1
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Liu X, Lian M, Zhao M, Huang M. Advances in recombinant protease production: current state and perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:144. [PMID: 38532149 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins, are important in the food industry, biotechnology, and medical fields. With increasing demand for proteases, there is a growing emphasis on enhancing their expression and production through microbial systems. However, proteases' native hosts often fall short in high-level expression and compatibility with downstream applications. As a result, the recombinant production of proteases has become a significant focus, offering a solution to these challenges. This review presents an overview of the current state of protease production in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, highlighting key findings and trends. In prokaryotic systems, the Bacillus spp. is the predominant host for proteinase expression. Yeasts are commonly used in eukaryotic systems. Recent advancements in protease engineering over the past five years, including rational design and directed evolution, are also highlighted. By exploring the progress in both expression systems and engineering techniques, this review provides a detailed understanding of the current landscape of recombinant protease research and its prospects for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mulin Lian
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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2
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Kaur J, Kaur J. Comparative genomics of seven genomes of genus Idiomarina reveals important halo adaptations and genes for stress response. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:40. [PMID: 38261836 PMCID: PMC10794682 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Idiomarina consists of halophilic and/or haloalkaliphilic organisms. We compared the complete genomes of seven strains of the genus Idiomarina to investigate its adaptation to saline environment. A total of 1,313 core genes related to salinity tolerance, stress response, antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors, and drug targets were found. Comparative genomics revealed various genes involved in halo adaptations of these organisms, including transporters and influx or efflux systems for elements such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. In agreement with their isolation sources (such as hydrothermal vents and marine sediments) and environments abundant in heavy metals, various resistance proteins and transporters associated with metal tolerance were also identified. These included copper resistance proteins, zinc uptake transcriptional repressor Zur, MerC domain-containing protein, Cd(II)/Pb(II)-responsive transcriptional regulator, Co/Zn/Cd efflux system protein, and mercuric transporter. Interestingly, we observed that the carbohydrate metabolism pathways were incomplete in all the strains and transporters used for absorption of small sugars were also not found in them. Also, the presence of higher proportion of genes involved in protein metabolism than carbohydrate metabolism indicates that proteinaceous substrates act as the major food substrates for these bacterial strains than carbohydrates. Genomic islands were detected in some species, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer for acquisition in novel genes. Genomic rearrangements in terms of partially palindromic regions were detected in all strains. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive comparative genomics study among the genus Idiomarina revealing unique genomic features within bacterial species inhabiting different ecological niches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03887-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110 021 India
| | - Jasvinder Kaur
- Gargi College, University of Delhi, Siri Fort Road, New Delhi, 110 049 India
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3
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Vojnovic S, Aleksic I, Ilic-Tomic T, Stevanovic M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as hosts for production of industrially relevant enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:185. [PMID: 38289383 PMCID: PMC10827964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The application of enzymes is expanding across diverse industries due to their nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. Another advantage is their cost-effectiveness, reflected in reduced processing time, water, and energy consumption. Although Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. are successfully used for production of industrially relevant enzymes, they still lag far behind Escherichia coli as hosts for recombinant protein production. Generally, proteins secreted by Bacillus and Streptomyces hosts are released into the culture medium; their native conformation is preserved and easier recovery process enabled. Given the resilience of both hosts in harsh environmental conditions and their spore-forming capability, a deeper understanding and broader use of Bacillus and Streptomyces as expression hosts could significantly enhance the robustness of industrial bioprocesses. This mini-review aims to compare two expression hosts, emphasizing their specific advantages in industrial surroundings such are chemical, detergent, textile, food, animal feed, leather, and paper industries. The homologous sources, heterologous hosts, and molecular tools used for the production of recombinant proteins in these hosts are discussed. The potential to use both hosts as biocatalysts is also evaluated. Undoubtedly, Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as production hosts possess the potential to take on a more substantial role, providing superior (bio-based) process robustness and flexibility. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as robust hosts for enzyme production. • Industrially relevant enzyme groups for production in alternative hosts highlighted. • Molecular biology techniques are enabling easier utilization of both hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vojnovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ilic-Tomic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
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Wang S, Xue Y, Zhang P, Yan Q, Li Y, Jiang Z. CRISPR/Cas9 System-Mediated Multi-copy Expression of an Alkaline Serine Protease in Aspergillus niger for the Production of XOD-Inhibitory Peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15194-15203. [PMID: 37807677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated multi-copy expression of an alkaline serine protease (AoproS8) from Aspergillus oryzae was successfully built in Aspergillus niger. Furthermore, AoproS8 was continuously knocked in the glaA, amyA, and aamy gene loci in A. niger to construct multi-copy expression strains. The yield of the AoproS8 3.0 strain was 2.1 times higher than that of the AoproS8 1.0 strain. Then, a high protease activity of 11,023.2 U/mL with a protein concentration of 10.8 mg/mL was obtained through fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L fermenter. This is the first report on the high-level expression of alkaline serine proteases in A. niger. AoproS8 showed optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 40 °C. It was used for the production of xanthine oxidase (XOD)-inhibitory peptides from eight food processing protein by-products. Among them, the duck hemoglobin hydrolysates showed the highest XOD-inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 2.39 mg/mL. Thus, our work provides a useful way for efficient expression of proteases in A. niger and high-value utilization of protein by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yibin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanxiao Li
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe City 462000, Henan Province, China
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Noskova Y, Son O, Tekutyeva L, Balabanova L. Purification and Characterization of a DegP-Type Protease from the Marine Bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1852. [PMID: 37513024 PMCID: PMC10383082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new member of the DegP-type periplasmic serine endoproteases of the S1C family from the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CamSP) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The calculated molecular weight, number of amino acids, and isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein CamSP are 69.957 kDa, 666, and 4.84, respectively. The proteolytic activity of the purified recombinant protease CamSP was 2369.4 and 1550.9 U/mg with the use of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein as the substrates, respectively. The enzyme CamSP exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0-6.2, while it was stable over a wide pH range from 5.8 to 8.5. The optimal temperature for the CamSP protease activity was 50 °C. The enzyme required NaCl or KCl at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 M, respectively, for its maximum activity. The Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax for BSA were determined to be 41.7 µg/mL and 0.036 µg/mL min-1, respectively. The metal ions Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Li2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ slightly activated CamSP, while the addition of CoCl2 to the incubation mixture resulted in a twofold increase in its protease activity. Ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol, and Triton-X-100 increased the activity of CamSP from two- to four-times. The protease CamSP effectively degraded the wheat flour proteins but had no proteolytic activity towards soybean, corn, and the synthetic substrates, α-benzoyl-Arg-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide (SAPNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Noskova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oksana Son
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Larissa Balabanova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Pedezzi R, Evangelista DE, da Rosa Garzon NG, de Oliveira Simões FA, de Oliveira AHC, Polikarpov I, Cabral H. Biochemical and biophysical properties of a recombinant serine peptidase from Purpureocillium lilacinum. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106978. [PMID: 36827753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The industrial uses of peptidases have already been consolidated; however, their range of applications is increasing. Thus, the biochemical characterization of new peptidases could increase the range of their biotechnological applications. In silico analysis identified a gene encoding a putative serine peptidase from Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl_SerPep), annotated as a cuticle-degrading enzyme. The Pl_SerPep gene product was expressed as a recombinant in a Komagataella phaffii (previously Pichia pastoris) expression system. The enzyme (rPl_SerPep) showed optimal pH and temperature of 8.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Moreover, rPl_SerPep has a higher thermal stability than the cuticle-degrading enzymes described elsewhere. The structural analysis indicated a conformational change in the rPl_SerPep secondary structure, which would allow an increase in catalytic activity at 60 °C. Komagataella phaffii secretes rPl_SerPep with the pro peptide in its inactive form. Low-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis showed little mobility of the pro peptide portion, which indicates the apparent stability of the inactive form of the enzyme. The presence of 20 mM guanidine in the reaction resulted in the maintenance of activity, which was apparently a consequence of pro peptide structure flexibilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pedezzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Danilo Elton Evangelista
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonsales da Rosa Garzon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Flávio Antônio de Oliveira Simões
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
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Asitok A, Ekpenyong M, Takon I, Antai S, Ogarekpe N, Antigha R, Edet P, Ben U, Akpan A, Antai A, Essien J. Overproduction of a thermo-stable halo-alkaline protease on agro-waste-based optimized medium through alternate combinatorial random mutagenesis of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 35:e00746. [PMID: 35707314 PMCID: PMC9189783 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alternate combinatorial random mutagenesis selected a protease high-yielding mutant. Medium optimization led to 25.55-fold raise in specific protease yield in bioreactor. 20% PEG-1500/Na+ 15% citrate recovered 74% activity yield with 52.55 purity. Activity was retained at elevated physicochemical levels but inhibited by PMSF. Keratinolytic and blood-stain removal activities confer industrial potential on protease.
A strain of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, isolated from fermenting bean-processing wastewater, produced alkaline protease in pretreated cassava waste-stream, but with low yield. Strain improvement by alternate combinatorial random mutagenesis and bioprocess optimization using comparative statistical and neural network methods enhanced yield by 17.8-fold in mutant kGy-04-UV-25. Kinetics of production by selected mutant modeled by logistic and modified Gompertz functions revealed higher specific growth rate in mutant than in the parent strain, likewise volumetric and specific productivities. Purification by PEG/Na+ citrate aqueous two-phase system recovered 73.87% yield and 52.55-fold of protease. Its activity was stable at 5–35% NaCl, 45–75°C, and was significantly enhanced by 1–15 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The protease was inhibited by low concentrations of phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl fluoride but was activated by 1–5 mM Mn2+ suggesting a manganese-dependent serine‑protease. The 45.7 kDa thermo-halo-stable alkaline protease demonstrated keratinolytic and blood-stain removal potentials showing prospects in textile and detergent industries, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atim Asitok
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Maurice Ekpenyong
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Iquo Takon
- Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Antai
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nkpa Ogarekpe
- Environmental Engineering Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Nigeria
| | - Richard Antigha
- Environmental Engineering Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Edet
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ubong Ben
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Akpan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Agnes Antai
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Essien
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria
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Chen H, Wu J, Huang X, Feng X, Ji H, Zhao L, Wang J. Overexpression of Bacillus circulans alkaline protease in Bacillus subtilis and its potential application for recovery of protein from soybean dregs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:968439. [PMID: 36090104 PMCID: PMC9459226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.968439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important for decomposition of proteins to generate peptides or amino acids and have a broad range of applications in different industries. Herein, a gene encoding an alkaline protease (AprBcp) from Bacillus circulans R1 was cloned and bioinformatics analyzed. In addition, a series of strategies were applied to achieve high-level expression of AprBcp in Bacillus subtilis. The maximum activity of AprBcp reached 165,870 U/ml after 60 h fed-batch cultivation in 50 l bioreactor. The purified recombinant AprBcp exhibited maximum activity at 60°C and pH 10.0, and remained stable in the range from pH 8.0 to 11.0 and 30 to 45°C. Metal ions Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ could improve the stability of AprBcp. Furthermore, the recombinant AprBcp displayed great potential application on the recovery of protein from soybean dregs. The results of this study will provide an effective method to prepare AprBcp in B. subtilis and its potential application on utilization of soybean dregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuzhong Feng
- Shenzhen Shanggutang Food Development Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwu Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Liangzhong Zhao,
| | - Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology and Environment Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen, China
- Jianrong Wang,
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Asitok A, Ekpenyong M, Takon I, Antai S, Ogarekpe N, Antigha R, Edet P, Antai A, Essien J. A novel strain of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila produces thermostable alkaline peptidase on agro-industrial wastes: process optimization, kinetic modeling and scale-up. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:400. [PMID: 35713813 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial alkaline peptidases, especially from Bacillus species, occupy the frontline in global enzyme market, albeit with poor production economics. Here, we report the deployment of response surface methodology approximations to optimize fermentation parameters for enhanced yield of alkaline peptidase by the non-Bacillus bacterium; Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila. Shake flask production under optimized conditions was scaled up in a 5-L bench-scale bioreactor. Logistic and modified Gompertz models revealed significant fits for biomass formation, total protein, and substrate consumption models. Maximum specific growth rate (µmax = 0.362 h-1) of the bacterium in the optimized medium did not differ significantly from those in Luria-Bertani and trypticase soy broths. The aqueous two-phase system-purified 45.7 kDa alkaline protease retained 83% activity which improved with increasing sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration thus highlighting potential laundry application. Maximum enzyme activity occurred at 75ºC and pH 10.5 but was inhibited by 5 mM phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl fluoride suggesting a serine-protease nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atim Asitok
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Maurice Ekpenyong
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Iquo Takon
- Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Antai
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nkpa Ogarekpe
- Environmental Engineering Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Richard Antigha
- Environmental Engineering Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Edet
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Agnes Antai
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Essien
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
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Phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and characterization of alkaline proteases of marine bacteria Geomicrobium halophilum, Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi, and Oceanobacillus khimchii. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Ariaeenejad S, Kavousi K, Mamaghani ASA, Ghasemitabesh R, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Simultaneous hydrolysis of various protein-rich industrial wastes by a naturally evolved protease from tannery wastewater microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152796. [PMID: 34986419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of protein-rich waste materials is one of the vital environmental protection requirements. Using of non-naturally occurring chemicals for their remediation properties can potentially induce new pollutants. Therefore, enzymes encoded in the genomes of microorganisms evolved in the same environment can be considered suitable alternatives to chemicals. Identification of efficient proteases that can hydrolyze recalcitrant, protein-rich wastes produced by various industrial processes has been widely welcomed as an eco-friendly waste management strategy. In this direction, we attempted to screen a thermo-halo-alkali-stable metagenome-derived protease (PersiProtease1) from tannery wastewater. The PersiProtease1 exhibited high pH stability over a wide range and at 1 h in pH 11.0 maintained 87.59% activity. The enzyme possessed high thermal stability while retaining 76.64% activity after 1 h at 90 °C. Moreover, 65.34% of the initial activity of the enzyme remained in the presence of 6 M NaCl, showing tolerance against high salinity. The presence of various metal ions, inhibitors, and organic solvents did not remarkably inhibit the activity of the discovered protease. The PersiProtease1 was extracted from the tannery wastewater microbiota and efficiently applied for biodegradation of real sample tannery wastewater protein, chicken feathers, whey protein, dehairing sheepskins, and waste X-ray films. PersiProtease1 proved its enormous potential in simultaneous biodegradation of solid and liquid protein-rich industrial wastes based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Ariaeenejad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Sheykh Abdollahzadeh Mamaghani
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Rezvaneh Ghasemitabesh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Ruginescu R, Enache M, Popescu O, Gomoiu I, Cojoc R, Batrinescu-Moteau C, Maria G, Dumbravician M, Neagu S. Characterization of Some Salt-Tolerant Bacterial Hydrolases with Potential Utility in Cultural Heritage Bio-Cleaning. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030644. [PMID: 35336219 PMCID: PMC8949325 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-tolerant enzymes produced by halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms have been proposed to be used in various applications that involve high saline conditions. Considering their biotechnological significance and the current need for more efficient producers of such catalysts, the present study aimed to evaluate the extracellular proteolytic, esterolytic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of some halotolerant strains, and to characterize their functional parameters. A total of 21 bacterial and fungal strains belonging to the genera Bacillus, Virgibacillus, Salinivibrio, Salinicoccus, Psychrobacter, Nocardiopsis, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Emericellopsis were assayed by quantitative methods. Among them, the members of the Bacillus genus exhibited the highest catalytic activities. The exoenzymes produced by three selected Bacillus strains were active over wide ranges of salinity, temperature and pH. Proteases were active at 20–80 °C, pH 6–10, and 0–1 M NaCl, while esterases showed good catalytic activities at 20–80 °C, pH 7.5–10, and 0–4 M NaCl. Cellulases and xylanases were active at 20–80 °C, pH 5–10, and 0–5 M NaCl. Due to such properties, these hydrolases could be used in a newly proposed application, namely to clean aged consolidants and organic deposits accumulated over time from the surfaces of salt-loaded wall paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ruginescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Madalin Enache
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Octavian Popescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
- Molecular Biology Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai-University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Gomoiu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Roxana Cojoc
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Costin Batrinescu-Moteau
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Gabriel Maria
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Maria Dumbravician
- Department of Conservation and Restoration, Faculty of Art History, Bucharest National University of Arts, 19 General Constantin Budișteanu, 010773 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Simona Neagu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 60031 Bucharest, Romania; (M.E.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (R.C.); (C.B.-M.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
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13
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Mechri S, Bouacem K, Chalbi T, Khaled M, Allala F, Bouanane‐Darenfed A, Hacene H, Jaouadi B. A Taguchi design approach for the enhancement of a
detergent‐biocompatible
alkaline thermostable protease production by
Streptomyces mutabilis
strain
TN‐X30. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Mechri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Khelifa Bouacem
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences (FSB) University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences (FBAS) University Mouloud Mammeri of Tizi‐Ouzou (UMMTO) Tizi‐Ouzou Algeria
| | - Taha‐Bilel Chalbi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Marwa Khaled
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Fawzi Allala
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences (FSB) University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
| | - Amel Bouanane‐Darenfed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences (FSB) University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
| | - Hocine Hacene
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences (FSB) University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
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14
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Hossain TJ, Das M, Ali F, Chowdhury SI, Zedny SA. Substrate preferences, phylogenetic and biochemical properties of proteolytic bacteria present in the digestive tract of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). AIMS Microbiol 2022; 7:528-545. [PMID: 35071947 PMCID: PMC8712536 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate intestine appears to be an excellent source of proteolytic bacteria for industrial and probiotic use. We therefore aimed at obtaining the gut-associated proteolytic species of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We have isolated twenty six bacterial strains from its intestinal tract, seven of which showed exoprotease activity with the formation of clear halos on skim milk. Their depolymerization ability was further assessed on three distinct proteins including casein, gelatin, and albumin. All the isolates could successfully hydrolyze the three substrates indicating relatively broad specificity of their secreted proteases. Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the proteolytic isolates were determined based on their 16S rRNA gene barcoding, which suggested that the seven strains belong to three phyla viz. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, distributed across the genera Priestia, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia, Providencia, and Micrococcus. The isolates were further characterized by a comprehensive study of their morphological, cultural, cellular and biochemical properties which were consistent with the phylogenetic annotations. To reveal their proteolytic capacity alongside substrate preferences, enzyme-production was determined by the diffusion assay. The Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Micrococcus isolates appeared to be most promising with maximum protease production on casein, gelatin, and albumin media respectively. Our findings present valuable insights into the phylogenetic and biochemical properties of gut-associated proteolytic strains of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanim Jabid Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mukta Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Islam Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Subrina Akter Zedny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
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15
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Molecular Identification of Keratinase DgokerA from Deinococcus gobiensis for Feather Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is a tough fibrous structural protein that is difficult to digest with pepsin and trypsin because of the presence of a large number of disulfide bonds. Keratin is widely found in agricultural waste. In recent years, especially, the development of the poultry industry has resulted in a large accumulation of feather keratin resources, which seriously pollute the environment. Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin, converting them from complex to simplified forms. The keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. It is significant to identify keratinases and improve their thermostability from microorganism in extreme environments. In this study, the keratinases DgoKerA was identified in Deinococcus gobiensis I-0 from the Gobi desert. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that DgoKerA was 58.68% identical to the keratinase MtaKerA from M. thermophila WR-220 and 40.94% identical to the classical BliKerA sequence from B. licheniformis PWD-1. In vitro enzyme activity analysis showed that DgoKerA exhibited an optimum temperature of 60 °C, an optimum pH of 7 and a specific enzyme activity of 51147 U/mg. DgoKerA can degrade intact feathers at 60 °C and has good potential for industrial applications. The molecular modification of DgoKerA was also carried out using site-directed mutagenesis, in which the mutant A350S enzyme activity was increased by nearly 30%, and the results provide a theoretical basis for the development and optimization of keratinase applications.
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16
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Lavrentyeva EV, Erdyneeva EB, Dunaevskii YE, Boltyanskaya YV, Kevbrin VV. Extracellular, Highly Stable, Alkaline Peptidases of the Alkalophilic Bacteria Alkalicaulis satelles G-192t and Aliidiomarina sp. P-156 and Their Possible Use in the Composition of Detergents. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821060089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Sharma S, Kumar S, Kaur R, Kaur R. Multipotential Alkaline Protease From a Novel Pyxidicoccus sp. 252: Ecofriendly Replacement to Various Chemical Processes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722719. [PMID: 34707581 PMCID: PMC8542989 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated alkaline protease-producing myxobacterium was isolated from soil. The strain was identified as Pyxidicoccus sp. S252 on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The extracellular alkaline proteases produced by isolate S252 (PyCP) was optimally active in the pH range of 11.0–12.0 and temperature range of 40–50°C The zymogram of PyCP showed six caseinolytic protease bands. The proteases were stable in the pH range of 8.0–10.0 and temperature range of 40–50°C. The activity of PyCP was enhanced in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Tween-20, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (hydrogen peroxide), whereas in Triton X-100, glycerol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and Co2+, it was stable. PyCP showed a potential in various applications. The addition of PyCP in the commercial detergent enhanced the wash performance of the detergent by efficiently removing the stains of tomato ketchup and coffee. PyCP efficiently hydrolyzed the gelatin layer on X-ray film to release the embedded silver. PyCP also showed potent dehairing of goat skin and also efficiently deproteinized sea shell waste indicating its application in chitin extraction. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that Pyxidicoccus sp. S252 proteases have the potential to be used as an ecofriendly replacement of chemicals in several industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department Cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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18
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Mahmoud A, Kotb E, Alqosaibi AI, Al-Karmalawy AA, Al-Dhuayan IS, Alabkari H. In vitro and in silico characterization of alkaline serine protease from Bacillus subtilis D9 recovered from Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08148. [PMID: 34703922 PMCID: PMC8524146 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have isolated and characterized proteolytic soil bacteria and their alkaline protease. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, 12 isolates with the highest protease activity were classified as B. subtilis and B. cereus groups. B. subtilis D9 isolate showing the highest protease activity was selected for in vitro and in silico analysis for its ِِAKD9 protease. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 48 kDa, exhibiting optimal activity at 50 °C pH 9.5, and showed high stability till 65 °C and pH 8–11 for 1 h. Fe3+ stimulated, but Zn2+ and Hg2+ strongly inhibited the protease activity. Also, the maximum inhibition with PMSF indicated serine protease-type of AKD9 protease. AkD9 alkaline serine protease gene showed high sequence similarity and close phylogenetic relationship with AprX serine protease of B. subtilis isolates. Functional prediction of AKD9 resulted in the detection of subtilase domain, peptidase_S8 family, and subtilase active sites. Moreover, prediction of physicochemical properties indicated that AKD9 serine protease is hydrophilic, thermostable, and alkali-halo stable. Secondary structure prediction revealed the dominance of the coils enhances AKD9 activity and stability under saline and alkaline conditions. Based on molecular docking, AKD9 showed very promising binding affinities towards casein substrate with expected intrinsic proteolytic activities matching our obtained in vitro results. In conclusion, AKD9 alkaline serine protease seems to be a significant candidate for industrial applications because of its stability, hydrophilicity, enhanced thermostability, and alkali-halo stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Kotb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany I Alqosaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Ibtesam S Al-Dhuayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hameedah Alabkari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes, having significant physiological roles in both synthesis and degradation. The use of microbial proteases in food fermentation is an age-old process, which is today being successfully employed in other industries with the advent of ‘omics’ era and innovations in genetic and protein engineering approaches. Proteases have found application in industries besides food, like leather, textiles, detergent, waste management, agriculture, animal husbandry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. With the rising demands and applications, researchers are exploring various approaches to discover, redesign, or artificially synthesize enzymes with better applicability in the industrial processes. These enzymes offer a sustainable and environmentally safer option, besides possessing economic and commercial value. Various bacterial and fungal proteases are already holding a commercially pivotal role in the industry. The current review summarizes the characteristics and types of proteases, microbial source, their current and prospective applications in various industries, and future challenges. Promoting these biocatalysts will prove significant in betterment of the modern world.
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20
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Baba ZA, Hamid B, Sheikh TA, Alotaibi SH, El Enshasy HA, Ansari MJ, Zuan ATK, Sayyed RZ. Psychrotolerant Mesorhizobium sp. Isolated from Temperate and Cold Desert Regions Solubilizes Potassium and Produces Multiple Plant Growth Promoting Metabolites. Molecules 2021; 26:5758. [PMID: 34641302 PMCID: PMC8510370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil potassium (K) supplement depends intensively on the application of chemical fertilizers, which have substantial harmful environmental effects. However, some bacteria can act as inoculants by converting unavailable and insoluble K forms into plant-accessible forms. Such bacteria are an eco-friendly approach for enhancing plant K absorption and consequently reducing utilization of chemical fertilization. Therefore, the present research was undertaken to isolate, screen, and characterize the K solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from the rhizosphere soils of northern India. Overall, 110 strains were isolated, but only 13 isolates showed significant K solubilizing ability by forming a halo zone on solid media. They were further screened for K solubilizing activity at 0 °C, 1 °C, 3 °C, 5 °C, 7 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C for 5, 10, and 20 days. All the bacterial isolates showed mineral K solubilization activity at these different temperatures. However, the content of K solubilization increased with the upsurge in temperature and period of incubation. The isolate KSB (Grz) showed the highest K solubilization index of 462.28% after 48 h of incubation at 20 °C. The maximum of 23.38 µg K/mL broth was solubilized by the isolate KSB (Grz) at 20 °C after 20 days of incubation. Based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization (through the 16S rDNA approach), the isolate KSB (Grz) was identified as Mesorhizobium sp. The majority of the strains produced HCN and ammonia. The maximum indole acetic acid (IAA) (31.54 µM/mL) and cellulase (390 µM/mL) were produced by the isolate KSB (Grz). In contrast, the highest protease (525.12 µM/mL) and chitinase (5.20 µM/mL) activities were shown by standard strain Bacillus mucilaginosus and KSB (Gmr) isolate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad Baba
- Division of Basic Science and Humanities, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sopore 193201, India;
| | - Basharat Hamid
- Division of Basic Science and Humanities, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sopore 193201, India;
| | - Tahir Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Sopore 193201, India;
| | - Saad H. Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham A. El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), University Teknologi Malayisa (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly, Moradabad 244001, India;
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s Arts, Science and Commerce College, Shahada 425409, India
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21
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Joshi N, Kocher GS, Kalia A, Banga HS. Bacillus circulans MTCC 7906 aided facile development of bioconjugate nano-silica alkaline protease formulation with superlative dehairing potential. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117181. [PMID: 33964559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The tannery industries utilize environmentally hazardous chemicals to achieve dehairing of animal hides, which causes enormous waterbed pollution & high TDS load. Alkaline protease enzyme for dehairing can be an effective solution to resolve the environmental problems of the tannery industry waste. However, stable, cost-efficient and eco-benign formulations of alkaline protease need to be developed for commercial applications in the tannery industry. This works aimed at development of a nano-formulation of the enzyme alkaline protease (AKP) as a bioconjugate nano silica-alkaline protease enzyme (BC-SiNP-AKP). This work reports one pot green synthesis of the BC-SiNP-AKP bionanoconjugate complex which included both biotemplating and immobilization of the AKP on to the synthesized silica nanoparticles from cell-free extracts of Bacillus circulans grown in potato peel based medium. Among the cell free crude, acetone concentrated and purified sols of the enzyme AKP, acetone precipitated enzyme sol was found to be best for the biological SiNP synthesis and formation of BC-SiNP-AKP conjugate. The BC-SiNP-AKP had size ranging from 100 to 200 nm with crystalline morphologies varying from spherical, tubular to laminated crystallites. The developed bioconjugate formulation displayed 1.7-fold increase in the enzyme activity post nano-conjugation with superlative dehairing potential on goat skin. The optimized parameters for dehairing were found to be as temperature 37 °C for 24 h of incubation and with enzyme to buffer ratio (2: 50 mL). Thereafter, the dehaired skin was assessed for its histopathological effects, which were found to be safe without any deteriorative changes. The developed formulation is environmentally congenial for its use as depilating agent for animal hides in terms of being green, single pot and cost effective synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147001, India.
| | - Gurvinder Singh Kocher
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh Banga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141 004, Punjab, India
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22
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Farooq S, Nazir R, Ganai SA, Ganai BA. Isolation and characterization of a new cold-active protease from psychrotrophic bacteria of Western Himalayan glacial soil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12768. [PMID: 34140593 PMCID: PMC8211794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As an approach to the exploration of cold-active enzymes, in this study, we isolated a cold-active protease produced by psychrotrophic bacteria from glacial soils of Thajwas Glacier, Himalayas. The isolated strain BO1, identified as Bacillus pumilus, grew well within a temperature range of 4-30 °C. After its qualitative and quantitative screening, the cold-active protease (Apr-BO1) was purified. The Apr-BO1 had a molecular mass of 38 kDa and showed maximum (37.02 U/mg) specific activity at 20 °C, with casein as substrate. It was stable and active between the temperature range of 5-35 °C and pH 6.0-12.0, with an optimum temperature of 20 °C at pH 9.0. The Apr-BO1 had low Km value of 1.0 mg/ml and Vmax 10.0 µmol/ml/min. Moreover, it displayed better tolerance to organic solvents, surfactants, metal ions and reducing agents than most alkaline proteases. The results exhibited that it effectively removed the stains even in a cold wash and could be considered a decent detergent additive. Furthermore, through protein modelling, the structure of this protease was generated from template, subtilisin E of Bacillus subtilis (PDB ID: 3WHI), and different methods checked its quality. For the first time, this study reported the protein sequence for psychrotrophic Apr-BO1 and brought forth its novelty among other cold-active proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Farooq
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India ,grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Microbiology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India Jammu and Kashmir 190006
| | - Ruqeya Nazir
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Microbiology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India Jammu and Kashmir 190006
| | - Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- grid.444725.40000 0004 0500 6225Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoA, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 193201 India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Microbiology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India Jammu and Kashmir 190006
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Moonnee YA, Foysal MJ, Hashem A, Miah MF. Keratinolytic protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for leather skin processing. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:53. [PMID: 33825074 PMCID: PMC8024431 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The leather industry generates huge volume of waste each year. Keratin is the principal constituents of this waste that is resistant to degradation. Some bacteria have the ability to degrade keratin through synthesis of a protease called keratinase that can be used as sources of animal feed and industrial production of biodiesel, biofertilizer, and bioplastic. Majority of the studies focused on keratin degradation using gram-positive bacteria. Not much of studies are currently available on production of keratinase from gram-negative bacteria and selection of best parameters for the maximum production of enzyme. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize both groups of bacteria from soil for keratinase and optimize the production parameters. Results A total of 50 isolates were used for initial screening of enzyme production in skim milk, casein, and feather meal agar. Out of 50, five isolates showed significantly higher enzyme production in preliminary screening assays. Morphological and biochemical characterization revealed 60% of the isolates as gram-negative bacteria including two highest enzyme-producing isolates. The isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa through sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Maximum production of enzyme from P. aeruginosa YK17 was achieved with 2% chicken feather, beef extract, and ammonium nitrate as organic and inorganic nitrogen sources and glucose as a carbon source. Further analysis revealed that 3% inoculum, 40 °C growth temperature and 72-h incubation, resulted in maximum production of keratinase. Conclusion The overall results showed significant higher production of enzyme by the P. aeruginosa YK17 that can be used for the degradation of recalcitrant keratin waste and chemical dehairing in leather industries, thereby preventing environmental pollution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00149-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasmin Akter Moonnee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh. .,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Abu Hashem
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology (NIB), Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Md Faruque Miah
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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A Novel Thermostable Keratinase from Deinococcus geothermalis with Potential Application in Feather Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin to convert them from complex to simplified forms. Keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. In this study, a keratinase DgeKer was identified from a slightly thermophilic species, D. geothermalis. The in silico analysis showed that DgeKer is composed of signal peptide, N-terminal propeptide, mature domain, and C-terminal extension. DgeKer and its C-terminal extension-truncated enzyme (DgeKer-C) were cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified DgeKer and DgeKer-C showed maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 9–The thermal stability assay (60 °C) showed that the half-life value of DgeKer and DgeKer-C were 103.45 min and 169.10 min, respectively. DgeKer and DgeKer-C were stable at the range of pH from 9 to 11 and showed good tolerance to some metal ions, surfactants and organic solvent. Furthermore, DgeKer could degrade feathers at 70 °C for 60 min. However, the medium became turbid with obvious softening of barbules after being treated with DgeKer-C, which might be due to C-terminal extension. In summary, a thermostable keratinase DgeKer with high efficiency degradation of feathers may have great potential in industry.
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Chaudhary K, Kumar K, Venkatesu P, Masram DT. Protein immobilization on graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide surface and their applications: Influence over activity, structural and thermal stability of protein. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 289:102367. [PMID: 33545443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the essential role of biological macromolecules in our daily life; it is important to control the stability and activity of such macromolecules. Therefore, the most promising route for enhancement in stability and activity is immobilizing proteins on different support materials. Furthermore, large surface area and surface functional groups are the important features that are required for a better support system. These features of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) makes them ideal support materials for protein immobilization. Studies show the successful formation of GO/RGO-protein complexes with enhancement in structural/thermal stability due to various interactions at the nano-bio interface and their utilization in various functional applications. The present review focuses on protein immobilization using GO/RGO as solid support materials. Moreover, we also emphasized on basic underlying mechanism and interactions (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, electrostatic, local protein-protein, hydrogen bonding and van der Walls) between protein and GO/RGO which influences structural stability and activity of enzymes/proteins. Furthermore, GO/RGO-protein complexes are utilized in various applications such as biosensors, bioimaging and theranostic agent, targeted drug delivery agents, and nanovectors for drug and protein delivery.
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26
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Ben Elhoul M, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Bouacem K, Allala F, Rekik H, Mechri S, Khemir Ezzine H, Miled N, Jaouadi B. Heterologous expression and purification of keratinase from Actinomadura viridilutea DZ50: feather biodegradation and animal hide dehairing bioprocesses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9921-9934. [PMID: 33159682 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The keratin-degrading bacterium Actinomadura viridilutea DZ50 secretes a keratinase (KERDZ) with potential industrial interest. Here, the kerDZ gene was extracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS using pTrc99A vector. The recombinant enzyme (rKERDZ) was purified and biochemically characterized. Results showed that the native and recombinant keratinases have similar biochemical characteristics. The conventional dehairing with lime and sodium sulfide degrades the hair to the extent that it cannot be recovered. Thus, these chemical processes become a major contributor to wastewater problem and create a lot of environmental concern. The complete dehairing was achieved with 2000 U/mL rKERDZ for 10 h at 40 °C. In fact, keratinase assisted dehairing entirely degraded chicken feather (45 mg) and removed wool/hair from rabbit, sheep, goat, or bovine' hides (1.6 kg) while preserving the collagen structure. The enzymatic process is the eco-friendly option that reduces biological (BOD) (50%) and chemical (COD) oxygen demands (60%) in leather processing. Consequently, the enzymatic hair removal process could solve the problem of post-treatments encountering the traditional leather processing. The enzymatic (rKERDZ) dehaired leather was analyzed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies, which revealed similar fiber orientation and compactness compared with control sample. Those properties support that the rKERDZ enzyme-mediated process is greener to some extent than the traditional one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Ben Elhoul
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic, and Biomolecules (LMBEB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zaraî Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic, and Biomolecules (LMBEB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khelifa Bouacem
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), P.O. Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fawzi Allala
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), P.O. Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hatem Rekik
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic, and Biomolecules (LMBEB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Mechri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic, and Biomolecules (LMBEB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Khemir Ezzine
- National Leather and Shoe Center (CNCC), 17, Road of leather, Z.I. Sidi Rezig, 2033, Ben Arous, Tunisia
| | - Neila Miled
- National Leather and Shoe Center (CNCC), 17, Road of leather, Z.I. Sidi Rezig, 2033, Ben Arous, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic, and Biomolecules (LMBEB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Insights into substrate specificity of proteases for screening efficient dehairing enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:360-370. [PMID: 33460659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Though numerous proteases have been isolated and screened for the dehairing purpose, their use in the leather industry is limited mainly due to high cost, the need for expertise, and control during unit operation and alterations in the quality of leather due to lack of the right kind of substrate specificity of the enzymes used. This paper deals with the comparative specificity and dehairing efficiency of proteases isolated from Bacillus cereus VITSP01 (PE2) and Brevibacterium luteolum VITSP02 (PE). PE2 and PE were found to be trypsin-like and elastase-like serine proteases respectively. The protease of VITSP02 degraded the proteoglycans efficiently in comparison to that of VITSP01. The results suggest that the possible targets of the studied proteases might be skin proteoglycans, including those cementing the hair root bulb. Hence, an in-depth study on the substrate specificity of the dehairing proteases would help in designing an improved screening method for isolating potent dehairing enzymes.
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Identification of a Novel Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Bacillus megaterium-TK1 for the Detergent and Leather Industry. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120472. [PMID: 33339223 PMCID: PMC7765983 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the current investigation, we describe the characteristic features of a novel Bacillus megaterium bacterium-derived protease with excellent thermostable enzyme activity under stringent alkaline conditions. The protease is highly compatible with various detergents and thus appears to be an eco-friendly additive for a variety of industrial applications. Abstract An increased need by the green industry for enzymes that can be exploited for eco-friendly industrial applications led us to isolate and identify a unique protease obtained from a proteolytic Bacillus megaterium-TK1 strain from a seawater source. The extracellular thermostable serine protease was processed by multiple chromatography steps. The isolated protease displayed a relative molecular weight (MW) of 33 kDa (confirmed by zymography), optimal enzyme performance at pH 8.0, and maximum enzyme performance at 70 °C with 100% substrate specificity towards casein. The proteolytic action was blocked by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine hydrolase inactivator. Protease performance was augmented by several bivalent metal cations. The protease tolerance was studied under stringent conditions with different industrial dispersants and found to be stable with Surf Excel, Tide, or Rin detergents. Moreover, this protease could clean blood-stained fabrics and showed dehairing activity for cow skin with significantly reduced pollution loads. Our results suggest that this serine protease is a promising additive for various eco-friendly usages in both the detergent and leather industries.
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Tekin A, Uzuner U, Sezen K. Homology modeling and heterologous expression of highly alkaline subtilisin-like serine protease from Bacillus halodurans C-125. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:479-494. [PMID: 33047274 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we report heterologous expression, enzymatic characterization and structure homology modeling of a subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (ASP) from Bacillus halodurans C-125. Encoding gene was successfully obtained by PCR and cloned into pMA0911 shuttle vector under the control of strong HpaII promoter and expressed extracellularly. ASP enzyme was successfully expressed in B. subtilis WB800 cell line lacking eight extracellular proteases and produced extracellularly in the culture medium. Km, Vmax and specific activity parameters of the recombinantly produced ASP were identified as 0.2899 mg/ml, 76.12 U/ml and 9500 U/mg, respectively. The purified enzyme revealed remarkable proteolytic activity at highly alkaline conditions with a pH optimum 12.0 and notable thermostability with temperature optimum at 60 °C. Furthermore, substrate-free enzyme revealed remarkable pH stability at pH 12.0 and maintained 93% of its initial activity when incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and 60% of its initial activity upon incubation at 60 °C for 1 h. Theoretically calculated molecular mass of ASP protein was confirmed through SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis (Mw: 28.3 kDa). The secondary and tertiary structures of ASP protein were also identified through homology modeling and further examined in detail. ASP harbors a typical S8/S53 peptidase domain comprising 17 β-sheets and 9 α-helixes within its secondary structure. The structure dynamics analysis of modeled 3D structure further revealed that transient inactivating propeptide chain is the most dynamic region of ASP enzyme with 8.52 Å2 β-Factor value. Additional residue-dependent fluctuation plot analysis also confirmed the elevated structure dynamics patterning of ASP N-terminus which could be the potential prerequisite for the autonomous propeptide removal of alkaline serine peptidases. Yet the functional domain of ASP becomes quite stable after autonomous exclusion of its propeptide. Although the sequence homology between ASP and commercial detergent additive B. lentus protease (PDB ID:1GCI) was moderate (65.4% sequence similarity), their overlaid 3D structures revealed much higher similarity (98.14%) within 0.80 Å RMSD. In conclusions, with remarkable pH stability, notable thermostability and particularly high specific activity at extreme alkaline conditions, the unveiled ASP protein stands out as a novel protease candidate for various industrial sectors such as textile, detergent, leather, feed, waste, pharmaceutical and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aşkın Tekin
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Şebinkarahisar Social Sciences Vocational School, 28400, Şebinkarahisar, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Ugur Uzuner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Kazım Sezen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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30
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Marine microbial alkaline protease: An efficient and essential tool for various industrial applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1216-1229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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de Lima EE, Franco DG, Galeano RMS, Guimarães NCDA, Masui DC, Giannesi GC, Zanoelo FF. Biochemical characterization of a partially purified protease from Aspergillus terreus 7461 and its application as an environmentally friendly dehairing agent for leather industry. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:320-330. [PMID: 32903132 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1815058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteases can be used in several biotechnological processes including detergent, food and leather industries. In the leather industry, dehairing is carried out by chemicals, which pollute the environment. Therefore, to make the hair removal process environmentally friendly, a protease produced by Aspergillus terreus has been purified, biochemically characterized and had an efficient ability to remove hair from bovine leather. The protease was produced using 1% wheat bran and was purified 2.3-fold using two chromatographic steps showing a molecular weight of 90 kDa. Optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 6.5, respectively. Thermal stability was up to 1 h at 50 °C. Protease was stable to detergents like Tween 80 and to organic solvents. The activity was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by Hg2+ and Cu2+. The enzyme was classified as serine protease, by the inhibition by PMSF and was stable to reducing agents. It hydrolyzed casein, azocasein, BSA, egg albumin and BTpNA. The Km and Vmax values were 0.65 ± 0.03 mg/mL and 3.66 ± 0.18 μmol/min, respectively. Remarkable properties about temperature, pH, stability to detergents and reducing agents ensure that the protease from A. terreus can be an excellent candidate for industrial applications, particularly in the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmly Ernesto de Lima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerra Franco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Silva Galeano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Chodi Masui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Cristina Giannesi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fonseca Zanoelo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Zhang RX, Gong JS, Su C, Qin J, Li H, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Recombinant expression and molecular engineering of the keratinase from Brevibacillus parabrevis for dehairing performance. J Biotechnol 2020; 320:57-65. [PMID: 32569793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is capable of distinctive degradation of keratin, which provides an eco-friendly approach for keratin waste management towards sustainable development. In this study, the recombinant keratinase (KERBP) from Brevibacillus parabrevis was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified KERBP had the specific activity of 6005.3 U/mg. It showed remarkable tolerance to various surfactants and also no collagenolytic activity. However, the moderate thermal stability limited its further application. Thus, protein engineering was further adopted to improve its stability. The variants of T218S, S236C and N181D were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and combinatorial mutagenesis. Compared with the wild type, the t1/2 at 60 °C for the variants T218S, S236C and N181D were 3.05-, 1.18- and 1-fold increase, respectively. Moreover, the double variants N181D-T218S and N181D-S236C significantly improved thermostability with 5.1 and 2.9 °C increase of T50, and prolonging t1/2 at 60 °C with 4.09 and 1.54-fold, respectively. And the catalytic efficiency of the T218S and N181D-T218S variants was also significantly improved. Furthermore, the keratinase displayed favorable ability to dehair wool from skin within 7 h, which showed potential in leather dehairing. Our work contributes to a further insight into the thermostability of keratinase and offers a promising alternative for industrial leather application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Bhatt HB, Singh SP. Cloning, Expression, and Structural Elucidation of a Biotechnologically Potential Alkaline Serine Protease From a Newly Isolated Haloalkaliphilic Bacillus lehensis JO-26. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:941. [PMID: 32582046 PMCID: PMC7283590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An alkaline protease gene of Bacillus lehensis JO-26 from saline desert, Little Rann of Kutch, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). A 1,014-bp ORF encoded 337 amino acids. The recombinant protease (APrBL) with Asp 97, His 127, and Ser 280 forming catalytic triad belongs to the subtilase S8 protease family. The gene was optimally expressed in soluble fraction with 0.2 mM isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), 2% (w/v) NaCl at 28°C. APrBL, a monomer with a molecular mass of 34.6 kDa was active over pH 8–11 and 30°C−70°C, optimally at pH 10 and 50°C. The enzyme was highly thermostable and retained 73% of the residual activity at 80°C up to 3 h. It was significantly stimulated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Ca2+, chloroform, toluene, n-butanol, and benzene while completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and Hg2+. The serine nature of the protease was confirmed by its strong inhibition by PMSF. The APrBL gene was phylogenetically close to alkaline elastase YaB (P20724) and was distinct from the well-known commercial proteases subtilisin Carlsberg (CAB56500) and subtilisin BPN′ (P00782). The structural elucidation revealed 31.75% α-helices, 22.55% β-strands, and 45.70% coils. Although high glycine and fewer proline residues are a characteristic feature of the cold-adapted enzymes, the similar observation in thermally active APrBL suggests that this feature cannot be solely responsible for thermo/cold adaptation. The APrBL protease was highly effective as a detergent additive and in whey protein hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitarth B Bhatt
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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Statistical optimisation of protease production using a freshwater bacterium Chryseobacterium cucumeris SARJS-2 for multiple industrial applications. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:279. [PMID: 32537379 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers, rich in keratin, are usually the unused by-products of poultry industries. In addition, the cast-off X-ray films serve as secondary sources of silver, and the traditional method of silver extraction from this source is costly and not eco-friendly. Therefore, the current study focuses on protease production using a freshwater bacterium Chryseobacterium cucumeris SARJS-2, aiming to convert these wastes into useful products. The protease production was optimized by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT), followed by Plackett Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The protease production got enhanced by more than two folds after the statistical optimisation. Upon partial purification, the enzyme activity increased by approximately three folds. The protease was active in the range of temperatures from 25 to 75 °C, but the optimum temperature was recorded as 35 °C. The protease exhibited detergent compatibility and organic solvent stability. The detergent compatibility suggests the protease could be a detergent additive. It was also found that the presence of Fe+2 enhanced protease activity. The protease was tested for stain removal, feather degradation and silver recovery applications. It was found that the protease could efficiently remove stains of blood and tomato sauce. In addition, the protease was found to be a successful candidate for feather degradation, thereby feather-hydrolysate production which has prominent roles as nature-friendly fertilizer and animal feed ingredient. The protease also degraded gelatin from the X-ray films to release the silver-halides for silver recovery. The results recommend that the SARJS-2 protease is a potential candidate for use in eco-friendly applications in various industrial sectors.
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Errasti ME, Torres MJ, Mercerat JR, Caffini NO, López LMI. Plant proteases from Carica papaya and Vasconcellea quercifolia with potential application for a cleaner processing in tanneries. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1751131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Errasti
- Centro de Investigación de Tecnología del Cuero, CICPBA-INTI, Manuel B. Gonnet, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CICPBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María José Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, UNNOBA-CONICET, Junín, Argentina
| | - Julio Ricardo Mercerat
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CICPBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Néstor Oscar Caffini
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CICPBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura María Isabel López
- Centro de Investigación de Tecnología del Cuero, CICPBA-INTI, Manuel B. Gonnet, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Argentina
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Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Rummelii Bacillus Stabekisii: An Efficient Protease Producing Bacterial Strain Identified from Environmental Waste Samples of Warangal District in Telangana. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Development of nano-silver alkaline protease bio-conjugate depilating eco-benign formulation by utilizing potato peel based medium. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:261-271. [PMID: 32105689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new bio-conjugate nano-silver enzyme conjugate complex (BC-nAg-Akp) was formulated containing alkaline protease (Akp). The present research involved synthesis of nAg particles in acetone concentrated enzyme sol using 0.005 M AgNO3 solution formed within interaction time of 24 h through photo catalysis. The BC-nAG-Akp composite exhibited 1.9-fold increase in enzyme activity. The formulation was characterized using techniques viz., SEM, SEM-EDS, TEM, and DLS spectroscopy. The TEM analysis revealed synthesis of silver nano rods with size dimensions ranging from 40 to 80 nm. Likewise, the mean hydrodynamic diameter was 114 nm with polydispersity index of 0.260 and had the largest diffusion constant of 4.28 × 108 amongst the three forms of the formulation (crude, acetone concentrated and partially purified) on DLS characterization. The SEM-EDS analysis showed occurrence of 18.32 and 3.79%weight and %atom of Ag element respectively. The prepared formulation was investigated for its dehairing performance. The ideal dehairing was achieved at 37 °C after 12 h of treatment. The histopathological studies revealed that complete dehairing with minimal rarefication was achieved and was found perform better compared to the commercial Akp and control (crude enzyme) formulations.
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Ruginescu R, Purcărea C, Dorador C, Lavin P, Cojoc R, Neagu S, Lucaci I, Enache M. Exploring the hydrolytic potential of cultured halophilic bacteria isolated from the Atacama Desert. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5613365. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTConsidering that most industrial processes are carried out under harsh physicochemical conditions, which would inactivate enzymes from commonly isolated mesophilic organisms, current studies are geared toward the identification of extremophilic microorganisms producing enzymes resistant to extreme salt concentrations, temperature and pH. Among the extremophiles, halophilic microorganisms are an important source of salt-tolerant enzymes that can be used in varying biotechnological applications. In this context, the aim of the present work was to isolate and identify halophiles producing hydrolases from the Atacama Desert, one of the harshest environments on Earth. Isolates were recovered from halite samples and screened for the presence of seven different hydrolase activities (amylase, caseinase, gelatinase, lipase, pectinase, cellulase and inulinase) using agar plate-based assays. From a total of 23 halophilic bacterial isolates, most showed lipolytic (19 strains) and pectinolytic (11 strains) activities. The molecular identification of eight selected isolates showed a strong similarity to members of the Halomonas and Idiomarina genera. Therefore, the present study represents a preliminary, but essential, step to identify novel biological sources of extremozymes in an environment once thought to be devoid of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ruginescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Cristina Purcărea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, 601 Angamos Av., Antofagasta, 1240000, Chile
| | - Paris Lavin
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, 601 Angamos Av., Antofagasta, 1240000, Chile
| | - Roxana Cojoc
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Simona Neagu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Ioana Lucaci
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Mădălin Enache
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
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Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of a thermo- and surfactant-stable protease from Thermomonospora curvata. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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