1
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Kadlečková D, Saláková M, Erban T, Tachezy R. Discovery and characterization of novel DNA viruses in Apis mellifera: expanding the honey bee virome through metagenomic analysis. mSystems 2024; 9:e0008824. [PMID: 38441971 PMCID: PMC11019937 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00088-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, many viruses have been discovered to infect honey bees. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to expand the known virome of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, by identifying several novel DNA viruses. While the majority of previously identified bee viruses are RNA, our study reveals nine new genomes from the Parvoviridae family, tentatively named Bee densoviruses 1 to 9. In addition, we characterized a large DNA virus, Apis mellifera filamentous-like virus (AmFLV), which shares limited protein identities with the known Apis mellifera filamentous virus. The complete sequence of AmFLV, obtained by a combination of laboratory techniques and bioinformatics, spans 152,678 bp. Linear dsDNA genome encodes for 112 proteins, of which 49 are annotated. Another large virus we discovered is Apis mellifera nudivirus, which belongs to a group of Alphanudivirus. The virus has a length of 129,467 bp and a circular dsDNA genome, and has 106 protein encoding genes. The virus contains most of the core genes of the family Nudiviridae. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of viral binning in identifying viruses in honey bee virology, showcasing its initial application in this field.IMPORTANCEHoney bees contribute significantly to food security by providing pollination services. Understanding the virome of honey bees is crucial for the health and conservation of bee populations and also for the stability of the ecosystems and economies for which they are indispensable. This study unveils previously unknown DNA viruses in the honey bee virome, expanding our knowledge of potential threats to bee health. The use of the viral binning approach we employed in this study offers a promising method to uncovering and understanding the vast viral diversity in these essential pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kadlečková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Průmyslová, Czechia
| | - Martina Saláková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Průmyslová, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ruth Tachezy
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Průmyslová, Czechia
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2
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Nikulin SL, Hesketh-Best PJ, Mckeown DA, Spivak M, Schroeder DC. A semi-automated and high-throughput approach for the detection of honey bee viruses in bee samples. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297623. [PMID: 38483922 PMCID: PMC10939240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) was first detected in dead honey bees in 1982 but has been in honey bees for at least 300 years. Due to its high prevalence and virulence, they have been linked with the ongoing decline in honey bee populations worldwide. A rapid, simple, semi-automated, high-throughput, and cost-effective method of screening colonies for viruses would benefit bee research and the beekeeping industry. Here we describe a semi-automated approach that combines an RNA-grade liquid homogenizer followed by magnetic bead capture for total virus nucleic acid extraction. We compare it to the more commonly applied nucleic acid column-based purification method and use qPCR plus Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing to evaluate the accuracy of analytical results for both methods. Our results showed high reproducibility and accuracy for both approaches. The semi-automated method described here allows for faster screening of viral loads in units of 96 samples at a time. We developed this method to monitor viral loads in honey bee colonies, but it could be easily applied for any PCR or genomic-based screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Levin Nikulin
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Poppy J. Hesketh-Best
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Mckeown
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marla Spivak
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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3
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Reingold V, Eliyahu A, Luria N, Leibman D, Sela N, Lachman O, Smith E, Mandelik Y, Sadeh A, Dombrovsky A. A Distinct Arabidopsis Latent Virus 1 Isolate Was Found in Wild Brassica hirta Plants and Bees, Suggesting the Potential Involvement of Pollinators in Virus Spread. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:671. [PMID: 38475517 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
During our search for aphid-pathogenic viruses, a comovirus was isolated from wild asymptomatic Brassica hirta (white mustard) plants harboring a dense population of Brevicoryne brassicae aphids. The transmission-electron-microscopy visualization of purified virions revealed icosahedral particles. The virus was mechanically transmitted to plants belonging to Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Fabaceae families, showing unique ringspot symptoms only on B. rapa var. perviridis plants. The complete viral genome, comprised of two RNA segments, was sequenced. RNA1 and RNA2 contained 5921 and 3457 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the 3' terminal poly-adenylated tails. RNA1 and RNA2 each had one open-reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 1850 and 1050 amino acids, respectively. The deduced amino acids at the Pro-Pol region, delineated between a conserved CG motif of 3C-like proteinase and a GDD motif of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, shared a 96.5% and 90% identity with the newly identified Apis mellifera-associated comovirus and Arabidopsis latent virus 1 (ArLV1), respectively. Because ArLV1 was identified early in 2018, the B. hirta comovirus was designated as ArLV1-IL-Bh. A high-throughput-sequencing-analyses of the extracted RNA from managed honeybees and three abundant wild bee genera, mining bees, long-horned bees, and masked bees, sampled while co-foraging in a Mediterranean ecosystem, allowed the assembly of ArLV1-IL-Bh, suggesting pollinators' involvement in comovirus spread in weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reingold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Avi Eliyahu
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Natural Resources, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel
- The Advanced School for Environmental Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Diana Leibman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Bioinformatics Unit, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Oded Lachman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Elisheva Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Yael Mandelik
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Department of Natural Resources, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
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4
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Guevara-Rivera EA, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Lozano-Durán R, Bejarano ER, Torres-Calderón AM, Arce-Leal ÁP, Leyva-López NE, Méndez-Lozano J. From Metagenomics to Ecogenomics: NGS-Based Approaches for Discovery of New Circular DNA Single-Stranded Viral Species. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2732:103-117. [PMID: 38060120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3515-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses comprise the most abundant genetic material in the biosphere; however, global viral genomic population (virome) has been largely underestimated. Recently, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has provided a powerful tool for the detection of known viruses and the discovery of novel viral species from environmental and individual samples using metagenomics and ecogenomics approaches, respectively. Viruses with circular DNA single-stranded (ssDNA) genomes belonging to the begomovirus genera (family Geminiviridae) constitute the largest group of emerging plant viruses worldwide. The knowledge of begomoviruses viromes is mostly restricted to crop plant systems; nevertheless, it has been described that noncultivated plants specifically at the interface between wild and cultivated plants are important reservoirs leading to viral evolution and the emergence of new diseases. Here we present a protocol that allows the identification and isolation of known and novel begomoviruses species infecting cultivated and noncultivated plant species. The method consists of circular viral molecules enrichment by rolling circle amplification (RCA) from begomovirus-positive total plant DNA, followed by NGS-based metagenomic sequencing. Subsequently, metagenomic reads are processed for taxonomic classification using Viromescan software and a customized Geminiviridae family database, and begomovirus-related reads are used for contigs assembly and annotation using Spades software and Blastn algorithm, respectively. Then, the obtained begomovirus-related signatures are used as templates for specific primers design and implemented for PCR-based ecogenomic identification of individual samples harboring the corresponding viral species. Lastly, full-length begomovirus genomes are obtained by RCA-based amplification from total plant DNA of selected individual samples, cloning, and viral molecular identity corroborated by Sanger sequencing. Conclusively, the identification and isolation of a novel monopartite begomovirus species native to the New World (NW) named Gallium leaf deformation virus (GLDV) is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Guevara-Rivera
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Edgar A Rodríguez-Negrete
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ángela P Arce-Leal
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Norma E Leyva-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Méndez-Lozano
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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5
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Ray AM, Gordon EC, Seeley TD, Rasgon JL, Grozinger CM. Signatures of adaptive decreased virulence of deformed wing virus in an isolated population of wild honeybees ( Apis mellifera). Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231965. [PMID: 37876196 PMCID: PMC10598435 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive host-pathogen interactions is critical for combating epidemics and conserving species. The Varroa destructor mite and deformed wing virus (DWV) are two synergistic threats to Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations across the globe. Distinct honeybee populations have been found to self-sustain despite Varroa infestations, including colonies within the Arnot Forest outside Ithaca, NY, USA. We hypothesized that in these bee populations, DWV has been selected to produce an avirulent infection phenotype, allowing for the persistence of both host and disease-causing agents. To investigate this, we assessed the titre of viruses in bees from the Arnot Forest and managed apiaries, and assessed genomic variation and virulence differences between DWV isolates. Across groups, we found viral abundance was similar, but DWV genotypes were distinct. We also found that infections with isolates from the Arnot Forest resulted in higher survival and lower rates of symptomatic deformed wings, compared to analogous isolates from managed colonies, providing preliminary evidence to support the hypothesis of adaptive decreased viral virulence. Overall, this multi-level investigation of virus genotype and phenotype indicates that host ecological context can be a significant driver of viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions in honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Ray
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-0002, USA
| | - Emma C. Gordon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
| | - Thomas D. Seeley
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
| | - Christina M. Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
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6
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Nguyen PN, Rehan SM. Environmental Effects on Bee Microbiota. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:1487-1498. [PMID: 37099156 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and increased land use, which include industrialization, agriculture and urbanization, directly affect pollinators by changing habitats and floral availability, and indirectly by influencing their microbial composition and diversity. Bees form vital symbioses with their microbiota, relying on microorganisms to perform physiological functions and aid in immunity. As altered environments and climate threaten bees and their microbiota, characterizing the microbiome and its complex relationships with its host offers insights into understanding bee health. This review summarizes the role of sociality in microbiota establishment, as well as examines if such factors result in increased susceptibility to altered microbiota due to environmental changes. We characterize the role of geographic distribution, temperature, precipitation, floral resources, agriculture, and urbanization on bee microbiota. Bee microbiota are affected by altered surroundings regardless of sociality. Solitary bees that predominantly acquire their microbiota through the environment are particularly sensitive to such effects. However, the microbiota of obligately eusocial bees are also impacted by environmental changes despite typically well conserved and socially inherited microbiota. We provide an overview of the role of microbiota in plant-pollinator relationships and how bee microbiota play a larger role in urban ecology, offering microbial connections between animals, humans, and the environment. Understanding bee microbiota presents opportunities for sustainable land use restoration and aiding in wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra M Rehan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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7
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Andika IB, Tian M, Bian R, Cao X, Luo M, Kondo H, Sun L. Cross-Kingdom Interactions Between Plant and Fungal Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:119-138. [PMID: 37406341 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The large genetic and structural divergences between plants and fungi may hinder the transmission of viruses between these two kingdoms to some extent. However, recent accumulating evidence from virus phylogenetic analyses and the discovery of naturally occurring virus cross-infection suggest the occurrence of past and current transmissions of viruses between plants and plant-associated fungi. Moreover, artificial virus inoculation experiments showed that diverse plant viruses can multiply in fungi and vice versa. Thus, virus cross-infection between plants and fungi may play an important role in the spread, emergence, and evolution of both plant and fungal viruses and facilitate the interaction between them. In this review, we summarize current knowledge related to cross-kingdom virus infection in plants and fungi and further discuss the relevance of this new virological topic in the context of understanding virus spread and transmission in nature as well as developing control strategies for crop plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China;
| | - Mengyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;
| | - Ruiling Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;
| | - Xinran Cao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China;
| | - Ming Luo
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan;
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan;
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8
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Van Camp PJ, Porollo A. SEQ2MGS: an effective tool for generating realistic artificial metagenomes from the existing sequencing data. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac050. [PMID: 35899079 PMCID: PMC9310082 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of bioinformatics tools for the metagenomics analysis from the whole genome sequencing data requires realistic benchmark sets. We developed an effective and simple generator of artificial metagenomes from real sequencing experiments. The tool (SEQ2MGS) analyzes the input FASTQ files, precomputes genomic content, and blends shotgun reads from different sequenced isolates, or spike isolate(s) in real metagenome, in desired proportions. SEQ2MGS eliminates the need for simulation of sequencing platform variations, reads distributions, presence of plasmids, viruses, and contamination. The tool is especially useful for a quick generation of multiple complex samples that include new or understudied organisms, even without assembled genomes. For illustration, we first demonstrated the ease of SEQ2MGS use for the simulation of altered Schaedler flora (ASF) in comparison with de novo metagenomics generators Grinder and CAMISIM. Next, we emulated the emergence of a pathogen in the human gut microbiome and observed that Kraken, Centrifuge, and MetaPhlAn, while correctly identified Klebsiella pneumoniae, produced inconsistent results for the rest of real metagenome. Finally, using the MG-RAST platform, we affirmed that SEQ2MGS properly transfers genomic information from an isolate into the simulated metagenome by the correct identification of antimicrobial resistance genes anticipated to appear compared to the original metagenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Van Camp
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Shell WA, Rehan SM. Comparative metagenomics reveals expanded insights into intra- and interspecific variation among wild bee microbiomes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:603. [PMID: 35715496 PMCID: PMC9205906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The holobiont approach proposes that species are most fully understood within the context of their associated microbiomes, and that both host and microbial community are locked in a mutual circuit of co-evolutionary selection. Bees are an ideal group for this approach, as they comprise a critical group of pollinators that contribute to both ecological and agricultural health worldwide. Metagenomic analyses offer comprehensive insights into an organism’s microbiome, diet, and viral load, but remain largely unapplied to wild bees. Here, we present metagenomic data from three species of carpenter bees sampled from around the globe, representative of the first ever carpenter bee core microbiome. Machine learning, co-occurrence, and network analyses reveal that wild bee metagenomes are unique to host species. Further, we find that microbiomes are likely strongly affected by features of their local environment, and feature evidence of plant pathogens previously known only in honey bees. Performing the most comprehensive comparative analysis of bee microbiomes to date we discover that microbiome diversity is inversely proportional to host species social complexity. Our study helps to establish some of the first wild bee hologenomic data while offering powerful empirical insights into the biology and health of vital pollinators. Global wild bee metagenomes provide insights into microbiome, sociality and pollinator health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt A Shell
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra M Rehan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Marcelino J, Braese C, Christmon K, Evans JD, Gilligan T, Giray T, Nearman A, Niño EL, Rose R, Sheppard WS, vanEngelsdorp D, Ellis JD. The Movement of Western Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) Among United States and Territories: History, Benefits, Risks, and Mitigation Strategies. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.850600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beekeeping is a cornerstone activity that has led to the human-mediated, global spread of western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) outside their native range of Europe, western Asia, and Africa. The exportation/importation of honey bees (i.e., transfer of honey bees or germplasm between countries) is regulated at the national level in many countries. Honey bees were first imported into the United States in the early 1600’s. Today, honey bee movement (i.e., transport of honey bees among states and territories) is regulated within the United States at the state, territory, and federal levels. At the federal level, honey bees present in the country (in any state or territory) can be moved among states and territories without federal restriction, with the exception of movement to Hawaii. In contrast, regulations at the state and territory levels vary substantially, ranging from no additional regulations beyond those stipulated at the federal level, to strict regulations for the introduction of live colonies, packaged bees, or queens. This variability can lead to inconsistencies in the application of regulations regarding the movement of honey bees among states and territories. In November 2020, we convened a technical working group (TWG), composed of academic and USDA personnel, to review and summarize the (1) history of honey bee importation into/movement within the United States, (2) current regulations regarding honey bee movement and case studies on the application of those regulations, (3) benefits associated with moving honey bees within the United States, (4) risks associated with moving honey bees within the United States, and (5) risk mitigation strategies. This review will be helpful for developing standardized best practices for the safe movement of honey bees between the 48 contiguous states and other states/territories within the United States.
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11
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Silent threat in honey bee colonies: infection dynamics and molecular epidemiological assessment of black queen cell virus in Turkey. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1499-1508. [PMID: 35568762 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can have devastating effects and cause epidemics in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Black queen cell virus (BQCV), which is one of the most common honey bee viruses, affects queen bee larvae and their pupae. This study provides information on the dynamics of BQCV infection in honey bees, using molecular diagnostics to investigate the effects of other pathogens and seasonal patterns that are considered relevant to the epidemiology of BQCV. The results showed a relatively high prevalence of the viruses studied. The prevalence of BQCV, acute bee paralysis virus, and deformed wing virus in worker bees was found to be 90%, 62%, and 84%, respectively. The prevalence of BQCV was 58% in larvae and pupae. Furthermore, the prevalence of Nosema ceranae was 46% in worker bees. Statistical analysis showed possible combined effects of BQCV and other examined viruses in terms of infection dynamics, while BQCV did not show seasonal variation. The BQCV isolates detected in this study were placed in a phylogenetic framework using sequence data from comprehensive sampling in previous studies. The analysis suggested that the Turkish strains of BQCV clustered together with Australian and European strains and consisted of homogeneous populations that had evolved from a common ancestor. This is the first report of BQCV infection dynamics in honey bees in Turkey.
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12
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The Virome of Healthy Honey Bee Colonies: Ubiquitous Occurrence of Known and New Viruses in Bee Populations. mSystems 2022; 7:e0007222. [PMID: 35532210 PMCID: PMC9239248 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00072-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western honey bee,
Apis mellifera
, is a vital part of our ecosystem as well as cultural heritage. Annual colony losses endanger beekeeping.
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13
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Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Arthropod, Fungal, Protozoan, Bacterial and Viral Pathogens of Honeybees. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050221. [PMID: 35622749 PMCID: PMC9145064 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies.
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14
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Gilbert C, Belliardo C. The diversity of endogenous viral elements in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 49:48-55. [PMID: 34839030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the currently known diversity of viral sequences integrated into insect genomes. Such endogenous viral elements (EVE) have so far been annotated in at least eight insect orders and can be assigned to at least three families of large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses, at least 22 families of RNA viruses, and three families of single-stranded DNA viruses. The study of these EVE has already produced important insights into insect-virus interactions, including the discovery of a new form of adaptive antiviral immunity. Insect EVE diversity will continue to increase as new insect genomes and exogenous viruses are sequenced, which will continue to make paleovirology a vibrant research field in this group of animals in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Gilbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
| | - Carole Belliardo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, 06903, France; MYCOPHYTO, 540 Avenue de la Plaine, Mougins, 06250, France
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15
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Loss and Gain of Gut Bacterial Phylotype Symbionts in Afrotropical Stingless Bee Species (Apidae: Meliponinae). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122420. [PMID: 34946022 PMCID: PMC8708602 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are the most diverse group of corbiculate bees and are important managed and wild pollinators distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. However, little is known about their associated beneficial microbes that play major roles in host nutrition, detoxification, growth, activation of immune responses, and protection against pathogens in their sister groups, honeybees and bumble bees. Here, we provide an initial characterization of the gut bacterial microbiota of eight stingless bee species from sub-Saharan Africa using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Our findings revealed that Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the dominant and conserved phyla across the eight stingless bee species. Additionally, we found significant geographical and host intra-species-specific bacterial diversity. Notably, African strains showed significant phylogenetic clustering when compared with strains from other continents, and each stingless bee species has its own microbial composition with its own dominant bacterial genus. Our results suggest host selective mechanisms maintain distinct gut communities among sympatric species and thus constitute an important resource for future studies on bee health management and host-microbe co-evolution and adaptation.
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16
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Remnant EJ, Baty JW, Bulgarella M, Dobelmann J, Quinn O, Gruber MAM, Lester PJ. A Diverse Viral Community from Predatory Wasps in Their Native and Invaded Range, with a New Virus Infectious to Honey Bees. Viruses 2021; 13:1431. [PMID: 34452301 PMCID: PMC8402789 DOI: 10.3390/v13081431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wasps of the genus Vespula are social insects that have become major pests and predators in their introduced range. Viruses present in these wasps have been studied in the context of spillover from honey bees, yet we lack an understanding of the endogenous virome of wasps as potential reservoirs of novel emerging infectious diseases. We describe the characterization of 68 novel and nine previously identified virus sequences found in transcriptomes of Vespula vulgaris in colonies sampled from their native range (Belgium) and an invasive range (New Zealand). Many viruses present in the samples were from the Picorna-like virus family (38%). We identified one Luteo-like virus, Vespula vulgaris Luteo-like virus 1, present in the three life stages examined in all colonies from both locations, suggesting this virus is a highly prevalent and persistent infection in wasp colonies. Additionally, we identified a novel Iflavirus with similarity to a recently identified Moku virus, a known wasp and honey bee pathogen. Experimental infection of honey bees with this novel Vespula vulgaris Moku-like virus resulted in an active infection. The high viral diversity present in these invasive wasps is a likely indication that their polyphagous diet is a rich source of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Remnant
- Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Science Road, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James W. Baty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
| | - Mariana Bulgarella
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
| | - Jana Dobelmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Quinn
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
- Bacteriology and Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Monica A. M. Gruber
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
| | - Philip J. Lester
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
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17
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McMenamin AJ, Parekh F, Lawrence V, Flenniken ML. Investigating Virus-Host Interactions in Cultured Primary Honey Bee Cells. INSECTS 2021; 12:653. [PMID: 34357313 PMCID: PMC8329929 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) health is impacted by viral infections at the colony, individual bee, and cellular levels. To investigate honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms at the cellular level we further developed the use of cultured primary cells, derived from either larvae or pupae, and demonstrated that these cells could be infected with a panel of viruses, including common honey bee infecting viruses (i.e., sacbrood virus (SBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV)) and an insect model virus, Flock House virus (FHV). Virus abundances were quantified over the course of infection. The production of infectious virions in cultured honey bee pupal cells was demonstrated by determining that naïve cells became infected after the transfer of deformed wing virus or Flock House virus from infected cell cultures. Initial characterization of the honey bee antiviral immune responses at the cellular level indicated that there were virus-specific responses, which included increased expression of bee antiviral protein-1 (GenBank: MF116383) in SBV-infected pupal cells and increased expression of argonaute-2 and dicer-like in FHV-infected hemocytes and pupal cells. Additional studies are required to further elucidate virus-specific honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms. The continued use of cultured primary honey bee cells for studies that involve multiple viruses will address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. McMenamin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Fenali Parekh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Verena Lawrence
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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18
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Pritchard ZA, Hendriksma HP, St Clair AL, Stein DS, Dolezal AG, O’Neal ME, Toth AL. Do Viruses From Managed Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Endanger Wild Bees in Native Prairies? ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:455-466. [PMID: 33492382 PMCID: PMC8064301 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Populations of wild and managed pollinators are declining in North America, and causes include increases in disease pressure and decreases in flowering resources. Tallgrass prairies can provide floral resources for managed honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and wild bees. Honey bees kept near prairies may compete with wild bees for floral resources, and potentially transfer viral pathogens to wild bees. Measurements of these potential interactions are lacking, especially in the context of native habitat conservation. To address this, we assessed abundance and richness of wild bees in prairies with and without honey bee hives present, and the potential spillover of several honey bee viruses to bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombus Latrielle). We found no indication that the presence of honey bee hives over 2 yr had a negative effect on population size of wild bee taxa, though a potential longer-term effect remains unknown. All levels of viruses quantified in bumble bees were lower than those observed in honey bees. Higher levels of deformed wing virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus were found in Bombus griseocollis DeGeer (Hymenoptera: Apidae) collected at sites with hives than those without hives. These data suggest that the presence of honey bees in tallgrass prairie could increase wild bee exposure to viruses. Additional studies on cross-species transmission of viruses are needed to inform decisions regarding the cohabitation of managed bees within habitat utilized by wild bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Pritchard
- Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University, Marsh Labs, Bozeman, MT
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Osborne Dr., Ames, IA
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Harmen P Hendriksma
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Osborne Dr., Ames, IA
| | - Ashley L St Clair
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Osborne Dr., Ames, IA
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, ATRB, Ames, IA
| | - David S Stein
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Osborne Dr., Ames, IA
| | - Adam G Dolezal
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Amy L Toth
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Osborne Dr., Ames, IA
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, ATRB, Ames, IA
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19
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Chen G, Wang S, Jia S, Feng Y, Hu F, Chen Y, Zheng H. A New Strain of Virus Discovered in China Specific to the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor Poses a Potential Threat to Honey Bees. Viruses 2021; 13:679. [PMID: 33920919 PMCID: PMC8071286 DOI: 10.3390/v13040679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, feeds directly on honey bees and serves as a vector for transmitting viruses among them. The Varroa mite causes relatively little damage to its natural host, the Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) but it is the most devastating pest for the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Using Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology, we conducted a metatranscriptome analysis of the microbial community associated with Varroa mites. This study led to the identification of a new Chinese strain of Varroa destructor virus-2 (VDV-2), which is a member of the Iflaviridae family and was previously reported to be specific to Varroa mites. A subsequent epidemiological investigation of Chinese strain of VDV-2 (VDV-2-China) showed that the virus was highly prevalent among Varroa populations and was not identified in any of the adult workers from both A. mellifera and A.cerana colonies distributed in six provinces in China, clearly indicating that VDV-2-China is predominantly a Varroa-adapted virus. While A. mellifera worker pupae exposed to less than two Varroa mites tested negative for VDV-2-China, VDV-2-China was detected in 12.5% of the A. mellifera worker pupae that were parasitized by more than 10 Varroa mites, bringing into play the possibility of a new scenario where VDV-2 could be transmitted to the honey bees during heavy Varroa infestations. Bioassay for the VDV-2-China infectivity showed that A. cerana was not a permissive host for VDV-2-China, yet A. mellifera could be a biological host that supports VDV-2-China's replication. The different replication dynamics of the virus between the two host species reflect their variation in terms of susceptibility to the virus infection, posing a potential threat to the health of the Western honey bee. The information gained from this study contributes to the knowledge concerning genetic variabilities and evolutionary dynamics of Varroa-borne viruses, thereby enhancing our understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms governing honey bee Varroosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwen Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (F.H.)
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (F.H.)
| | - Shuo Jia
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (F.H.)
| | - Ye Feng
- Insitutute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (F.H.)
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (F.H.)
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20
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Huang S, Li J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Evans JD, Rose R, Gilligan TM, LeBrun A, He N, Zheng T, Zhang T, Hamilton M, Chen YP. A novel method for the detection and diagnosis of virus infections in honey bees. J Virol Methods 2021; 293:114163. [PMID: 33864854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In terms of infectious diseases caused by a variety of microorganisms, the ability to promptly and accurately identify the causative agents is the first step on the path to all types of effective management of such infections. Among the various factors that are affecting global bee health, viruses have often been linked to honey bee colony losses and they pose a serious threat to the fraction of agriculture that depends on the service of pollinators. Over the past few decades, PCR-based molecular methods have provided powerful tools for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection and the quantification of difficult-to-grow pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses in honey bees. However, PCR-based methods require nucleic acid extraction and purification, which can be quite laborious and time-consuming and they involve the use of organic solvents and chaotropic agents like phenol and chloroform which are volatile and highly toxic. In response, we developed a novel and non-sacrificial method for detecting viral infections in honey bees. As little as 1 μl of hemolymph was collected from adult workers, larvae, and queens of bee colonies by puncturing the soft inter-tergal integument between the second and third dorsal tergum with a fine glass capillary. The hemolymph was then diluted and subjected to RT-PCR analysis directly. The puncture wound caused by the glass capillary was found to heal automatically and rapidly without any trouble and the lifespan of the experimental workers remained unaffected. Using this method, we detected multiple viruses including Deformed wing virus (DWV), Black queen cell virus (BQCV), and Sacbrood virus (SBV) in infected bees. Furthermore, expressed transcripts that indicate the induction of innate immune response to the virus infections were also detected in the hemolymph of infected bees. The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this innovative approach will allow it to be a valuable, time-saving, safer, and more environmentally friendly contribution to bee disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Huang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; College of Animal Sciences (Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
| | - Jianghong Li
- College of Animal Sciences (Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guanzhou, 510260.
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Animal Sciences (Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
| | - Jay D Evans
- U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Robyn Rose
- Farm Production and Conservation, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250.
| | - Todd M Gilligan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS), National Program Manager for Honey Bee Health, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA.
| | - Anne LeBrun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS), National Program Manager for Honey Bee Health, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA.
| | - Nan He
- College of Animal Sciences (Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
| | - Teng Zheng
- Technical Center of Fuzhou Customs, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, PR China.
| | - Tiyin Zhang
- Technical Center of Fuzhou Customs, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, PR China.
| | - Michele Hamilton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Yan Ping Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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21
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Wang L, Van Meulebroek L, Vanhaecke L, Smagghe G, Meeus I. The Bee Hemolymph Metabolome: A Window into the Impact of Viruses on Bumble Bees. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040600. [PMID: 33915836 PMCID: PMC8066158 DOI: 10.3390/v13040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art virus detection technology has advanced a lot, yet technology to evaluate the impacts of viruses on bee physiology and health is basically lacking. However, such technology is sorely needed to understand how multi-host viruses can impact the composition of the bee community. Here, we evaluated the potential of hemolymph metabolites as biomarkers to identify the viral infection status in bees. A metabolomics strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was implemented. First, we constructed a predictive model for standardized bumble bees, in which non-infected bees were metabolically differentiated from an overt Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) infection (R2Y = 0.993; Q2 = 0.906), as well as a covert slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) infection (R2Y = 0.999; Q2 = 0.875). Second, two sets of potential biomarkers were identified, being descriptors for the metabolomic changes in the bee's hemolymph following viral infection. Third, the biomarker sets were evaluated in a new dataset only containing wild bees and successfully discriminated virus infection versus non-virus infection with an AUC of 0.985. We concluded that screening hemolymph metabolite markers can underpin physiological changes linked to virus infection dynamics, opening promising avenues to identify, monitor, and predict the effects of virus infection in a bee community within a specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoluo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510610, China;
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Daughenbaugh KF, Kahnonitch I, Carey CC, McMenamin AJ, Wiegand T, Erez T, Arkin N, Ross B, Wiedenheft B, Sadeh A, Chejanovsky N, Mandelik Y, Flenniken ML. Metatranscriptome Analysis of Sympatric Bee Species Identifies Bee Virus Variants and a New Virus, Andrena-Associated Bee Virus-1. Viruses 2021; 13:291. [PMID: 33673324 PMCID: PMC7917660 DOI: 10.3390/v13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees are important plant pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. High average annual losses of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in some parts of the world, and regional population declines of some mining bee species (Andrena spp.), are attributed to multiple factors including habitat loss, lack of quality forage, insecticide exposure, and pathogens, including viruses. While research has primarily focused on viruses in honey bees, many of these viruses have a broad host range. It is therefore important to apply a community level approach in studying the epidemiology of bee viruses. We utilized high-throughput sequencing to evaluate viral diversity and viral sharing in sympatric, co-foraging bees in the context of habitat type. Variants of four common viruses (i.e., black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, Lake Sinai virus 2, and Lake Sinai virus NE) were identified in honey bee and mining bee samples, and the high degree of nucleotide identity in the virus consensus sequences obtained from both taxa indicates virus sharing. We discovered a unique bipartite + ssRNA Tombo-like virus, Andrena-associated bee virus-1 (AnBV-1). AnBV-1 infects mining bees, honey bees, and primary honey bee pupal cells maintained in culture. AnBV-1 prevalence and abundance was greater in mining bees than in honey bees. Statistical modeling that examined the roles of ecological factors, including floral diversity and abundance, indicated that AnBV-1 infection prevalence in honey bees was greater in habitats with low floral diversity and abundance, and that interspecific virus transmission is strongly modulated by the floral community in the habitat. These results suggest that land management strategies that aim to enhance floral diversity and abundance may reduce AnBV-1 spread between co-foraging bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie F. Daughenbaugh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.F.D.); (B.R.)
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Idan Kahnonitch
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 5290002, Israel; (I.K.); (Y.M.)
- Agroecology Lab, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, ARO, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (N.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Charles C. Carey
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Alexander J. McMenamin
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (T.W.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Tanner Wiegand
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Tal Erez
- Entomology Department, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel; (T.E.); (N.C.)
| | - Naama Arkin
- Agroecology Lab, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, ARO, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (N.A.); (A.S.)
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Brian Ross
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.F.D.); (B.R.)
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Agroecology Lab, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, ARO, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (N.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Entomology Department, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel; (T.E.); (N.C.)
| | - Yael Mandelik
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 5290002, Israel; (I.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.F.D.); (B.R.)
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (T.W.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
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Kapheim KM, Johnson MM, Jolley M. Composition and acquisition of the microbiome in solitary, ground-nesting alkali bees. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2993. [PMID: 33542351 PMCID: PMC7862682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the microbiome plays an important role in bee ecology and health. However, the relationship between bees and their bacterial symbionts has only been explored in a handful of species. We characterized the microbiome across the life cycle of solitary, ground-nesting alkali bees (Nomia melanderi). We find that feeding status is a major determinant of microbiome composition. The microbiome of feeding larvae was similar to that of pollen provisions, but the microbiome of post-feeding larvae (pre-pupae) was similar to that of the brood cell walls and newly-emerged females. Feeding larvae and pollen provisions had the lowest beta diversity, suggesting the composition of larval diet is highly uniform. Comparisons between lab-reared, newly-emerged, and nesting adult females suggest that the hindgut bacterial community is largely shaped by the external environment. However, we also identified taxa that are likely acquired in the nest or which increase or decrease in relative abundance with age. Although Lactobacillus micheneri was highly prevalent in pollen provisions, it was only detected in one lab-reared female, suggesting it is primarily acquired from environmental sources. These results provide the foundation for future research on metagenomic function and development of probiotics for these native pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Kapheim
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Makenna M. Johnson
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Maggi Jolley
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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Ullah A, Tlak Gajger I, Majoros A, Dar SA, Khan S, Kalimullah, Haleem Shah A, Nasir Khabir M, Hussain R, Khan HU, Hameed M, Anjum SI. Viral impacts on honey bee populations: A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:523-530. [PMID: 33424335 PMCID: PMC7783639 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bee is vital for pollination and ecological services, boosting crops productivity in terms of quality and quantity and production of colony products: wax, royal jelly, bee venom, honey, pollen and propolis. Honey bees are most important plant pollinators and almost one third of diet depends on bee's pollination, worth billions of dollars. Hence the role that honey bees have in environment and their economic importance in food production, their health is of dominant significance. Honey bees can be infected by various pathogens like: viruses, bacteria, fungi, or infested by parasitic mites. At least more than 20 viruses have been identified to infect honey bees worldwide, generally from Dicistroviridae as well as Iflaviridae families, like ABPV (Acute Bee Paralysis Virus), BQCV (Black Queen Cell Virus), KBV (Kashmir Bee Virus), SBV (Sacbrood Virus), CBPV (Chronic bee paralysis virus), SBPV (Slow Bee Paralysis Virus) along with IAPV (Israeli acute paralysis virus), and DWV (Deformed Wing Virus) are prominent and cause infections harmful for honey bee colonies health. This issue about honey bee viruses demonstrates remarkably how diverse this field is, and considerable work has to be done to get a comprehensive interpretation of the bee virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Department for Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Showket Ahmad Dar
- Division of Agricultural Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India
| | - Sanaullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kalimullah
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Haleem Shah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hikmat Ullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Hameed
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ishtiaq Anjum
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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25
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Marzoli F, Forzan M, Bortolotti L, Pacini MI, Rodríguez-Flores MS, Felicioli A, Mazzei M. Next generation sequencing study on RNA viruses of Vespa velutina and Apis mellifera sharing the same foraging area. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2261-2273. [PMID: 33063956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The predator Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) represents one of the major threats to honeybee survival. Viral spillover from bee to wasp has been supposed in several studies, and this work aims to identify and study the virome of both insect species living simultaneously in the same foraging area. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on V. velutina and Apis mellifera samples, and replicative form of detected viruses was carried out by strand-specific RT-PCR. Overall, 6 and 9 different viral types were reported in V. velutina and A. mellifera, respectively, and five of these viruses were recorded in both hosts. Varroa destructor virus-1 and Cripavirus NB-1/2011/HUN (now classified as Triato-like virus) were the most represented viruses detected in both hosts, also in replicative form. In this investigation, Triato-like virus, as well as Aphis gossypii virus and Nora virus, was detected for the first time in honeybees. Concerning V. velutina, we report for the first time the recently detected honeybee La Jolla virus. A general high homology rate between genomes of shared viruses between V. velutina and A. mellifera suggests the efficient transmission of the virus from bee to wasp. In conclusion, our findings highlight the presence of several known and newly reported RNA viruses infecting A. mellifera and V. velutina. This confirms the environment role as an important source of infection and indicates the possibility of spillover from prey to predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mario Forzan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | | | - María Shantal Rodríguez-Flores
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy
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Metagenomic Approach with the NetoVIR Enrichment Protocol Reveals Virus Diversity within Ethiopian Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera simensis). Viruses 2020; 12:v12111218. [PMID: 33121140 PMCID: PMC7692050 DOI: 10.3390/v12111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics studies have accelerated the discovery of novel or divergent viruses of the honey bee. However, most of these studies predominantly focused on RNA viruses, and many suffer from the relatively low abundance of viral nucleic acids in the samples (i.e., compared to that of the host). Here, we explored the virome of the Ethiopian honey bee, Apis mellifera simensis, using an unbiased metagenomic approach in which the next-generation sequencing step was preceded by an enrichment protocol for viral particles. Our study revealed five well-known bee viruses and 25 atypical virus species, most of which have never been found in A. mellifera before. The viruses belong to Iflaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Secoviridae, Partitiviridae, Parvoviridae, Potyviridae, and taxonomically unclassified families. Fifteen of these atypical viruses were most likely plant-specific, and the remaining ten were presumed to be insect-specific. Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) was found in one sampling site out of 10. Two samples contained high read counts of a virus similar to Diatraea saccharales densovirus (DsDNV), which is a virus that causes high mortality in the sugarcane borer. AmFV and the DsDNV-like virus were the only DNA viruses found. Three viruses that primarily infect Drosophila spp. were also discovered: La Jolla virus (LJV), Kilifi virus (KiV), and Thika virus. Our study suggests that phoretic varroa mites are involved in the transmission of LJV and KiV and that both viruses replicate in mites and adult bees. We also found an overwhelming dominance of the deformed wing virus type B variant, which fits well with the apparently harmless infestation by Varroa destructor. It was suggested that Ethiopian bees have developed tolerance against virus infections as the result of natural selection.
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Molecular Characterization of Hovenia Dulcis-Associated Virus 1 (HDaV1) and 2 (HDaV2): New Tentative Species within the Order Picornavirales. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090950. [PMID: 32867192 PMCID: PMC7552035 DOI: 10.3390/v12090950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a systematic field survey for plant-infecting viruses, leaf tissues were collected from trees showing virus-like symptoms in Brazil. After viral enrichment, total RNA was extracted and sequenced using the MiSeq platform (Illumina). Two nearly full-length picorna-like genomes of 9534 and 8158 nucleotides were found associated with Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceae family). Based upon their genomic information, specific primers were synthetized and used in RT-PCR assays to identify plants hosting the viral sequences. The larger contig was tentatively named as Hovenia dulcis-associated virus 1 (HDaV1), and it exhibited low nucleotide and amino acid identities with Picornavirales species. The smaller contig was related to insect-associated members of the Dicistroviridae family but exhibited a distinct genome organization with three non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), and it was tentatively named as Hovenia dulcis-associated virus 2 (HDaV2). Phylogenetic analysis using the amino acid sequence of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) revealed that HDaV1 and HDaV2 clustered in distinct groups, and both viruses were tentatively assigned as new members of the order Picornavirales. HDaV2 was assigned as a novel species in the Dicistroviridae family. The 5′ ends of both viruses are incomplete. In addition, a nucleotide composition analysis (NCA) revealed that HDaV1 and HDaV2 have similarities with invertebrate-infecting viruses, suggesting that the primary host(s) of these novel virus species remains to be discovered.
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Luo ZW, Dong ZX, Chen YF, Li HY, Tang QH, Li JL, Guo J. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of Apis cerana in Yunnan using high-throughput sequencing. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2557-2567. [PMID: 32666301 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbes play an important role in host disease and health. The Asian honey bee Apis cerana is an important pollinator of agricultural crops in China. However, there are still few studies on the structure and composition of the microbiota in the intestine of A. cerana, especially A. cerana in Yunnan. To understand the species and composition of the microbiota in the intestine of A. cerana in Yunnan, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to carry out 16S rRNA sequencing on 50 samples from Kunming, Xishuangbanna and Mengzi. The results show that both from the phylum level and the genus level, the structure and abundance of the microbiota in the gut of A. cerana from the three regions tended to be the same. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and other species was high in A. cerana from different areas. At the genus level, the abundance of Lactobacillus, Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, Apibacter, Candidatus Schmidhempelia and other species was high in A. cerana from different areas. Due to its unique geographical environment and climatic conditions, at the genus level, the diversity of bacterial communities in Xishuangbanna was significantly lower than that in the other two regions, which was about 100 genera less. In conclusion, our results reveal the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota of bees in Yunnan and deepen our understanding of the intestinal microbiota of bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Fei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Huan-Yuan Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi-He Tang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ji-Lian Li
- Institute of Apiculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Jun Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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29
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Shotgun sequencing of honey DNA can describe honey bee derived environmental signatures and the honey bee hologenome complexity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9279. [PMID: 32518251 PMCID: PMC7283317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are large-scale monitoring tools due to their extensive environmental exploration. In their activities and from the hive ecosystem complex, they get in close contact with many organisms whose traces can be transferred into the honey, which can represent an interesting reservoir of environmental DNA (eDNA) signatures and information useful to analyse the honey bee hologenome complexity. In this study, we tested a deep shotgun sequencing approach of honey DNA coupled with a specifically adapted bioinformatic pipeline. This methodology was applied to a few honey samples pointing out DNA sequences from 191 organisms spanning different kingdoms or phyla (viruses, bacteria, plants, fungi, protozoans, arthropods, mammals). Bacteria included the largest number of species. These multi-kingdom signatures listed common hive and honey bee gut microorganisms, honey bee pathogens, parasites and pests, which resembled a complex interplay that might provide a general picture of the honey bee pathosphere. Based on the Apis mellifera filamentous virus genome diversity (the most abundant detected DNA source) we obtained information that could define the origin of the honey at the apiary level. Mining Apis mellifera sequences made it possible to identify the honey bee subspecies both at the mitochondrial and nuclear genome levels.
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30
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Yañez O, Piot N, Dalmon A, de Miranda JR, Chantawannakul P, Panziera D, Amiri E, Smagghe G, Schroeder D, Chejanovsky N. Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:943. [PMID: 32547504 PMCID: PMC7270585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have recently reported on the discovery of bee viruses in different arthropod species and their possible transmission routes, vastly increasing our understanding of these viruses and their distribution. Here, we review the current literature on the recent advances in understanding the transmission of viruses, both on the presence of bee viruses in Apis and non-Apis bee species and on the discovery of previously unknown bee viruses. The natural transmission of bee viruses will be discussed among different bee species and other insects. Finally, the research potential of in vivo (host organisms) and in vitro (cell lines) serial passages of bee viruses is discussed, from the perspective of the host-virus landscape changes and potential transmission routes for emerging bee virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niels Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Dalmon
- INRAE, Unité de Recherche Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | | | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Delphine Panziera
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Halle-Jena-Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esmaeil Amiri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Declan Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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31
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Roberts JMK, Simbiken N, Dale C, Armstrong J, Anderson DL. Tolerance of Honey Bees to Varroa Mite in the Absence of Deformed Wing Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E575. [PMID: 32456246 PMCID: PMC7290856 DOI: 10.3390/v12050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor has emphasized the significance of viruses as pathogens of honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations. In particular, the association of deformed wing virus (DWV) with V. destructor and its devastating effect on honey bee colonies has led to that virus now becoming one of the most well-studied insect viruses. However, there has been no opportunity to examine the effects of Varroa mites without the influence of DWV. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the sister species, V. jacobsoni, has emerged through a host-shift to reproduce on the local A. mellifera population. After initial colony losses, beekeepers have maintained colonies without chemicals for more than a decade, suggesting that this bee population has an unknown mite tolerance mechanism. Using high throughput sequencing (HTS) and target PCR detection, we investigated whether the viral landscape of the PNG honey bee population is the underlying factor responsible for mite tolerance. We found A. mellifera and A. cerana from PNG and nearby Solomon Islands were predominantly infected by sacbrood virus (SBV), black queen cell virus (BQCV) and Lake Sinai viruses (LSV), with no evidence for any DWV strains. V. jacobsoni was infected by several viral homologs to recently discovered V. destructor viruses, but Varroa jacobsoni rhabdovirus-1 (ARV-1 homolog) was the only virus detected in both mites and honey bees. We conclude from these findings that A. mellifera in PNG may tolerate V. jacobsoni because the damage from parasitism is significantly reduced without DWV. This study also provides further evidence that DWV does not exist as a covert infection in all honey bee populations, and remaining free of this serious viral pathogen can have important implications for bee health outcomes in the face of Varroa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. K. Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Nelson Simbiken
- Coffee Industry Corporation Ltd., Goroka 441, Papua New Guinea;
| | - Chris Dale
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Joel Armstrong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Denis L. Anderson
- Research and Development Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture & Food Safety Authority, Al Ain, UAE;
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Beaurepaire A, Piot N, Doublet V, Antunez K, Campbell E, Chantawannakul P, Chejanovsky N, Gajda A, Heerman M, Panziera D, Smagghe G, Yañez O, de Miranda JR, Dalmon A. Diversity and Global Distribution of Viruses of the Western Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. INSECTS 2020; 11:E239. [PMID: 32290327 PMCID: PMC7240362 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the past centuries, viruses have benefited from globalization to spread across the globe, infecting new host species and populations. A growing number of viruses have been documented in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Several of these contribute significantly to honey bee colony losses. This review synthetizes the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of honey-bee-infecting viruses, including recent data from high-throughput sequencing (HTS). After presenting the diversity of viruses and their corresponding symptoms, we surveyed the scientific literature for the prevalence of these pathogens across the globe. The geographical distribution shows that the most prevalent viruses (deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus and acute paralysis complex) are also the most widely distributed. We discuss the ecological drivers that influence the distribution of these pathogens in worldwide honey bee populations. Besides the natural transmission routes and the resulting temporal dynamics, global trade contributes to their dissemination. As recent evidence shows that these viruses are often multihost pathogens, their spread is a risk for both the beekeeping industry and the pollination services provided by managed and wild pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Beaurepaire
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland;
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
- UR Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Niels Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Vincent Doublet
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 86069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Karina Antunez
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Ewan Campbell
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Tel Aviv 5025001, Israel;
| | - Anna Gajda
- Laboratory of Bee Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Delphine Panziera
- Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland;
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim R. de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anne Dalmon
- UR Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France;
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Gómez GF, Isaza JP, Segura JA, Alzate JF, Gutiérrez LA. Metatranscriptomic virome assessment of Rhipicephalus microplus from Colombia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101426. [PMID: 32473925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ticks (Ixodida) are hematophagous ectoparasites that harbor and transmit diverse species of viruses, some of which cause serious diseases with worldwide veterinary and human health consequences. Rhipicephalus microplus is an important cattle tick in Colombia, where it causes significant economic losses. Despite the importance of this tick, its viral profile is unknown. RNA sequencing was used in this study as a surveillance method for virus detection in R. microplus. Most of the viral origin contigs were assigned to two putative viruses: one chuvirus (Wuhan tick virus 2) and one phlebovirus-like (Lihan tick virus). In addition, viral contigs corresponding to two jingmenviruses previously reported in R. microplus from China and Brazil were detected, as well as a novel putative tymovirus, named here as Antioquia tymovirus-like 1 (ATV-like 1). The presence of some of these viruses across numerous regions in the world could have several explanations, including i) a long-term association between those viruses and R. microplus and ii) a consequence of livestock historical trade. Our results shed new light on the virus diversity of this tick species and provide a basis for further studies on the evolutionary history and pathogenic potential of these interesting viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovan F Gómez
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Juan P Isaza
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan A Segura
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Grupo de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Dobelmann J, Felden A, Lester PJ. Genetic Strain Diversity of Multi-Host RNA Viruses that Infect a Wide Range of Pollinators and Associates is Shaped by Geographic Origins. Viruses 2020; 12:E358. [PMID: 32213950 PMCID: PMC7150836 DOI: 10.3390/v12030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses have caused concerns about pollinator population declines, as multi-host RNA viruses may pose a health threat to pollinators and associated arthropods. In order to understand the ecology and impact these viruses have, we studied their host range and determined to what extent host and spatial variation affect strain diversity. Firstly, we used RT-PCR to screen pollinators and associates, including honey bees (Apis mellifera) and invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), for virus presence and replication. We tested for the black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) that were initially detected in bees, and the two recently discovered Linepithema humile bunya-like virus 1 (LhuBLV1) and Moku virus (MKV). DWV, KBV, and MKV were detected and replicated in a wide range of hosts and commonly co-infected hymenopterans. Secondly, we placed KBV and DWV in a global phylogeny with sequences from various countries and hosts to determine the association of geographic origin and host with shared ancestry. Both phylogenies showed strong geographic rather than host-specific clustering, suggesting frequent inter-species virus transmission. Transmission routes between hosts are largely unknown. Nonetheless, avoiding the introduction of non-native species and diseased pollinators appears important to limit spill overs and disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dobelmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.F.); (P.J.L.)
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35
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Grozinger CM, Zayed A. Improving bee health through genomics. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:277-291. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Obbard DJ, Shi M, Roberts KE, Longdon B, Dennis AB. A new lineage of segmented RNA viruses infecting animals. Virus Evol 2020; 6:vez061. [PMID: 31976084 PMCID: PMC6966834 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic sequencing has revolutionised our knowledge of virus diversity, with new virus sequences being reported faster than ever before. However, virus discovery from metagenomic sequencing usually depends on detectable homology: without a sufficiently close relative, so-called 'dark' virus sequences remain unrecognisable. An alternative approach is to use virus-identification methods that do not depend on detecting homology, such as virus recognition by host antiviral immunity. For example, virus-derived small RNAs have previously been used to propose 'dark' virus sequences associated with the Drosophilidae (Diptera). Here, we combine published Drosophila data with a comprehensive search of transcriptomic sequences and selected meta-transcriptomic datasets to identify a completely new lineage of segmented positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that we provisionally refer to as the Quenyaviruses. Each of the five segments contains a single open reading frame, with most encoding proteins showing no detectable similarity to characterised viruses, and one sharing a small number of residues with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of single- and double-stranded RNA viruses. Using these sequences, we identify close relatives in approximately 20 arthropods, including insects, crustaceans, spiders, and a myriapod. Using a more conserved sequence from the putative polymerase, we further identify relatives in meta-transcriptomic datasets from gut, gill, and lung tissues of vertebrates, reflecting infections of vertebrates or of their associated parasites. Our data illustrate the utility of small RNAs to detect viruses with limited sequence conservation, and provide robust evidence for a new deeply divergent and phylogenetically distinct RNA virus lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Mang Shi
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine E Roberts
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ben Longdon
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Alice B Dennis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Bramke K, Müller U, McMahon DP, Rolff J. Exposure of Larvae of the Solitary Bee Osmia bicornis to the Honey Bee Pathogen Nosema ceranae Affects Life History. INSECTS 2019; 10:E380. [PMID: 31683739 PMCID: PMC6921066 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wild bees are important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops and they are threatened by several environmental stressors including emerging pathogens. Honey bees have been suggested as a potential source of pathogen spillover. One prevalent pathogen that has recently emerged as a honey bee disease is the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. While the impacts of N. ceranae in honey bees are well documented, virtually nothing is known about its effects in solitary wild bees. The solitary mason bee Osmia bicornis is a common pollinator in orchards and amenable to commercial management. Here, we experimentally exposed larvae of O. bicornis to food contaminated with N. ceranae and document spore presence during larval development. We measured mortality, growth parameters, and timing of pupation in a semi-field experiment. Hatched individuals were assessed for physiological state including fat body mass, wing muscle mass, and body size. We recorded higher mortality in the viable-spore-exposed group but could only detect a low number of spores among the individuals of this treatment. Viable-spore-treated individuals with higher head capsule width had a delayed pupation start. No impact on the physiological status could be detected in hatched imagines. Although we did not find overt evidence of O. bicornis infection, our findings indicate that exposure of larvae to viable N. ceranae spores could affect bee development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bramke
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uta Müller
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Abteilung 4 Material und Umwelt, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens Rolff
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Hassanyar AK, Huang S, Li Z, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Raza MF, Qasim M, Hussain M, Su S. Prevalence of bee viruses in Apis cerana cerana populations from different locations in the Fujian Province of China. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00830. [PMID: 30884179 PMCID: PMC6741300 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of honeybee viral diseases has recently been causing major problems in the beekeeping industry, causing economic losses worldwide. Honeybees are susceptible to a variety of diseases and various pathogens. Among these pathogens, prevalence viruses, along with other factors, are seriously threatening the health of bee species. In the present study, samples were collected from 80 Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) colonies from three different locations, Cangshan, Fuan, and Yongtai, in the Fujian Province of China. All samples were screened using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detection of seven honeybee viruses, namely, Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), and Kashmir bee virus (KBV). Our results showed that CSBV was the most prevalent as it was detected in (90%), of the samples, DWV was detected in (81.25%), and IAPV was detected in (26.25%). In contrast, insignificant prevalence results were obtained from all apiaries for BQCV, CBPV, APBV, and KBV, which were not detected in any sample. Here, we are providing the first report on the molecular detection of honeybee viruses, especially the prevalence of IAPV, from different regions in the Fujian Province of China with a high prevalence of bee viruses, on A. c. cerana, and there is great concern for the presence of honeybee viruses in the population of the native honeybee (A. c. cerana) in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyChemical Ecology Group Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Muhammad Fahad Raza
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of HorticultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Songkun Su
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Caesar L, Cibulski SP, Canal CW, Blochtein B, Sattler A, Haag KL. The virome of an endangered stingless bee suffering from annual mortality in southern Brazil. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1153-1164. [PMID: 31169486 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meliponiculture - the management of stingless bee colonies - is an expanding activity in Brazil with economic, social and environmental potential. However, unlike in apiculture, the pathogens that impact on meliponiculture remain largely unknown. In southern Brazil, every year at the end of the summer, managed colonies of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata manifest a syndrome that eventually leads to collapse. Here we characterize the M. quadrifasciata virome using high-throughput sequencing, with the aim of identifying potentially pathogenic viruses, and test whether they are related to the syndrome outbreaks. Two paired viromes are explored, one from healthy bees and another from unhealthy ones. Each virome is built from metagenomes assembled from sequencing reads derived either from RNA or DNA. A total of 40 621 reads map to viral contigs of the unhealthy bees' metagenomes, whereas only 11 reads map to contigs identified as viruses of healthy bees. The viruses showing the largest copy numbers in the virome of unhealthy bees belong to the family Dicistroviridae - common pathogenic honeybee viruses - as well as Parvoviridae and Circoviridae, which have never been reported as being pathogenic in insects. Our analyses indicate that they represent seven novel viruses associated with stingless bees. PCR-based detection of these viruses in individual bees (healthy or unhealthy) from three different localities revealed a statistically significant association between viral infection and symptom manifestation in one meliponary. We conclude that although viral infections may contribute to colony collapses in the annual syndrome in some meliponaries, viruses spread opportunistically during the outbreak, perhaps due to colony weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Caesar
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Paulo Cibulski
- 2 Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- 2 Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Betina Blochtein
- 3 Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aroni Sattler
- 4 Laboratório de Apicultura, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Luisa Haag
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- 5 Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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40
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Tay WT, Gordon KHJ. Going global - genomic insights into insect invasions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 31:123-130. [PMID: 31109665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spread of invasive insect pests is becoming an increasing problem for agriculture globally. We discuss a number of invasive insects, already of major economic significance that have recently expanded their range to become truly global threats. These include the noctuid moths Helicoverpa and Spodoptera, whose caterpillars have long been among the worst pests in their native Old and New World habitats, respectively, and the whitefly Bemisia, a major vector of plant virus diseases. Importantly, genomic resources for these species have recently become available, allowing research to move beyond the restrictions imposed by earlier approaches limited to a single or few mitochondrial and nuclear markers, to employ genome-wide genotyping and resequencing protocols. These studies have shown hybridisation within the various species complexes, identified regions under selection in agricultural environments, and enable monitoring of genes important as biosecurity risks through introgression into established populations free of the genes. In all cases studied, global trade has emerged as the probable cause of insect spread, making it ever more important that biosecurity protocols and agencies work with researchers to make the most effective use of emerging genomic resources and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
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41
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Levitzky N, Smith E, Lachman O, Luria N, Mizrahi Y, Bakelman H, Sela N, Laskar O, Milrot E, Dombrovsky A. The bumblebee Bombus terrestris carries a primary inoculum of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus contributing to disease spread in tomatoes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210871. [PMID: 30653593 PMCID: PMC6336271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is a beneficial pollinator extensively used in tomato production. Our hypothesis was that bumblebee hives collected from a Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infected tomato greenhouse, preserve an infectious primary inoculum. Placing a bumblebee hive collected from a ToBRFV contaminated greenhouse, in a glass-/net-house containing only uninfected healthy tomato plants, spread ToBRFV disease. Control uninfected tomato plants grown in a glass-/net-house devoid of any beehive remained uninfected. ToBRFV-contaminated hives carried infectious viral particles as demonstrated in a biological assay on laboratory test plants of virus extracted from hive components. Viral particles isolated from a contaminated hive had a typical tobamovirus morphology observed in transmission electron microscopy. Assembly of ToBRFV genome was achieved by next generation sequencing analysis of RNA adhering to the bumblebee body. Bumblebee dissection showed that ToBRFV was mostly present in the abdomen suggesting viral disease spread via buzz pollination. These results demonstrate that bumblebee hives collected from ToBRFV-contaminated greenhouses carry a primary inoculum that reflects the status of viruses in the growing area. This new mode of ToBRFV spread by pollinators opens an avenue for detection of viruses in a growing area through analysis of the pollinators, as well as emphasizes the need to reevaluate the appropriate disease management protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Levitzky
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Elisheva Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oded Lachman
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yaniv Mizrahi
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Agroecology and plant health, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helen Bakelman
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Orly Laskar
- Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Milrot
- Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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42
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Abstract
Bees-including solitary, social, wild, and managed species-are key pollinators of flowering plant species, including nearly three-quarters of global food crops. Their ecological importance, coupled with increased annual losses of managed honey bees and declines in populations of key wild species, has focused attention on the factors that adversely affect bee health, including viral pathogens. Genomic approaches have dramatically expanded understanding of the diversity of viruses that infect bees, the complexity of their transmission routes-including intergenus transmission-and the diversity of strategies bees have evolved to combat virus infections, with RNA-mediated responses playing a prominent role. Moreover, the impacts of viruses on their hosts are exacerbated by the other major stressors bee populations face, including parasites, poor nutrition, and exposure to chemicals. Unraveling the complex relationships between viruses and their bee hosts will lead to improved understanding of viral ecology and management strategies that support better bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology and Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA;
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Li J, Heerman MC, Evans JD, Rose R, Li W, Rodríguez-García C, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Zhao Y, Huang S, Li Z, Hamilton M, Chen Y. Pollen reverses decreased lifespan, altered nutritional metabolism, and suppressed immunity in honey bees (Apis mellifera) treated with antibiotics. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.202077. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is involved in regulating multiple aspects of honeybee biology such as caste, immunity, lifespan, growth and behavioral development. Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a major pathogenic factor which threatens honeybee populations, and its replication is regulated by nutrition status and immune responses of honeybees. The alimentary canal of the honeybee is home to a diverse microbial community that provides essential nutrients and serves to bolster immune responses. However, to what extent gut bacteria affect honeybee nutrition metabolism and immunity with respect to DWV has not been investigated fully. In this study, newly emerged worker bees were subjected to four diets that contained 1) pollen, 2) pollen and antibiotics, 3) neither pollen nor antibiotics, 4) antibiotics alone. The expression level of two nutrition genes target of rapamycin (tor) and insulin like peptide (ilp1), one nutritional marker gene vitellogenin (vg), five major royal jelly proteins genes (mrjp1-5), one antimicrobial peptide regulating gene relish (rel), and DWV virus titer and its replication intermediate, negative RNA strand, were determined by qRT-PCR from the honeybees after 7 days post antibiotic treatment. Additionally, honeybee head weight and survival rate were measured. We observed that antibiotics decreased the expression of tor and rel, increased DWV titer and its replication activity. Expression of ilp1, five mrjps, vg, and honeybee head weight were also reduced compared to bees on a pollen diet. Antibiotics also caused a significant drop in survivorship, which could be rescued by addition of pollen to diets. Of importance, pollen could partially rescue the loss of vg and mrjp2 while also increasing head weight of antibiotic-treated bees. Our results illuminate the roles of bacteria in honeybee nutrition, metabolism, and immunity; which confer the capability of inhibiting virus replication, extending honeybee lifespan, and improving overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Li
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Matthew C. Heerman
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jay D. Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Robyn Rose
- USDA APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA
| | - Wenfeng Li
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | - Yazhou Zhao
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Michele Hamilton
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Cirkovic D, Stevanovic J, Glavinic U, Aleksic N, Djuric S, Aleksic J, Stanimirovic Z. Honey bee viruses in Serbian colonies of different strength. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5887. [PMID: 30479890 PMCID: PMC6240340 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of honey bees is of great economic importance because of their role in pollination. Crucial steps towards this goal are epidemiological surveys of pathogens connected with honey bee losses. In this study deformed wing virus (DWV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and sacbrood virus (SBV) were investigated in colonies of different strength located in five regions of Serbia. The relationship between colony strength and virus occurrence/infection intensity were assessed as well as the genetic relationship between virus sequences from Serbia and worldwide. Real-time RT-PCR analyses detected at least one virus in 87.33% of colonies. Single infection was found in 28.67% colonies (21.33%, 4.00%, 2.67% and 0.67% in cases of DWV, ABPV, SBV and CBPV, respectively). In the majority of colonies (58.66%) more than one virus was found. The most prevalent was DWV (74%), followed by ABPV, SBV and CBPV (49.30%, 24.00% and 6.70%, respectively). Except for DWV, the prevalence of the remaining three viruses significantly varied between the regions. No significant differences were found between colony strength and either (i) the prevalence of DWV, ABPV, SBV, CBPV and their combinations, or (ii) DWV infection levels. The sequences of honey bee viruses obtained from bees in Serbia were 93-99% identical with those deposited in GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Cirkovic
- Department of Chemical and Technological Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Jevrosima Stevanovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Glavinic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Aleksic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Spomenka Djuric
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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45
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Stamets PE, Naeger NL, Evans JD, Han JO, Hopkins BK, Lopez D, Moershel HM, Nally R, Sumerlin D, Taylor AW, Carris LM, Sheppard WS. Extracts of Polypore Mushroom Mycelia Reduce Viruses in Honey Bees. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13936. [PMID: 30287824 PMCID: PMC6172205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Waves of highly infectious viruses sweeping through global honey bee populations have contributed to recent declines in honey bee health. Bees have been observed foraging on mushroom mycelium, suggesting that they may be deriving medicinal or nutritional value from fungi. Fungi are known to produce a wide array of chemicals with antimicrobial activity, including compounds active against bacteria, other fungi, or viruses. We tested extracts from the mycelium of multiple polypore fungal species known to have antiviral properties. Extracts from amadou (Fomes) and reishi (Ganoderma) fungi reduced the levels of honey bee deformed wing virus (DWV) and Lake Sinai virus (LSV) in a dose-dependent manner. In field trials, colonies fed Ganoderma resinaceum extract exhibited a 79-fold reduction in DWV and a 45,000-fold reduction in LSV compared to control colonies. These findings indicate honey bees may gain health benefits from fungi and their antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Regan Nally
- Fungi Perfecti, LLC. Olympia, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Lori M Carris
- Washington State University. Pullman, Washington, USA
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