Tassielli A, Pratley R, Jeong D, Permuth JB, Koomen JM, Fleming JB, Stewart PA. A comparative Proteomics Analysis Identified Differentially Expressed Proteins in Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Stellate Cell Small Extracellular Vesicles. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100438. [PMID: 36332889 PMCID: PMC9792568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pancreatic stellate cells (HPSCs) are an essential stromal component and mediators of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles involved in cell-to-cell communications and are released from stromal cells within PDAC. A detailed comparison of sEVs from normal pancreatic stellate cells (HPaStec) and from PDAC-associated stellate cells (HPSCs) remains a gap in our current knowledge regarding stellate cells and PDAC. We hypothesized there would be differences in sEVs secretion and protein expression that might contribute to PDAC biology. To test this hypothesis, we isolated sEVs using ultracentrifugation followed by characterization by electron microscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. We report here our initial observations. First, HPSC cells derived from PDAC tumors secrete a higher volume of sEVs when compared to normal pancreatic stellate cells (HPaStec). Although our data revealed that both normal and tumor-derived sEVs demonstrated no significant biological effect on cancer cells, we observed efficient uptake of sEVs by both normal and cancer epithelial cells. Additionally, intact membrane-associated proteins on sEVs were essential for efficient uptake. We then compared sEV proteins isolated from HPSCs and HPaStecs cells using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the 1481 protein groups identified were shared with the exosome database, ExoCarta. Eighty-seven protein groups were differentially expressed (selected by 2-fold difference and adjusted p value ≤0.05) between HPSC and HPaStec sEVs. Of note, HPSC sEVs contained dramatically more CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1-like protein), a described marker of poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Based on our results, we have demonstrated unique populations of sEVs originating from stromal cells with PDAC and suggest that these are significant to cancer biology. Further studies should be undertaken to gain a deeper understanding that could drive novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Sarcar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Tassielli
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Pratley
- Translational Research Institute, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Jeong
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer B Permuth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Paul A Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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Carrillo-Rodríguez P, Robles-Guirado JÁ, Cruz-Palomares A, Palacios-Pedrero MÁ, González-Paredes E, Más-Ciurana A, Franco-Herrera C, Ruiz-de-Castroviejo-Teba PA, Lario A, Longobardo V, Montosa-Hidalgo L, Pérez-Sánchez-Cañete MM, Corzo-Corbera MM, Redondo-Sánchez S, Jodar AB, Blanco FJ, Zumaquero E, Merino R, Sancho J, Zubiaur M. Extracellular vesicles from pristane-treated CD38-deficient mice express an anti-inflammatory neutrophil protein signature, which reflects the mild lupus severity elicited in these mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013236. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In CD38-deficient (Cd38-/-) mice intraperitoneal injection of pristane induces a lupus-like disease, which is milder than that induced in WT mice, showing significant differences in the inflammatory and autoimmune processes triggered by pristane. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are present in all body fluids. Shed by cells, their molecular make-up reflects that of their cell of origin and/or tissue pathological situation. The aim of this study was to analyze the protein composition, protein abundance, and functional clustering of EV released by peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) in the pristane experimental lupus model, to identify predictive or diagnostic biomarkers that might discriminate the autoimmune process in lupus from inflammatory reactions and/or normal physiological processes. In this study, thanks to an extensive proteomic analysis and powerful bioinformatics software, distinct EV subtypes were identified in the peritoneal exudates of pristane-treated mice: 1) small EV enriched in the tetraspanin CD63 and CD9, which are likely of exosomal origin; 2) small EV enriched in CD47 and CD9, which are also enriched in plasma-membrane, membrane-associated proteins, with an ectosomal origin; 3) small EV enriched in keratins, ECM proteins, complement/coagulation proteins, fibrin clot formation proteins, and endopetidase inhibitor proteins. This enrichment may have an inflammation-mediated mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition origin, representing a protein corona on the surface of peritoneal exudate EV; 4) HDL-enriched lipoprotein particles. Quantitative proteomic analysis allowed us to identify an anti-inflammatory, Annexin A1-enriched pro-resolving, neutrophil protein signature, which was more prominent in EV from pristane-treated Cd38-/- mice, and quantitative differences in the protein cargo of the ECM-enriched EV from Cd38-/- vs WT mice. These differences are likely to be related with the distinct inflammatory outcome shown by Cd38-/- vs WT mice in response to pristane treatment. Our results demonstrate the power of a hypothesis-free and data-driven approach to transform the heterogeneity of the peritoneal exudate EV from pristane-treated mice in valuable information about the relative proportion of different EV in a given sample and to identify potential protein markers specific for the different small EV subtypes, in particular those proteins defining EV involved in the resolution phase of chronic inflammation.
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8
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Patel A, Patel S, Patel P, Mandlik D, Patel K, Tanavde V. Salivary Exosomal miRNA-1307-5p Predicts Disease Aggressiveness and Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810639. [PMID: 36142544 PMCID: PMC9505291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers facilitate repeated sampling, real-time disease monitoring and assessment of therapeutic response. This study identifies a single salivary exosomal miRNA prognosticator that will aid in improved patient outcome using a liquid biopsy approach. Method: Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing profiles of tumour tissues (n = 12) and salivary exosomes (n = 8) from oral cancer patients were compared to their non-cancerous counterparts. We validated these results using The Cancer Genome Atlas database and performing Real-time PCR on a large patient cohort (n = 19 tissue samples; n = 12 salivary exosomes). Potential target genes and the miRNA–mRNA networks and enriched biological pathways regulated by this microRNA were identified using computational tools. Results: Salivary exosomes (size: 30–50 nm) demonstrated a strong expression of CD47 and detectable expression of tetraspanins CD63, CD81 and CD9 by flow cytometry. miR-1307-5p was exclusively overexpressed in tissues and salivary exosomes of oral cancer patients compared to their non-cancerous counterparts. Enhanced expression of miR-1307-5p clinically correlated with poor patient survival, disease progression, aggressiveness and chemo-resistance. Transcriptome analysis suggested that miRNA-1307-5p could promote oral cancer progression by suppressing THOP1, EHF, RNF4, GET4 and RNF114. Conclusions: Salivary exosomal miRNA-1307-5p is a potential prognosticator for predicting poor survival and poor patient outcome in oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Shanaya Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Parina Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Dushyant Mandlik
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Kaustubh Patel
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kaur S, Saldana AC, Elkahloun AG, Petersen JD, Arakelyan A, Singh SP, Jenkins LM, Kuo B, Reginauld B, Jordan DG, Tran AD, Wu W, Zimmerberg J, Margolis L, Roberts DD. CD47 interactions with exportin-1 limit the targeting of m 7G-modified RNAs to extracellular vesicles. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16:397-419. [PMID: 34841476 PMCID: PMC9411329 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a marker of self and a signaling receptor for thrombospondin-1 that is also a component of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various cell types. Previous studies identified CD47-dependent functional effects of T cell EVs on target cells, mediated by delivery of their RNA contents, and enrichment of specific subsets of coding and noncoding RNAs in CD47+ EVs. Mass spectrometry was employed here to identify potential mechanisms by which CD47 regulates the trafficking of specific RNAs to EVs. Specific interactions of CD47 and its cytoplasmic adapter ubiquilin-1 with components of the exportin-1/Ran nuclear export complex were identified and confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Exportin-1 is known to regulate nuclear to cytoplasmic trafficking of 5'-7-methylguanosine (m7G)-modified microRNAs and mRNAs that interact with its cargo protein EIF4E. Interaction with CD47 was inhibited following alkylation of exportin-1 at Cys528 by its covalent inhibitor leptomycin B. Leptomycin B increased levels of m7G-modified RNAs, and their association with exportin-1 in EVs released from wild type but not CD47-deficient cells. In addition to perturbing nuclear to cytoplasmic transport, transcriptomic analyses of EVs released by wild type and CD47-deficient Jurkat T cells revealed a global CD47-dependent enrichment of m7G-modified microRNAs and mRNAs in EVs released by CD47-deficient cells. Correspondingly, decreasing CD47 expression in wild type cells or treatment with thrombospondin-1 enhanced levels of specific m7G-modified RNAs released in EVs, and re-expressing CD47 in CD47-deficient T cells decreased their levels. Therefore, CD47 signaling limits the trafficking of m7G-modified RNAs to EVs through physical interactions with the exportin-1/Ran transport complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
| | - Alejandra Cavazos Saldana
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jennifer D Petersen
- Section On Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section On Intercellular Interactions, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Satya P Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Bethany Kuo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
| | - Bianca Reginauld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
| | - David G Jordan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
| | - Andy D Tran
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section On Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section On Intercellular Interactions, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA.
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10
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Kaur S, Livak F, Daaboul G, Anderson L, Roberts DD. Single vesicle analysis of CD47 association with integrins and tetraspanins on extracellular vesicles released by T lymphoblast and prostate carcinoma cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12265. [PMID: 36107309 PMCID: PMC9477112 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 regulates the trafficking of specific coding and noncoding RNAs into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the RNA contents of CD47+ EVs differ from that of CD63+ EVs released by the same cells. Single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing combined with immunofluorescent imaging was used to analyse the colocalization of tetraspanins, integrins, and CD47 on EVs produced by wild type and CD47-deficient Jurkat T lymphoblast and PC3 prostate carcinoma cell lines. On Jurkat cell-derived EVs, β1 and α4 integrin subunits colocalized predominantly with CD47 and CD81 but not with CD63 and CD9, conserving the known lateral interactions between these proteins in the plasma membrane. Although PC3 cell-derived EVs lacked detectable α4 integrin, specific association of CD81 with β1 and CD47 was preserved. Loss of CD47 expression in Jurkat cells significantly reduced β1 and α4 levels on EVs produced by these cells while elevating CD9+ , CD63+ , and CD81+ EVs. In contrast, loss of CD47 in PC3 cells decreased the abundance of CD63+ and CD81+ EVs. These data establish that CD47+ EVs are mostly distinct from EVs bearing the tetraspanins CD63 and CD9, but CD47 also indirectly regulates the abundance of EVs bearing these non-interacting tetraspanins via mechanisms that remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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11
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Edelmann MJ, Kima PE. Current understanding of extracellular vesicle homing/tropism. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2022; 2:14. [PMID: 35601996 PMCID: PMC9121623 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed packets released from cells that can transfer bioactive molecules from cell to cell without direct contact with the target cells. This transfer of molecules can activate consequential processes in the recipient cells, including cell differentiation and migration that maintain tissue homeostasis or promote tissue pathology. One controversial aspect of the EV's biology that holds therapeutic promise is their capacity to engage defined cells at specific sites. On the one hand, persuasive studies have shown that EVs express surface molecules that ensure their tissue localization and enable cell-specific interactions, as demonstrated using in vitro and in vivo analyses. Therefore, this feature of EV biology is under investigation in translational studies to control malignancies and deliver chemicals and bioactive molecules to combat several diseases. On the other hand, some studies have shown that EVs fail to traffic in hosts in a targeted manner, which questions the potential role of EVs as vehicles for drug delivery and their capacity to serve as cell-free biomodulators. In this review, the biology of EV homing/tropism in mammalian hosts is discussed, and the biological characteristics that may result in their controversial characteristics are brought to the fore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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12
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Zhai R, Pan L, Yang Z, Li T, Ning Z, Pawitan Y, Wilson JF, Wu D, Shen X. Genetic and phenotypic links between obesity and extracellular vesicles. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3643-3651. [PMID: 35357430 PMCID: PMC9616576 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has a highly complex genetic architecture, making it difficult to understand the genetic mechanisms, despite the large number of discovered loci via genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Omics techniques have provided a better resolution to view this problem. As a proxy of cell-level biology, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are useful for studying cellular regulation of complex phenotypes such as obesity. Here, in a well-established Scottish cohort, we utilized a novel technology to detect surface proteins across millions of single EVs in each individual's plasma sample. Integrating the results with established obesity GWAS, we inferred 78 types of EVs carrying one or two of 12 surface proteins to be associated with adiposity-related traits such as waist circumference. We then verified that particular EVs' abundance is negatively correlated with body adiposity, while no association with lean body mass. We also revealed that genetic variants associated with protein-specific EVs capture 2-4-fold heritability enrichment for blood cholesterol levels. Our findings provide evidence that EVs with specific surface proteins have phenotypic and genetic links to obesity and blood lipids, respectively, guiding future EV biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Biostatistics Group, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China,Center for Intelligent Medicine Research, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ting Li
- Biostatistics Group, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China,Center for Intelligent Medicine Research, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zheng Ning
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Yudi Pawitan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Di Wu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), 2nd Nanjiang Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China. Tel: +86 1381153502; ; Vesicode AB, Nobels väg 16, Solna 17165, Sweden. Tel: +46 739191116;
| | - Xia Shen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), 2nd Nanjiang Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China. Tel: +86 1381153502; ; Vesicode AB, Nobels väg 16, Solna 17165, Sweden. Tel: +46 739191116;
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13
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Liu DSK, Yang QZC, Asim M, Krell J, Frampton AE. The Clinical Significance of Transfer RNAs Present in Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073692. [PMID: 35409051 PMCID: PMC8998272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for intercellular signalling in multi-cellular organisms. However, the role of mature transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and tRNA fragments in EVs has yet to be characterised. This systematic review aimed to identify up-to-date literature on tRNAs present within human EVs and explores their potential clinical significance in health and disease. A comprehensive and systematic literature search was performed, and the study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up until 1 January 2022. From 685 papers, 60 studies were identified for analysis. The majority of papers reviewed focussed on the role of EV tRNAs in cancers (31.7%), with numerous other conditions represented. Blood and cell lines were the most common EV sources, representing 85.9% of protocols used. EV isolation methods included most known methods, precipitation being the most common (49.3%). The proportion of EV tRNAs was highly variable, ranging between 0.04% to >95% depending on tissue source. EV tRNAs are present in a multitude of sources and show promise as disease markers in breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and other diseases. EV tRNA research is an emerging field, with increasing numbers of papers highlighting novel methodologies for tRNA and tRNA fragment discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. K. Liu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (D.S.K.L.); (Q.Z.C.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Qi Zhi Clayton Yang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (D.S.K.L.); (Q.Z.C.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK;
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (D.S.K.L.); (Q.Z.C.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Adam E. Frampton
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (D.S.K.L.); (Q.Z.C.Y.); (J.K.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK;
- HPB Surgical Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK
- Correspondence: or
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14
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Yan C, Yu J. Noncoding RNA in Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.806001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve the desired outcome in tissue engineering regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells need to undergo a series of biological processes, including differentiating into the ideal target cells. The extracellular vesicle (EV) in the microenvironment contributes toward determining the fate of the cells with epigenetic regulation, particularly from noncoding RNA (ncRNA), and exerts transportation and protective effects on ncRNAs. We focused on the components and functions of ncRNA (particularly microRNA) in the EVs. The EVs modified by the ncRNA favor tissue regeneration and pose a potential challenge.
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15
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Kaur S, Elkahloun AG, Petersen JD, Arakelyan A, Livak F, Singh SP, Margolis L, Zimmerberg J, Roberts DD. CD63 + and MHC Class I + Subsets of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Wild-Type and CD47-Deficient Jurkat T Cells Have Divergent Functional Effects on Endothelial Cell Gene Expression. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1705. [PMID: 34829933 PMCID: PMC8615535 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells and endothelial cells engage in bidirectional communication that regulates angiogenesis and T cell transmigration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by the transfer of bioactive molecules including RNAs. EVs produced by a given cell type are heterogeneous in their RNA content, but it is unclear how specific EV surface markers relate to their functional effects on target cells. Our previous work established that Jurkat T cell EVs bearing CD63, MHC-I, or CD47 surface markers contain distinct noncoding RNA populations. The present study reveals that CD63+ and MHC-I+ EVs from CD47-deficient Jurkat T cells are enriched in small non-coding RNAs relative to EVs from wild-type Jurkat T cells. CD47-deficient Jurkat T cells secrete more CD63+ and MHC-I+ EVs, but MHC-I+ EVs are selectively taken up more by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Transcriptomics analysis of endothelial cells treated with CD63+ or MHC-I+ EVs showed surface marker- and CD47-dependent changes in gene expression in the target cells. Gene set enrichment analysis identified CD47-dependent, and surface marker-dependent effects of T cell EVs on VEGF and inflammatory signaling, cell cycle, and lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, subsets of T cell EVs differentially regulate endothelial cell metabolism and inflammatory and angiogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jennifer D. Petersen
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.D.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.D.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Repetitive Treatment with Volatile Anesthetics Does Not Affect the In Vivo Plasma Concentration and Composition of Extracellular Vesicles in Rats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1997-2010. [PMID: 34889902 PMCID: PMC8929111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anesthetic-induced preconditioning (AIP) with volatile anesthetics is a well-known experimental technique to protect tissues from ischemic injury or oxidative stress. Additionally, plasmatic extracellular vesicle (EV) populations and their cargo are known to be affected by AIP in vitro, and to provide organ protective properties via their cargo. We investigated whether AIP would affect the generation of EVs in an in vivo rat model. Methods: Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats received a repetitive treatment with either isoflurane or with sevoflurane for a duration of 4 or 8 weeks. EVs from blood plasma were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot. A scratch assay (H9C2 cardiomyoblast cell line) was performed to investigate the protective capabilities of the isolated EVs. Results: TEM images as well as Western blot analysis indicated that EVs were successfully isolated. The AIP changed the flotillin and CD63 expression on the EV surface, but not the EV concentration. The scratch assay did not show increased cell migration and/or proliferation after EV treatment. Conclusion: AIP in rats changed the cargo of EVs but had no effect on EV concentration or cell migration/proliferation. Future studies are needed to investigate the cargo on a miRNA level and to investigate the properties of these EVs in additional functional experiments.
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17
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de Voogt WS, Tanenbaum ME, Vader P. Illuminating RNA trafficking and functional delivery by extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:250-264. [PMID: 33894328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics are highly promising for the treatment of numerous diseases, by their ability to tackle the genetic origin in multiple possible ways. RNA molecules are, however, incapable of crossing cell membranes, hence a safe and efficient delivery vehicle is pivotal. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are endogenously derived nano-sized particles and possess several characteristics which make them excellent candidates as therapeutic RNA delivery agent. This includes the inherent capability to functionally transfer RNAs in a selective manner and an enhanced safety profile compared to synthetic particles. Nonetheless, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this selective inter- and intracellular trafficking and functional transfer of RNAs by EVs are poorly understood. Improving our understanding of these systems is a key element of working towards an EV-based or EV-mimicking system for the functional delivery of therapeutic RNA. In this review, state-of-the-art approaches to detect and visualize RNA in situ and in live cells are discussed, as well as strategies to assess functional RNA transfer, highlighting their potential in studying EV-RNA trafficking mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn S de Voogt
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Chatterjee S, Chatterjee A, Jana S, Dey S, Roy H, Das MK, Alam J, Adhikary A, Chowdhury A, Biswas A, Manna D, Bhattacharyya A. Transforming growth factor beta orchestrates PD-L1 enrichment in tumor-derived exosomes and mediates CD8 T-cell dysfunction regulating early phosphorylation of TCR signalome in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:38-47. [PMID: 32832992 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells promote immune evasion through upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) that binds with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) on cytotoxic T cells and promote dysfunction. Though therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1 antibody has remarkable effects on different type of cancers it is less effective in breast cancer (BC). Hence, more details understanding of PD-L1-mediated immune evasion is necessary. Here, we report BC cells secrete extracellular vesicles in form of exosomes carry PD-L1 and are highly immunosuppressive. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) present in tumor microenvironment orchestrates BC cell secreted exosomal PD-L1 load. Circulating exosomal PD-L1 content is highly correlated with tumor TGF-β level. The later also found to be significantly associated with CD8+CD39+, CD8+PD1+ T-cell phenotype. Recombinant TGF-β1 dose dependently induces PD-L1 expression in Texos in vitro and blocking of TGF-β dimmed exosomal PD-L1 level. PD-L1 knocked down exosomes failed to suppress effector activity of activated CD8 T cells like tumor exosomes. While understanding its effect on T-cell receptor signaling, we found siPD-L1 exosomes failed to block phosphorylation of src family proteins, linker for activation of T cells and phosphoinositide phospholipase Cγ of CD8 T cells more than PD-L1 exosomes. In vivo inhibition of exosome release and TGF-β synergistically attenuates tumor burden by promoting Granzyme and interferon gamma release in tumor tissue depicting rejuvenation of exhausted T cells. Thus, we establish TGF-β as a promoter of exosomal PD-L1 and unveil a mechanism that tumor cells follow to promote CD8 T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Annesha Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Samir Jana
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasis Dey
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Chemistry, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Himansu Roy
- Department of Surgery, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinal Kanti Das
- Department of Surgery, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jahirul Alam
- Department of Surgery, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Adhikary
- Department of Pathology, Purulia Government Medical College & Hospital, Purulia, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhisek Chowdhury
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam Biswas
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Chemistry, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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19
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Hosseini R, Asef-Kabiri L, Yousefi H, Sarvnaz H, Salehi M, Akbari ME, Eskandari N. The roles of tumor-derived exosomes in altered differentiation, maturation and function of dendritic cells. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 34078376 PMCID: PMC8170799 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) have been shown to impede anti-tumor immune responses via their immunosuppressive cargo. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are the key mediators of priming and maintenance of T cell-mediated responses; thus it is logical that the exosomes released by tumor cells can exert a dominant influence on DCs biology. This paper intends to provide a mechanistic insight into the TDEs-mediated DCs abnormalities in the tumor context. More importantly, we discuss extensively how tumor exosomes induce subversion of DCs differentiation, maturation and function in separate sections. We also briefly describe the importance of TDEs at therapeutic level to help guide future treatment options, in particular DC-based vaccination strategy, and review advances in the design and discovery of exosome inhibitors. Understanding the exosomal content and the pathways by which TDEs are responsible for immune evasion may help to revise treatment rationales and devise novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the hurdles in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Asef-Kabiri
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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20
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Exploring interactions between extracellular vesicles and cells for innovative drug delivery system design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:252-278. [PMID: 33798644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron cell-secreted structures containing proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. EVs can functionally transfer these cargoes from one cell to another to modulate physiological and pathological processes. Due to their presumed biocompatibility and capacity to circumvent canonical delivery barriers encountered by synthetic drug delivery systems, EVs have attracted considerable interest as drug delivery vehicles. However, it is unclear which mechanisms and molecules orchestrate EV-mediated cargo delivery to recipient cells. Here, we review how EV properties have been exploited to improve the efficacy of small molecule drugs. Furthermore, we explore which EV surface molecules could be directly or indirectly involved in EV-mediated cargo transfer to recipient cells and discuss the cellular reporter systems with which such transfer can be studied. Finally, we elaborate on currently identified cellular processes involved in EV cargo delivery. Through these topics, we provide insights in critical effectors in the EV-cell interface which may be exploited in nature-inspired drug delivery strategies.
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21
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Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:560-570. [PMID: 33753940 PMCID: PMC9389600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as prominent regulators of the immune response during tumor progression. EVs contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo that plays a critical role in immunomodulation. Here, we identify the role of EVs as mediators of communication between cancer and immune cells. This expanded role of EVs may shed light on the mechanisms behind tumor progression and provide translational diagnostic and prognostic tools for immunologists.
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22
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Shrivastava S, Morris KV. The Multifunctionality of Exosomes; from the Garbage Bin of the Cell to a Next Generation Gene and Cellular Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020173. [PMID: 33513776 PMCID: PMC7912150 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are packaged with a variety of cellular cargo including RNA, DNA, lipids and proteins. For several decades now there has been ongoing debate as to what extent exosomes are the garbage bin of the cell or if these entities function as a distributer of cellular cargo which acts in a meaningful mechanistic way on target cells. Are the contents of exosomes unwanted excess cellular produce or are they selective nucleic acid packaged nanoparticles used to communicate in a paracrine fashion? Overexpressed RNAs and fragments of DNA have been shown to collect into exosomes which are jettisoned from cells in response to particular stimuli to maintain homeostasis suggesting exosomes are functional trash bins of the cell. Other studies however have deciphered selective packaging of particular nucleic acids into exosomes. Nucleic acids packaged into exosomes are increasingly reported to exert transcriptional control on recipient cells, supporting the notion that exosomes may provide a role in signaling and intracellular communication. We survey the literature and conclude that exosomes are multifunctional entities, with a plethora of roles that can each be taken advantage to functionally modulate cells. We also note that the potential utility of developing exosomes as a next generation genetic therapy may in future transform cellular therapies. We also depict three models of methodologies which can be adopted by researchers intending to package nucleic acid in exosomes for developing gene and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Shrivastava
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kevin V. Morris
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia
- Correspondence:
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23
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Parada N, Romero-Trujillo A, Georges N, Alcayaga-Miranda F. Camouflage strategies for therapeutic exosomes evasion from phagocytosis. J Adv Res 2021; 31:61-74. [PMID: 34194832 PMCID: PMC8240105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though exosome-based therapy has been shown to be able to control the progression of different pathologies, the data revealed by pharmacokinetic studies warn of the low residence time of exogenous exosomes in circulation that can hinder the clinical translation of therapeutic exosomes. The macrophages related to the organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system are responsible primarily for the rapid clearance and retention of exosomes, which strongly limits the amount of exosomal particles available to reach the target tissue, accumulate in it and release with high efficiency its therapeutic cargo in acceptor target cells to exert the desired biological effect. Aim of review Endowing exosomes with surface modifications to evade the immune system is a plausible strategy to contribute to the suppression of exosomal clearance and increase the efficiency of their targeted content delivery. Here, we summarize the current evidence about the mechanisms underlying the recognition and sequestration of therapeutic exosomes by phagocytic cells. Also, we propose different strategies to generate 'invisible' exosomes for the immune system, through the incorporation of different anti-phagocytic molecules on the exosomes’ surface that allow increasing the circulating half-life of therapeutic exosomes with the purpose to increase their bioavailability to reach the target tissue, transfer their therapeutic molecular cargo and improve their efficacy profile. Key scientific concepts of review Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis are the main responsible behind the short half-life in circulation of systemically injected exosomes, hindering their therapeutic effect. Exosomes ‘Camouflage Cloak’ strategy using antiphagocytic molecules can contribute to the inhibition of exosomal clearance, hence, increasing the on-target effect. Some candidate molecules that could exert an antiphagocytic role are CD47, CD24, CD44, CD31, β2M, PD-L1, App1, and DHMEQ. Pre- and post-isolation methods for exosome engineering are compatible with the loading of therapeutic cargo and the expression of antiphagocytic surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Parada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Romero-Trujillo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Georges
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Fenselau C, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Molecular cargo in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their exosomes. Cell Immunol 2021; 359:104258. [PMID: 33338939 PMCID: PMC7802618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Collaborative research is reviewed in which mass spectrometry-based proteomics and next generation sequencing were used qualitatively and quantitatively to interrogate proteins and RNAs carried in intact myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and exosomes shed in vitro by MDSC. In aggregate exosomes more than 4000 proteins were identified, including annexins and immunosuppressive mediators. Bioassays showed that exosomes induce MDSC chemotaxis dependent on S100A8 and S100A9 in their cargo. Surface selective chemistry identified glycoproteins on MDSC and exosome surfaces, including CD47 and thrombospondin 1, which both facilitate exosome-catalyzed chemotaxis. Large numbers of mRNAs and microRNAs were identified in aggregate exosomes, whose potential functions in receptor cells include angiogenesis, and proinflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Inflammation was found to have asymmetric effects on MDSC and exosomal cargos. Collectively, our findings indicate that the exosomes shed by MDSC provide divergent and complementary functions that support the immunosuppression and tumor promotion activities of MDSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fenselau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 20742, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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25
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Leidal AM, Huang HH, Marsh T, Solvik T, Zhang D, Ye J, Kai F, Goldsmith J, Liu JY, Huang YH, Monkkonen T, Vlahakis A, Huang EJ, Goodarzi H, Yu L, Wiita AP, Debnath J. The LC3-conjugation machinery specifies the loading of RNA-binding proteins into extracellular vesicles. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:187-199. [PMID: 31932738 PMCID: PMC7007875 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally viewed as an autodigestive pathway, autophagy also facilitates cellular secretion; however, the mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that components of the autophagy machinery specify secretion within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Using a proximity-dependent biotinylation proteomics strategy, we identify 200 putative targets of LC3-dependent secretion. This secretome consists of a highly interconnected network enriched in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and EV cargoes. Proteomic and RNA profiling of EVs identifies diverse RBPs and small non-coding RNAs requiring the LC3-conjugation machinery for packaging and secretion. Focusing on two RBPs, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK) and scaffold-attachment factor B (SAFB), we demonstrate that these proteins interact with LC3 and are secreted within EVs enriched with lipidated LC3. Furthermore, their secretion requires the LC3-conjugation machinery, neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) and LC3-dependent recruitment of factor associated with nSMase2 activity (FAN). Hence, the LC3-conjugation pathway controls EV cargo loading and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hector H Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Marsh
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tina Solvik
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jordan Ye
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - FuiBoon Kai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Liu
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Monkkonen
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ariadne Vlahakis
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Urology, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Margolis L, Sadovsky Y. The biology of extracellular vesicles: The known unknowns. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000363. [PMID: 31318874 PMCID: PMC6667152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, double-layer phospholipid membrane vesicles, released by most cells, were not considered to be of biological significance. This stance has dramatically changed with the recognition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as carriers of biologically active molecules that can traffic to local or distant targets and execute defined biological functions. The dimensionality of the field has expanded with the appreciation of diverse types of EVs and the complexity of vesicle biogenesis, cargo loading, release pathways, targeting mechanisms, and vesicle processing. With the expanded interest in the field and the accelerated rate of publications on EV structure and function in diverse biomedical fields, it has become difficult to distinguish between well-established biological features of EV and the untested hypotheses or speculative assumptions that await experimental proof. With the growing interest despite the limited evidence, we sought in this essay to formulate a set of unsolved mysteries in the field, sort out established data from fascinating hypotheses, and formulate several challenging questions that must be answered for the field to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Margolis
- Section for Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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27
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Pasini L, Ulivi P. Liquid Biopsy for the Detection of Resistance Mechanisms in NSCLC: Comparison of Different Blood Biomarkers. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E998. [PMID: 31323990 PMCID: PMC6678791 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of targeted agents and immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has made it mandatory to characterize tumor tissue for patient selection. Moreover, the development of agents that are active against specific resistance mechanisms arising during treatment make it equally important to characterize the tumor tissue at progression by performing tissue re-biopsy. Given that tumor tissue is not always available for molecular characterization due to the paucity of diagnostic specimens or problems relating to the carrying out of invasive procedures, the use of liquid biopsy represents a valid approach to overcoming these difficulties. The most common material used for liquid biopsy in this setting is plasma-derived cell free DNA (cfDNA), which originates from cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. However, other sources of tumor material can be considered, such as extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived nucleic acids, which are actively secreted from living cells and closely correspond to tumor dynamics. In this review, we discuss the role of liquid biopsy in the therapeutic management of NSCLC with particular regard to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and analyze the pros and cons of the different types of samples used in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pasini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
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28
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Rapid Enkephalin Delivery Using Exosomes to Promote Neurons Recovery in Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Neuronal p53/Caspase-3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4273290. [PMID: 30949500 PMCID: PMC6425296 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4273290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
No pharmacological treatment is currently available to protect brain from neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. Recent studies found that enkephalin may play an important role in neuron regeneration. We assembled a homogeneous size vesicle constituted by transferrin, exosomes, and enkephalin. Immunofluorescence assay showed that transferrin was combined with the exosomes and enkephalin was packaged into the vesicle; thus this complex was called tar-exo-enkephalin. In vitro studies were performed using rat primary hippocampal neurons and the results showed that enkephalin decreased p53 and caspase-3 levels to 47.6% and 67.2%, respectively, compared to neurons treated with glutamate, thus inhibiting neuron apoptosis caused by glutamate. An in vivo experiment in rats was also carried out using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)/reperfusion model and tar-exo-enkephalin treatment was performed after tMCAO. The results showed that tar-exo-enkephalin crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and decreased the levels of LDH, p53, caspase-3, and NO by 41.9, 52.6, 45.5, and 57.9% compared to the tMCAO rats, respectively. In addition, tar-exo-enkephalin improved brain neuron density and neurological score after tMCAO. These findings suggest that the use of exogenous enkephalin might promote neurological recovery after stroke.
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29
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Spinelli C, Adnani L, Choi D, Rak J. Extracellular Vesicles as Conduits of Non-Coding RNA Emission and Intercellular Transfer in Brain Tumors. Noncoding RNA 2018; 5:ncrna5010001. [PMID: 30585246 PMCID: PMC6468529 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species have emerged in as molecular fingerprints and regulators of brain tumor pathogenesis and progression. While changes in ncRNA levels have been traditionally regarded as cell intrinsic there is mounting evidence for their extracellular and paracrine function. One of the key mechanisms that enables ncRNA to exit from cells is their selective packaging into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and trafficking in the extracellular space and biofluids. Vesicular export processes reduce intracellular levels of specific ncRNA in EV donor cells while creating a pool of EV-associated ncRNA in the extracellular space and biofluids that enables their uptake by other recipient cells; both aspects have functional consequences. Cancer cells produce several EV subtypes (exosomes, ectosomes), which differ in their ncRNA composition, properties and function. Several RNA biotypes have been identified in the cargo of brain tumor EVs, of which microRNAs are the most studied, but other species (snRNA, YRNA, tRNA, and lncRNA) are often more abundant. Of particular interest is the link between transforming oncogenes and the biogenesis, cargo, uptake and function of tumor-derived EV, including EV content of oncogenic RNA. The ncRNA repertoire of EVs isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and serum is being developed as a liquid biopsy platform in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Spinelli
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Lata Adnani
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Dongsic Choi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Janusz Rak
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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30
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McNamara RP, Caro-Vegas CP, Costantini LM, Landis JT, Griffith JD, Damania BA, Dittmer DP. Large-scale, cross-flow based isolation of highly pure and endocytosis-competent extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1541396. [PMID: 30533204 PMCID: PMC6282418 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1541396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cell culture supernatant or plasma can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Common measures to quantify relative success are: concentration of the EVs, purity from non-EVs associated protein, size homogeneity and functionality of the final product. Here, we present an industrial-scale workflow for isolating highly pure and functional EVs using cross-flow based filtration coupled with high-molecular weight Capto Core size exclusion. Through this combination, EVs loss is kept to a minimum. It outperforms other isolation procedures based on a number of biochemical and biophysical assays. Moreover, EVs isolated through this method can be further concentrated down or directly immunopurified to obtain discreet populations of EVs. From our results, we propose that cross-flow/Capto Core isolation is a robust method of purifying highly concentrated, homogenous, and functionally active EVs from industrial-scale input volumes with few contaminants relative to other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolina P. Caro-Vegas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Costantini
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin T. Landis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jack D. Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom A. Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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31
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Rimer JM, Lee J, Holley CL, Crowder RJ, Chen DL, Hanson PI, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. Long-range function of secreted small nucleolar RNAs that direct 2'- O-methylation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13284-13296. [PMID: 29980600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that guide chemical modifications of structural RNAs. Whereas snoRNAs primarily localize in the nucleolus, where their canonical function is to target nascent ribosomal RNAs for 2'-O-methylation, recent studies provide evidence that snoRNAs traffic out of the nucleus. Furthermore, RNA-Seq data indicate that extracellular vesicles released from cells contain snoRNAs. However, it is not known whether snoRNA secretion is regulated or whether secreted snoRNAs are functional. Here, we show that inflammation stimulates secretion of Rpl13a snoRNAs U32a (SNORD32a), U33 (SNORD33), U34 (SNORD34), and U35a (SNORD35a) from cultured macrophages, in mice, and in human subjects. Secreted snoRNAs co-fractionate with extracellular vesicles and are taken up by recipient cells. In a murine parabiosis model, we demonstrate that snoRNAs travel through the circulation to function in distant tissues. These findings support a previously unappreciated link between inflammation and snoRNA secretion in mice and humans and uncover a potential role for secreted snoRNAs in cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Delphine L Chen
- From the Department of Medicine.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, and
| | - Phyllis I Hanson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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