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Williams JR, Sackett CA, Ahlers H, Aveline DC, Boegel P, Botsi S, Charron E, Elliott ER, Gaaloul N, Giese E, Herr W, Kellogg JR, Kohel JM, Lay NE, Meister M, Müller G, Müller H, Oudrhiri K, Phillips L, Pichery A, Rasel EM, Roura A, Sbroscia M, Schleich WP, Schneider C, Schubert C, Sen B, Thompson RJ, Bigelow NP. Pathfinder experiments with atom interferometry in the Cold Atom Lab onboard the International Space Station. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6414. [PMID: 39138156 PMCID: PMC11322301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Deployment of ultracold atom interferometers (AI) into space will capitalize on quantum advantages and the extended freefall of persistent microgravity to provide high-precision measurement capabilities for gravitational, Earth, and planetary sciences, and to enable searches for subtle forces signifying physics beyond General Relativity and the Standard Model. NASA's Cold Atom Lab (CAL) operates onboard the International Space Station as a multi-user facility for fundamental studies of ultracold atoms and to mature space-based quantum technologies. We report on pathfinding experiments utilizing ultracold 87Rb atoms in the CAL AI. A three-pulse Mach-Zehnder interferometer was studied to understand the influence of ISS vibrations. Additionally, Ramsey shear-wave interferometry was used to manifest interference patterns in a single run that were observable for over 150 ms free-expansion time. Finally, the CAL AI was used to remotely measure the Bragg laser photon recoil as a demonstration of the first quantum sensor using matter-wave interferometry in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Williams
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Charles A Sackett
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Holger Ahlers
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Satellite Geodesy and Inertial Sensing, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - David C Aveline
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Patrick Boegel
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sofia Botsi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Eric Charron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ethan R Elliott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Naceur Gaaloul
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Enno Giese
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich Physik, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Waldemar Herr
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Satellite Geodesy and Inertial Sensing, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - James R Kellogg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - James M Kohel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Norman E Lay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Matthias Meister
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Quantum Technologies, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gabriel Müller
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kamal Oudrhiri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Leah Phillips
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Annie Pichery
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ernst M Rasel
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Albert Roura
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Quantum Technologies, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matteo Sbroscia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Wolfgang P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christian Schneider
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Christian Schubert
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Satellite Geodesy and Inertial Sensing, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bejoy Sen
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Robert J Thompson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Nicholas P Bigelow
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Optics, Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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Sabulsky DO, Junca J, Zou X, Bertoldi A, Prevedelli M, Beaufils Q, Geiger R, Landragin A, Bouyer P, Canuel B. Multiphoton Atom Interferometry via Cavity-Enhanced Bragg Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:213601. [PMID: 38856273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel atom interferometer configuration that combines large momentum transfer with the enhancement of an optical resonator for the purpose of measuring gravitational strain in the horizontal directions. Using Bragg diffraction and taking advantage of the optical gain provided by the resonator, we achieve momentum transfer up to 8ℏk with mW level optical power in a cm-sized resonating waist. Importantly, our experiment uses an original resonator design that allows for a large resonating beam waist and eliminates the need to trap atoms in cavity modes. We demonstrate inertial sensitivity in the horizontal direction by measuring the change in tilt of our resonator. This result paves the way for future hybrid atom or optical gravitational wave detectors. Furthermore, the versatility of our method extends to a wide range of measurement geometries and atomic sources, opening up new avenues for the realization of highly sensitive inertial atom sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - J Junca
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - X Zou
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Q Beaufils
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - R Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
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3
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Cervantes JM, Gomez E. Effect of an aperture in atomic gravimetry. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2024; 41:881-891. [PMID: 38856575 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.503050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
There is a continuous interest in shrinking the dimensions of portable atomic gravimeters. This inevitably ends up truncating the Gaussian wings of the excitation laser beams whose effect has not been properly quantified yet. The diffraction pattern created from this aperture creates ripples in the wavefront in both the phase and the intensity. We calculate the shift in the measured value of an atomic gravimeter introduced by the phase variations in the wavefront. Fortunately, this shift has a Gaussian decay with the aperture size. For extended clouds, we observe a reduction of the effect thanks to an averaging over transverse positions with different values of the shift. Surprisingly, we found that the intensity variations also introduce an important correction to the photon recoil, which contributes at about the same level as the previous shift in the measurement of the gravitational acceleration. Our results should help decide how small an apparatus can be to guarantee a particular accuracy.
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Béguin A, Rodzinka T, Calmels L, Allard B, Gauguet A. Atom Interferometry with Coherent Enhancement of Bragg Pulse Sequences. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:143401. [PMID: 37862657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the realization of light-pulse atom interferometers with large-momentum-transfer atom optics based on a sequence of Bragg transitions. We demonstrate momentum splitting up to 200 photon recoils in an ultracold atom interferometer. We highlight a new mechanism of destructive interference of the losses leading to a sizable efficiency enhancement of the beam splitters. We perform a comprehensive study of parasitic interferometers due to the inherent multiport feature of the quasi-Bragg pulses. Finally, we experimentally verify the phase shift enhancement and characterize the interferometer visibility loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Béguin
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - T Rodzinka
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - L Calmels
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - B Allard
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - A Gauguet
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
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5
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Kirsten-Siemß JN, Fitzek F, Schubert C, Rasel EM, Gaaloul N, Hammerer K. Large-Momentum-Transfer Atom Interferometers with μrad-Accuracy Using Bragg Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:033602. [PMID: 37540849 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Large-momentum-transfer (LMT) atom interferometers using elastic Bragg scattering on light waves are among the most precise quantum sensors to date. To advance their accuracy from the mrad to the μrad regime, it is necessary to understand the rich phenomenology of the Bragg interferometer, which differs significantly from that of a standard two-mode interferometer. We develop an analytic model for the interferometer signal and demonstrate its accuracy using comprehensive numerical simulations. Our analytic treatment allows the determination of the atomic projection noise limit of a LMT Bragg interferometer and provides the means to saturate this limit. It affords accurate knowledge of the systematic phase errors as well as their suppression by 2 orders of magnitude down to a few μrad using appropriate light-pulse parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-N Kirsten-Siemß
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - F Fitzek
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Schubert
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, Callinstraße 30b, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E M Rasel
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Gaaloul
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hammerer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Bertone G, Buchmueller OL, Cole PS. Perspectives on fundamental cosmology from Low Earth Orbit and the Moon. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:10. [PMID: 36725853 PMCID: PMC9892595 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The next generation of space-based experiments will go hunting for answers to cosmology's key open questions which revolve around inflation, dark matter and dark energy. Low earth orbit and lunar missions within the European Space Agency's Human and Robotic Exploration programme can push our knowledge forward in all of these three fields. A radio interferometer on the Moon, a cold atom interferometer in low earth orbit and a gravitational wave interferometer on the Moon are highlighted as the most fruitful missions to plan and execute in the mid-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Bertone
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA), Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam and Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver L. Buchmueller
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BX United Kingdom
| | - Philippa S. Cole
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA), Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam and Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Beaufils Q, Sidorenkov LA, Lebegue P, Venon B, Holleville D, Volodimer L, Lours M, Junca J, Zou X, Bertoldi A, Prevedelli M, Sabulsky DO, Bouyer P, Landragin A, Canuel B, Geiger R. Cold-atom sources for the Matter-wave laser Interferometric Gravitation Antenna (MIGA). Sci Rep 2022; 12:19000. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe Matter-wave laser Interferometric Gravitation Antenna (MIGA) is an underground instrument using cold-atom interferometry to perform precision measurements of gravity gradients and strains. Following its installation at the low noise underground laboratory LSBB in the South-East of France, it will serve as a prototype for gravitational wave detectors with a horizontal baseline of 150 meters. Three spatially separated cold-atom interferometers will be driven by two common counter-propagating lasers to perform a measurement of the gravity gradient along this baseline. This article presents the cold-atom sources of MIGA, focusing on the design choices, the realization of the systems, the performances and the integration within the MIGA instrument.
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Entanglement-enhanced matter-wave interferometry in a high-finesse cavity. Nature 2022; 610:472-477. [PMID: 36261551 PMCID: PMC9581775 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An ensemble of atoms can operate as a quantum sensor by placing atoms in a superposition of two different states. Upon measurement of the sensor, each atom is individually projected into one of the two states. Creating quantum correlations between the atoms, that is entangling them, could lead to resolutions surpassing the standard quantum limit1–3 set by projections of individual atoms. Large amounts of entanglement4–6 involving the internal degrees of freedom of laser-cooled atomic ensembles4–16 have been generated in collective cavity quantum-electrodynamics systems, in which many atoms simultaneously interact with a single optical cavity mode. Here we report a matter-wave interferometer in a cavity quantum-electrodynamics system of 700 atoms that are entangled in their external degrees of freedom. In our system, each individual atom falls freely under gravity and simultaneously traverses two paths through space while entangled with the other atoms. We demonstrate both quantum non-demolition measurements and cavity-mediated spin interactions for generating squeezed momentum states with directly observed sensitivity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$2\,.\,{5}_{-0.6}^{+0.6}$$\end{document}2.5−0.6+0.6 dB below the standard quantum limit, respectively. We successfully inject an entangled state into a Mach–Zehnder light-pulse interferometer with directly observed sensitivity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1\,.\,{7}_{-0.5}^{+0.5}$$\end{document}1.7−0.5+0.5 dB below the standard quantum limit. The combination of particle delocalization and entanglement in our approach may influence developments of enhanced inertial sensors17,18, searches for new physics, particles and fields19–23, future advanced gravitational wave detectors24,25 and accessing beyond mean-field quantum many-body physics26–30. A matter-wave interferometer is demonstrated with an interferometric phase noise below the standard quantum limit, combining two core concepts of quantum mechanics, that a particle can simultaneously be in two places at once and entanglement between distinct particles.
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A compact cold-atom interferometer with a high data-rate grating magneto-optical trap and a photonic-integrated-circuit-compatible laser system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5131. [PMID: 36050325 PMCID: PMC9436985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization of a cold-atom interferometer accelerometer requires the development of novel technologies and architectures for the interferometer subsystems. Here, we describe several component technologies and a laser system architecture to enable a path to such miniaturization. We developed a custom, compact titanium vacuum package containing a microfabricated grating chip for a tetrahedral grating magneto-optical trap (GMOT) using a single cooling beam. In addition, we designed a multi-channel photonic-integrated-circuit-compatible laser system implemented with a single seed laser and single sideband modulators in a time-multiplexed manner, reducing the number of optical channels connected to the sensor head. In a compact sensor head containing the vacuum package, sub-Doppler cooling in the GMOT produces 15 μK temperatures, and the GMOT can operate at a 20 Hz data rate. We validated the atomic coherence with Ramsey interferometry using microwave spectroscopy, then demonstrated a light-pulse atom interferometer in a gravimeter configuration for a 10 Hz measurement data rate and T = 0–4.5 ms interrogation time, resulting in Δg/g = 2.0 × 10−6. This work represents a significant step towards deployable cold-atom inertial sensors under large amplitude motional dynamics. Cold-atom interferometers have been miniaturized towards fieldable quantum inertial sensing applications. Here the authors demonstrate a compact cold-atom interferometer using microfabricated gratings and discuss the possible use of photonic integrated circuits for laser systems.
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Xu R, Wang Q, Yan S, Hou Z, He C, Ji Y, Li Z, Jiang J, Qiao B, Zhou L, Wang J, Zhan M. Modular-assembled laser system for a long-baseline atom interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4648-4654. [PMID: 36255941 DOI: 10.1364/ao.458361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Zhaoshan long-baseline Atom Interferometer Gravitation Antenna (ZAIGA) is a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of large-scale atom interferometer facility under construction for the study of gravitation and related problems. To meet the different requirements of the laser system for the atom interferometer using various atoms (including 85Rb, 87Rb, 87Sr, and 88Sr), we design and implement a modular assembled laser system. By dividing the laser system into different basic units according to their functions and modularizing each unit, the laser system is made highly scalable while being compact and stable. Its intensity stability is better than 0.1% in 102s and 0.5% in 104s. We test the performance of the laser system with two experimental systems, i.e., an 85Rb-87Rb dual-species ultracold atom source and an 85Rb atom interferometer. The 85Rb-87Rb dual-species magneto-optical trap and the 85Rb atom interference fringes are realized by using this laser system, indicating that its technical performance can meet the major experimental requirements.
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11
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Continuous Bose-Einstein condensation. Nature 2022; 606:683-687. [PMID: 35676487 PMCID: PMC9217748 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are macroscopic coherent matter waves that have revolutionized quantum science and atomic physics. They are important to quantum simulation1 and sensing2,3, for example, underlying atom interferometers in space4 and ambitious tests of Einstein's equivalence principle5,6. A long-standing constraint for quantum gas devices has been the need to execute cooling stages time-sequentially, restricting these devices to pulsed operation. Here we demonstrate continuous Bose-Einstein condensation by creating a continuous-wave (CW) condensate of strontium atoms that lasts indefinitely. The coherent matter wave is sustained by amplification through Bose-stimulated gain of atoms from a thermal bath. By steadily replenishing this bath while achieving 1,000 times higher phase-space densities than previous works7,8, we maintain the conditions for condensation. Our experiment is the matter wave analogue of a CW optical laser with fully reflective cavity mirrors. This proof-of-principle demonstration provides a new, hitherto missing piece of atom optics, enabling the construction of continuous coherent-matter-wave devices.
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Badurina L, Buchmueller O, Ellis J, Lewicki M, McCabe C, Vaskonen V. Prospective sensitivities of atom interferometers to gravitational waves and ultralight dark matter. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210060. [PMID: 34923845 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We survey the prospective sensitivities of terrestrial and space-borne atom interferometers to gravitational waves generated by cosmological and astrophysical sources, and to ultralight dark matter. We discuss the backgrounds from gravitational gradient noise in terrestrial detectors, and also binary pulsar and asteroid backgrounds in space-borne detectors. We compare the sensitivities of LIGO and LISA with those of the 100 m and 1 km stages of the AION terrestrial AI project, as well as two options for the proposed AEDGE AI space mission with cold atom clouds either inside or outside the spacecraft, considering as possible sources the mergers of black holes and neutron stars, supernovae, phase transitions in the early Universe, cosmic strings and quantum fluctuations in the early Universe that could have generated primordial black holes. We also review the capabilities of AION and AEDGE for detecting coherent waves of ultralight scalar dark matter. AION-REPORT/2021-04 KCL-PH-TH/2021-61, CERN-TH-2021-116 This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Badurina
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Oliver Buchmueller
- High Energy Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John Ellis
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, Geneva 23 1211, Switzerland
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, Tallinn 10143, Estonia
| | - Marek Lewicki
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ville Vaskonen
- Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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13
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Implications of Quantum Gravity for Dark Matter Searches with Atom Interferometers. UNIVERSE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/universe8020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this brief paper, we show that atom interferometer experiments such as MAGIS, AION and AEDGE do not only have the potential to probe very light dark matter models, but will also probe quantum gravity. We show that the linear coupling of a singlet scalar dark matter particle to electrons or photons is already ruled out by our current understanding of quantum gravity coupled to data from torsion pendulum experiments. On the other hand, the quadratic coupling of scalar dark matter to electrons and photons has a large viable parameter space which will be probed by these atom interferometers. Implications for searches of quantum gravity are discussed.
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14
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Bustamante-Rosell MJ, Meyers J, Pearson N, Trendafilova C, Zimmerman A. Gravitational wave timing array. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.044005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Trenkwalder A, Zaccanti M, Poli N. A flexible system-on-a-chip control hardware for atomic, molecular, and optical physics experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:105103. [PMID: 34717387 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have implemented a control system core for experiments in atomic, molecular, and optical physics based on a commercial low-cost board, featuring a field-programmable gate array as part of a system-on-a-chip on which a Linux operating system is running. The board features Gigabit Ethernet, allowing for fast data transmission and operation of remote experimental systems. A single board can control a set of devices generating digital, analog, and radio frequency signals with precise timing given either by an external or internal clock. Contiguous output and input sampling rates of up to 40 MHz are achievable. Several boards can run synchronously with a timing error approaching 1 ns. For this purpose, a novel auto-synchronization scheme is demonstrated, with possible application in complex distributed experimental setups with demanding timing requests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trenkwalder
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Zaccanti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - N Poli
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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16
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Anders F, Idel A, Feldmann P, Bondarenko D, Loriani S, Lange K, Peise J, Gersemann M, Meyer-Hoppe B, Abend S, Gaaloul N, Schubert C, Schlippert D, Santos L, Rasel E, Klempt C. Momentum Entanglement for Atom Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:140402. [PMID: 34652182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.140402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Compared to light interferometers, the flux in cold-atom interferometers is low and the associated shot noise is large. Sensitivities beyond these limitations require the preparation of entangled atoms in different momentum modes. Here, we demonstrate a source of entangled atoms that is compatible with state-of-the-art interferometers. Entanglement is transferred from the spin degree of freedom of a Bose-Einstein condensate to well-separated momentum modes, witnessed by a squeezing parameter of -3.1(8) dB. Entanglement-enhanced atom interferometers promise unprecedented sensitivities for quantum gradiometers or gravitational wave detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anders
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Idel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Feldmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Bondarenko
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Loriani
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Lange
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Peise
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Gersemann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - B Meyer-Hoppe
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Schubert
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, c/o Leibniz, Universität Hannover, DLR-SI, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Schlippert
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - L Santos
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Klempt
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, c/o Leibniz, Universität Hannover, DLR-SI, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Bertoldi A, Feng CH, Naik DS, Canuel B, Bouyer P, Prevedelli M. Fast Control of Atom-Light Interaction in a Narrow Linewidth Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:013202. [PMID: 34270276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.013202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method to exploit high-finesse optical resonators for light-assisted coherent manipulation of atomic ensembles, overcoming the limit imposed by the finite response time of the cavity. The key element of our scheme is to rapidly switch the interaction between the atoms and the cavity field with an auxiliary control process as, for example, the light shift induced by an optical beam. The scheme is applicable to other atomic species, both in trapped and free fall configurations, and can be adopted to control the internal and/or external atomic degrees of freedom. Our method will open new possibilities in cavity-aided atom interferometry and in the preparation of highly nonclassical atomic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertoldi
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, IOGS, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - C-H Feng
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, IOGS, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - D S Naik
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, IOGS, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, IOGS, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, IOGS, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Brown D, Cao HT, Ciobanu A, Veitch P, Ottaway D. Differential wavefront sensing and control using radio-frequency optical demodulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15995-16006. [PMID: 34154172 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Differential wavefront sensing is an essential technique for optimising the performance of many precision interferometric experiments. Perhaps the most extensive application of this is for alignment sensing using radio-frequency beats measured with quadrant photodiodes. Here we present a new technique that uses optical demodulation to measure such optical beats at high resolutions using commercial laboratory equipment. We experimentally demonstrate that the images captured can be digitally processed to generate wavefront error signals and use these in a closed loop control system for correct wavefront errors for alignment and mode-matching a beam into an optical cavity to 99.9%. This experiment paves the way for the correction of even higher order errors when paired with higher order wavefront actuators. Such a sensing scheme could find use in optimizing complex interferometers consisting of coupled cavities, such as those found in gravitational wave detectors, or simply just for sensing higher order wavefront errors in heterodyne interferometric table-top experiments.
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19
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Asprea L, Bassi A, Ulbricht H, Gasbarri G. Gravitational Decoherence and the Possibility of Its Interferometric Detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:200403. [PMID: 34110203 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a general master equation describing the quantum dynamics of a scalar bosonic field interacting with an external weak and stochastic gravitational field. The dynamics predicts decoherence both in position and in energy momentum. We show how the master equation reproduces, thus generalizing, the previous results in the literature by taking appropriate limits. We estimate the effect of gravitational decoherence in atom interferometers, providing also a straightforward way to assess the magnitude of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Asprea
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trieste Section, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Bassi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trieste Section, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - H Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - G Gasbarri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trieste Section, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Inertial sensors based on cold atoms have great potential for navigation, geodesy, or fundamental physics. Similar to the Sagnac effect, their sensitivity increases with the space-time area enclosed by the interferometer. Here, we introduce twin-lattice atom interferometry exploiting Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium-87. Our method provides symmetric momentum transfer and large areas offering a perspective for future palm-sized sensor heads with sensitivities on par with present meter-scale Sagnac devices. Our theoretical model of the impact of beam splitters on the spatial coherence is highly instrumental for designing future sensors. Atom interferometers can be useful for precision measurement of fundamental constants and sensors of different type. Here the authors demonstrate a compact twin-lattice atom interferometry exploiting Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of 87 Rb atoms.
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21
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Pandey S, Mas H, Vasilakis G, von Klitzing W. Atomtronic Matter-Wave Lensing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:170402. [PMID: 33988404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate magnetogravitational matter-wave lensing as a novel tool in atom-optics in atomtronic waveguides. We collimate and focus matter waves originating from Bose-Einstein condensates and ultracold thermal atoms in ring-shaped time-averaged adiabatic potentials. We demonstrate "delta-kick cooling" of Bose-Einstein condensates, reducing their expansion energies by a factor of 46 down to 800 pK. The atomtronic waveguide ring has a diameter of less than one millimeter, compared to other state-of-the-art experiments requiring zero gravity or free-flight distances of ten meters and more. This level of control with extremely reduced spatial requirements is an important step toward atomtronic quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Department of Materials, Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece; Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Hector Mas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Georgios Vasilakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Wolf von Klitzing
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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22
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Sedda MA, Berry CPL, Jani K, Amaro-Seoane P, Auclair P, Baird J, Baker T, Berti E, Breivik K, Caprini C, Chen X, Doneva D, Ezquiaga JM, Ford KES, Katz ML, Kolkowitz S, McKernan B, Mueller G, Nardini G, Pikovski I, Rajendran S, Sesana A, Shao L, Tamanini N, Warburton N, Witek H, Wong K, Zevin M. The missing link in gravitational-wave astronomy: A summary of discoveries waiting in the decihertz range. EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY 2021; 51:1427-1440. [PMID: 34720416 PMCID: PMC8536607 DOI: 10.1007/s10686-021-09713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015 the gravitational-wave observations of LIGO and Virgo have transformed our understanding of compact-object binaries. In the years to come, ground-based gravitational-wave observatories such as LIGO, Virgo, and their successors will increase in sensitivity, discovering thousands of stellar-mass binaries. In the 2030s, the space-based LISA will provide gravitational-wave observations of massive black holes binaries. Between the ∼ 10 -103 Hz band of ground-based observatories and the ∼ 1 0 - 4 -10- 1 Hz band of LISA lies the uncharted decihertz gravitational-wave band. We propose a Decihertz Observatory to study this frequency range, and to complement observations made by other detectors. Decihertz observatories are well suited to observation of intermediate-mass ( ∼ 1 0 2 -104 M ⊙) black holes; they will be able to detect stellar-mass binaries days to years before they merge, providing early warning of nearby binary neutron star mergers and measurements of the eccentricity of binary black holes, and they will enable new tests of general relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics. Here we summarise how a Decihertz Observatory could provide unique insights into how black holes form and evolve across cosmic time, improve prospects for both multimessenger astronomy and multiband gravitational-wave astronomy, and enable new probes of gravity, particle physics and cosmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Arca Sedda
- Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrüm für Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Mönchofstr. 12-14, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P. L. Berry
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Karan Jani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Pau Amaro-Seoane
- Universitat Politècnica de València, IGIC, Valencia, Spain
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, Beijing, 100190 China
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, TU Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Auclair
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS UMR 7164, Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jonathon Baird
- High Energy Physics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BW UK
| | - Tessa Baker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Emanuele Berti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Katelyn Breivik
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - Chiara Caprini
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS UMR 7164, Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Xian Chen
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Astronomy Department, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Daniela Doneva
- Theoretical Astrophysics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Jose M. Ezquiaga
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - K. E. Saavik Ford
- City University of New York-BMCC, Chambers St, New York, NY 10007 USA
- Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10028 USA
| | - Michael L. Katz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Shimon Kolkowitz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Barry McKernan
- City University of New York-BMCC, Chambers St, New York, NY 10007 USA
- Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10028 USA
| | - Guido Mueller
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, PO Box 118440, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - Germano Nardini
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Igor Pikovski
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Surjeet Rajendran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Alberto Sesana
- Università di Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica G. Occhialini, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Lijing Shao
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100012 China
| | - Nicola Tamanini
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Niels Warburton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Helvi Witek
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Kaze Wong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Michael Zevin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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23
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Soukup K, Di Pumpo F, Aßmann T, Schleich WP, Giese E. Atom interferometry with quantized light pulses. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:164310. [PMID: 33940824 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The far-field patterns of atoms diffracted from a classical light field or from a quantum one in a photon-number state are identical. On the other hand, diffraction from a field in a coherent state, which shares many properties with classical light, displays a completely different behavior. We show that in contrast to the diffraction patterns, the interference signal of an atom interferometer with light-pulse beam splitters and mirrors in intense coherent states does approach the limit of classical fields. However, low photon numbers reveal the granular structure of light, leading to a reduced visibility since welcher-Weg (which-way) information is encoded into the field. We discuss this effect for a single photon-number state as well as a superposition of two such states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Soukup
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabio Di Pumpo
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Aßmann
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Enno Giese
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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24
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Savalle E, Hees A, Frank F, Cantin E, Pottie PE, Roberts BM, Cros L, McAllister BT, Wolf P. Searching for Dark Matter with an Optical Cavity and an Unequal-Delay Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:051301. [PMID: 33605767 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new type of experiment that compares the frequency of a clock (an ultrastable optical cavity in this case) at time t to its own frequency some time t-T earlier, by "storing" the output signal (photons) in a fiber delay line. In ultralight oscillating dark matter (DM) models, such an experiment is sensitive to coupling of DM to the standard model fields, through oscillations of the cavity and fiber lengths and of the fiber refractive index. Additionally, the sensitivity is significantly enhanced around the mechanical resonances of the cavity. We present experimental results of such an experiment and report no evidence of DM for masses in the [4.1×10^{-11}, 8.3×10^{-10}] eV region. In addition, we improve constraints on the involved coupling constants by one order of magnitude in a standard galactic DM model, at the mass corresponding to the resonant frequency of our cavity. Furthermore, in the model of relaxion DM, we improve on existing constraints over the whole DM mass range by about one order of magnitude, and up to 6 orders of magnitude at resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Savalle
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Hees
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Florian Frank
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Cantin
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Paul-Eric Pottie
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin M Roberts
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lucie Cros
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, Université PSL, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ben T McAllister
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Wolf
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 75014 Paris, France
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25
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Mielec N, Sapam R, Poulain C, Landragin A, Bertoldi A, Bouyer P, Canuel B, Geiger R. Degenerate optical resonator for the enhancement of large laser beams. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:39112-39127. [PMID: 33379468 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are several applications for enhancement cavities where a beam of large size (several millimeters) resonates, in particular in atomic physics. However, reaching large beam waists in a compact geometry (less than a meter long) typically brings the resonator close to the degeneracy limit. Here we experimentally study a degenerate optical cavity, 44-cm long and consisting of two flat mirrors placed in the focal planes of a lens, in a regime of intermediate finesse (∼150). We study the impact of the longitudinal misalignement on the optical gain, for different input beam waists up to 5.6 mm, and find data consistent with the prediction of a model based on ABCD propagation of Gaussian beams. We reach an optical gain of 26 for a waist of 1.4 mm, which can have an impact on several applications, in particular atom interferometry. We numerically investigate the optical gain reduction for large beam waists using the angular spectrum method to consider the effects of optical aberrations, which play an important role in such a degenerate cavity. Our calculations quantitatively reproduce the experimental data and will provide a key tool for designing enhancement cavities close to the degeneracy limit. As an illustration, we discuss the application of this resonator geometry to the enhancement of laser beams with top-hat intensity profiles.
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26
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Sidorenkov LA, Gautier R, Altorio M, Geiger R, Landragin A. Tailoring Multiloop Atom Interferometers with Adjustable Momentum Transfer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:213201. [PMID: 33274962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.213201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiloop matter-wave interferometers are essential in quantum sensing to measure the derivatives of physical quantities in time or space. Because multiloop interferometers require multiple reflections, imperfections of the matter-wave mirrors create spurious paths that scramble the signal of interest. Here, we demonstrate a method of adjustable momentum transfer that prevents the recombination of the spurious paths in a double-loop atom interferometer aimed at measuring rotation rates. We experimentally study the recombination condition of the spurious matter waves, which is quantitatively supported by a model accounting for the coherence properties of the atomic source. We finally demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in building a cold-atom gyroscope with a single-shot acceleration sensitivity suppressed by a factor of at least 50. Our study will impact the design of multiloop atom interferometers that measure a single inertial quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sidorenkov
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - R Gautier
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Altorio
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - R Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
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27
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Asenbaum P, Overstreet C, Kim M, Curti J, Kasevich MA. Atom-Interferometric Test of the Equivalence Principle at the 10^{-12} Level. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:191101. [PMID: 33216577 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.191101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We use a dual-species atom interferometer with 2 s of free-fall time to measure the relative acceleration between ^{85}Rb and ^{87}Rb wave packets in the Earth's gravitational field. Systematic errors arising from kinematic differences between the isotopes are suppressed by calibrating the angles and frequencies of the interferometry beams. We find an Eötvös parameter of η=[1.6±1.8(stat)±3.4(syst)]×10^{-12}, consistent with zero violation of the equivalence principle. With a resolution of up to 1.4×10^{-11} g per shot, we demonstrate a sensitivity to η of 5.4×10^{-11}/sqrt[Hz].
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Asenbaum
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chris Overstreet
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joseph Curti
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kasevich
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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28
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Szigeti SS, Nolan SP, Close JD, Haine SA. High-Precision Quantum-Enhanced Gravimetry with a Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:100402. [PMID: 32955338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that the inherently large interatomic interactions of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) can enhance the sensitivity of a high precision cold-atom gravimeter beyond the shot-noise limit (SNL). Through detailed numerical simulation, we demonstrate that our scheme produces spin-squeezed states with variances up to 14 dB below the SNL, and that absolute gravimetry measurement sensitivities between two and five times below the SNL are achievable with BECs between 10^{4} and 10^{6} in atom number. Our scheme is robust to phase diffusion, imperfect atom counting, and shot-to-shot variations in atom number and laser intensity. Our proposal is immediately achievable in current laboratories, since it needs only a small modification to existing state-of-the-art experiments and does not require additional guiding potentials or optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S Szigeti
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Samuel P Nolan
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, Firenze 50125, Italy
| | - John D Close
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Simon A Haine
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
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29
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Bertoldi A, Feng CH, Eneriz H, Carey M, Naik DS, Junca J, Zou X, Sabulsky DO, Canuel B, Bouyer P, Prevedelli M. A control hardware based on a field programmable gate array for experiments in atomic physics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033203. [PMID: 32260006 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experiments in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical (AMO) physics require precise and accurate control of digital, analog, and radio frequency (RF) signals. We present control hardware based on a field programmable gate array core that drives various modules via a simple interface bus. The system supports an operating frequency of 10 MHz and a memory depth of 8 M (223) instructions, both easily scalable. Successive experimental sequences can be stacked with no dead time and synchronized with external events at any instructions. Two or more units can be cascaded and synchronized to a common clock, a feature useful to operate large experimental setups in a modular way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - C-H Feng
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - H Eneriz
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - M Carey
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - D S Naik
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - J Junca
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - X Zou
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - D O Sabulsky
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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30
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Sabulsky DO, Junca J, Lefèvre G, Zou X, Bertoldi A, Battelier B, Prevedelli M, Stern G, Santoire J, Beaufils Q, Geiger R, Landragin A, Desruelle B, Bouyer P, Canuel B. A fibered laser system for the MIGA large scale atom interferometer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3268. [PMID: 32094360 PMCID: PMC7040012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the realization and characterization of a compact, autonomous fiber laser system that produces the optical frequencies required for laser cooling, trapping, manipulation, and detection of 87Rb atoms - a typical atomic species for emerging quantum technologies. This device, a customized laser system from the Muquans company, is designed for use in the challenging operating environment of the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB) in France, where a new large scale atom interferometer is being constructed underground - the MIGA antenna. The mobile bench comprises four frequency-agile C-band Telecom diode lasers that are frequency doubled to 780 nm after passing through high-power fiber amplifiers. The first laser is frequency stabilized on a saturated absorption signal via lock-in amplification, which serves as an optical frequency reference for the other three lasers via optical phase-locked loops. Power and polarization stability are maintained through a series of custom, flexible micro-optic splitter/combiners that contain polarization optics, acousto-optic modulators, and shutters. Here, we show how the laser system is designed, showcasing qualities such as reliability, stability, remote control, and flexibility, while maintaining the qualities of laboratory equipment. We characterize the laser system by measuring the power, polarization, and frequency stability. We conclude with a demonstration using a cold atom source from the MIGA project and show that this laser system fulfills all requirements for the realization of the antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - J Junca
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - G Lefèvre
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - X Zou
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - B Battelier
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Stern
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - J Santoire
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Q Beaufils
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - R Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Desruelle
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France.
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31
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Condon G, Rabault M, Barrett B, Chichet L, Arguel R, Eneriz-Imaz H, Naik D, Bertoldi A, Battelier B, Bouyer P, Landragin A. All-Optical Bose-Einstein Condensates in Microgravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:240402. [PMID: 31922832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.240402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the all-optical production of Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity using a combination of grey molasses cooling, light-shift engineering and optical trapping in a painted potential. Forced evaporative cooling in a 3-m high Einstein elevator results in 4×10^{4} condensed atoms every 13.5 s, with a temperature as low as 35 nK. In this system, the atomic cloud can expand in weightlessness for up to 400 ms, paving the way for atom interferometry experiments with extended interrogation times and studies of ultracold matter physics at low energies on ground or in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Condon
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - M Rabault
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Barrett
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - L Chichet
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - R Arguel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - H Eneriz-Imaz
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - D Naik
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Battelier
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
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32
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Olson J, Fox RW, Fortier TM, Sheerin TF, Brown RC, Leopardi H, Stoner RE, Oates CW, Ludlow AD. Ramsey-Bordé Matter-Wave Interferometry for Laser Frequency Stabilization at 10^{-16} Frequency Instability and Below. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:073202. [PMID: 31491125 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.073202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate Ramsey-Bordé (RB) atom interferometry for high performance laser stabilization with fractional frequency instability <2×10^{-16} for timescales between 10 and 1000s. The RB spectroscopy laser interrogates two counterpropagating ^{40}Ca beams on the ^{1}S_{0}-^{3}P_{1} transition at 657 nm, yielding 1.6 kHz linewidth interference fringes. Fluorescence detection of the excited state population is performed on the (4s4p) ^{3}P_{1}-(4p^{2}) ^{3}P_{0} transition at 431 nm. Minimal thermal shielding and no vibration isolation are used. These stability results surpass performance from other thermal atomic or molecular systems by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, and further improvements look feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olson
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Richard W Fox
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Tara M Fortier
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Todd F Sheerin
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Roger C Brown
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Holly Leopardi
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Richard E Stoner
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Chris W Oates
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Andrew D Ludlow
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Sabulsky DO, Dutta I, Hinds EA, Elder B, Burrage C, Copeland EJ. Experiment to Detect Dark Energy Forces Using Atom Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:061102. [PMID: 31491160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated expansion of the universe motivates a wide class of scalar field theories that modify general relativity (GR) on large scales. Such theories require a screening mechanism to suppress the new force in regions where the weak field limit of GR has been experimentally tested. We have used atom interferometry to measure the acceleration of an atom toward a macroscopic test mass inside a high vacuum chamber, where new forces can be unscreened. Our measurement shows no evidence of new forces, a result that places stringent bounds on chameleon and symmetron theories of modified gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - I Dutta
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - E A Hinds
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - B Elder
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - C Burrage
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J Copeland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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34
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Junca J, Bertoldi A, Sabulsky D, Lefèvre G, Zou X, Decitre JB, Geiger R, Landragin A, Gaffet S, Bouyer P, Canuel B. Characterizing Earth gravity field fluctuations with the MIGA antenna for future gravitational wave detectors. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Liu J, Wang X, Mellado Muñoz J, Kowalczyk A, Barontini G. Vortex conveyor belt for matter-wave coherent splitting and interferometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1267. [PMID: 30718734 PMCID: PMC6362218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We numerically study a matter wave interferometer realized by splitting a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate with phase imprinting. We show that a simple step-like imprinting pattern rapidly decays into a string of vortices that can generate opposite velocities on the two halves of the condensate. We first study in detail the splitting and launching effect of these vortex structures, whose functioning resembles the one of a conveyor belt, and we show that the initial exit velocity along the vortex conveyor belt can be controlled continuously by adjusting the vortex distance. We finally characterize the complete interferometric sequence, demonstrating how the phase of the resulting interference fringe can be used to measure an external acceleration. The proposed scheme has the potential to be developed into compact and high precision accelerometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Liu
- Institute of Optics and Electronics Technology, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Xi Wang
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Mellado Muñoz
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kowalczyk
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Barontini
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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36
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Barrett B, Cheiney P, Battelier B, Napolitano F, Bouyer P. Multidimensional Atom Optics and Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:043604. [PMID: 30768283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose new multidimensional atom optics that can create coherent superpositions of atomic wave packets along three spatial directions. These tools can be used to generate light-pulse atom interferometers that are simultaneously sensitive to the three components of acceleration and rotation, and we discuss how to isolate these inertial components in a single experimental shot. We also present a new type of atomic gyroscope that is insensitive to parasitic accelerations and initial velocities. The ability to measure the full acceleration and rotation vectors with a compact, high-precision, low-bias inertial sensor could strongly impact the fields of inertial navigation, gravity gradiometry, and gyroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barrett
- iXblue, 34 rue de la Croix de Fer, 78105 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - P Cheiney
- iXblue, 34 rue de la Croix de Fer, 78105 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Battelier
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - F Napolitano
- iXblue, 34 rue de la Croix de Fer, 78105 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
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37
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Rosat S, Hinderer J. Limits of Detection of Gravimetric Signals on Earth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15324. [PMID: 30333563 PMCID: PMC6193024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravimetry is a well-established tool to probe the deep Earth's processes. Geophysical signals coming from the deep Earth, like the inner core free oscillations, have however never been detected. Challenging quests raise the question of the limits of detection of elusive signals at the Earth's surface. Knowledge of the instrumental limits and of the environmental noise level at a site is fundamental to judge the true sensitivity of an instrument. We perform a noise level comparison of various gravimeters and a long-period seismometer at the J9 gravimetric observatory of Strasbourg (France) to provide a reference of instrumental performances. We then apply a three-channel correlation analysis of time-varying surface gravity from superconducting gravimeter records to isolate the instrumental self-noise from the environmental noise. The self-noise coherence analysis shows that the instrumental noise level remains flat towards lower frequencies till 10-4 Hz. At seismic frequencies, the self-noise is well explained by a Brownian thermal noise model. At daily and sub-daily time-scales, self-noise is increasing with the period but to a much lesser extent than observed noise level. Observed Earth's ambient noise level at sub-seismic frequencies is hence mostly due to unmodeled geophysical processes. At hourly time-scales, our ability to detect elusive signals coming from the deep Earth's interior is not limited by the instrument capability but is mostly due to the environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rosat
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR 7516, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - J Hinderer
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR 7516, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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