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Nakamura Y, Miwa T, Shiga H, Sakata H, Shigeta D, Hatta T. Histological changes in the olfactory bulb and rostral migratory stream due to interruption of olfactory input. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:517-524. [PMID: 38522356 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periglomerular and granule cells in the adult mammalian olfactory bulb modulate olfactory signal transmission. These cells originate from the subventricular zone, migrate to the olfactory bulb via the Rostral Migratory Stream (RMS), and differentiate into mature cells within the olfactory bulb throughout postnatal life. While the regulation of neuroblast development is known to be affected by external stimuli, there is a lack of information concerning changes that occur during the recovery process after injury caused by external stimuli. To address this gap in research, the present study conducted histological observations to investigate changes in the olfactory bulb and RMS occurring after the degeneration and regeneration of olfactory neurons. METHODS To create a model of olfactory neurodegeneration, adult mice were administered methimazole intraperitoneally. Nasal tissue and whole brains were removed 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after methimazole administration, and EdU was administered 2 and 4 h before removal of these tissues to monitor dividing cells in the RMS. Methimazole-untreated mice were used as controls. Olfactory nerve fibers entering the olfactory glomerulus were observed immunohistochemically using anti-olfactory marker protein. In the brain tissue, the entire RMS was observed and the volume and total number of cells in the RMS were measured. In addition, the number of neuroblasts and dividing neuroblasts passing through the RMS were measured using anti-doublecortin and anti-EdU antibodies, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the Tukey test. RESULTS Olfactory epithelium degenerated was observed after methimazole administration, and recovered after 28 days. In the olfactory glomeruli, degeneration of OMP fibers began after methimazole administration, and after day 14, OMP fibers were reduced or absent by day 28, and overall OMP positive fibers were less than 20%. Glomerular volume tended to decrease after methimazole administration and did not appear to recover, even 28 days after recovery of the olfactory epithelium. In the RMS, EdU-positive cells decreased on day 3 and began to increase on day 7. However, they did not recover to the same levels as the control methimazole-untreated mice even after 28 days. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the division and maturation of neuroblasts migrating from the RMS was suppressed by olfactory nerve degeneration or the disruption of olfactory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Shiga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakata
- Department of Anatomy I, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigeta
- Department of Anatomy I, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy I, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan
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Ikushima H, Suzuki J, Hemmi T, Ikeda R, Kobayashi Y, Ohta N, Katori Y. Effects of zinc deficiency on the regeneration of olfactory epithelium in mice. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad023. [PMID: 37527505 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium can regenerate after damage; however, the regeneration process is affected by various factors, such as viral infections, head trauma, and medications. Zinc is an essential trace element that has important roles in organ development, growth, and maturation. Zinc also helps regulate neurotransmission in the brain; nevertheless, its relationship with olfactory epithelium regeneration remains unclear. Therefore, we used a severe zinc deficiency mouse model to investigate the effects of zinc deficiency on olfactory epithelium regeneration. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into zinc-deficient and control diet groups at the age of 4 weeks, and methimazole was administered at the age of 8 weeks to induce severe olfactory epithelium damage. We evaluated the olfactory epithelium before and 7, 14, and 28 days after methimazole administration by histologically analyzing paraffin sections. RNA sequencing was also performed at the age of 8 weeks before methimazole administration to examine changes in gene expression caused by zinc deficiency. In the zinc-deficient group, the regenerated olfactory epithelium thickness was decreased at all time points, and the numbers of Ki-67-positive, GAP43-positive, and olfactory marker protein-positive cells (i.e. proliferating cells, immature olfactory neurons, and mature olfactory neurons, respectively) failed to increase at some time points. Additionally, RNA sequencing revealed several changes in gene expression, such as a decrease in the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes and an increase in that of inflammatory response-related genes, in the zinc-deficient group. Therefore, zinc deficiency delays olfactory epithelium regeneration after damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ikushima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Hemmi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryoukichi Ikeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8512, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Ueha R, Ito T, Ueha S, Furukawa R, Kitabatake M, Ouji-Sageshima N, Uranaka T, Tanaka H, Nishijima H, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Evidence for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and olfactory cell lineage impairment in close-contact infection Syrian hamster models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1019723. [PMCID: PMC9634532 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1019723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Close contact with patients with COVID-19 is speculated to be the most common cause of viral transmission, but the pathogenesis of COVID-19 by close contact remains to be elucidated. In addition, despite olfactory impairment being a unique complication of COVID-19, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory cell lineage has not been fully validated. This study aimed to elucidate close-contact viral transmission to the nose and lungs and to investigate the temporal damage in the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Methods Syrian hamsters were orally administered SARS-CoV-2 nonvariant nCoV-19/JPN/TY/WK521/2020 as direct-infection models. On day 3 after inoculation, infected and uninfected hamsters were housed in the same cage for 30 minutes. These uninfected hamsters were subsequently assigned to a close-contact group. First, viral presence in the nose and lungs was verified in the infection and close-contact groups at several time points. Next, the impacts on the olfactory epithelium, including olfactory progenitors, immature ORNs, and mature ORNs were examined histologically. Then, the viral transmission status and chronological changes in tissue damage were compared between the direct-infection and close-contact groups. Results In the close-contact group, viral presence could not be detected in both the nose and lungs on day 3, and the virus was identified in both tissues on day 7. In the direct-infection group, the viral load was highest in the nose and lungs on day 3, decreased on day 7, and was no longer detectable on day 14. Histologically, in the direct-infection group, mature ORNs were most depleted on day 3 (p <0.001) and showed a recovery trend on day 14, with similar trends for olfactory progenitors and immature ORNs. In the close-contact group, there was no obvious tissue damage on day 3, but on day 7, the number of all ORN lineage cells significantly decreased (p <0.001). Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted even after brief contact and subsequent olfactory epithelium and lung damage occurred more than 3 days after the trigger of infection. The present study also indicated that SARS-CoV-2 damages all ORN lineage cells, but this damage can begin to recover approximately 14 days post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Rumi Ueha, ;
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tsukasa Uranaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Ueha R, Ito T, Furukawa R, Kitabatake M, Ouji-Sageshima N, Ueha S, Koyama M, Uranaka T, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Oral SARS-CoV-2 Inoculation Causes Nasal Viral Infection Leading to Olfactory Bulb Infection: An Experimental Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:924725. [PMID: 35770069 PMCID: PMC9234459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.924725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can cause long-lasting anosmia, but the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can spread to the nasal cavity via the oral route, on the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage and olfactory bulb (OB) remains undetermined. Using Syrian hamsters, we explored whether oral SARS-CoV-2 inoculation can lead to nasal viral infection, examined how SARS-CoV-2 affects the ORN lineage by site, and investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can spread to the OB and induce inflammation. On post-inoculation day 7, SARS-CoV-2 presence was confirmed in the lateral area (OCAM-positive) but not the nasal septum of NQO1-positive and OCAM-positive areas. The virus was observed partially infiltrating the olfactory epithelium, and ORN progenitor cells, immature ORNs, and mature ORNs were fewer than in controls. The virus was found in the olfactory nerve bundles to the OB, suggesting the nasal cavity as a route for SARS-CoV-2 brain infection. We demonstrated that transoral SARS-CoV-2 infection can spread from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system and the possibility of central olfactory dysfunction due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus was localized at the infection site and could damage all ORN-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Rumi Ueha, ;
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misaki Koyama
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Uranaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Kishimoto-Urata M, Urata S, Kagoya R, Imamura F, Nagayama S, Reyna RA, Maruyama J, Yamasoba T, Kondo K, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Paessler S. Prolonged and extended impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory neurocircuit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5728. [PMID: 35388072 PMCID: PMC8987081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory pathway was studied over several time points using Syrian golden hamsters. We found an incomplete recovery of the olfactory sensory neurons, prolonged activation of glial cells in the olfactory bulb, and a decrease in the density of dendritic spines within the hippocampus. These data may be useful for elucidating the mechanism underlying long-lasting olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment as a post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Urata
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kagoya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shin Nagayama
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel A Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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6
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Chelette BM, Loeven AM, Gatlin DN, Landi Conde DR, Huffstetler CM, Qi M, Fadool DA. Consumption of dietary fat causes loss of olfactory sensory neurons and associated circuitry that is not mitigated by voluntary exercise in mice. J Physiol 2021; 600:1473-1495. [PMID: 34807463 PMCID: PMC10102708 DOI: 10.1113/jp282112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess nutrition causes loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and reduces odour discrimination and odour perception in mice. To separate diet-induced obesity from the consumption of dietary fat, we designed pair-feeding experiments whereby mice were maintained on isocaloric diets for 5 months, which prevented increased fat storage. To test our hypothesis that adiposity was not a prerequisite for loss of OSNs and bulbar projections, we used male and female mice with an odorant receptor-linked genetic reporter (M72tauLacZ; Olfr160) to visualize neural circuitry changes resulting from elevated fat in the diet. Simultaneously we monitored glucose clearance (diagnostic for prediabetes), body fat deposition, ingestive behaviours, select inflammatory markers and energy metabolism. Axonal projections to defined olfactory glomeruli were visualized in whole-mount brains, and the number of OSNs was manually counted across whole olfactory epithelia. After being pair fed a moderately high-fat (MHF) diet, mice of both sexes had body weight, adipose deposits, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratios and locomotor activity that were unchanged from control-fed mice. Despite this, they were still found to lose OSNs and associated bulbar projections. Even with unchanged adipocyte storage, pair-fed animals had an elevation in TNF cytokines and an intermediate ability for glucose clearance. Albeit improving health metrics, access to voluntary running while consuming an ad libitum fatty diet still precipitated a loss of OSNs and associated axonal projections for male mice. Our results support that long-term macronutrient imbalance can drive anatomical loss in the olfactory system regardless of total energy expenditure. KEY POINTS: Obesity can disrupt the structure and function of organ systems, including the olfactory system that is important for food selection and satiety. We designed dietary treatments in mice such that mice received fat, but the total calories provided were the same as in control diets so that they would not gain weight or increase adipose tissue. Mice that were not obese but consumed isocaloric fatty diets still lost olfactory neuronal circuits, had fewer numbers of olfactory neurons, had an elevation in inflammatory signals and had an intermediate ability to clear glucose (prediabetes). Mice were allowed access to running wheels while consuming fatty diets, yet still lost olfactory structures. We conclude that a long-term imbalance in nutrition that favours fat in the diet disrupts the olfactory system of mice in the absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Chelette
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ashley M Loeven
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Destinee N Gatlin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Daniel R Landi Conde
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Carley M Huffstetler
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Meizhu Qi
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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7
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Boone MH, Liang-Guallpa J, Krashes MJ. Examining the role of olfaction in dietary choice. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108755. [PMID: 33596417 PMCID: PMC8864488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is frequently caused by calorie-rich dietary choices across the animal kingdom. As prandial preference toward a high-fat diet develops in mice, an anti-preference or devaluation of a nutritionally balanced but less palatable standard chow diet occurs concomitantly. Although mechanistic insights underlying devaluation have been observed physiologically in the brain, it is unclear how peripheral sensory processing affects food choice. Because olfactory cues and odor perception help coordinate food preference and intake, we determine the role of smell in the targeted consumption of a high-fat diet and simultaneous devaluation of a standard chow diet. Using inaccessible food and loss-of-function manipulations, we find that olfactory information is neither sufficient nor necessary for both the acute and chronic selection of high-fat diet and coincident diminished value of standard diet. This work suggests alternative means are behind the immediate and sustained consumption of high-fat diet and concurrent standard diet devaluation. Olfaction is considered integral to food choice and preference formation. Boone et al. use a behavioral approach to determine the salience of olfactory cues in diet selection. They find that olfaction is neither sufficient nor required for both high-fat-diet preference and standard diet devaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana H Boone
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Liang-Guallpa
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; NIH-Brown University Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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8
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Fodoulian L, Tuberosa J, Rossier D, Boillat M, Kan C, Pauli V, Egervari K, Lobrinus JA, Landis BN, Carleton A, Rodriguez I. SARS-CoV-2 Receptors and Entry Genes Are Expressed in the Human Olfactory Neuroepithelium and Brain. iScience 2020; 23:101839. [PMID: 33251489 PMCID: PMC7685946 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate an association between COVID-19 and anosmia, as well as the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virions in the olfactory bulb. To test whether the olfactory neuroepithelium may represent a target of the virus, we generated RNA-seq libraries from human olfactory neuroepithelia, in which we found substantial expression of the genes coding for the virus receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and for the virus internalization enhancer TMPRSS2. We analyzed a human olfactory single-cell RNA-seq dataset and determined that sustentacular cells, which maintain the integrity of olfactory sensory neurons, express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. ACE2 protein was highly expressed in a subset of sustentacular cells in human and mouse olfactory tissues. Finally, we found ACE2 transcripts in specific brain cell types, both in mice and humans. Sustentacular cells thus represent a potential entry door for SARS-CoV-2 in a neuronal sensory system that is in direct connection with the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Fodoulian
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Tuberosa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rossier
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madlaina Boillat
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chenda Kan
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Pauli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Department of Genetic Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johannes A. Lobrinus
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Department of Genetic Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Basile N. Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan Carleton
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Fodoulian L, Tuberosa J, Rossier D, Boillat M, Kan C, Pauli V, Egervari K, Lobrinus JA, Landis BN, Carleton A, Rodriguez I. SARS-CoV-2 Receptors and Entry Genes Are Expressed in the Human Olfactory Neuroepithelium and Brain. iScience 2020; 23:101839. [PMID: 33251489 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.31.013268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate an association between COVID-19 and anosmia, as well as the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virions in the olfactory bulb. To test whether the olfactory neuroepithelium may represent a target of the virus, we generated RNA-seq libraries from human olfactory neuroepithelia, in which we found substantial expression of the genes coding for the virus receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and for the virus internalization enhancer TMPRSS2. We analyzed a human olfactory single-cell RNA-seq dataset and determined that sustentacular cells, which maintain the integrity of olfactory sensory neurons, express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. ACE2 protein was highly expressed in a subset of sustentacular cells in human and mouse olfactory tissues. Finally, we found ACE2 transcripts in specific brain cell types, both in mice and humans. Sustentacular cells thus represent a potential entry door for SARS-CoV-2 in a neuronal sensory system that is in direct connection with the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Fodoulian
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Tuberosa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rossier
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madlaina Boillat
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chenda Kan
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Pauli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Department of Genetic Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johannes A Lobrinus
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Department of Genetic Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Basile N Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan Carleton
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Tuerdi A, Kikuta S, Kinoshita M, Kamogashira T, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Zone-specific damage of the olfactory epithelium under protein restriction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22175. [PMID: 33335225 PMCID: PMC7746724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes tissue damage, affecting age-related pathologies. Protein restriction (PR) provides a powerful intervention strategy for reducing oxidative stress, which may have a positive effect on individual organs. However, it is unknown whether PR intervention influences the olfactory system. Here, we investigated how 10 months of PR could affect the cell dynamics of the olfactory epithelium (OE) in mice. We found that PR reduced age-related loss of outer hair cells in the cochlea, providing preventive effects against age-related hearing loss. In contrast, PR resulted in reduced mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), increased proliferative basal cells, and increased apoptotic OSNs in zone 1 (the only area containing neurons expressing NQO1 [quinone dehydrogenase 1]) of the OE in comparison with animals given a control diet. Substantial oxidative stress occurred in NQO1-positive cells and induced apoptotic OSNs in zone 1. These results indicate that in contrast to the positive effect on the auditory system, PR induces oxidative stress and structurally and functionally negative effects on OSNs in zone 1, which is probably involved in the bioactivation of NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayinuer Tuerdi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Teru Kamogashira
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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