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Sharma S, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S, Hassan H, Alizadeh M, Pratt S, Abdelaziz K. In ovo feeding of probiotic lactobacilli differentially alters expression of genes involved in the development and immunological maturation of bursa of Fabricius in pre-hatched chicks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103237. [PMID: 38011819 PMCID: PMC10801656 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that immunological maturation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, including the bursa of Fabricius, is dependent upon antigenic stimulation post-hatch. In view of these data, the present study investigated the impact of exposing the immune system of chick embryos to antigenic stimuli, via in ovo delivery of poultry-specific lactobacilli, on the expression of genes associated with early bursal development and maturation. Broiler line embryonated eggs were inoculated with 106 and 107 colony-forming units (CFUs) of an individual or a mixture of Lactobacillus species, including L. crispatus (C25), L. animalis (P38), L. acidophilus (P42), and L. reuteri (P43), at embryonic day 18 (ED18). The bursa of Fabricius was collected from pre-hatched chicks (ED20) to measure the expression levels of various immune system genes. The results revealed that L. acidophilus and the mixture of Lactobacillus species at the dose of 106 CFU consistently elicited higher expression of genes responsible for B cell development, differentiation, and survival (B cell activating factor (BAFF), BAFF-receptor (BAFF-R)), and antibody production (interleukin (IL)-10) and diversification (TGF-β). Similar expression patterns were also noted in T helper (Th) cell-associated cytokine genes, including Th1-type cytokines (interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-12p40), Th2-type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and Th17 cytokine (IL-17). Overall, these results suggest that the supplementation of poultry-specific lactobacilli to chick embryos might be beneficial for accelerating the development and immunological maturation of the bursa of Fabricius. However, further studies are required to determine if the changes in gene expression are associated with the developmental trajectory and phenotypes of bursal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeya Sharma
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Raveendra R Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hosni Hassan
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Scott Pratt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Li X, Liu X, Cui L, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H. How to Break through the Bottlenecks of in Ovo Vaccination in Poultry Farming. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 38250861 PMCID: PMC10821430 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry farming is one of the pillar industries of global animal husbandry. In order to guarantee production, poultry are frequently vaccinated from the moment they are hatched. Even so, the initial immunity of chicks is still very poor as they are in the "window period" of immune protection. In ovo vaccination pushes the initial immunization time forward to the incubation period, thereby providing earlier immune protection for chicks. In ovo vaccination is currently a research hotspot of poultry disease prevention and control, which is in line with the intensification of poultry production. However, the vaccines currently available for in ovo vaccination are limited and cannot meet the needs of industrial development, so how to efficiently activate the adaptive immune response of chicken embryos becomes the key to restrict product development and technological progress of in ovo vaccination. Its breakthrough, to a large extent, depends on systematic illustration of the mechanism underlying the adaptive immune response post immunization. Clarification of this issue will provide us with theoretical support and potential solutions for the development of novel vaccines for in ovo vaccination, the augmentation of efficacy of current vaccines and the optimization of immune programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Lu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zheyi Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
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Miebach L, Berner J, Bekeschus S. In ovo model in cancer research and tumor immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006064. [PMID: 36248802 PMCID: PMC9556724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering cancer not only as malignant cells on their own but as a complex disease in which tumor cells interact and communicate with their microenvironment has motivated the establishment of clinically relevant 3D models in past years. Technological advances gave rise to novel bioengineered models, improved organoid systems, and microfabrication approaches, increasing scientific importance in preclinical research. Notwithstanding, mammalian in vivo models remain closest to mimic the patient’s situation but are limited by cost, time, and ethical constraints. Herein, the in ovo model bridges the gap as an advanced model for basic and translational cancer research without the need for ethical approval. With the avian embryo being a naturally immunodeficient host, tumor cells and primary tissues can be engrafted on the vascularized chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) with high efficiencies regardless of species-specific restrictions. The extraembryonic membranes are connected to the embryo through a continuous circulatory system, readily accessible for manipulation or longitudinal monitoring of tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling. However, its applicability in immunoncological research is largely underexplored. Dual engrafting of malignant and immune cells could provide a platform to study tumor-immune cell interactions in a complex, heterogenic and dynamic microenvironment with high reproducibility. With some caveats to keep in mind, versatile methods for in and ex ovo monitoring of cellular and molecular dynamics already established in ovo are applicable alike. In this view, the present review aims to emphasize and discuss opportunities and limitations of the chicken embryo model for pre-clinical research in cancer and cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Miebach
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Visceral Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Berner
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Visceral Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Visceral Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sander Bekeschus,
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Han G, Cui Y, Shen D, Li M, Ren Y, Bungo T, Chowdhury VS, Li Y, Li C. In ovo Feeding of L-Leucine Improves Antioxidative Capacity and Spleen Weight and Changes Amino Acid Concentrations in Broilers After Chronic Thermal Stress. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:862572. [PMID: 35372553 PMCID: PMC8971722 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.862572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Leucine (L-Leu) was demonstrated to confer thermotolerance by in ovo feeding in broiler chicks and chickens in our previous studies. However, the L-Leu-mediated roles in recovering from the detrimental effects of heat stress in broilers are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of L-Leu in ovo feeding on the growth performance, relative weight of organs, serum metabolites and antioxidant parameters, and gene expression profiles in broiler chickens after chronic heat stress. Fertilized broiler eggs (Ross 308) were subjected to in ovo feeding of sterile water (0.5 mL/egg) or L-Leu (69 μmol/0.5 mL/egg) on embryonic day 7. After hatching, the male chicks were separated and used for the current study. All chickens were subjected to thermal stress exposure from 21 to 39 days of age and 1 week of recovery from 40 to 46 days of age. The results showed that in ovo feeding of L-Leu did not affect the body weight gain or relative weight of organs under chronic heat stress; however, the serum glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased and serum malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by L-Leu at 39 days of age. After 1 week of recovery, in ovo feeding of L-Leu significantly improved the relative spleen weight at 46 days of age. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis in the spleen showed that a total of 77 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 62 upregulated DEGs and 15 downregulated DEGs. Aspartic-type endopeptidase and peptidase activities were upregulated after recovery in the L-Leu group. The expression of genes related to B cell homeostatic proliferation and vestibular receptor cell differentiation, morphogenesis and development was downregulated in the L-Leu group. Moreover, the concentrations of serum catalase, total antioxidative capacity, isoleucine and ammonia were significantly decreased by L-Leu in ovo feeding after recovery. These results suggested that L-Leu in ovo feeding promoted the recovery of antioxidative status after chronic heat stress in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Han
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yansen Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunmei Li
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Zmrhal V, Svoradova A, Batik A, Slama P. Three-Dimensional Avian Hematopoietic Stem Cell Cultures as a Model for Studying Disease Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:730804. [PMID: 35127695 PMCID: PMC8811169 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is attracting increasing attention today because it can mimic tissue environments and provide more realistic results than do conventional cell cultures. On the other hand, very little attention has been given to using 3D cell cultures in the field of avian cell biology. Although mimicking the bone marrow niche is a classic challenge of mammalian stem cell research, experiments have never been conducted in poultry on preparing in vitro the bone marrow niche. It is well known, however, that all diseases cause immunosuppression and target immune cells and their development. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside in the bone marrow and constitute a source for immune cells of lymphoid and myeloid origins. Disease prevention and control in poultry are facing new challenges, such as greater use of alternative breeding systems and expanding production of eggs and chicken meat in developing countries. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic will draw greater attention to the importance of disease management in poultry because poultry constitutes a rich source of zoonotic diseases. For these reasons, and because they will lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis, in vivo HSC niches for studying disease pathogenesis can be valuable tools for developing more effective disease prevention, diagnosis, and control. The main goal of this review is to summarize knowledge about avian hematopoietic cells, HSC niches, avian immunosuppressive diseases, and isolation of HSC, and the main part of the review is dedicated to using 3D cell cultures and their possible use for studying disease pathogenesis with practical examples. Therefore, this review can serve as a practical guide to support further preparation of 3D avian HSC niches to study the pathogenesis of avian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zmrhal
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Svoradova
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production in Nitra, Luzianky, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Batik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slama
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang Z, Cai J, Hao S, Li C, Chen J, Li T, Feng X. Transcriptomic analysis of spleen B cell revealed the molecular basis of bursopentin on B cell differentiation. Vet Res 2022; 53:109. [PMID: 36517897 PMCID: PMC9753308 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius, the acknowledged humoral immune organ unique to birds, plays a vital role in B cell development. Bursopentin (BP5) derived from the bursa is reported to induce the development and formation of B cells. However, the mechanism of BP5 on B cell differentiation is still unclear. In this paper, total B lymphocytes from mice immunized with H9N2 subtype AIV vaccine were stimulated with BP5. The results show that BP5 at the experimental dosages promoted B cell differentiation, including the total B cells, activated B cells, differentiated B cells, mature B cells and plasma cells. Then, the in vivo immune experiment proved that the percentages of activated and differentiated B cells from mice immunized with AIV vaccine and 0.25 mg/mL BP5 were increased. To investigate the molecular mechanism of BP5 on B cell differentiation, the gene expression profiles of B cells purified from the spleen cells of mice immunized with AIV vaccine and BP5 were detected following RNA sequencing technology. The results show that BP5 at 0.05 and 0.25 mg/mL induced the enrichment of various biological functions, and stimulated five common significant enrichment pathways in B cells from the immunized mice. Additionally, 120 and 59 differentially expressed genes (DEG) represented transcriptional factors in B cells following 0.05 and 0.25 mg/mL BP5 immunization, respectively. In summary, these results suggest that BP5 regulates various gene expression involved in regulation of B cell development, which provides the knowledge required for additional studies on B cell differentiation in response to bursal-derived peptides and also provides an important experimental basis for improving vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiaxi Cai
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shanshan Hao
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chenfei Li
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tongtong Li
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Garcia P, Wang Y, Viallet J, Macek Jilkova Z. The Chicken Embryo Model: A Novel and Relevant Model for Immune-Based Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791081. [PMID: 34868080 PMCID: PMC8640176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. To date, the most commonly used models in biomedical research are rodents, and despite the various advantages they offer, their use also raises numerous drawbacks. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken embryo and its chorioallantoic membrane, has re-emerged for various applications. This model has many benefits compared to other classical models, as it is cost-effective, time-efficient, and easier to use. In this review, we explain how the chicken embryo can be used as a model for immune-based studies, as it gradually develops an embryonic immune system, yet which is functionally similar to humans'. We mainly aim to describe the avian immune system, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system, including the repertoire of lymphoid tissues, immune cells, and other key features. We also describe the general in ovo immune ontogeny. In conclusion, we expect that this review will help future studies better tailor their use of the chicken embryo model for testing specific experimental hypotheses or performing preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Garcia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- R&D Department, Inovotion, La Tronche, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Yan Wang
- R&D Department, Inovotion, La Tronche, France
| | | | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (USA) Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
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Al-Ogaili AS, Hameed SS. Development of lymphocyte subpopulations in local breed chickens. Vet World 2021; 14:1846-1852. [PMID: 34475708 PMCID: PMC8404140 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1846-1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Local breeds of chicken are known to have relatively higher disease resistance to many endemic diseases and diseases that are highly virulent in commercial chickens. This study aimed to address the lymphocyte subpopulations in three constitutive immune system organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen) in 30, 8-week-old, male local breed chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS The T (CD3+) and B lymphocytes (Bu-1+) were identified through one-color, direct immunofluorescent staining of the thymus, bursa, and spleen lymphocytes. Likewise, two-color, direct immunofluorescent staining was performed to identify the CD4- and/or CD8-defined T lymphocytes. The proportions of T and B lymphocytes and CD4- and/or CD8 defined chicken lymphocyte subsets in lymphoid suspensions prepared from the thymus, bursa, and spleen were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS CD3+ cells, particularly those positive for CD4+CD8-, were dominant in the thymus, whereas cells expressing the Bu-1 marker were predominant in the bursa of Fabricius. The proportion of T and B cells was almost equal in the spleen, with more cells expressing the CD4-CD8+ marker in the red pulp. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that local breeds of chicken could serve as a reliable model for studying the immune system of commercial light chicken breeds, due to the similarity in the presence and the distribution of the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Sabr Al-Ogaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Kut Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Samer Sadeq Hameed
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Martínez Y, Altamirano E, Ortega V, Paz P, Valdivié M. Effect of Age on the Immune and Visceral Organ Weights and Cecal Traits in Modern Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030845. [PMID: 33802665 PMCID: PMC8002570 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, due to the high developments achieved in the poultry industry especially in genetics, management, nutrition, health, and animal welfare, modern broilers reach slaughter weight at an earlier age, which in turn has brought about notable changes in the morphophysiology of these birds. The following research proposes to determine the effect of age on visceral and immune organ weight, cecal pH, and cecal lactic acid bacteria in Ross 308® broilers, up to 10 days old. It was concluded that the immune and visceral organs increase their absolute and relative weight according to age and on days 9 and 10 the highest growth rate of the organs was found, furthermore, the colonization of the cecal lactic acid bacteria is established before 10 days of life (as the most critical stage), although with variable changes for intestinal pH. The correlation showed, in addition, a significant association between the organs evaluated, as well as for the cecum relative weight and the cecal lactic bacteria count. These results could contribute to updating knowledge on immunological activity, cecal microbiology, and the functioning of the digestive system, as well as for the development of new nutritional requirements and the optimization of dietary formulations. Abstract This study aimed to determine the effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. 200 male Ross® 308 broilers were randomly selected, then 20 broilers were slaughtered every day (up to 10 days old) after six hours of fasting. All the organs measured had a progressive increase in absolute weight as the days progressed, apart from the spleen, which decreased its absolute weight on day 5, even though on day 10 it showed the highest values. Moreover, the small intestine relative weight increased from the fourth to the ninth day and was correlated (p ≤ 0.05) with the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and cecum, although without statistical association with the of the heart. There was a correlation between the cecum relative weight and the cecal lactic acid bacteria, and between the primary lymphoid organs. The pH (from 5.74 to 7.40) and cecal lactic acid bacteria (from 6.11 to 8.79 log 10 CFU/g) changed according to the age of the broilers. The results could contribute to the understanding of the physiology and intestinal microbiology of the first 10 days old of modern broilers, which is crucial to improve the genetic expression of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Martínez
- Poultry Research and Teaching Center, Agricultural Science and Production Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (E.A.); (V.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-94422496
| | - Edison Altamirano
- Poultry Research and Teaching Center, Agricultural Science and Production Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (E.A.); (V.O.)
| | - Victoria Ortega
- Poultry Research and Teaching Center, Agricultural Science and Production Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (E.A.); (V.O.)
| | - Patricio Paz
- Agricultural Science and Production Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Manuel Valdivié
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Production, P.O. Box 6240, Santiago de las Vegas, Rancho Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba;
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Chanthavixay G, Kern C, Wang Y, Saelao P, Lamont SJ, Gallardo RA, Rincon G, Zhou H. Integrated Transcriptome and Histone Modification Analysis Reveals NDV Infection Under Heat Stress Affects Bursa Development and Proliferation in Susceptible Chicken Line. Front Genet 2020; 11:567812. [PMID: 33101389 PMCID: PMC7545831 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.567812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two environmental factors, Newcastle disease and heat stress, are concurrently negatively impacting poultry worldwide and warrant greater attention into developing genetic resistance within chickens. Using two genetically distinct and highly inbred layer lines, Fayoumi and Leghorn, we explored how different genetic backgrounds affect the bursal response to a treatment of simultaneous Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection at 6 days postinfection (dpi) while under chronic heat stress. The bursa is a primary lymphoid organ within birds and is crucial for the development of B cells. We performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq targeting histone modifications on bursa tissue. Differential gene expression revealed that Leghorn, compared to Fayoumi, had significant down-regulation in genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell division. Interestingly, we also found greater differences in histone modification levels in response to treatment in Leghorns than Fayoumis, and biological processes enriched in associated target genes of H3K27ac and H3K4me1 were similarly associated with cell cycle and receptor signaling of lymphocytes. Lastly, we found candidate variants between the two genetic lines within exons of differentially expressed genes and regulatory elements with differential histone modification enrichment between the lines, which provides a strong foundation for understanding the effects of genetic variation on NDV resistance under heat stress. This study provides further understanding of the cellular mechanisms affected by NDV infection under heat stress in chicken bursa and identified potential genes and regulatory regions that may be targets for developing genetic resistance within chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Perot Saelao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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11
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Characterization of splenic MRC1 hiMHCII lo and MRC1 loMHCII hi cells from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of White Leghorn chickens. Vet Res 2020; 51:73. [PMID: 32460863 PMCID: PMC7251834 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages, which are found in a variety of organs, maintain tissue homeostasis at a steady state and act as the first line of defence during pathogen-induced inflammation in the host. Most monocyte/macrophage lineage studies in chickens have been largely performed using cell lines, while few studies using primary cells have been conducted. In the present study, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of splenic monocyte/macrophage lineage cells during steady state and inflammatory conditions were examined. Splenic monocyte/macrophage lineage cells could be identified as MRC1loMHCIIhi and MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells based on their surface expression of MRC1 and MHCII. In the steady state, MRC1loMHCIIhi cells were more frequently found among MRC1+ cells. MRC1loMHCIIhi cells expressed a higher number of antigen-presenting molecules (MHCII, MHCI, and CD80) than MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells. In contrast, MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells showed better phagocytic and CCR5-dependent migratory properties than MRC1loMHCIIhi cells. Furthermore, MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells infiltrated the spleen in vivo and then became MRC1loMHCIIhi cells. During lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory conditions that were produced via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, the proportion and absolute number of MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells were increased in the spleen. Uniquely, inflammation induced the downregulation of MHCII expression in MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells. The major source of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) was MRC1loMHCIIhi cells. Furthermore, MRC1hiMHCIIlo cells showed greater bactericidal activity than MRC1loMHCIIhi cells during LPS-induced inflammation. Collectively, these results suggest that two subsets of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells exist in the chicken spleen that have functional differences.
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12
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Losada-Medina D, Yitbarek A, Nazeer N, Uribe-Diaz S, Ahmed M, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC. Identification, tissue characterization, and innate immune role of Angiogenin-4 expression in young broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2992-3000. [PMID: 32475434 PMCID: PMC7597696 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are major producers of antimicrobial proteins, which play an important role in innate immunity. In addition to defensins, the Ribonuclease A superfamily includes important antimicrobial proteins involved in host-defense mechanisms in vertebrates. Angiogenin-4 (Ang4), a member of this RNase superfamily, has been demonstrated to be secreted by Paneth cells in mice. We have successfully cloned and characterized a new chicken gene (chAng4), found for the first time in a nonmammalian species, from intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells. Characterization of chAng4 revealed 99% nucleotide and 97% amino acid sequence homology to mouse Ang4. Similar functional regions were identified, suggesting a role in innate immunity and regulation of gut microbiota. Furthermore, the mRNA expression pattern of chAng4 was studied in broilers in the presence or absence of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) and organic acids. The results showed that one-day-old chickens expressed low levels of Ang4 in almost all the evaluated tissues (crop, proventriculus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecal tonsils), except in the bursa of Fabricius that presented the highest expression level. The addition of probiotics and organic acids for either 7 or 14 consecutive days demonstrated a direct effect of probiotics and organic acids on chAng4 expression; moreover, broilers receiving probiotics and organic acids for only 7 D showed higher levels of chAng4 expression compared with those treated for 14 D. Broilers without treatment had a constant high level of expression in cecal tonsils and bursa. In conclusion, we were able to identify and characterize a new antimicrobial gene in chickens (chAng4) throughout the gastrointestinal tract. chAng4 mRNA gene expression was associated with the presence of naturally occurring and supplemented (probiotic) bacteria. The encoded protein might have a potential bactericidal effect against intestinal nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes, modulating the intestinal microbiota and the innate immunity, and thereby may help minimize the use of antibiotics in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Losada-Medina
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Nauman Nazeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Santiago Uribe-Diaz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Juan C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
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13
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Alizadeh M, Shojadoost B, Astill J, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Karimi SH, Bavananthasivam J, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S. Effects of in ovo Inoculation of Multi-Strain Lactobacilli on Cytokine Gene Expression and Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:105. [PMID: 32185187 PMCID: PMC7058628 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various doses of a multi-strain lactobacilli mixture (Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Lactobacillus johnsonii) on the innate and adaptive immune responses in broiler chickens. At embryonic day eighteen, 200 eggs were injected with PBS, or three different doses of a multi-strain lactobacilli mixture (1 × 105, 1 × 106, and 1 × 107 CFU/egg, P1, P2, and P3 respectively) along with a group of negative control. On days 5 and 10 post-hatch, cecal tonsil, bursa of fabricius, and spleen were collected for gene expression and cellular analysis. On days 14 and 21 post-hatch, birds were immunized intramuscularly with both sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 after primary immunization. The results demonstrated that lactobacilli inoculation increased the splenic expression of cytokines, including interferon (IFN) - α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-12 on day 5 post-hatch compared to the control group (PBS). However, in cecal tonsils, lactobacilli treatment downregulated the expression of IL-6 on day 5 post-hatch and IL-2 and IL-8 on day 10 post-hatch. No significant differences were observed in the expression of cytokine genes in the bursa except for IL-13 which was upregulated in lactobacilli-treated groups P2 and P3 on days 5 and 10 post-hatch. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentage of KUL01, CD4+ and CD8+ splenocytes was not affected by treatments. In addition, no significant differences were observed for antibody titers against SRBC. However, lactobacilli treatment (P1, P2, and P3) was found to increase IgM titers on day 21 post-primary immunization compared to controls. Furthermore, in ovo injection of the highest dose of probiotics (1 × 107, P3) increased serum IgG titers against KLH on day 7 post-primary immunization. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that that in ovo administration of lactobacilli can improve antibody-mediated immune responses and differentially modulate cytokine expression in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bahram Shojadoost
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jake Astill
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Seyed Hossein Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Raveendra R. Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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14
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Pech-Pool S, Berumen LC, Martínez-Moreno CG, García-Alcocer G, Carranza M, Luna M, Arámburo C. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Somatostatin (SST), but not Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) nor Ghrelin (GHRL), Regulate Expression and Release of Immune Growth Hormone (GH) from Chicken Bursal B-Lymphocyte Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041436. [PMID: 32093298 PMCID: PMC7073104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that growth hormone (GH) is expressed in immune cells, where it exerts immunomodulatory effects. However, the mechanisms of expression and release of GH in the immune system remain unclear. We analyzed the effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), ghrelin (GHRL), and somatostatin (SST) upon GH mRNA expression, intracellular and released GH, Ser133-phosphorylation of CREB (pCREBS133), intracellular Ca2+ levels, as well as B-cell activating factor (BAFF) mRNA expression in bursal B-lymphocytes (BBLs) cell cultures since several GH secretagogues, as well as their corresponding receptors (-R), are expressed in B-lymphocytes of several species. The expression of TRH/TRH-R, ghrelin/GHS-R1a, and SST/SST-Rs (Subtypes 1 to 5) was observed in BBLs by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry (ICC), whereas GHRH/GHRH-R were absent in these cells. We found that TRH treatment significantly increased local GH mRNA expression and CREB phosphorylation. Conversely, SST decreased GH mRNA expression. Additionally, when added together, SST prevented TRH-induced GH mRNA expression, but no changes were observed in pCREBS133 levels. Furthermore, TRH stimulated GH release to the culture media, while SST increased the intracellular content of this hormone. Interestingly, SST inhibited TRH-induced GH release in a dose-dependent manner. The coaddition of TRH and SST decreased the intracellular content of GH. After 10 min. of incubation with either TRH or SST, the intracellular calcium levels significantly decreased, but they were increased at 60 min. However, the combined treatment with both peptides maintained the Ca2+ levels reduced up to 60-min. of incubation. On the other hand, BAFF cytokine mRNA expression was significantly increased by TRH administration. Altogether, our results suggest that TRH and SST are implicated in the regulation of GH expression and release in BBL cultures, which also involve changes in pCREBS133 and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. It is likely that TRH, SST, and GH exert autocrine/paracrine immunomodulatory actions and participate in the maturation of chicken BBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Pech-Pool
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (S.P.-P.); (M.C.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (L.C.B.); (G.G.-A.)
| | - Laura C. Berumen
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (L.C.B.); (G.G.-A.)
| | - Carlos G. Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (S.P.-P.); (M.C.)
| | - Guadalupe García-Alcocer
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (L.C.B.); (G.G.-A.)
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (S.P.-P.); (M.C.)
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (S.P.-P.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.A.); Tel.: +52-(55)-5623-4066 (M.L.); +52-(55)-5623-4065 (C.A.); Fax: +52-(55)-5623-4005 (M.L. & C.A.)
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (S.P.-P.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.A.); Tel.: +52-(55)-5623-4066 (M.L.); +52-(55)-5623-4065 (C.A.); Fax: +52-(55)-5623-4005 (M.L. & C.A.)
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