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Kounatidis D, Tentolouris N, Vallianou NG, Mourouzis I, Karampela I, Stratigou T, Rebelos E, Kouveletsou M, Stamatopoulos V, Tsaroucha E, Dalamaga M. The Pleiotropic Effects of Lipid-Modifying Interventions: Exploring Traditional and Emerging Hypolipidemic Therapies. Metabolites 2024; 14:388. [PMID: 39057711 PMCID: PMC11278853 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease poses a significant global health issue, with dyslipidemia standing out as a major risk factor. In recent decades, lipid-lowering therapies have evolved significantly, with statins emerging as the cornerstone treatment. These interventions play a crucial role in both primary and secondary prevention by effectively reducing cardiovascular risk through lipid profile enhancements. Beyond their primary lipid-lowering effects, extensive research indicates that these therapies exhibit pleiotropic actions, offering additional health benefits. These include anti-inflammatory properties, improvements in vascular health and glucose metabolism, and potential implications in cancer management. While statins and ezetimibe have been extensively studied, newer lipid-lowering agents also demonstrate similar pleiotropic effects, even in the absence of direct cardiovascular benefits. This narrative review explores the diverse pleiotropic properties of lipid-modifying therapies, emphasizing their non-lipid effects that contribute to reducing cardiovascular burden and exploring emerging benefits for non-cardiovascular conditions. Mechanistic insights into these actions are discussed alongside their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kounatidis
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Natalia G. Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece;
| | - Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eleni Rebelos
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Marina Kouveletsou
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Eleni Tsaroucha
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Fiori E, De Fazio L, Pidone C, Perone F, Tocci G, Battistoni A, Barbato E, Volpe M, Gallo G. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: to treat or not a threat? A clinical and evidence-based approach to the management of hyperuricemia in the context of cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 2024:00004872-990000000-00504. [PMID: 39051476 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is defined by serum uric acid levels above 6.2 mg/dl in women and 7 mg/dl in men. In the presence of monosodium urate crystal formation and articular inflammation, hyperuricemia may become symptomatic (namely nephrolithiasis and gout). Uric acid results from purine catabolism and is at the centre of a complex metabolic interplay that involves oxidative stress, inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and insulin resistance. Uric acid levels present a continuous relation with conditions like hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are reported to have an impact on risk of cardiovascular events. However, whether elevated uric acid is a causal agent and thus a possible therapeutic target is still uncertain and matter of further investigation. Treating symptomatic hyperuricemia involves lowering uric acid drugs and controlling inflammation. Urate-lowering agents are well tolerated but show minimal impact on cardiovascular events in patients with gout. Use of direct-acting urate-lowering agents in asymptomatic hyperuricemia associated with cardiovascular diseases does not warrant a clear benefit, whereas addressing cardiovascular issues with guideline-recommended therapies lowers uric acid and reduces the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Regular assessment of uric acid and clinical symptoms is advised before starting and renewing a urate-lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Fiori
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Ludovica De Fazio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Chiara Pidone
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Francesco Perone
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic "Villa delle Magnolie", Castel Morrone, Caserta
| | - Giuliano Tocci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Allegra Battistoni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Emanuele Barbato
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | | | - Giovanna Gallo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
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Alkhayyat SS, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, El-Bouseary MM, AboKamer AM, Batiha GES, Simal-Gandara J. Fenofibrate for COVID-19 and related complications as an approach to improve treatment outcomes: the missed key for Holy Grail. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1159-1167. [PMID: 35941297 PMCID: PMC9360649 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fenofibrate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), that possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-thrombotic properties. Fenofibrate is effective against a variety of viral infections and different inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the aim of critical review was to overview the potential role of fenofibrate in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and related complications. Results By destabilizing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and preventing it from binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, fenofibrate can reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry in human cells Fenofibrate also suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways, which decreases SARS-CoV-2 infection-related inflammatory alterations. In conclusion, fenofibrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic capabilities may help to minimize the inflammatory and thrombotic consequences associated with SARSCoV-2 infection. Through attenuating the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2, fenofibrate can directly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions As a result, fenofibrate could be a potential treatment approach for COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Salem Alkhayyat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Amal M AboKamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty Science, Universidade de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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Tian J, Wang B, Xie B, Liu X, Zhou D, Hou X, Xiang L. Pyroptosis inhibition alleviates potassium oxonate- and monosodium urate-induced gouty arthritis in mice. Mod Rheumatol 2022; 32:221-230. [PMID: 33705241 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2021.1899569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pyroptosis has been found implicated in several diseases, however, whether it was involved in gouty arthritis remained unclear. Our study was performed to uncover the role of pyroptosis in gouty arthritis based on a mice model. METHODS Mouse gouty arthritis model was established by injections of potassium oxonate (PO), monosodium urate (MSU) and pyroptosis suppressor disulfiram. The diameter of the ankle joints was measured, and ankle joints morphology was observed with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Uric acid, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were measured, while cytokines level and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity were quantified. Relative pyroptosis markers expressions were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot as needed. RESULTS In mouse model, PO and MSU injections cause damage to right ankle, increase the root thickness ratio and uric acid, creatinine and BUN levels in serum and decrease the uric acid and creatinine levels in urine. Also, under PO and MSU treatment, up-regulated XOD activity, inflammatory cytokines levels and pyroptosis markers expressions are observed. Negative regulation of mice injury by disulfiram treatment is also observed. CONCLUSION Pyroptosis inhibition might alleviate PO- and MSU-induced gouty arthritis, providing possible therapeutic strategies for gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuening Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Li X, Sun W, Lu J, He Y, Chen Y, Ren W, Cui L, Liu Z, Wang C, Wang X, Ma L, Cheng X, Han L, Li H, Zhang H, Yuan X, Ji X, Ji A, Merriman TR, Li C. Effects of fenofibrate therapy on renal function in primary gout patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:5020-5027. [PMID: 33704429 PMCID: PMC8566261 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the incidence and potential risk factors for development of fenofibrate-associated nephrotoxicity in gout patients. Methods A total of 983 gout patients on fenofibrate treatment who visited the dedicated Gout Clinic at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between September 2016 and June 2020 were retrospectively enrolled from the electronic records system. Fenofibrate-associated nephrotoxicity was defined as an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) ≥0.3 mg/dl within 6 months of fenofibrate initiation. The change trend of SCr and uric acid levels during the treatment period were assessed by a generalised additive mixed model (GAMM). Multivariate analysis was performed for risk factors affecting elevated SCr. Results A total of 100 (10.2%) patients experienced an increase in SCr ≥0.3 mg/dl within 6 months after fenofibrate initiation. The median change of SCr in the whole cohort was 0.11 mg/dl [interquartile range (IQR) 0.03–0.20], whereas it was 0.36 (0.33–0.45) in the fenofibrate-associated nephrotoxicity group. In a multivariable regression model, chronic kidney disease (CKD) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39 (95% CI 1.48, 3.86)] and tophus [OR 2.29 (95% CI 1.39, 3.78)] were identified to be risk predictors, independent of measured covariates, of fenofibrate-associated nephrotoxicity. During the treatment period, although SCr temporarily increased, serum urate and triglyceride concentrations decreased using the interaction analysis of GAMM. Of those with fenofibrate withdrawal records, the SCr increase in 65% of patients was reversed after an average of 49 days off the drug. Conclusions This observational study implied that fenofibrate-associated nephrotoxicity occurs frequently in gout patients, especially in patients with tophi or CKD. The potential renal risks of fenofibrate usage in gout needs additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Wenyan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.,Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.,Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Lingling Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Lidan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.,Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.,Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.,Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Aichang Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Changgui Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.,Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Guan H, Geng Z, Yuan W, Chang B. Association of Serum Uric Acid Levels in Meige's Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:755056. [PMID: 34658782 PMCID: PMC8517269 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.755056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (URIC) is a natural antioxidant, and it has been shown that low levels of URIC could be a risk factor for the development of Parkinson’s disease. Our aim was to investigate whether URIC also plays a role in Meige’s syndrome (MS). We conducted a cohort study to compare serum URIC levels between patients with MS and healthy controls. In addition, we analyzed the impact of URIC on the risk of MS and symptom severity. Compared with normal subjects, URIC content was remarkably decreased in MS patients. In addition, URIC was regarded as a protective factor for MS, as verified by multivariate logistic regression models. We also found non-linear relationships between the levels of serum URIC and the incidence rate of MS and the Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating scale score. Our study is the first to show a connection between serum URIC levels and MS. Low serum URIC levels indicate an increased risk of MS incidence and more severe clinical symptoms. Our findings provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Neurology, Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, The Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weijie Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Chang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Rhee SJ, Lee H, Ahn YM. Association between serum uric acid and depressive symptoms stratified by low-grade inflammation status. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20405. [PMID: 34650110 PMCID: PMC8516956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence for an association between circulating uric acid (UA) and depression, the directionality of this association remains unclear and is potentially moderated by low-grade inflammation. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional association between serum UA concentration and depressive symptoms in Korean individuals with and without low-grade inflammation, as measured using serum high-specific C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. The final study sample comprised 4188 participants, aged 19–79 years, from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 2016. Data on serum uric acid (UA) concentrations, serum hs-CRP levels, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores, and relative covariates were retrieved. Negative binomial regression with adjustment for the complex sample design was used to analyze the associations. After adjusting for covariates, log-transformed serum UA concentrations and total PHQ-9 scores were positively associated (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.34 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–1.66]) for participants without low-grade inflammation and inversely associated (IRR = 0.64 [95% CI = 0.45–0.92]) for participants with low-grade inflammation. In conclusion, the direction of the association between serum UA and depressive symptoms was the opposite in participants with and without low-grade inflammation. The study has the limitation of potential uncontrolled confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Rhee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Abnormal Expression of microRNA-296-3p in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and its Role in Pancreatic β-Cells Function by Targeting Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome Ten. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:39-53. [PMID: 34085179 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a familiar disease, is characterized by high blood glucose levels owing to insulin deficiency. Researches have suggested that the incidence rate of diabetes is increasing and it has become an important global epidemic. The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is featured with pancreatic β-cell loss and lack of insulin release. Nevertheless, the therapeutic methods that was helpful to improve pancreatic β-cell damage still unclear. Previous report have revealed that tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) was remarkably enhanced in serum of patients with T2DM, and the lack of PTEN may prevent function deficiency of pancreatic β-cells in DM. However, the underlying mechanisms are rarely illustrated. Our purpose in this report was to illustrated the roles and potential mechanism of microRNA-296-3p (miR-296-3p) in uric acid (UA)-induced pancreatic β-cell injury. The direct target of miR-296-3p was predicted and verified by dual-luciferase reporter system and TargetScan assay. Moreover, Min6 cells were induced by 5 mg/dl UA and the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and insulin release were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot assay were adopted to analyze the levels of miR-296-3p, PTEN and apoptosis-related proteins. TargetScan and Dual-luciferase reporter system confirmed that PTEN directly target miR-296-3p. MiR-296-3p was downregulated in UA-induced Min6 cells and the serum of type 2 diabetes patients, while PTEN was upregulated in UA-induced Min6 cells. Upregulation of miR-296-3p by mimic dramatically promoted miR-296-3p level and decreased PTEN level. Besides, PTEN was over-expressed after PTEN-plasmid transfection. UA treatment prominently decreased cell viability, promoted apoptotic cells, enhanced Bax levels, declined Bcl-2 level as well as decreased insulin release in Min6 cells. MiR-296-3p mimic significantly alleviated UA-induced pancreatic β-cells dysfunction, and PTEN-plasmid eliminated the protective effect of miR-296-3p on insulin release, cell viability, and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in UA-stimulated Min6 cells. In summary, our findings revealed that upregulation of miR-296-3p protected pancreatic β-cells functions against UA-induced dysfunction by targeting PTEN, which provides a novel agent for type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent literature with relevance to the management of multimorbid patients with gout, i.e., gout medication repurposed for comorbidities and vice versa. RECENT FINDINGS Adding to the previous success of interleukin-1 inhibition, two trials on low-dose colchicine's role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) demonstrated potential benefits in patients with or without gout. In Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial, a composite CVD endpoint was reduced by 23% among patients who had experienced a recent myocardial infarction. In Low-Dose Colchicine 2, the composite CVD endpoint was reduced 31% among those with stable coronary artery disease. Use of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) for renal protection in patients without gout produced null results. Allopurinol did not benefit the glomerular filtration rate in two trials (Controlled trial of slowing of Kidney Disease progression From the Inhibition of Xanthine oxidase and Preventing Early Renal Function Loss) among patients with chronic kidney disease (with or without hyperuricemia, but not gout). SGLT-2 inhibitors, a medication recommended for patients with diabetes and CVD, diabetic kidney disease, or heart failure, demonstrated a protective effect against gout flares in a secondary trial analysis and a large observational study. SUMMARY The role of colchicine may expand beyond gout flare prevention to patients with existing CVD. The renal benefit of ULT among patients with gout remains unclear. SGLT-2 inhibitors may benefit diabetic patients who have gout as a comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Harvard Medical School
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Cell lineage-specific methylome and genome alterations in gout. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3843-3865. [PMID: 33493135 PMCID: PMC7906142 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined data from 69 gout patients and 1,455 non-gout controls using a MethylationEPIC BeadChip assay and Illumina HiSeq platform to identify lineage-specific epigenetic alterations and associated genetic factors that contributed to gouty inflammation. Cell lineage-specific differentially methylated sites were identified using CellDMC after adjusting for sex, age, alcohol drinking, smoking status, and smoking history (total pack-years). Different cell lineages displayed distinct differential methylation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and NetworkAnalyst indicated that many differential methylated sites were associated with interleukin-1β expression in monocytes. On the UCSC Genome Browser and WashU Epigenome Browser, metabolic trait, cis-methylation quantitative trait loci, genetic, and functional annotation analyses identified nine methylation loci located in interleukin-1β-regulating genes (PRKCZ, CIDEC, VDAC1, CPT1A, BIRC2, BRCA1, STK11, and NLRP12) that were associated specifically with gouty inflammation. All nine sites mapped to active regulatory elements in monocytes. MoLoTool and ReMap analyses indicated that the nine methylation loci overlapped with binding sites of several transcription factors that regulated interleukin-1β production and gouty inflammation. Decreases in PRKCZ and STK11 methylation were also associated with higher numbers of first-degree relatives who also had gout. The gouty-inflammation specific methylome and genome alterations could potentially aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Yu X, Wang T, Huang S, Zeng P. Evaluation of the causal effects of blood lipid levels on gout with summary level GWAS data: two-sample Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis. J Hum Genet 2020; 66:465-473. [PMID: 33100326 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-00863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies have identified gout patients are often comorbid with dyslipidemia. However, the relationship between dyslipidemia and gout is still unclear. We first performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate the causal effect of four lipid traits on gout and serum urate based on publicly available GWAS summary statistics (n ~100,000 for lipid, 69,374 for gout and 110,347 for serum urate). MR showed each standard deviation (SD) (~12.26 mg/dL) increase in HDL resulted in about 25% (95% CI 9.0%-38%, p = 3.31E-3) reduction of gout risk, with 0.09 mg/dL (95% CI: -0.12 to -0.05, p = 7.00E-04) decrease in serum urate, and each SD (~112.33 mg/dL) increase of TG was associated with 0.10 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.06-0.14, p = 9.87E-05) increase in serum urate. Those results were robust against various sensitive analyses. Additionally, independent effects of HDL and TG on gout/serum urate were confirmed with multivariable MR. Finally, mediation analysis demonstrated HDL or TG could also indirectly affect gout via the pathway of serum urate. In conclusion, our study confirmed the causal associations between HDL (and TG) and gout, and further revealed the effect of HDL or TG on gout could also be mediated via serum urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuiping Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China. .,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China. .,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Golmohammadi S, Tavasoli M, Asadi N. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; 13:299-304. [PMID: 32903892 PMCID: PMC7445503 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s253619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the rise. Epidemiological studies have shown the role of hyperuricemia in the development of NAFLD and CKD through oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of hyperuricemia in patients with CKD and NAFLD in Iran. Patients and Methods This study was conducted in 450 CKD patients. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. According to the serum uric acid level, all CKD+ NAFLD+ patients were divided into non-hyperuricemia and hyperuricemia groups. The patients' demographic and clinical data such as age, sex, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, CRP, hepatic steatosis, blood pressure, serum uric acid (UA), lipid and creatinine were collected for analysis. Results A total of 279 cases (62%) were diagnosed with NAFLD. The prevalence rate of NFALD in CKD patients was significantly lower in normal UA level than hyperuricemia (42.7% vs 57.3%) (P=0.039). The prevalence of hyperuricemia was about 57.3% in patients with CKD and NAFLD. Accordingly, 279 CKD patients with NAFLD were enrolled and divided into hyperuricemia (n =160) and non-hyperuricemia groups (n =119). Patients with hyperuricemia showed higher creatinine and lipid levels, and a lower GFR compared to patients with normal uric acid levels (P< 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in age, sex, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, CRP, and steatosis between hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia groups (P>0.05). Three factors, including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a low GFR, serve as independent risk factors for hyperuricemia (P<0.05). Conclusion The results showed a high prevalence of hyperuricemia in patients with CKD and NAFLD. A more comprehensive strategic management is necessary to address the potential harmful effects of hyperuricemia on the health of CKD+ NAFLD+ cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Golmohammadi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marjan Tavasoli
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nadia Asadi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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13
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Choi HJ, Moon KW, Kim HO, Lee YA, Hong SJ, Jung JY, Kim HA, Suh CH, Ha YJ, Kim IJ, Lee J, Park EK, Lee SG, Seo MR, Baek HJ, Choi ST, Song JS. Seasonal Variations and Associated Factors of Gout Attacks: a Prospective Multicenter Study in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e133. [PMID: 32449320 PMCID: PMC7246186 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We purposed to evaluate the seasonality and associated factors of the incidence of gout attacks in Korea. METHODS We prospectively enrolled patients with gout attacks who were treated at nine rheumatology clinics between January 2015 and July 2018 and followed them for 1-year. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory features, and meteorological data including seasonality were collected. RESULTS Two hundred-five patients (men, 94.1%) were enrolled. The proportion of patients with initial gout attacks was 46.8% (n = 96). The median age, body mass index, attack duration, and serum uric acid level at enrollment were 50.0 years, 25.4, 5.0 days, and 7.4 mg/dL, respectively. Gout attacks were most common during spring (43.4%, P < 0.001) and in March (23.4%, P < 0.001). A similar pattern of seasonality was observed in the group with initial gout attacks. Alcohol was the most common provoking factor (39.0%), particularly during summer (50.0%). The median diurnal temperature change on the day of the attack was highest in the spring (9.8°C), followed by winter (9.3°C), fall (8.6°C), and summer (7.1°C) (P = 0.027). The median change in humidity between the 2 consecutive days (the day before and the day of the attack) was significantly different among the seasons (3.0%, spring; 0.3%, summer; -0.9%, fall; -1.2%, winter; P = 0.015). One hundred twenty-five (61%) patients completed 1-year follow-up (51% in the initial attack group). During the follow-up period, 64 gout flares developed (21 in the initial attack group). No significant seasonal variation in the follow-up flares was found. CONCLUSION In this prospective study, the most common season and month of gout attacks in Korea are spring and March, respectively. Alcohol is the most common provoking factor, particularly during summer. Diurnal temperature changes on the day of the attack and humidity changes from the day before the attack to the day of the attack are associated with gout attack in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ki Won Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yeon Ah Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyoun Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - You Jung Ha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In Je Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Geun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Mi Ryoung Seo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Han Joo Baek
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Tae Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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14
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Sun X, Liu J, Wang G. Fenofibrate decreased microalbuminuria in the type 2 diabetes patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:103. [PMID: 32446306 PMCID: PMC7245839 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was to research the efficacy of fenofibrate in the treatment of microalbuminuria in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertriglyceridemia. Methods Type 2 diabetic patients (56) with microalbuminuria and hypertriglyceridemia aged 30 to 75 were randomly divided into the fenofibrate treatment group(n = 28) and the control group (n = 28) for 180 days. Urinary microalbumin /creatinine ratio (UACR) and other metabolic parameters were compared at baseline, during treatment and after treatment. Results After 180 days, the reduction of level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between two groups showed no difference. In the treatment group, uric acid (UA) (296.42 ± 56.41 vs 372.46 ± 72.78), triglyceride (TG) [1.51(1.17, 2.06) vs 3.04(2.21, 3.29)], and UACR [36.45 (15.78,102.41) vs 129.00 (53.00, 226.25)] were significantly decreased compared with the baseline. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly increased (1.22 ± 0.26 vs 1.09 ± 0.24) compared with the baseline. The decrease in UACR [− 44.05(− 179.47, − 12.16) vs − 8.15(− 59.69, 41.94)]in treatment group was significantly higher compared with the control group. The decrease in UACR was positively associated with the decreases in TG (r = 0.447, P = 0.042) and UA (r = 0.478, P = 0.024) after fenofibrate treatment. Conclusion In the patients with hypertriglyceridemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus, fenofibrate can improve microalbuminuria and do not increase the deterioration of glomerular filtration rate. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02314533, 2014.12.9
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
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15
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Son M, Seo J, Yang S. Association between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid levels in Korean adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2017. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228684. [PMID: 32059030 PMCID: PMC7021293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Despite the growing pieces of evidence linking hyperuricemia with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, the relationship between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid has not yet been established. This study aimed to investigate the association between individual components of dyslipidemia and serum uric acid by using the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017. Methods A total of 8,722 participants (age ≥ 19 years) without missing values were analyzed for this study. Serum uric acid levels according to the presence of individual dyslipidemia components were calculated using multivariable-adjusted general linear models (GLM). Odds ratios of individual dyslipidemia components to hyperuricemia were calculated using unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 1,061 participants were identified as having hyperuricemia, with a prevalence of 12.2%. Multivariable-adjusted GLM demonstrated a significant trend between individual dyslipidemia components and serum uric acid levels (P < 0.05). A positive association between the numbers of dyslipidemia components and the increments of serum uric acid levels was also observed (P < 0.001). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all dyslipidemia components to hyperuricemia were shown to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). When further adjusted for the combined components themselves, each 10 mg/dL increments of total cholesterol (OR 1.053; 95% CI 1.028–1.079), triglycerides (OR 1.017; 95% CI 1.009–1.026) and HDL-C (OR 0.804; 95% CI 0.729–0.887), retained significant correlation with hyperuricemia. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the dyslipidemia components of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C levels are positively associated with serum uric acid levels, whereas serum HDL-C levels are inversely related. Further complementary studies regarding other lipid parameters are needed to confirm the accurate association between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkook Son
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkuk Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Goyang Hospital, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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16
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Chang B, Guan H, Zhu W, Li S. Low Uric Acid Indicates Risk of Incidence of Trigeminal Neuralgia. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:e556-e558. [PMID: 30939556 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a common cranial nerve disease. Uric acid (URIC), a water-soluble antioxidant discovered in human body, has been recognized in numerous recent studies to exert a crucial part in neuroprotection; however, the influence of URIC on TN remains unclear so far. This study aimed to examine the association of URIC with TN. METHODS From January 2017 to September 2018, medical records from the newly diagnosed patients with TN at the Xinhua Hospital were retrospectively recruited and analyzed. The serum URIC, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and albumin levels between TN patients and normal subjects were compared through the nonparametric tests. Moreover, the relationship of URIC levels with TN was assessed using the multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Compared with normal subjects (325.7 ± 74.3 μmol/L), URIC contents were remarkably decreased in TN patients (270.2 ± 75.9 μmol/L) (P < 0.05). Besides, URIC was regarded as a protective factor of TN, as verified by multivariate logistic regression models (odds ratio = 0.2, 95% confidence interval = 0.0-0.6; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Low URIC content is associated with the risk of incidence of TN, and appropriately increasing the URIC level may prevent TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Haochen Guan
- Department of Nephrology, HuaDong Hospital, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanchun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
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