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Cui Y, Wen S, Stegen JC, Hu A, Wang J. Chemodiversity of riverine dissolved organic matter: Effects of local environments and watershed characteristics. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121054. [PMID: 38183798 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Riverine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial to global carbon cycling and aquatic ecosystems. However, the geographical patterns and environmental drivers of DOM chemodiversity remain elusive especially in the waters and sediments of continental rivers. Here, we systematically analyzed DOM molecular diversity and composition in surface waters and sediments across 97 broadly distributed rivers using data from the Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemistry Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS) consortium. We further examined the associations of molecular richness and composition with geographical, climatic, physicochemical variables, as well as the watershed characteristics. We found that molecular richness significantly decreased toward higher latitudes, but only in sediments (r = -0.24, p < 0.001). The environmental variables like precipitation and non-purgeable organic carbon showed strong associations with DOM molecular richness and composition. Interestingly, we identified that less-documented factors like watershed characteristics were also related to DOM molecular richness and composition. For instance, DOM molecular richness was positively correlated with the soil sand fraction for waters, while with the percentage of forest for sediments. Importantly, the effects of watershed characteristics on DOM molecular richness and composition were generally stronger in waters than sediments. This phenomenon was further supported by the fact that 11 out of 13 watershed characteristics (e.g., the percentages of impervious area and cropland) showed more positive than negative correlations with molecular abundance especially in waters. As the percentage of forest increased, there was a continuous accumulation of the compounds with higher molecular weight, aromaticity, and degree of unsaturation. In contrast, human activities accumulated the compounds with lower molecular weight and oxygenation, and higher bioavailability. Our findings imply that it may be possible to use a small set of broadly available data types to predict DOM molecular richness and composition across diverse river systems. Elucidation of mechanisms underlying these relationships will provide further enhancements to such predictions, especially when extrapolating to unsampled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shuailong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - James C Stegen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Ang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Maie N, Nishimura S, Oide AH, Shizuka K. Biogeochemical processes controlling the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in streams in the Shirakami Mountains, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1450. [PMID: 37947904 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The Shirakami Mountain range, including the largest primeval beech forest in East-Asia, is undergoing ecological change. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in nutrient and material cycling in forest ecosystems. Because the quality of DOM varies based on its origin and diagenetic and runoff processes, changes in the environment surrounding DOM can be rapidly detected by monitoring its quality. Herein, concentrations and fluorescence composition of DOM at 14 sites in 13 streams in the Shirakami Mountain range were monitored monthly for over 2 years, excluding winter (December-March), to gain insight into the catchment hydrological and soil characteristics affecting DOM concentrations and composition in stream water. Based on the pattern of temporal changes in fluorescent component composition, monitoring sites were categorized into four groups (streams with small catchments, large catchments, catchments facing the Sea of Japan, and open waters in the catchment) with similar catchment characteristics affecting DOM dynamics. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that DOM concentrations in each group could be attributed to rainfall on the survey date, short-term (1-2 days) rainfall, midterm (~1 month) accumulated rainfall, midterm (7-11 days) accumulated temperature, and catchment characteristics as explanatory variables. The degree of influence of these variables differed among the four groups. The results of this study show that grouping streams according to catchment hydrological characteristics can help identify the impact of climate and environmental change on DOM dynamics in stream water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamitsu Maie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nishimura
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ayako H Oide
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shizuka
- Inland Water Fishery Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Towada, Aomori, 034-0041, Japan
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3
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Kim MS, Lim BR, Jeon P, Hong S, Jeon D, Park SY, Hong S, Yoo EJ, Kim HS, Shin S, Yoon JK. Innovative approach to reveal source contribution of dissolved organic matter in a complex river watershed using end-member mixing analysis based on spectroscopic proxies and multi-isotopes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119470. [PMID: 36621274 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in river watersheds dynamically changes based on its source during a monsoon period with storm event. However, the variations in DOM in urban and rural river watersheds that are dominated by point and non-point sources have not been adequately explored to date. We developed an innovative approach to reveal DOM sources in complex river watershed systems during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods using end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) by combining multi-isotope values (δ13C-DOC, δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3) and spectroscopic indices (fluorescence index [FI], biological index [BIX], humification index [HIX], and specific UV absorbance [SUVA]). Several potential end-members of DOM sources were collected from watersheds, including top-soils, groundwater, plant group (fallen leaves, riparian plants, suspended algae), and different effluents (cattle and pig livestock, agricultural land, urban, industry facility, swine treatment facility and wastewater treatment facility). Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, NO3-N, and NH4-N increased during the monsoon period with an increase in the input of anthropogenic DOM, which have higher HIX values owing to the flushing effect. The results of EMMA indicate that soil and agricultural effluents accounted for a substantial contribution of anthropogenic DOM at varying rates based on seasons. We also found that results of EMMA based on combining spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC isotope values were more accurate in tracing DOM sources with respect to land-use characteristics compared to applying only spectroscopic indices. The positive relationship between FI, BIX and δ15N-NO3 were revealed that nitrate would be decomposed from DOM affected by intensive agricultural activities. In addition, consistent with the EMMA results, the molecular composition of the DOM was clearly evidenced by a large number of CHON formulas, accounting for over 50% of the total characterized compounds, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals used in agriculture farmland and livestock. Our results clearly demonstrated that EMMA based on combing multi-stable isotopes and spectroscopic indices could be trace the DOM source, which is important for understanding changes in the DOM quality, and application of nitrate isotopes and molecular analysis supports in-depth interpretation. This study provides easy and intuitive techniques for the estimation of the relative impacts of DOM sources in complex river watersheds, which can be verified in various ways rather than relying on a single technique approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seob Kim
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea.
| | - Bo Ra Lim
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Pilyong Jeon
- Geum River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Okcheon-gun 29027, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Hong
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Darae Jeon
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Si Yeong Park
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Hong
- Geum River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Okcheon-gun 29027, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yoo
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Sunkyoung Shin
- Fundamental Environmental Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ki Yoon
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
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Capo E, Feng C, Bravo AG, Bertilsson S, Soerensen AL, Pinhassi J, Buck M, Karlsson C, Hawkes J, Björn E. Expression Levels of hgcAB Genes and Mercury Availability Jointly Explain Methylmercury Formation in Stratified Brackish Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13119-13130. [PMID: 36069707 PMCID: PMC9494745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) is formed by microbial methylation of inorganic divalent Hg (HgII) and constitutes severe environmental and human health risks. The methylation is enabled by hgcA and hgcB genes, but it is not known if the associated molecular-level processes are rate-limiting or enable accurate prediction of MeHg formation in nature. In this study, we investigated the relationships between hgc genes and MeHg across redox-stratified water columns in the brackish Baltic Sea. We showed, for the first time, that hgc transcript abundance and the concentration of dissolved HgII-sulfide species were strong predictors of both the HgII methylation rate and MeHg concentration, implying their roles as principal joint drivers of MeHg formation in these systems. Additionally, we characterized the metabolic capacities of hgc+ microorganisms by reconstructing their genomes from metagenomes (i.e., hgc+ MAGs), which highlighted the versatility of putative HgII methylators in the water column of the Baltic Sea. In establishing relationships between hgc transcripts and the HgII methylation rate, we advance the fundamental understanding of mechanistic principles governing MeHg formation in nature and enable refined predictions of MeHg levels in coastal seas in response to the accelerating spread of oxygen-deficient zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Capo
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Caiyan Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Andrea G. Bravo
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anne L. Soerensen
- Department
of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm 104 05, Sweden
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre
for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems—EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar 391 82, Sweden
| | - Moritz Buck
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Camilla Karlsson
- Centre
for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems—EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar 391 82, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Hawkes
- Department
of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Erik Björn
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
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5
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Harir M, Cawley KM, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Jaffé R. Molecular and spectroscopic changes of peat-derived organic matter following photo-exposure: Effects on heteroatom composition of DOM. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155790. [PMID: 35550890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The temporal evolution of molecular compositions and changes in structural features of Hillsboro Canal (Florida, USA) dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied with an emphasis on nitrogen and sulfur containing molecules, after a 13 day time-series exposure to simulated sunlight. The Hillsboro Canal drains from the ridge and slough wetland environment underlain by peat soils from the northern extent of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. The Hillsboro Canal-DOM was characterized by combining ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with UV detection, and ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) absorbance and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) demonstrated progressive depletion of higher mass molecules and a concomitant decrease of absorbance during photo-irradiation. NMR and FT-ICR-MS revealed nonlinear temporal evolution of DOM. In fact, FT-ICR-MS showed an initial depletion of supposedly chromophoric molecules often carrying major unsaturation accompanied by an uneven evolution of numbers of CHO, CHOS and CHNO compounds. While CHNO compounds continually increased throughout the entire photo-exposure time, CHO and CHOS compounds temporarily increased but declined after further light exposure. Progressive loss of highly unsaturated compounds was accompanied by production of low mass CHO and CHNO compounds with high O/C ratios. Area-normalized 1H NMR spectra of DOM in water and of the water insoluble fraction (~5%) in methanol revealed clear distinctions between irradiated and non-irradiated samples and congruent evolution of DOM structural features during irradiation, with more uniform trends in methanolic-DOM. Photoirradiation caused initial photoproduction of oxygenated aliphatic compounds, continued depletion of phenols and oxygenated aromatics, substantial change from initial natural product derived olefins to photoproduced olefins, and uneven evolution of carboxylated and alkylated benzene derivatives. This study demonstrates longer-term heteroatom-dependent photochemistry of DOM, which will affect the speciation of N and S heteroatoms, their connections to inorganic nutrients, and potentially their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Kaelin M Cawley
- Southeast Environmental Research Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Project, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Rudolf Jaffé
- Southeast Environmental Research Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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Duncan KD, Hawkes JA, Berg M, Clarijs B, Gill CG, Bergquist J, Lanekoff I, Krogh ET. Membrane Sampling Separates Naphthenic Acids from Biogenic Dissolved Organic Matter for Direct Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3096-3105. [PMID: 35175743 PMCID: PMC8892831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process waters can release toxic naphthenic acids (NAs) into aquatic environments. Analytical techniques for NAs are challenged by sample complexity and interference from naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we report the use of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer membrane for the on-line separation of NAs from DOM and use direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to yield meaningful qualitative and quantitative information with minimal sample cleanup. We compare the composition of membrane-permeable species from natural waters fortified with a commercial NA mixture to those derived from weak anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results show that SPE retains a wide range of carboxylic acids, including biogenic DOM, while permeation through PDMS was selective for petrogenic classically defined NAs (CnH2n+zO2). A series of model compounds (log Kow ∼1-7) were used to characterize the perm-selectivity and reveal the separation is based on hydrophobicity. This convenient sample cleanup method is selective for the O2 class of NAs and can be used prior to conventional analysis or as an on-line analytical strategy when coupled directly to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Duncan
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Jeffrey A. Hawkes
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mykelti Berg
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Bas Clarijs
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
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Abstract
Fecal contamination is a significant source of water quality impairment globally. Aquatic ecosystems can provide an important ecosystem service of fecal contamination removal. Understanding the processes that regulate the removal of fecal contamination among river networks across flow conditions is critical. We applied a river network model, the Framework for Aquatic Modeling in the Earth System (FrAMES-Ecoli), to quantify removal of fecal indicator bacteria by river networks across flow conditions during summers in a series of New England watersheds of different characteristics. FrAMES-Ecoli simulates sources, transport, and riverine removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Aquatic E. coli removal was simulated in both the water column and the hyporheic zone, and is a function of hydraulic conditions, flow exchange rates with the hyporheic zone, and die-off in each compartment. We found that, at the river network scale during summers, removal by river networks can be high (19–99%) with variability controlled by hydrologic conditions, watershed size, and distribution of sources in the watershed. Hydrology controls much of the variability, with 68–99% of network scale inputs removed under base flow conditions and 19–85% removed during storm events. Removal by the water column alone could not explain the observed pattern in E. coli, suggesting that processes such as hyporheic removal must be considered. These results suggest that river network removal of fecal indicator bacteria should be taken into consideration in managing fecal contamination at critical downstream receiving waters.
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Negassa W, Eckhardt KU, Regier T, Leinweber P. Dissolved organic matter concentration, molecular composition, and functional groups in contrasting management practices of peatlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:1364-1380. [PMID: 34403153 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
About 91,300 ha of peatlands has been rewetted in western Europe since the mid-1990s. Still, it is unknown how long-term rewetting alters the dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration, molecular composition, and functional groups. We examined these DOM characteristics in three peatland types subjected to 47- to 231-yr drainage and 18- to 24-yr rewetting to address this knowledge gap. Cold water-extractable DOM was characterized by pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the rewetted forest peatland was 2.7 times higher than in the drained forest peatland. However, rewetting decreased the DOC concentrations by 1.5 and 4 times in the coastal peatland and percolation mire, respectively, compared with their respective drained peatlands at the topsoil horizons. The Py-FIMS analysis revealed that all nine DOM compound classes' relative abundances differed between the rewetted and drained forest peatland with the lower relative abundances of the labile DOM compound classes in the rewetted forest peatlands. However, most DOM compound classes' relative abundances were similar between the rewetted and drained coastal peatlands and percolation mires. The XANES also revealed nine carbon and seven nitrogen functional groups with no apparent differences between the two contrasting management practices. The influence of drainage and rewetting on DOC concentration and molecular composition depends on peatland type, drainage period, rewetting intensity, and peat degradation status that should be considered in future research for understanding DOM transformation and transportation from degraded and restored peatland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakene Negassa
- Soil Science, Univ. of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckhardt
- Soil Science, Univ. of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tom Regier
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Peter Leinweber
- Soil Science, Univ. of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18051, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Diversity of actinobacteria in sediments of Qaidam Lake and Qinghai Lake, China. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2875-2885. [PMID: 33751173 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using 16S rRNA gene analysis and high-throughput, the diversity and community structure of actinobacteria in the sediments of Qaidam Lake and Qinghai Lake with different salinity and alkalinity in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were studied, and the differences of actinobacteria community structure and their relationship with environmental factors were discussed. A total of 77 genera belonging to actinobacteria were found in the samples, of which 31 genera were found in the sediment samples of Qaidam Lake with 19 genera being dominant genera, such as Actinomycetes, Corynebacterium, Morella, Bifidobacterium, and 69 genera were found in the sediment samples of Qinghai Lake with 17 genera becoming dominant, such as Ilumattalaer, Actinotalea, Aquihaans and so on. The correlation analysis of environmental factors and community showed that the community structure of the two salt lakes was mainly affected by total salinity, total organic carbon) (TOC) and CO32-, among which TOC was the most influential factor. The functional differences of metabolic pathway enrichment analysis (KEGG) showed that there was a high abundance of metabolic-related functions in the two salt lakes. There were significant differences in the biosynthesis of energy metabolism and other secondary metabolites between the two salt lakes, which may be the main reason for the difference of actinomycete community. The results show that the actinobacteria diversity was rich in the plateau salt lakes, and affected by a variety of physicochemical factors. In addition, there were a large number of unculturable actinobacteria in the sediment, which provides a theoretical basis for the excavation and utilization of actinobacteria resources in salt lakes.
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Zhang X, Chen Z, Huo X, Kang J, Zhao S, Peng Y, Deng F, Shen J, Chu W. Application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in deciphering molecular composition of soil organic matter: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144140. [PMID: 33293083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Swiftly deciphering soil organic matter (SOM) composition is critical for research on soil degradation and restoration. Recent advances in analytical techniques (e.g., optical methods and mass spectrometry) have expanded our understanding of the composition, origin, and evolution of SOM. In particular, the use of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FTICR-MS) makes it possible to interpret SOM compositions at the molecular level. In this review, we discuss extraction, enrichment, and purification methods for SOM using FTICR-MS analysis; summarize ionization techniques, FTICR-MS mechanisms, data analysis methods, and molecular compositions of SOM in different environments (providing new insights into its origin and evolution); and discuss factors affecting its molecular diversity. Our results show that digenesis, combustion, pyrolysis, and biological metabolisms jointly contribute to the molecular diversity of SOM molecules. The SOM thus formed can further undergo photodegradation during transportation from land to fresh water (and subsequently oceans), resulting in the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Better understanding the molecular features of DOM therefore accelerates our understanding of SOM evolution. In addition, we assess the degradation potential of SOM in different environments to better inform soil remediation methods. Finally, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of applying FTICR-MS on the analysis of SOM molecules, along with existing gaps in knowledge, challenges, and new opportunities for research in FTICR-MS applications and SOM identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shenxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yutao Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Development and comparison of formula assignment algorithms for ultrahigh-resolution mass spectra of natural organic matter. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1125:247-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sanchís J, Jaén-Gil A, Gago-Ferrero P, Munthali E, Farré MJ. Characterization of organic matter by HRMS in surface waters: Effects of chlorination on molecular fingerprints and correlation with DBP formation potential. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115743. [PMID: 32272321 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand and minimize the formation of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs), it is important to investigate how dissolved organic matter (DOM) contributes to their generation. In the present study, we analysed the DOM profile of water samples from the Barcelona catchment area by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and we studied the changes after chlorination. Chlorination produced significant changes in the DOM, decreased the average m/z and Kendrick mass defect (KMD) of their spectra and decreased the number and abundance of lignin-like features. The Van Krevelen (VK) fingerprint exhibited several noticeable changes, including the appearance of highly oxidized peaks in the tannin-like region (average O/C, 0.78 ± 0.08), the appearance of features with low H/C and the disappearance of more than half of the lipids-like features. Up to 657 halogenated peaks were generated during sample chlorination, most of which in the condensed hydrocarbons-like and the lignin-like region of the VK diagram. Around 200 features were found to be strongly correlated (ρ ≥ 0.795) to the formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) and 5 were correlated with the formation potential of haloacetonitrile (HANs). They all were plotted in the lignin fraction of the VK diagram, but both groups of features exhibited different nitrogen content: those features related to HANs FP had at least one nitrogen atoms in their structures, whilst those related to THMs did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain.
| | - Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Elias Munthali
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain.
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Hawkes JA, Sjöberg PJR, Bergquist J, Tranvik LJ. Complexity of dissolved organic matter in the molecular size dimension: insights from coupled size exclusion chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Faraday Discuss 2020; 218:52-71. [PMID: 31120465 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00222c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between apparent size distribution and molecular complexity of dissolved organic matter from the natural environment. We used a high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) method coupled to UV-Vis diode array detection (UV-DAD) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in order to compare the apparent size of natural organic matter, determined by HPSEC-UV and the molecular mass determined online by ESI-MS. We found that there was a clear discrepancy between the two methods, and found evidence for an important pool of organic matter that has a strong UV absorbance and no ESI-MS signal. Contrary to some previous research, we found no evidence that apparently high molecular weight organic matter is constituted by aggregates of low molecular weight (<1000 Da) material. Furthermore, our results suggest that the majority of apparent size variability within the ESI ionisable pool of organic matter is due to secondary interaction and exclusion effects on the HPSEC column, and not true differences in hydrodynamic size or intermolecular aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hawkes
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Audet J, Bastviken D, Bundschuh M, Buffam I, Feckler A, Klemedtsson L, Laudon H, Löfgren S, Natchimuthu S, Öquist M, Peacock M, Wallin MB. Forest streams are important sources for nitrous oxide emissions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:629-641. [PMID: 31465582 PMCID: PMC7027446 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Streams and river networks are increasingly recognized as significant sources for the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O). N2 O is a transformation product of nitrogenous compounds in soil, sediment and water. Agricultural areas are considered a particular hotspot for emissions because of the large input of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied on arable land. However, there is little information on N2 O emissions from forest streams although they constitute a major part of the total stream network globally. Here, we compiled N2 O concentration data from low-order streams (~1,000 observations from 172 stream sites) covering a large geographical gradient in Sweden from the temperate to the boreal zone and representing catchments with various degrees of agriculture and forest coverage. Our results showed that agricultural and forest streams had comparable N2 O concentrations of 1.6 ± 2.1 and 1.3 ± 1.8 µg N/L, respectively (mean ± SD) despite higher total N (TN) concentrations in agricultural streams (1,520 ± 1,640 vs. 780 ± 600 µg N/L). Although clear patterns linking N2 O concentrations and environmental variables were difficult to discern, the percent saturation of N2 O in the streams was positively correlated with stream concentration of TN and negatively correlated with pH. We speculate that the apparent contradiction between lower TN concentration but similar N2 O concentrations in forest streams than in agricultural streams is due to the low pH (<6) in forest soils and streams which affects denitrification and yields higher N2 O emissions. An estimate of the N2 O emission from low-order streams at the national scale revealed that ~1.8 × 109 g N2 O-N are emitted annually in Sweden, with forest streams contributing about 80% of the total stream emission. Hence, our results provide evidence that forest streams can act as substantial N2 O sources in the landscape with 800 × 109 g CO2 -eq emitted annually in Sweden, equivalent to 25% of the total N2 O emissions from the Swedish agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Audet
- Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversitySilkeborgDenmark
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental ChangeLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Institute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
| | - Ishi Buffam
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Leif Klemedtsson
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Mats Öquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Mike Peacock
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Marcus B. Wallin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Air, Water and Landscape SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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Wünsch UJ, Hawkes JA. Mathematical chromatography deciphers the molecular fingerprints of dissolved organic matter. Analyst 2020; 145:1789-1800. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical chromatography offers information reduction and feature extraction in complex liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban J. Wünsch
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Water Environment Technology
- 41296 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Jeffrey A. Hawkes
- Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry – BMC
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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Farré MJ, Jaén-Gil A, Hawkes J, Petrovic M, Catalán N. Orbitrap molecular fingerprint of dissolved organic matter in natural waters and its relationship with NDMA formation potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1019-1027. [PMID: 31018417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection byproduct that has been classified as probable human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency. According to the published literature, natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be a source of NDMA precursors in drinking water. New advances in chemical characterization of DOM with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are allowing researchers to understand these ultra-complex mixtures. The objective of this study is to investigate analytical methodologies based on HRMS to explore NDMA formation from natural waters. To this aim, different waters from drinking water reservoirs in Spain containing NDMA precursors (quantified by means of NDMA formation potential) in concentrations between 17 and 60 ng/L have been studied. The workflow includes DOM solid-phase extraction and Orbitrap analysis with and without chromatographic separation. Here, we show that the molecular composition of DOM across the studied drinking water reservoirs is correlated with the NDMA formation potential. In particular, we found that NDMA formation potential is associated with compounds with high hydrogen saturation (H/C ≥ 1.5), corresponding also to reservoirs with higher background nutrient concentrations and wastewater indicators. Further chromatographic fractionation did not allow better definition of these possible precursors as they were present in different fractions of the chromatogram, suggesting that they were isomerically complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Farré
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Adrián Jaén-Gil
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey Hawkes
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mira Petrovic
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Catalán
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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