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Uptegrove A, Chen C, Sahagun-Bisson M, Kulkarni AK, Louie KW, Ueharu H, Mishina Y, Omi-Sugihara M. Influence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and masticatory load on morphological alterations of the mouse mandible during postnatal development. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 169:106096. [PMID: 39341045 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone homeostasis relies on several contributing factors, encompassing growth factors and mechanical stimuli. While bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is acknowledged for its essential role in skeletal development, its specific impact on mandibular morphogenesis remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the involvement of BMP signaling and mechanical loading through mastication in postnatal mandibular morphogenesis. DESIGN We employed conditional deletion of Bmpr1a in osteoblasts and chondrocytes via Osterix-Cre. Cre activity was induced at birth for the 3-week group and at three weeks for the 9-week and 12-week groups, respectively. The conditional knockout (cKO) and control mice were given either a regular diet (hard diet, HD) or a powdered diet (soft diet, SD) from 3 weeks until sample collection, followed by micro-CT and histological analysis. RESULTS The cKO mice exhibited shorter anterior lengths and a posteriorly inclined ramus across all age groups compared to the control mice. The cKO mice displayed an enlarged hypertrophic cartilage area along with fewer osteoclast numbers in the subchondral bone of the condyle compared to the control group at three weeks, followed by a reduction in the cartilage area in the posterior region at twelve weeks. Superimposed imaging and histomorphometrical analysis of the condyle revealed that BMP signaling primarily affects the posterior part of the condyle, while mastication affects the anterior part. CONCLUSIONS Using 3D landmark-based geometric morphometrics and histological assessments of the mandible, we demonstrated that BMP signaling and mechanical loading reciprocally contribute to the morphological alterations of the mandible and condyle during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Uptegrove
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Coral Chen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Madison Sahagun-Bisson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Anshul K Kulkarni
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ke'ale W Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Hiroki Ueharu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Maiko Omi-Sugihara
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Liang C, Marghoub A, Profico A, Buzi C, Didziokas M, van de Lande L, Khonsari RH, Johnson D, O’Higgins P, Moazen M. A physico-mechanical model of postnatal craniofacial growth in human. iScience 2024; 27:110617. [PMID: 39220256 PMCID: PMC11365398 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Our fundamental understanding of the physico-mechanical forces that drive the size and shape changes of the cranium during ontogeny are limited. Biomechanical models based on finite element method present a huge opportunity to address this critical gap in our knowledge. Here, we describe a validated computational framework to predict normal craniofacial growth. Our results demonstrated that this approach is capable of predicting the growth of calvaria, face, and skull base. We highlighted the crucial role of skull base in antero-posterior growth of the face and also demonstrated the contribution of the maxillary expansion to the dorsoventral growth of the face and its interplay with the orbits. These findings highlight the importance of physical interactions of different components of the craniofacial system. The computational framework described here serves as a powerful tool to study fundamental questions in developmental biology and to advance treatment of conditions affecting the craniofacial system such as craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Arsalan Marghoub
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Costantino Buzi
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marius Didziokas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Lara van de Lande
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Craniofacial Growth and Form Laboratory, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Roman Hossein Khonsari
- Craniofacial Growth and Form Laboratory, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul O’Higgins
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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3
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Togninalli D, Antonarakis GS, Papadopoulou AK. Relationship between craniofacial skeletal patterns and anatomic characteristics of masticatory muscles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Orthod 2024; 25:36. [PMID: 39245691 PMCID: PMC11381490 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-024-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomic characteristics of the masticatory muscles differ across craniofacial skeletal patterns. OBJECTIVE To identify differences in the anatomic characteristics of masticatory muscles across different sagittal and vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies measuring the thickness, width, cross-sectional area (CSA), volume and orientation of masticatory muscles in healthy patients of different sagittal (Class I, Class II, and Class III) and/or vertical (normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent) patterns. INFORMATION SOURCES Unrestricted literature searches in 8 electronic databases/registers until December 2023. RISK OF BIAS AND SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment with a customised tool were performed independently in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analysis and assessment of the certainty of clinical recommendations with the GRADE approach were conducted. RESULTS 34 studies (37 publications) were selected with a total of 2047 participants and data from 16 studies were pulled in the meta-analysis. Masseter muscle thickness in relaxation was significantly greater by 1.14 mm (95% CI 0.74-1.53 mm) in hypodivergent compared to normodivergent patients while it was significantly decreased in hyperdivergent patients by - 1.14 mm (95% CI - 1.56 to - 0.73 mm) and - 2.28 mm (95% CI - 2.71 to - 1.85 mm) compared to normodivergent and hypodivergent patients respectively. Similar significant differences were seen between these groups in masseter muscle thickness during contraction as well as masseter muscle CSA and volume. Meta-analyses could not be performed for sagittal categorizations due to insufficient number of studies. CONCLUSIONS Considerable differences in masseter muscle thickness, CSA and volume were found across vertical skeletal configurations being significantly reduced in hyperdivergent patients; however, results should be interpreted with caution due to the high risk of bias of the included studies. These variations in the anatomic characteristics of masticatory muscles among different craniofacial patterns could be part of the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning process. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022371187 .
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Affiliation(s)
- David Togninalli
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gregory S Antonarakis
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra K Papadopoulou
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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4
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Kuha A, Ackermann J, Junno JA, Oettlé A, Oura P. Deep learning in sex estimation from photographed human mandible using the Human Osteological Research Collection. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 70:102476. [PMID: 38964075 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Sex estimation is a necessary part of forensic and osteological analyses of skeletal human remains in the construction of a biological profile. Several skeletal traits are sexually dimorphic and used for skeletal sex estimation. The human mandible and morphological traits therein have been long used for sex estimation, but the validity of using the mandible in this purpose has become a concern. In this study, we examined the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and especially deep learning (DL) to provide accurate sex estimations from the mandible. We used 193 modern South African mandibles from the Human Osteological Research Collection (HORC) in the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences university with known sex to conduct our study. All mandibles were photographed from the same angle and the photographs were analyzed with an open-source DL software. The best-performing DL algorithm estimated the sex of males with 100% accuracy and females with 76.9% accuracy. However, further studies with a higher number of specimens could provide more reliable validity for using AI when building the biological profile from skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Kuha
- Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 59, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Jan Ackermann
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, 0208 Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Juho-Antti Junno
- Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Oettlé
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, 0208 Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Petteri Oura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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5
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Liang C, Landi F, Çetin IE, Profico A, Buzi C, Dutel H, Khonsari RH, O'Higgins P, Moazen M. Functional adaptation of the infant craniofacial system to mechanical loadings arising from masticatory forces. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240654. [PMID: 38889789 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphology and biomechanics of infant crania undergo significant changes between the pre- and post-weaning phases due to increasing loading of the masticatory system. The aims of this study were to characterize the changes in muscle forces, bite forces and the pattern of mechanical strain and stress arising from the aforementioned forces across crania in the first 48 months of life using imaging and finite element methods. A total of 51 head computed tomography scans of normal individuals were collected and analysed from a larger database of 217 individuals. The estimated mean muscle forces of temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid increase from 30.9 to 87.0 N, 25.6 to 69.6 N and 23.1 to 58.9 N, respectively (0-48 months). Maximum bite force increases from 90.5 to 184.2 N (3-48 months). There is a change in the pattern of strain and stress from the calvaria to the face during postnatal development. Overall, this study highlights the changes in the mechanics of the craniofacial system during normal development. It further raises questions as to how and what level of changes in the mechanical forces during the development can alter the morphology of the craniofacial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Federica Landi
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43002, Spain
| | - Izel Ezgi Çetin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015, The Netherlands
- Craniofacial Growth and Form Laboratory, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Costantino Buzi
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43002, Spain
| | - Hugo Dutel
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol S8 1TQ, UK
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Roman Hossein Khonsari
- Craniofacial Growth and Form Laboratory, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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6
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Decaup PH, Garot E, Vanderesse N, Couture C. How geographical origin and dietary habits interact with the shape of cortical mandibular sections? A geometric morphometrics study in an archaeological context. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 161:105938. [PMID: 38430644 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mandibular shape is strongly influenced by biomechanics, particularly during dietary shifts that often occurred in past populations. The relationship is considered extremely complex as development of the mandible is a multifactorial process. Since cortical bone distribution is purportedly more biomechanically sensitive than external shape, comparison of its distribution in past populations can provide new input to understand this complex relationship. The present study examined the effects of geographical origin and dietary habits on the internal anatomy of the mandibular corpus and symphysis. DESIGN A morphometric analysis was conducted on 72 mandibles from different populations, sampled by their geographical origin and subsistence strategies. Procrustes ANOVAs were performed to test the impact of section-plane location, geographical origin, and dietary habits on the groups' shapes. RESULTS The specimens' geographical origin and dietary habits had a significant effect on the shapes of the sections (Generalized Goodall F-test, F = 3.2745, df = 6, 304: p < 0.001 and F = 3.7007, df = 4, 306: p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Geographical origin and dietary habits influenced the shape of the mandibular sections in our sample. These relationships become more complex when analysed in isolated sections. Indeed, this study revealed that symphysis sections could be predominantly influenced by individual variables, whereas intermediate sections of the corpus could be predominantly influenced by populational variables. Future studies could focus on specific sections to better identify the specific "rules of dependence" in each cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Hadrien Decaup
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France; Université de Bordeaux, UFR des sciences odontologiques, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Elsa Garot
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France; Université de Bordeaux, UFR des sciences odontologiques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Vanderesse
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | - Christine Couture
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France
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Mohammed J, Arora N, Matthews HS, Hansen K, Bader M, Walsh S, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM, Swigut T, Claes P, Selleri L, Wysocka J. A common cis-regulatory variant impacts normal-range and disease-associated human facial shape through regulation of PKDCC during chondrogenesis. eLife 2024; 13:e82564. [PMID: 38483448 PMCID: PMC10939500 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified thousands of genetic variants linked to phenotypic traits and disease risk. However, mechanistic understanding of how GWAS variants influence complex morphological traits and can, in certain cases, simultaneously confer normal-range phenotypic variation and disease predisposition, is still largely lacking. Here, we focus on rs6740960, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the 2p21 locus, which in GWAS studies has been associated both with normal-range variation in jaw shape and with an increased risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefting. Using in vitro derived embryonic cell types relevant for human facial morphogenesis, we show that this SNP resides in an enhancer that regulates chondrocytic expression of PKDCC - a gene encoding a tyrosine kinase involved in chondrogenesis and skeletal development. In agreement, we demonstrate that the rs6740960 SNP is sufficient to confer chondrocyte-specific differences in PKDCC expression. By deploying dense landmark morphometric analysis of skull elements in mice, we show that changes in Pkdcc dosage are associated with quantitative changes in the maxilla, mandible, and palatine bone shape that are concordant with the facial phenotypes and disease predisposition seen in humans. We further demonstrate that the frequency of the rs6740960 variant strongly deviated among different human populations, and that the activity of its cognate enhancer diverged in hominids. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of how a common SNP can mediate normal-range and disease-associated morphological variation, with implications for the evolution of human facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaaved Mohammed
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Neha Arora
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Harold S Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Karissa Hansen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Maram Bader
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University IndianapolisIndianapolisUnited States
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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8
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Van Ankum EM, Majcher KB, Dolovich AT, Johnston JD, Flegel KP, Boughner JC. Food texture and vitamin D influence mouse mandible form and molar roots. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:611-632. [PMID: 37702738 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization influenced several facets of lifestyle, including softer nutrient-poor diets that contributed to vitamin D deficiency in post-industrzialized populations, with concomitantly increased dental problems. Here we simulated a post-industrialized diet in a mouse model to test the effects of diet texture and vitamin D level on mandible and third molar (M3) forms. Mice were raised on a soft diet with vitamin D (VitD) or without it (NoD), or on a hard diet with vitamin D. We hypothesized that a VitD/hard diet is optimal for normal mandible and tooth root form, as well as for timely M3 initiation. Subsets of adult NoD/soft and VitD/soft groups were bred to produce embryos that were micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanned to stage M3 development. M3 stage did not differ between embryos from mothers fed VitD and NoD diets, indicating that vitamin D does not affect timing of M3 onset. Sacrificed adult mice were μCT-scanned, their mandibles 3D-landmarked and M3 roots were measured. Principal component (PC) analysis described the largest proportion of mandible shape variance (PC1, 30.1%) related to diet texture, and nominal shape variance (PC2, 13.8%) related to vitamin D. Mice fed a soft diet had shorter, relatively narrower, and somewhat differently shaped mandibles that recapitulated findings in human populations. ANOVA and other multivariate tests found significantly wider M3 roots and larger root canals in mice fed a soft diet, with vitamin D having little effect. Altogether our experiments using a mouse model contribute new insights about how a post-industrial diet may influence human craniodental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M Van Ankum
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kadin B Majcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Allan T Dolovich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - James D Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kennedy P Flegel
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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9
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Ge J, Bo L, Zhang D, Wei X, Li J, Zhao J, Yue S, Xie Q, Shen P, Ma Z, Fang B, Yang C. Association between bilateral condylar resorption and reduced volumes of the craniofacial skeleton and masticatory muscles in adult patients: A retrospective study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25037. [PMID: 38333825 PMCID: PMC10850897 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This retrospective cohort study aimed to analyze volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone and masticatory muscles of young adults with bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 84 adults with bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption (BCR) and 48 adults with normal temporal-mandibular joint (TMJ) matched for age and sex (mean age, 23.2 ± 3.6 years). The volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone and masticatory muscles, as well as intercondylar angle were measured. Unpaired t-tests and Pearson correlation tests were applied to analyze the data. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between bilateral condylar volume and volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone and masticatory muscles adjusted for age, sex, and disc status. Results Compared to the control group, the BCR group displayed significant decreased volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone (p < 0.001), craniomaxillofacial bone without mandible (p < 0.001), mandible (p < 0.001), mandible without mandibular condylar process (p < 0.001), bilateral masseter muscle (p < 0.001) and bilateral temporalis muscle (p < 0.001), as well as the intercondylar angle (p < 0.001). These variables were significantly correlated to the volume of mandibular condylar process (0.5< r < 0.8; p < 0.001). By linear regression analyses, significant associations were found for the bilateral condylar volume with craniomaxillofacial bone volume and mandible bone volume. Conclusions Young adults with BCR displayed smaller volumes of craniomaxillofacial skeleton and masticatory muscles, and smaller intercondylar angle than the normal patients. The craniofacial musculoskeletal volume and intercondylar angle are associated with mandibular condylar process volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingtong Bo
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahe Zhang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijing Yue
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyang Xie
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Shen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigui Ma
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Collage of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Salinas CA, Liu A, Sharaf BA. Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01277. [PMID: 38231202 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The jawline greatly influences facial shape and contributes to facial dimorphism. Analysis of lower facial shape and sexual dimorphic differences in contemporary attractive white faces can advance the goals of lower facial aesthetics and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS). METHODS Full-face, front-view photos of 47 white female and 21 white male celebrities were included from a list generated using GQ magazine's Highest Paid Models issue, People Magazine's Beautiful issue (1991-2022), and celebrities featured on lifestyle websites. Facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis program using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, lower face measurements were compared between males and females. RESULTS The mean lower facial height was 6.08 cm in females and 7.00 cm in males (P value<0.001). The mean bigonial width was 11.21 cm in females and 12.30 cm in males (P value<0.001). The ratio of facial height to lower facial height was 2.98 in females and 2.76 in males (P value<0.001), signifying that symmetry in facial thirds is more prevalent in attractive female faces, while a longer lower face is more common in attractive male faces. The greatest differences in female and male facial contours were at gonial angles and chin. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of contemporary white celebrity faces demonstrated significantly wider and longer lower facial measurements in males. The overall contour of the female lower face was more tapered at the gonial angles and chin compared to males. These results are important when planning lower facial rejuvenation or FGAS, as lower face size and proportions influence perceived gender and attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Salinas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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11
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Walczak A, Krenz-Niedbała M, Łukasik S. Insight into age-related changes of the human facial skeleton based on medieval European osteological collection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20564. [PMID: 37996537 PMCID: PMC10667279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging changes in the facial skeleton are concentrated mostly in orbits, maxilla and mandible. The aim of this study was to analyze metric traits of the adult viscerocranium in a medieval sample from Cedynia (Poland, Central Europe) and confront the results with literature data for modern populations. It was assumed that diet-related greater biomechanical forces generated during mastication in medieval versus modern times led to slower rate of bone resorption with age. 3D models of the facial skeleton are created for 230 individuals, categorized into young, middle and old adults, and a subgroup of edentulous middle adults is distinguished. Orbits, piriform aperture, maxilla and mandible are measured using Geomagic Studio 12 and analyzed among age categories as well as dentate and edentulous subgroups. The values of the orbital and piriform aperture measurements tend to increase with age and reached statistical significance in males (right orbit height, left orbit width, piriform aperture surface area). In females, maxillary height significantly decrease at right first premolar and first molar, together with height of the right mandibular ramus. In edentulous individuals of both sexes the orbits are wider, and maxillary and mandibular heights are lower than in dentate individuals. This study reveals similar character and direction of the aging process of the facial skeleton in medieval and modern adults, however slower rate of resorptive changes is found in the former sample, which suggests, that diet-related biomechanical forces can influence intensification of the aging processes in the facial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Walczak
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marta Krenz-Niedbała
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Łukasik
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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12
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Flores-Orozco EI, Ignatova-Mishutina T, Hernandez-Zamora MO, De-Haro-López C, Osuna-Hernández MG, Escobedo-Jiménez XP, Flores-Hernández FL, Rodríguez-Correa L, Rovira-Lastra B, Martinez-Gomis J. Side switch frequency while masticating different chewing materials, and its relationship with other masticatory behaviors and sensory perceptions. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105804. [PMID: 37722154 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aimed to establish normative values for masticatory side switch (MSS) frequency in young Mexican adults and to assess the relationship between various indices and MSS frequency when masticating different chewing materials. DESIGN We enrolled 101 dentate adults and performed four masticatory assays that involved masticating different chewing materials (i.e., two-colored chewing gum, sweet cracker, salty cracker, and bread). Participants were asked to eat and swallow these foods and to chew the gum for 40 cycles and the following indices were determined: MSS index (MSSI), unilateral chewing index, chewing cycle duration, and number of cycles before terminal swallowing. The participants then rated perceived flavor intensity, salivary flow, and muscle fatigue during each trial. RESULTS The MSSI ranged from 0.03-0.06 (10th percentile) to 0.48-0.54 (90th percentile). A repeated-measures general linear model revealed a mean MSSI value of 0.28 (95 %CI, 0.25-0.30) adjusted by several factors. Male sex, soft food, and the last chewing period were associated with lower MSS frequency. Spearman's test showed a high correlation for the MSSI among the different foods. MSSI correlated negatively with the unilateral chewing index for each chewing material and with number of cycles for the sweet cracker. However, no significant correlation was detected between MSSI and sensory perception. CONCLUSIONS In healthy dentate individuals, the mean MSS relative frequency is 25-30 % with an 80-central percentile of 5-50 % of the maximum possible side changes. Lower MSS frequencies were detected in men, when chewing soft food, and during the final chewing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan Ignacio Flores-Orozco
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Ignatova-Mishutina
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, Pavelló de govern, C/Feixa llarga, s/n 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miranda Oryana Hernandez-Zamora
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Cristina De-Haro-López
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Mireya Guadalupe Osuna-Hernández
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ximena Paola Escobedo-Jiménez
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Frida Livier Flores-Hernández
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Rodríguez-Correa
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Edificio de la Unidad Académica de Odontología, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, C.P. 63155, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Bernat Rovira-Lastra
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, Pavelló de govern, C/Feixa llarga, s/n 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, C/Feixa llarga, s/n 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Martinez-Gomis
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, Pavelló de govern, C/Feixa llarga, s/n 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, C/Feixa llarga, s/n 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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13
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Tsolakis IA, Verikokos C, Perrea D, Perlea P, Alexiou KE, Yfanti Z, Lyros I, Georgaki M, Papadopoulou E, Tsolakis AI. Effects of Diet Consistency on Rat Maxillary and Mandibular Growth within Three Generations-A Longitudinal CBCT Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1260. [PMID: 37759659 PMCID: PMC10526017 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, wistar rats were used to examine the impact of diet consistency on maxillary and mandibular growth over three generations. METHODS In this investigation, a breeding sample of 60 female and 8 male wistar rats was used. Measuring was only performed on female animals. The first generation's primary breeding sample consisted of 20 female wistar rats that were 30 days old and 4 male rats that were also 30 days old; two subsequent generations were created from these animals. At the age of 100 days, CBCTs were collected of all male rats. Twenty-eight craniofacial landmarks were selected for the linear measurements on stl format extracted from the DICOM files. A Bonferroni test was performed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Means of measurements of all soft diet groups compared to corresponding measurements of the hard diet groups were significantly different. According to linear measurements, there was statistical difference on the maxillary measurements between the soft diet groups of the first and third generation, while the rest did not appear to have any statistical difference. There was significant difference for the mandibular dimensions only when the first generation soft diet group was compared with the third generation soft diet group. CONCLUSIONS Food consistency has a significant impact on the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. Soft diet habits may result in retrognathic mandible, and narrower maxilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7342, USA
| | - Christos Verikokos
- Second Department of Surgery, “Laikon Hospital”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Paula Perlea
- Department of Endodontics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Papadopoulou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7342, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
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14
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Parrish M, O’Connell E, Eckert G, Hughes J, Badirli S, Turkkahraman H. Short- and Long-Term Prediction of the Post-Pubertal Mandibular Length and Y-Axis in Females Utilizing Machine Learning. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2729. [PMID: 37685267 PMCID: PMC10486405 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create a novel machine learning (ML) algorithm for predicting the post-pubertal mandibular length and Y-axis in females. Cephalometric data from 176 females with Angle Class I occlusion were used to train and test seven ML algorithms. For all ML methods tested, the mean absolute errors (MAEs) for the 2-year prediction ranged from 2.78 to 5.40 mm and 0.88 to 1.48 degrees, respectively. For the 4-year prediction, MAEs of mandibular length and Y-axis ranged from 3.21 to 4.00 mm and 1.19 to 5.12 degrees, respectively. The most predictive factors for post-pubertal mandibular length were mandibular length at previous timepoints, age, sagittal positions of the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases, mandibular plane angle, and anterior and posterior face heights. The most predictive factors for post-pubertal Y-axis were Y-axis at previous timepoints, mandibular plane angle, and sagittal positions of the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. ML methods were identified as capable of predicting mandibular length within 3 mm and Y-axis within 1 degree. Compared to each other, all of the ML algorithms were similarly accurate, with the exception of multilayer perceptron regressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Parrish
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Ella O’Connell
- Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - George Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Jay Hughes
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | | | - Hakan Turkkahraman
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.P.); (J.H.)
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15
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Massenburg BB, Ettinger RE, Morrison SD. Gender-Affirming Surgery of the Mandible: Lower Jaw Feminization and Masculinization. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2023; 31:381-392. [PMID: 37348981 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
For patients with gender dysphoria, gender-affirming surgery of the face has been shown to vastly improve quality of life. The mandible is one area of the face that has distinct feminine and masculine presentations. This article will review gender-affirming surgery of the lower jaw, both for feminization and masculinization. Techniques for bony contouring and soft tissue manipulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Massenburg
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington; Division of Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital
| | - Russell E Ettinger
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington; Division of Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital
| | - Shane D Morrison
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington; Division of Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital.
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16
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Unal Erzurumlu Z, Sadik E, Gokkurt BN, Ozbey F, Erzurumlu K, Kasko Arici Y. Morphological evaluation of gonial and antegonial regions in bruxers on panoramic radiographic images. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:457. [PMID: 37420199 PMCID: PMC10327333 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first study to report both cortical and trabecular bone evaluation of mandibles in bruxers, within the knowledge of the authors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of bruxism on both the cortical and the trabecular bone in antegonial and gonial regions of the mandible, which is the attachment of the masticatory muscles, by using panoramic radiographic images. METHODS In this study, the data of 65 bruxer (31 female, 34 male) and 71 non-bruxer (37 female, 34 male) young adult patients (20-30 years) were evaluated. Antegonial Notch Depth (AND), Antegonial-Index (AI), Gonial-Index, Fractal Dimension (FD) and Bone Peaks (BP) were evaluated on panoramic radiographic images. The effects of the bruxism, gender and side factors were investigated according to these findings. The statistical significance level was set atP ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The mean AND of bruxers (2.03 ± 0.91) was significantly higher than non-bruxers (1.57 ± 0.71; P < 0.001). The mean AND of males was significantly higher than females on both sides (P < 0.05). The mean AI of bruxers (2.95 ± 0.50) was significantly higher than non-bruxers (2.77 ± 0.43; P = 0.019). The mean FD on each side was significantly lower in bruxers than in non-bruxers (P < 0.05). The mean FD of males (1.39 ± 0.06) was significantly higher than females (1.37 ± 0.06; P = 0.049). BP were observed in 72.5% of bruxers and 27.5% of non-bruxers. The probability of existing BP, in bruxers was approximately 3.4 times higher than in non-bruxers (P = 0.003), in males was approximately 5.5 times higher than in females (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION According to the findings of this study, the morphological differences seen in cortical and trabecular bone in the antegonial and gonial regions of the mandible in bruxers can be emphasized as deeper AND, higher AI, increased of existing BPs, and lower FD, respectively. The appearance of these morphological changes on radiographs may be useful for indication and follow-up of bruxism. Gender is an effective factor on AND, existing BP and FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Unal Erzurumlu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, 52200, Turkey
| | - Elif Sadik
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, 52200, Turkey
| | - Busra Nur Gokkurt
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, 52200, Turkey
| | - Furkan Ozbey
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, 52200, Turkey.
| | - Kerem Erzurumlu
- Computer Science and Engineer, Department of Computer Programming, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Kasko Arici
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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17
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Maranho R, Ferreira MT, Curate F. Secular Trends in the Size and Shape of the Scapula among the Portuguese between the 19th and the 21st Centuries. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:928. [PMID: 37508358 PMCID: PMC10376422 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Potential secular changes in the human scapula are fundamentally unbeknownst, with most of the preceding anatomical studies focusing on long-term changes in the long bones and the skull. As such, the cardinal purpose of this study pertains to the evaluation of secular trends on the shape and size of the scapula in a time period spanning from the 19th to the early 21st centuries. The study sample included 211 individuals (100 males and 111 females) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection and the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection. The size and shape of the scapula were evaluated using geometric morphometrics. Results show secular changes over a relatively short period of time in both the shape and size of the scapula in Portuguese nationals. Shape changes were observed in both sexes but expressed minimally, while a significant negative trend in the size of the scapula was detected in males. Scapular size decrement in males conceivably echoes general trends of the overall anatomy towards a narrower body associated with higher standards of living that include enhanced nutrition and universal healthcare, among other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Maranho
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Curate
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Arco da Traição 7, 3000-056 Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Tsolakis IA, Verikokos C, Papaioannou W, Alexiou KE, Yfanti Z, Perrea D, Tsolakis AI. Long-Term Effect of Diet Consistency on Mandibular Growth within Three Generations: A Longitudinal Cephalometric Study in Rats. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040568. [PMID: 37106767 PMCID: PMC10136091 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of diet consistency on mandibular growth of Wistar rats through three generations. METHODS A total breeding sample of 60 female and 8 male Wistar rats were used in this study. Measurements took place only on female animals. Twenty female Wistar rats at 30 days old and four male rats at 30 days old comprised the primary breeding sample of the first generation, and from these animals two different generations were reproduced. Lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken from all female rats at the age of 100 days. A total of 7 craniofacial landmarks were selected for the linear measurements, and 12 curves and 90 landmarks were selected for geometric morphometric analysis of the lateral X-rays. Bonferroni test and a permutation test were performed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Means of measurements of all soft diet groups compared to hard diet groups were significantly smaller. According to linear measurements, there was a significant difference only between the first-generation soft diet with the third-generation soft diet group. According to geometric morphometric analysis, the statistical differences appeared on the condylar process and the angle of the mandible. CONCLUSIONS The soft diet could be responsible for less mandibular growth, and this information might be passing through generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54154 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christos Verikokos
- Second Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - William Papaioannou
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Dentistry, 10679 Athens, Greece
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19
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Avni HL, Shvalb N, Pokhojaev A, Francis S, Pelleg-Kallevag R, Roul V, Hublin JJ, Rühli F, May H. Evolutionary roots of the risk of hip fracture in humans. Commun Biol 2023; 6:283. [PMID: 36932194 PMCID: PMC10023703 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to bipedal locomotion was a fundamental milestone in human evolution. Consequently, the human skeleton underwent substantial morphological adaptations. These adaptations are responsible for many of today's common physical impairments, including hip fractures. This study aims to reveal the morphological changes in the proximal femur, which increase the risk of intracapsular hip fractures in present-day populations. Our sample includes chimpanzees, early hominins, early Homo Neanderthals, as well as prehistoric and recent humans. Using Geometric Morphometric methods, we demonstrate differences in the proximal femur shape between hominids and populations that practiced different lifestyles. We show that the proximal femur morphology is a risk factor for intracapsular hip fracture independent of osteoporosis. Changes in the proximal femur, such as the shortening of the femoral neck and an increased anterolateral expansion of the greater trochanter, are associated with an increased risk for intracapsular hip fractures. We conclude that intracapsular hip fractures are a trade-off for efficient bipedal walking in humans, and their risk is exacerbated by reduced physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Leah Avni
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- The Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Nir Shvalb
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Ariel Pokhojaev
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- The Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Samuel Francis
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- The Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ruth Pelleg-Kallevag
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- The Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Zefat Academic College, Zefat, Israel
| | - Victoria Roul
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- The Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Chaire de Paléoanthropologie, CIRB (UMR 7241 - U1050), Collège de France, Paris, 75231, France
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Frank Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Hila May
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
- The Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
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20
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Alkhalaf ZA, Sghaireen MG, Issrani R, Ganji KK, Alruwaili NN, Alsaleh RM, Alruwaili MRS, Alabdali MF, Alsirhani MAR, Alam MK. The Effect of Accentuation of Curve of Spee on Masticatory Efficiency—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030511. [PMID: 36980069 PMCID: PMC10047159 DOI: 10.3390/children10030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: The appropriate alignment of the lower teeth is indicated by the Curve of Spee (COS), which can be observed in the sagittal profile view of human skulls. Graf Von Spee made the initial observation on this occlusal curvature. Through this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated studies that looked at how COS affected masticatory activities. Methods: The databases PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were all searched. A total of 12 documents were ultimately picked because they met the necessary inclusion and exclusion requirements. The data was then loaded into the RevMan 5 programme for meta-analysis after being chosen for information on the sample size, variables analyzed, and various aspects of the research. Results: The Curve of Spee was found to have a noticeable impact on both the masticatory efficiency as well as dentofacial alignment in the 12 studies that we selected for the review and meta-analysis. In addition, other occlusal curvatures such as the Curve of Monson and the Curve of Wilson were found to be of vital importance on a similar level to the COS. The meta-analysis further revealed that seven of the included clinical trials had mentioned the noticeable impact on masticatory efficiency. Conclusions: This study focused on the significance of the COS on force distribution in the oral cavity as well as the necessity of COS corrections after receiving full orthodontic care. Following orthodontic treatment, the COS, along with other occlusal curves such as the Curve of Wilson and the Curve of Monson, is essential in removing strains from the condyle, as well as the maxilla and mandible, which enhances masticatory effectiveness and lessens the overall strain on a patient’s oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab A. Alkhalaf
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rakhi Issrani
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiran Kumar Ganji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Periodontics & Implantology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442107, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammad Khursheed Alam
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai 600077, India
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil lnternational University, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
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21
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Yamamoto S, Tanikawa C, Yamashiro T. Morphologic variations in the craniofacial structures in Japanese adults and their relationship with sex differences. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:e93-e105. [PMID: 36621352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The morphology of the human face varies broadly, with genetic and environmental factors determining these variations. Examining variations in the 3-dimensional (3D) craniomandibular morphology and identifying related factors (eg, sex differences) are important in orthodontic clinics. This study observed shape variations in the 3D facial morphology of Japanese adults showing skeletal Class 1 malocclusion and examined the association of sexual dimorphism with shape variations. METHODS Sixty cone-beam computed tomography images of Japanese adults (30 males and 30 females) with skeletal Class I malocclusion were employed. In each cone-beam computed tomography image, wire mesh fitting was conducted as previously described. A principal component (PC) analysis after Procrustes registration and the PC clustering method was conducted to observe the shape variations. A PC regression analysis was conducted to determine the sexual morphologic characteristics. RESULTS Nine PCs depicting 62% of the morphology were determined. Four typical phenotypes were found, mainly related to mandibular protrusion (PC1) and the vertical divergence of the face (PC2). PCs related to sex determination were PC3 (robustness of the mandibular angle in males), PC5 (greater size and shape of the coronoid and mastoid processes in males), and PC7 (greater maxillary width in males), accounting for 16% of total variations. CONCLUSIONS The major shape variations in skeletal Class 1 subjects were related to nonsexual dimorphic characteristics (ie, mandibular protrusion and facial divergence). Sexual dimorphic characteristics were evaluated in detail and accounted for 16% of total morphologic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamamoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Teo KF, Nor MM, Mohamed AM, Pritam HMH. Geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular symphysis in Class III skeletal base. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:433-440. [PMID: 36245239 PMCID: PMC9747342 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the general mandibular symphysis (MS) shape variation among Class III skeletal base, using geometric morphometric analysis. Pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 254 patients aged 11-40 years old, with Class III skeletal base (ANB <1°) and lower incisor angle (<99°) were included. Nine-landmarks with x and y coordinates were identified on MS using TPSDig2 software, then exported into Morpho J for shape and statistical analysis. Principal component analysis showed that three main shape dimensions with a total variance of 74.6% represented the majority variation of samples. Procrustes Anova showed the shape of MS in Class III skeletal base to be mainly influenced by gonial angle, incisor inclination and sex (P<0.0001). Canonical variate analysis showed that high gonial angle groups had significantly narrower and elongated MS whereas low gonial angle groups had wider, bulbous and rounded MS (P<0.0001). The ratio of alveolar part to basal part was 1:5 in low gonial angle and 2:3 in high gonial angle. Males had significantly taller MS with narrower B point area compared to females (P<0.0001). Retroclined incisors exhibited taller and retroclined alveolar parts (P<0.0001). The shape of MS in Class III skeletal base varied at the alveolar part, basal part or both and it is influenced by gonial angle, incisor inclination and sex. Hence, understanding the shape variation of MS is important to aid orthodontic treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Fei Teo
- Orthodontic Discipline, Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Murshida Marizan Nor
- Orthodontic Discipline, Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Corresponding author: Murshida Marizan Nor, Orthodontic Discipline, Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia, E-mail:
| | - Alizae Marny Mohamed
- Orthodontic Discipline, Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Shi Y, Ye Z, Liu Y, Wang H, You M. Detection and diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia by panoramic radiography: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:558. [PMID: 36456973 PMCID: PMC9714060 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare and underdiagnosed congenital disorder in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to illustrate and quantify the maxillofacial bone abnormalities detected on panoramic radiographs from a relatively large retrospective case series and to provide a series of diagnostic references for dentists to indicate the presence of disease and help in making an early and accurate diagnosis. METHODS The dental panoramic radiographs of thirty CCD patients aged 11 to 45 years (18 males and 12 females) were examined retrospectively. The dentition states, including supernumerary teeth and impacted teeth, were recorded. Twelve quantified measurements were adopted to determine the abnormalities of maxillofacial bones, including the degree of the zygomatic arch downward bend, bicondylar breadth, ramal height, mandibular height, mandibular aspect ratio, mandibular body height, condylar height, coronoid height, distance between the coronoid process and the condyle, bigonial width, gonial angle and best-fit gonial circle diameter. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the findings of the CCD patients with those of their matched controls (n = 300). RESULTS Supernumerary teeth were detected in 27 patients (90.0%), and all 30 patients presented impacted teeth. Compared to the matched controls, the CCD patients had a significantly larger degree of zygomatic arch downward bend (ZAD), a larger diameter of the best-fit gonial circle (BGC), and a shorter distance between the coronoid process and the condyle (DCC) in panoramic radiographs (P < 0.001). According to the reference cutoff values established from the 5th or 95th percentile of the measurements in the control group, ZAD higher than 6.90 mm, DDC less than 22.37 mm and BGC higher than 52.41 mm were significantly associated with the CCD features identified. Other panoramic measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Panoramic radiographs had great value in the diagnosis of CCD. In this study, we identified some dental and maxillofacial features on panoramic radiographs from a relatively large retrospective case series of CCD. A series of reliable quantitative indicators were provided for dentists that can indicate the presence of disease and improve the diagnostic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Zelin Ye
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Hu Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Meng You
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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24
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Buikstra JE, DeWitte SN, Agarwal SC, Baker BJ, Bartelink EJ, Berger E, Blevins KE, Bolhofner K, Boutin AT, Brickley MB, Buzon MR, de la Cova C, Goldstein L, Gowland R, Grauer AL, Gregoricka LA, Halcrow SE, Hall SA, Hillson S, Kakaliouras AM, Klaus HD, Knudson KJ, Knüsel CJ, Larsen CS, Martin DL, Milner GR, Novak M, Nystrom KC, Pacheco-Forés SI, Prowse TL, Robbins Schug G, Roberts CA, Rothwell JE, Santos AL, Stojanowski C, Stone AC, Stull KE, Temple DH, Torres CM, Toyne JM, Tung TA, Ullinger J, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Zakrzewski SR. Twenty-first century bioarchaeology: Taking stock and moving forward. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 178 Suppl 74:54-114. [PMID: 36790761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article presents outcomes from a Workshop entitled "Bioarchaeology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward," which was held at Arizona State University (ASU) on March 6-8, 2020. Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (ASU), and the Center for Bioarchaeological Research (CBR, ASU), the Workshop's overall goal was to explore reasons why research proposals submitted by bioarchaeologists, both graduate students and established scholars, fared disproportionately poorly within recent NSF Anthropology Program competitions and to offer advice for increasing success. Therefore, this Workshop comprised 43 international scholars and four advanced graduate students with a history of successful grant acquisition, primarily from the United States. Ultimately, we focused on two related aims: (1) best practices for improving research designs and training and (2) evaluating topics of contemporary significance that reverberate through history and beyond as promising trajectories for bioarchaeological research. Among the former were contextual grounding, research question/hypothesis generation, statistical procedures appropriate for small samples and mixed qualitative/quantitative data, the salience of Bayesian methods, and training program content. Topical foci included ethics, social inequality, identity (including intersectionality), climate change, migration, violence, epidemic disease, adaptability/plasticity, the osteological paradox, and the developmental origins of health and disease. Given the profound changes required globally to address decolonization in the 21st century, this concern also entered many formal and informal discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sharon N DeWitte
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sabrina C Agarwal
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda J Baker
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Eric J Bartelink
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berger
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Katelyn Bolhofner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexis T Boutin
- Department of Anthropology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Megan B Brickley
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele R Buzon
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Carlina de la Cova
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lynne Goldstein
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Anne L Grauer
- Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lesley A Gregoricka
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Social Work, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Siân E Halcrow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah A Hall
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Simon Hillson
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann M Kakaliouras
- Department of Anthropology, Whittier College, Whittier, California, USA
| | - Haagen D Klaus
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly J Knudson
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher J Knüsel
- Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR5199, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | | | - Debra L Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - George R Milner
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario Novak
- Center for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kenneth C Nystrom
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, New York, USA
| | | | - Tracy L Prowse
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gwen Robbins Schug
- Environmental Health Program, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jessica E Rothwell
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Santos
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christopher Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne C Stone
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kyra E Stull
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Daniel H Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina M Torres
- Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, USA, and Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - J Marla Toyne
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Tiffiny A Tung
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaime Ullinger
- Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Bader C, Böhmer C, Abou M, Houssaye A. How does bone microanatomy and musculature covary? An investigation in the forelimb of two species of martens (Martes foina, Martes martes). J Anat 2022; 241:145-167. [PMID: 35266144 PMCID: PMC9178392 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The long bones and associated musculature play a prominent role in the support and movement of the body and are expected to reflect the associated mechanical demands. But in addition to the functional response to adaptive changes, the conjoined effects of phylogenetic, structural and developmental constraints also shape the animal's body. In order to minimise the effect of the aforementioned constraints and to reveal the biomechanical adaptations in the musculoskeletal system to locomotor mode, we here study the forelimb of two closely related martens: the arboreal pine marten (Martes martes) and the more terrestrial stone marten (Martes foina), focusing on their forelimb muscle anatomy and long bone microanatomy; and, especially, on their covariation. To do so, we quantified muscle data and bone microanatomical parameters and created 3D and 2D maps of the cortical thickness distribution for the three long bones of the forelimb. We then analysed the covariation of muscle and bone data, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results reveal that species-specific muscular adaptations are not clearly reflected in the microanatomy of the bones. Yet, we observe a global thickening of the bone cortex in the radius and ulna of the more arboreal pine marten, as well a stronger flexor muscle inserting on its elbow. We attribute these differences to variation in their locomotor modes. Analyses of our 2D maps revealed a shift of cortical thickness distribution pattern linked to ontogeny, rather than species-specific patterns. We found that although intraspecific variation is not negligible, species distinction was possible when taking muscular and bone microanatomical data into consideration. Results of our covariation analyses suggest that the muscle-bone correlation is linked to ontogeny rather than to muscular strength at zones of insertion. Indeed, if we find a correlation between cortical thickness distribution and the strength of some muscles in the humerus, that is not the case for the others and in the radius and ulna. Cortical thickness distribution appears rather linked to bone contact zones and ligament insertions in the radius and ulna, and to some extent in the humerus. We conclude that inference on muscle from bone microanatomy is possible only for certain muscles in the humerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bader
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Christine Böhmer
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
- Zoological InstituteChristian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu KielKielGermany
| | - Maroua Abou
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
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26
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Three-Dimensional Distance Mapping Method to Evaluate Mandibular Symmetry and Morphology of Adults with Unilateral Premolar Scissors Bite. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between unilateral premolar scissors bite and mandibular symmetry of adults via the 3D distance mapping method. (2) Methods: A total of 53 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of adults with unilateral premolar scissors bite were set as study samples. A total of 53 age- and sex-matched samples without scissors bite were in the control group. Three-dimensional mandibular models and seven mandibular functional units, including condylar process (Co), coronoid process (Cr), mandibular ramus (Ra), mandibular angle (Ma), alveolar process (Ap), mandibular body (Mb), and chin process (Ch) were constructed and mirrored. After superimposition of the original and the mirrored models, 3D distance maps and deviation analysis were performed to evaluate the mandibular symmetry and morphology. (3) Results: In the study group, the matching percentages of the entire mandible (50.79 ± 10.38%), Ap (67.00 ± 12.68%), Mb (66.62 ± 9.44%), Ra (62.52 ± 11.00%), Ch (80.75 ± 9.86%), and Co (62.78 ± 13.56) were lower than that of the entire mandible (58.60 ± 5.52) (p < 0.01), Ap (73.83 ± 8.88%) (p < 0.01), Mb (72.37 ± 8.69%) (p < 0.01), Ra (68.60 ± 7.56%) (p < 0.01), Ch (85.23 ± 6.80%) (p < 0.01), and Co (67.58 ± 10.32%) (p < 0.05) in the control group. However, Cr and Ma showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The 3D distance mapping method provided a qualitative and quantitative mandibular symmetry and morphology assessment. Mandibular asymmetry was found in adults with unilateral premolar scissors bites. Mandibular functional units, including the alveolar process, mandibular body, mandibular ramus, chin process, and condylar process, showed significant differences, while no significant difference was observed in the coronoid process and mandibular angle.
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27
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Kang JH, Shin DS, Kim SW, Lim HJ, Kim BC. Volumetric Change in the Masseter and Lateral Pterygoid after Mandibular Setback. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050820. [PMID: 35629242 PMCID: PMC9146455 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated changes in the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles in the prognathic mandible group after a mandibular setback by comparing the volume-to-length ratios. Preoperative and postoperative 1-year computed tomography was used to calculate the volume-to-length ratio of the lateral pterygoid and masseter muscle in 60 Korean individuals. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed, the results of which showed no significant differences in the volume-to-length ratios of the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles after a mandibular setback (p > 0.05). This result was found for both vertical ramus osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy, and for both males and females. No significant differences in the volume-to-length ratio of the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles were found up to 1 year after a mandibular setback. Therefore, this study can contribute to the prediction of soft-tissue profiles after mandibular setback.
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28
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Zhang Z, Yaryhin O, Koyabu D, Werneburg I. Morphological association between muscle attachments and ossification sites in the late cartilaginous skull of tuatara embryos. J Morphol 2022; 283:908-931. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhang
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen Hölderlinstraße 12 72074 Tübingen Germany
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | | | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine University of Tsukuba 1‐2 Kasuga, Tsukuba‐shi Ibaraki 305‐8550 Japan
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology Tokyo Medical and Dental University 1‐5‐45 Yushima, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐8549 Japan
| | - Ingmar Werneburg
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen Hölderlinstraße 12 72074 Tübingen Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (SHEP) an der Universität Tübingen Hölderlinstraße 12 Tübingen 72076 Germany
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29
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Wahyono A, Dwianingsih EK, Avanti WS, Cahyono R, Mandasari R, Anwar SL. Hemi-mandibulectomy without bony reconstruction: A case report of mandibular metastasis from a silent differentiated papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 75:103334. [PMID: 35242314 PMCID: PMC8857451 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Case presentation Discussion Mandibulectomy without reconstruction can be performed for selected cases. Metastasis to the mandible from differentiated thyroid cancer is rare. Silent thyroid cancer can be manifested as mandible metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artanto Wahyono
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Department of Surgery, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ery Kus Dwianingsih
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Widya Surya Avanti
- Department of Radiology, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Roby Cahyono
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Department of Surgery, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rosa Mandasari
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Department of Surgery, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sumadi Lukman Anwar
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Department of Surgery, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Division of Surgical Oncology - Department of Surgery, Dr Sardjito Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl Kesehatan No. 1, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
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30
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Simon D, Capitán L, Bailón C, Bellinga RJ, Gutiérrez Santamaría J, Tenório T, Sánchez-García A, Capitán-Cañadas F. Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery: The Lower Jaw. Description of Surgical Techniques and Presentation of Results. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:755e-766e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Neaux D, Louail M, Ferchaud S, Surault J, Merceron G. Experimental assessment of the relationship between diet and mandibular morphology using a pig model: new insights for paleodietary reconstructions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3150-3160. [PMID: 35142076 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habits exert significant selective pressures on anatomical structures in animals, leading to substantial morphological adaptations. Yet, the relationships between the mandible and diet are still unclear, raising issues for paleodietary reconstructions notably. To assess the impact of food hardness and size on morphological structures, we used an experimental baseline using a model based on the domestic pig, an omnivorous mammal with bunodont, thick-enameled dentition, and chewing movements similar to hominids. We hypothesized that the consumption of different types of seeds would result in substantial differences in the morphology of the mandible despite similar overall diets. The experiment was conducted on four groups of juvenile pigs fed with mixed cereal and soy flours. The control group received only flours. We supplemented the four others with either 10 hazelnuts, 30 hazelnuts, 30% barley seeds or 20% corn kernels per day. We investigated the shape differences between the controlled-fed groups using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Our results provide strong evidence that the supplemental consumption of a significant amount of seeds for a short period (95 days) substantially modify the mandibular morphology of pigs. Our analyses suggest that this shape differentiation is due to the size of the seeds, requiring high and repeated bite force, rather than their hardness. These results provide new perspectives for the use of mandibular morphology as a proxy in paleodietary reconstructions complementing dental microwear textures analyses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Neaux
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS, Paris, France.,Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Margot Louail
- Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Jérôme Surault
- Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gildas Merceron
- Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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32
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Yu JL, Tangutur A, Thuler E, Evans M, Dedhia RC. The role of craniofacial maldevelopment in the modern OSA epidemic: a scoping review. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:1187-1202. [PMID: 34984972 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES There is increasing recognition that environmental factors affect human craniofacial development and our risk for disease. A scoping review of the literature was performed looking at environmental influences on craniofacial development to better understand this relationship and investigate what further study is needed to determine how this relationship may impact obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed using the Ovid Medline database from inception to May, 2020 with relevance to craniofacial development in 5 clinically-oriented variables: diet, secular change, breastfeeding/non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH), nasal obstruction/mouth breathing, and masticatory muscle function. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence (LoE) was used to assess studies based on study design. RESULTS 18,196 articles were initially identified, of which 260 studies were fully reviewed and 97 articles excluded. The remaining 163 articles were categorized as follows: Secular change (n = 16), Diet (n = 33), Breastfeeding/NNSH (n = 28), Nasal obstruction/Mouth breathing (n = 57), and Masticatory muscle function (n = 35). 93% of included studies reported a significant association between craniofacial morphology and environmental factors. The majority of studies were characterized as low LoE studies with 90% of studies being LoE 4 or 5. CONCLUSIONS The studies in this review suggest that environmental factors are associated with changes in craniofacial development. However, most studies were heterogeneous and low-level studies, making strong conclusions about these relationships difficult. Future rigorous studies are needed to further our understanding of environmental influences on craniofacial development and OSA risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Yu
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Akshay Tangutur
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Eric Thuler
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Marianna Evans
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Raj C Dedhia
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
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33
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May H, Sarig R, Pokhojaev A, Fornai C, Martinón-Torres M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Weber GW, Zaidner Y, Hershkovitz I. Response to Comment on "A Middle Pleistocene Homo from Nesher Ramla, Israel". Science 2021; 374:eabl5789. [PMID: 34855476 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila May
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Oral Biology, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Pokhojaev
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Oral Biology, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cinzia Fornai
- Vienna School of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre la Evolucion Humana, Burgos, Spain.,Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre la Evolucion Humana, Burgos, Spain.,Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility for Micro-Computed Tomography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yossi Zaidner
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Hershkovitz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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34
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Evaluation of Mandibular Growth and Symmetry in Child with Congenital Zygomatic-Coronoid Ankylosis. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyloses in the area of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are mentioned as a potential etiological factor of mandibular growth disorders and facial asymmetry. The aim of this case study was to evaluate the changes in the mandible of a child with zygomatic-coronoid ankylosis during the first five years of life, in which two adhesion release procedures were performed. The adopted symmetrical approach is based on the assumption of symmetry of the structure of the stomatognathic system in relation to the sagittal median plane. However, the assessment of pathological changes in the structure of the skeletal system was performed using an asymmetrical approach. Computed tomography techniques and a system of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) were used in the case study. During the child’s growth, linear and angular measurements were made thrice (at the age of 16, 25 and 54 months). The degree of asymmetry was estimated in the measurements made on the right and left sides of the three-dimensional mandible. Unilateral congenital hypoplasia of the articular process and zygomatic-coronoid adhesion caused asymmetrical growth of the mandible in the child along with shortening of the mandibular branch and body on the damaged side and a visible difference in the size of the mandibular angles. Removal of the adhesions during surgical procedures made it possible to reduce the asymmetry of the mandible and catch-up growth, although at the age of five, the mandible was still smaller than the mandible in healthy peers. It was shown that the early adhesion release procedures supported by the CAD analysis enabled the restoration of mandibular symmetry.
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35
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Kapur M, Shah RA, Ferro A, Basyuni S, Brassett C, Santhanam V. Sexual dimorphism and geographical variance: their impact on the reliability of the antilingula as a landmark in human mandibular surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 59:898-904. [PMID: 34420783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) is an orthognathic procedure that is used to correct dentofacial abnormalities, and is performed by approaching the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus. This approach, however, precludes visualisation of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) on the medial side, thereby placing it at risk of iatrogenic damage. The antilingula, a bony prominence on the lateral mandibular ramus, has been proposed as a landmark for prediction of the IAN's location during IVRO. The current study aimed to evaluate the variation in incidence and position of the antilingula, and therefore to determine its suitability as a surgical landmark during IVRO. The study included 480 dry hemimandibles from eight geographical populations from the Duckworth Collection in Cambridge. Skulls were sexed by visual analysis of dimorphic traits. Positional relations were determined through the digitisation of nine anatomical landmarks. The antilingula was identified in all specimens. No significant difference was identified in the positional relation between the antilingula and mandibular foramen between sexes, but multiple differences were identified in this relation between geographical populations. Our data showed that, irrespective of geographical variation, an osteotomy performed 8mm posterior to the antilingula would avoid the mandibular foramen in 98.8% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kapur
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom.
| | - R A Shah
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom.
| | - A Ferro
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - S Basyuni
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - C Brassett
- Human Anatomy Teaching Group, Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - V Santhanam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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36
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She X, Sun S, Damon BJ, Hill CN, Coombs MC, Wei F, Lecholop MK, Steed MB, Bacro TH, Slate EH, Zheng N, Lee JS, Yao H. Sexual dimorphisms in three-dimensional masticatory muscle attachment morphometry regulates temporomandibular joint mechanics. J Biomech 2021; 126:110623. [PMID: 34311291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders disproportionally affect females, with female to male prevalence varying from 3:1 to 8:1. Sexual dimorphisms in masticatory muscle attachment morphometry and association with craniofacial size, critical for understanding sex-differences in TMJ function, have not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine sex-specific differences in three-dimensional (3D) TMJ muscle attachment morphometry and craniofacial sizes and their impact on TMJ mechanics. Human cadaveric TMJ muscle attachment morphometry and craniofacial anthropometry (10Males; 11Females) were determined by previously developed 3D digitization and imaging-based methods. Sex-differences in muscle attachment morphometry and craniofacial anthropometry, and their correlation were determined, respectively using multivariate general linear and linear regression statistical models. Subject-specific musculoskeletal models of the mandible were developed to determine effects of sexual dimorphisms in mandibular size and TMJ muscle attachment morphometry on joint loading during static biting. There were significant sex-differences in craniofacial size (p = 0.024) and TMJ muscle attachment morphometry (p < 0.001). TMJ muscle attachment morphometry was significantly correlated with craniofacial size. TMJ contact forces estimated from biomechanical models were significantly, 23% on average (p < 0.001), greater for females compared to those for males when generating the same bite forces. There were significant linear correlations between TMJ contact force and both 3D mandibular length (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.001) and muscle force moment arm ratio (R2 = 0.68, p < 0.001). Sexual dimorphisms in masticatory muscle morphology and craniofacial sizes play critical roles in subject-specific TMJ biomechanics. Sex-specific differences in the TMJ mechanical environment should be further investigated concerning mechanical fatigue of TMJ discs associated with TMJ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin She
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Shuchun Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Brooke J Damon
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cherice N Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Matthew C Coombs
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Martin B Steed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thierry H Bacro
- Center for Anatomical Studies and Education, MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Slate
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Naiquan Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA.
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37
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Pinheiro M, Willaert R, Khan A, Krairi A, Van Paepegem W. Biomechanical evaluation of the human mandible after temporomandibular joint replacement under different biting conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14034. [PMID: 34234245 PMCID: PMC8263622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) replacement with an implant is only used when all other conservative treatments fail. Despite the promising short-term results, the long-term implications of TMJ replacement in masticatory function are not fully understood. Previous human and animal studies have shown that perturbations to the normal masticatory function can lead to morphological and functional changes in the craniomaxillofacial system. A clearer understanding of the biomechanical implications of TMJ replacement in masticatory function may help identify design shortcomings that hinder their long-term success. In this study, patient-specific finite element models of the intact and implanted mandible were developed and simulated under four different biting tasks. In addition, the impact of re-attaching of the lateral pterygoid was also evaluated. The biomechanics of both models was compared regarding both mandibular displacements and principal strain patterns. The results show an excessive mediolateral and anteroposterior displacement of the TMJ implant compared to the intact joint in three biting tasks, namely incisor (INC), left moral (LML), and right molar (RML) biting. The main differences in principal strain distributions were found across the entire mandible, most notably from the symphysis to the ramus of the implanted side. Furthermore, the re-attachment of the lateral pterygoid seems to increase joint anteroposterior displacement in both INC, LML and RML biting while reducing it during LGF. Accordingly, any new TMJ implant design must consider stabilising both mediolateral and anteroposterior movement of the condyle during biting activities and promoting a more natural load transmission along the entire mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pinheiro
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials and Structures (MMS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Robin Willaert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Afaq Khan
- Materials Innovation Institute (M2i), Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anouar Krairi
- Materials Innovation Institute (M2i), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Van Paepegem
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials and Structures (MMS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Bergmann I, Hublin JJ, Gunz P, Freidline SE. How did modern morphology evolve in the human mandible? The relationship between static adult allometry and mandibular variability in Homo sapiens. J Hum Evol 2021; 157:103026. [PMID: 34214909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Key to understanding human origins are early Homo sapiens fossils from Jebel Irhoud, as well as from the early Late Pleistocene sites Tabun, Border Cave, Klasies River Mouth, Skhul, and Qafzeh. While their upper facial shape falls within the recent human range of variation, their mandibles display a mosaic morphology. Here we quantify how mandibular shape covaries with mandible size and how static allometry differs between Neanderthals, early H. sapiens, and modern humans from the Upper Paleolithic/Later Stone Age and Holocene (= later H. sapiens). We use 3D (semi)landmark geometric morphometric methods to visualize allometric trends and to explore how gracilization affects the expression of diagnostic shape features. Early H. sapiens were highly variable in mandible size, exhibiting a unique allometric trajectory that explains aspects of their 'archaic' appearance. At the same time, early H. sapiens share a suite of diagnostic features with later H. sapiens that are not related to mandibular sizes, such as an incipient chin and an anteroposteriorly decreasing corpus height. The mandibular morphology, often referred to as 'modern', can partly be explained by gracilization owing to size reduction. Despite distinct static allometric shape changes in each group studied, bicondylar and bigonial breadth represent important structural constraints for the expression of shape features in most Middle to Late Pleistocene hominin mandibles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Bergmann
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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39
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Isidro R, Cioffi I. Sex Differences in the Temporalis Tendon-Aponeurotic Complex: An in vivo MRI Macroscopic Analysis in Children and Adolescents. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:24-30. [PMID: 34091450 DOI: 10.1159/000516193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendon-aponeurosis complex (TAC) of the temporalis dissipates forces produced during function. Abnormally reduced temporalis TACs have been found in individuals with chronic muscular temporomandibular disorders - a painful musculoskeletal condition that is more frequent in women than men. Whether there are sex differences in the temporalis TAC in healthy individuals is currently unknown. Here, we characterized and measured the temporalis TAC in healthy male and female young individuals between 5 and 15 years old to determine whether the volume of the temporalis TAC and the TAC-to-muscle ratio are different between males and females. We collected MRI studies from 90 healthy individuals, including equal numbers (15 M and 15 F) of young children (ages 5-7), children (9-11), and adolescents (13-15) and segmented the right temporalis and its TAC using software. Using general linear models, we tested the effect of sex, age, and their interaction on the volumes of the temporalis and its TAC, and the TAC-to-muscle ratio. The volumes of the temporalis and its TAC increased with age (both p < 0.001) and were not affected by sex (p = 0.252 and p = 0.179) or by the interaction sex-by-age (p = 0.079 and p = 0.095, respectively). The TAC-to-muscle ratio did not change significantly with age (p = 0.655) and was not affected by sex (0.438) or by the interaction sex-by-age (0.524). We provide, for the first time, volumetric data of the temporalis TAC in children and adolescents. The volumes of the temporalis TAC and the TAC-to-muscle ratio are not different between male and female individuals until the age of 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Isidro
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iacopo Cioffi
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Pachnicz D, Stróżyk P. A Biomechanical Analysis of Muscle Force Changes After Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy. Front Physiol 2021; 12:679644. [PMID: 34149457 PMCID: PMC8209381 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.679644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A basic procedure affecting maxillofacial geometry is the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. During the surgery, the bony segments are placed in a new position that provides the correct occlusion. Changes in the geometry of the mandible will affect the surrounding structures and will have a significant impact on the functioning of the masticatory system. As a result of the displacement of the bone segment, the biomechanical conditions change, i.e., the load and the position of the muscles. The primary aim of this study was to determine the changes in the values of the muscular forces caused by mandible geometry alteration. The study considered the translation and rotation of the distal segment, as well as rotations of the proximal segments in three axes. Calculations were performed for the unilateral, static loading of a model based on rigid body mechanics. Muscles were modeled as spring elements, and a novel approach was used to determine muscle stiffness. In addition, an attempt was made, based on the results obtained for single displacements separately, to determine the changes in muscle forces for geometries with complex displacements. Based on the analysis of the results, it was shown that changes in the geometry of the mandibular bone associated with the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy will have a significant effect on the values of the masticatory muscle forces. Displacement of the distal segment has the greatest effect from -21.69 to 26.11%, while the proximal segment rotations affected muscle force values to a less extent, rarely exceeding 1%. For Yaw and Pitch rotations, the opposite effect of changes within one muscle is noticed. Changes in muscle forces for complex geometry changes can be determined with a high degree of accuracy by the appropriate summation of results obtained for simple cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pachnicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Stróżyk
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Orassi V, Duda GN, Heiland M, Fischer H, Rendenbach C, Checa S. Biomechanical Assessment of the Validity of Sheep as a Preclinical Model for Testing Mandibular Fracture Fixation Devices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:672176. [PMID: 34026745 PMCID: PMC8134672 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.672176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular fracture fixation and reconstruction are usually performed using titanium plates and screws, however, there is a need to improve current fixation techniques. Animal models represent an important step for the testing of new designs and materials. However, the validity of those preclinical models in terms of implant biomechanics remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the biomechanics of the sheep mandible as a preclinical model for testing the mechanical strength of fixation devices and the biomechanical environment induced on mandibular fractures. We aimed to assess the comparability of the biomechanical conditions in the sheep mandible as a preclinical model for human applications of fracture fixation devices and empower analyses of the effect of such defined mechanical conditions on bone healing outcome. We developed 3D finite element models of the human and sheep mandibles simulating physiological muscular loads and three different clenching tasks (intercuspal, incisal, and unilateral). Furthermore, we simulated fractures in the human mandibular body, sheep mandibular body, and sheep mandibular diastema fixated with clinically used titanium miniplates and screws. We compared, at the power stroke of mastication, the biomechanical environment (1) in the healthy mandibular body and (2) at the fracture sites, and (3) the mechanical solicitation of the implants as well as the mechanical conditions for bone healing in such cases. In the healthy mandibles, the sheep mandibular body showed lower mechanical strains compared to the human mandibular body. In the fractured mandibles, strains within a fracture gap in sheep were generally not comparable to humans, while similar or lower mechanical solicitation of the fixation devices was found between the human mandibular body fracture and the sheep mandibular diastema fracture scenarios. We, therefore, conclude that the mechanical environments of mandibular fractures in humans and sheep differ and our analyses suggest that the sheep mandibular bone should be carefully re-considered as a model system to study the effect of fixation devices on the healing outcome. In our analyses, the sheep mandibular diastema showed similar mechanical conditions for fracture fixation devices to those in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Orassi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heilwig Fischer
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Rendenbach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Sella Tunis T, May H, Sarig R, Vardimon AD, Hershkovitz I, Shpack N. Are chin and symphysis morphology facial type-dependent? A computed tomography-based study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 160:84-93. [PMID: 33906774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chin is a major determinant of the facial profile; hence, it plays a major role in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. It is thus essential to follow and better understand its expression in different facial types. The major objectives of the current study were to characterize morphometrically the chin and symphysis and reveal their association with different facial types. METHODS Computed tomography scans of the head and neck of 311 adults (163 males, 148 females; age range, 18-95 years) were classified into 3 facial types: short, average, and long. Height, width, projection, inclination, thickness, and area were measured on the chin and symphysis. RESULTS The majority of the population (70%) manifested an average facial type; the other 30% were almost equally distributed between short and long facial types. The long facial type was more common among females and the short facial type among males. Chin projection, area, and size were significantly greater in short-faced patients. Chin width in males was similar for all facial types, whereas, in females, chin width was the widest in the short facial type and the narrowest in the long facial type. Symphysis height was significantly greater in long-faced patients in both sexes. The mandibular incisors' inclination relative to the mandibular plane was not significantly associated with the chin or symphysis morphology. CONCLUSIONS Chin and symphysis morphology is facial type-dependent. Orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons should be aware of the complex relationship between facial types and chin/symphysis size and shape when planning treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sella Tunis
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Hila May
- Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Orthodontics and Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Dan Vardimon
- Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Hershkovitz
- Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Shpack
- Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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43
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Yamaguchi T, Kim YI, Mohamed A, Hikita Y, Takahashi M, Haga S, Park SB, Maki K. Methods in Genetic Analysis for Evaluation Mandibular Shape and Size Variations in Human Mandible. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:e97-e101. [PMID: 33867516 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The human mandible has been investigated from both clinical and evolutionary perspectives. Recent advances in genome science have identified the genetic regulation of human mandibular shape and size. Identification of genes that regulate mandibular shape and size would not only enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of mandibular growth and development but also help define a strategy to prevent mandibular dysplasia. This review provides a comprehensive summary of why and how the mandible was evaluated in the human mandible genome study. The variation in human mandibular shape and size has been progressively clarified, not only by focusing on the mandible alone but also by using extremely diverse approaches. The methods of data acquisition for evaluating human mandibular shape and size variation are well established. Furthermore, this review explains how to proceed with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, Japan Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan Department of Orthodontics, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Katsube M, Yamada S, Utsunomiya N, Yamaguchi Y, Takakuwa T, Yamamoto A, Imai H, Saito A, Vora SR, Morimoto N. A 3D analysis of growth trajectory and integration during early human prenatal facial growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6867. [PMID: 33767268 PMCID: PMC7994314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant shape changes in the human facial skeleton occur in the early prenatal period, and understanding this process is critical for studying a myriad of congenital facial anomalies. However, quantifying and visualizing human fetal facial growth has been challenging. Here, we applied quantitative geometric morphometrics (GM) to high-resolution magnetic resonance images of human embryo and fetuses, to comprehensively analyze facial growth. We utilized non-linear growth estimation and GM methods to assess integrated epigenetic growth between masticatory muscles and associated bones. Our results show that the growth trajectory of the human face in the early prenatal period follows a curved line with three flexion points. Significant antero-posterior development occurs early, resulting in a shift from a mandibular prognathic to relatively orthognathic appearance, followed by expansion in the lateral direction. Furthermore, during this time, the development of the zygoma and the mandibular ramus is closely integrated with the masseter muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Katsube
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Natsuko Utsunomiya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamaguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Informatics, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Siddharth R Vora
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, JBM 372-2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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45
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Bone quality analysis of jaw bones in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus-post mortem anatomical and microstructural evaluation. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:4377-4400. [PMID: 33694028 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the higher risk of dental implant failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is a need to characterize the jaw bones in those individuals. The aim of this post mortem study was to compare jaw bone quality of individuals with T2DM to healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bone cores from the edentulous lower first molar region and the region of mandibular angle were collected from male individuals with T2DM (n = 10, 70.6 ± 4.5 years) and healthy controls (n = 11, 71.5 ± 3.8 years) during autopsy. Within the T2DM, a subgroup treated with oral antidiabetics (OAD) and one on insulin were identified. Bone quality assessment encompassed evaluation of bone microstructure, matrix composition, and cellular activity, using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI), Raman spectroscopy, and bone histomorphometry. RESULTS In the mandibular angle, T2DM showed 51% lower porosity of the lingual cortex (p = 0.004) and 21% higher trabecular thickness (p = 0.008) compared to control. More highly mineralized bone packets were found in the buccal cortex of the mandibular angle in insulin-treated compared to OAD-treated T2DM group (p = 0.034). In the molar region, we found higher heterogeneity of trabecular calcium content in T2DM insulin compared to controls (p = 0.015) and T2DM OAD (p = 0.019). T2DM was associated with lower osteocyte lacunar size in the trabecular bone of the molar region (vs. control p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Alterations in microstructure, mineralization, and osteocyte morphology were determined in jaw bone of individuals with T2DM compared to controls. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Future studies will have to verify if the mild changes determined in this study will translate to potential contraindications for dental implant placements.
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Mascaro MB, Picoli LC, Reis Matos ST, Sipos Lotaif SC, De Souza MR, Calderon MF. Anatomical Variation in the Mandibular Foramen in Non-Atrophic and Atrophic Mandibles. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2021; 11:e4. [PMID: 33598112 PMCID: PMC7875102 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2020.11404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies of variation in mandibular foramen characteristics with age have involved comparison in different populations, but few data, between non-atrophic and atrophic mandibles are available. The aim of this original article was to compare the position, shape and area of the mandibular foramen between non-atrophic and atrophic mandibles. Material and Methods Morphometric methods were used to study the mandibular foramen variation. Fifty adult dry mandibles from the laboratory of anatomy were selected. Mandibles were considered non-atrophic if the distance between the base and alveolar ridge was homogeneous and greater than 25 mm in the anterior region and 20 mm in the posterior region. Conversely, mandibles were considered atrophic if that distances were lower than those described to a minimum of 11 mm in all areas. All measurements were performed with a digital caliper. For statistical analysis, the admitted level of significance was 5%. Results When non-atrophic mandibles were compared to atrophic ones, the mandibular foramen shifted significantly to an anterior position (mean difference [MD]: 4.81 mm; P < 0.0001) and to an inferior position (MD: 3.04 mm; P < 0.0001) and changed from an elliptical shape to round one, with a significant decrease in its area (MD: 3.66 mm2; P < 0.05). Conclusions The results indicate that there are significant differences in the position, shape and area of the mandibular foramen between non-atrophic and atrophic mandibles. These data should be considered in anaesthetic techniques and surgical procedures to prevent vascular and nervous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Betti Mascaro
- Discipline of Morphology, School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SPBrazil
| | - Lara Cristina Picoli
- Discipline of Morphology, School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SPBrazil
| | - Stefany Torres Reis Matos
- Discipline of Morphology, School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SPBrazil
| | | | - Mônica Rodrigues De Souza
- Discipline of Morphology, School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SPBrazil
| | - Marcelo Ferreira Calderon
- Discipline of Morphology, School of Dentistry, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SPBrazil
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Genetic factors contributing to skeletal class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:1587-1612. [PMID: 33550467 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present systematic review aims to report and critically assess the findings of the available scientific evidence from genetic association studies examining the genetic variants underlying skeletal class III malocclusion and its sub-phenotypes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A pre-piloted protocol was registered and followed. The PubMed, Scopus, WOS, Cochrane Library, Gray Open literature, and CADTH databases were explored for genetic association studies following PICOS-based selection criteria. The research was reported in accordance with PRISMA statement and HuGE guidelines. The Q-genie tool was applied to assess the quality of genetic studies. Meta-analysis of genetic association studies was done by means of Meta-Genyo tool. RESULTS A total of 8258 articles were retrieved, of which 22 were selected for in-depth analysis. Most of the studies did not differentiate between sub-phenotypes, and the cohorts were heterogeneous regarding ethnicity. Four to five principal components of class III malocclusion explained the phenotypic variation, and gene variants at MYO1H(rs10850110), BMP3(rs1390319), GHR (rs2973015,rs6184, rs2973015), FGF7(rs372127537), FGF10(rs593307), and SNAI3(rs4287555) (p < .05) explained most of the variation across the studies, associated to vertical, horizontal, or combined skeletal discrepancies. Meta-analysis results identified a statistically significant association between risk of class III malocclusion of A allele of the FBN3 rs7351083 [OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.1-4.1; p 0.02; recessive model]. CONCLUSION Skeletal class III is a polygenic trait substantially modulated by ethnicity. A multicentric approach should be considered in future studies to increase sample sizes, applying multivariate analysis such as PCA and cluster analysis to characterize existing sub-phenotypes warranting a deeper analysis of genetic variants contributing to skeletal class III craniofacial disharmony. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Grasping the underlying mechanisms of this pathology is critical for a fuller understanding of its etiology, allowing generation of preventive strategies, new individualized therapeutic approaches and more accurate treatment planification strategies.
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Imamura E, Mayahara M, Inoue S, Miyamoto M, Funae T, Watanabe Y, Matsuki-Fukushima M, Nakamura M. Trabecular structure and composition analysis of human autogenous bone donor sites using micro-computed tomography. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:74-79. [PMID: 33486081 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the bone microstructure of autogenous graft bone in elderly people (mean age, 66 years), we compared the bone volume/total volume and bone mineral density of four donor sites that are commonly harvested for maxillofacial surgery and dental implant treatments, using X-ray micro-computed tomography. METHODS Eighteen Japanese cadavers were included in this study. Overall, 66 harvested bones (mandibular symphysis, mandibular ramus, ilium, and tibia) were studied. Micro-computed tomography scans of four sites were performed to analyze the trabecular structures, bone mineral density, and bone volume/total volume in these bones. RESULTS The mandibular symphysis bones showed the highest bone volume/total volume and bone mineral density at the four sites. There was a significant difference in the bone volume/total volume between the mandibular symphysis and tibia groups. There was also a significant difference in bone mineral density between the mandibular symphysis group and the ilium and tibia groups. In the three-dimensional observations, the structures of the mandibular trabecular were plate-type. The structures of the tibial bone were mixtures of plate- and rod-types. In the ilium, most trabecula were rod-shaped. CONCLUSIONS Mandibular symphysis and ramus had a higher bone volume/total volume and bone mineral density of the four sites and did not show regressive changes in our findings. Mandibular bone is the most suitable source of autogenous graft bone material because of its superior bone quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisaku Imamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama General Hospital, 2201-5 Kuroganecho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 225-0025, Japan
| | - Mitsuori Mayahara
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyamoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Funae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama General Hospital, 2201-5 Kuroganecho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 225-0025, Japan
| | - Miwako Matsuki-Fukushima
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Currò G, Bilello G, Messina P, Scardina GA. Transverse Asymmetries of the Maxilla Even in Healthy and Apparently Symmetrical Subjects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E446. [PMID: 33429919 PMCID: PMC7826829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the formulation of an orthodontic treatment plan, the three-dimensional analysis of the dental arches represents a fundamental moment for the evaluation of all the morphological parameters necessary in order to have a correct and complete diagnosis. In this regard, the study of the dental arches on the horizontal plane is sometimes neglected or not thorough enough. When evaluating the transverse dimensions of the dental upper arche, the presence of an asymmetry is frequently found, and it means that an hemiarch is larger than the other. Furthermore, any variation in one of the three planes of space always involves an alteration also on the other two planes in order to have compensation. The morphology of a bone segment depends on various factors, mainly genetical, acquired and environmental. Regarding the environmental factors, the function determines the morphology, but this in turn determines the function. In the case of unilateral mastication, the upper maxilla will be asymmetrical, so growing patients will have compensation on other skull bones. From these considerations arises the need for a careful study of the horizontal plane of the maxilla in the presence of a malocclusion during diagnostic evaluations. These asymmetries, however, must be evaluated and quantified in the diagnostic phase in order to formulate a correct plan of treatment. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that there are almost always transverse asymmetries of the maxilla, albeit of a slight entity, even in healthy and apparently symmetrical subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines (DiChirOnS), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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