1
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Okorafor CC, Shastri S, Wen K, Ebong EE. Mechanisms of triple-negative breast cancer extravasation: Impact of the physical environment and endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23785. [PMID: 38949120 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400380r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death for those afflicted with cancer. In cancer metastasis, the cancer cells break off from the primary tumor, penetrate nearby blood vessels, and attach and extravasate out of the vessels to form secondary tumors at distant organs. This makes extravasation a critical step of the metastatic cascade. Herein, with a focus on triple-negative breast cancer, the role that the prospective secondary tumor microenvironment's mechanical properties play in circulating tumor cells' extravasation is reviewed. Specifically, the effects of the physically regulated vascular endothelial glycocalyx barrier element, vascular flow factors, and subendothelial extracellular matrix mechanical properties on cancer cell extravasation are examined. The ultimate goal of this review is to clarify the physical mechanisms that drive triple-negative breast cancer extravasation, as these mechanisms may be potential new targets for anti-metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu C Okorafor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjana Shastri
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Szasz A. Peto's "Paradox" and Six Degrees of Cancer Prevalence. Cells 2024; 13:197. [PMID: 38275822 PMCID: PMC10814230 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Peto's paradox and the epidemiologic observation of the average six degrees of tumor prevalence are studied and hypothetically solved. A simple consideration, Petho's paradox challenges our intuitive understanding of cancer risk and prevalence. Our simple consideration is that the more a cell divides, the higher the chance of acquiring cancerous mutations, and so the larger or longer-lived organisms have more cells and undergo more cell divisions over their lifetime, expecting to have a higher risk of developing cancer. Paradoxically, it is not supported by the observations. The allometric scaling of species could answer the Peto paradox. Another paradoxical human epidemiology observation in six average mutations is necessary for cancer prevalence, despite the random expectations of the tumor causes. To solve this challenge, game theory could be applied. The inherited and random DNA mutations in the replication process nonlinearly drive cancer development. The statistical variance concept does not reasonably describe tumor development. Instead, the Darwinian natural selection principle is applied. The mutations in the healthy organism's cellular population can serve the species' evolutionary adaptation by the selective pressure of the circumstances. Still, some cells collect multiple uncorrected mutations, adapt to the extreme stress in the stromal environment, and develop subclinical phases of cancer in the individual. This process needs extensive subsequent DNA replications to heritage and collect additional mutations, which are only marginal alone. Still, together, they are preparing for the first stage of the precancerous condition. In the second stage, when one of the caretaker genes is accidentally mutated, the caused genetic instability prepares the cell to fight for its survival and avoid apoptosis. This can be described as a competitive game. In the third stage, the precancerous cell develops uncontrolled proliferation with the damaged gatekeeper gene and forces the new game strategy with binary cooperation with stromal cells for alimentation. In the fourth stage, the starving conditions cause a game change again, starting a cooperative game, where the malignant cells cooperate and force the cooperation of the stromal host, too. In the fifth stage, the resetting of homeostasis finishes the subclinical stage, and in the fifth stage, the clinical phase starts. The prevention of the development of mutated cells is more complex than averting exposure to mutagens from the environment throughout the organism's lifetime. Mutagenic exposure can increase the otherwise random imperfect DNA reproduction, increasing the likelihood of cancer development, but mutations exist. Toxic exposure is more challenging; it may select the tolerant cells on this particular toxic stress, so these mutations have more facility to avoid apoptosis in otherwise collected random mutational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Szasz
- Department of Biotechnics, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
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3
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Davidson CD, Midekssa FS, DePalma SJ, Kamen JL, Wang WY, Jayco DKP, Wieger ME, Baker BM. Mechanical Intercellular Communication via Matrix-Borne Cell Force Transmission During Vascular Network Formation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306210. [PMID: 37997199 PMCID: PMC10797481 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is critical to the formation and homeostatic function of all tissues. Previous work has shown that cells can communicate mechanically via the transmission of cell-generated forces through their surrounding extracellular matrix, but this process is not well understood. Here, mechanically defined, synthetic electrospun fibrous matrices are utilized in conjunction with a microfabrication-based cell patterning approach to examine mechanical intercellular communication (MIC) between endothelial cells (ECs) during their assembly into interconnected multicellular networks. It is found that cell force-mediated matrix displacements in deformable fibrous matrices underly directional extension and migration of neighboring ECs toward each other prior to the formation of stable cell-cell connections enriched with vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). A critical role is also identified for calcium signaling mediated by focal adhesion kinase and mechanosensitive ion channels in MIC that extends to multicellular assembly of 3D vessel-like networks when ECs are embedded within fibrin hydrogels. These results illustrate a role for cell-generated forces and ECM mechanical properties in multicellular assembly of capillary-like EC networks and motivates the design of biomaterials that promote MIC for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Firaol S. Midekssa
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Samuel J. DePalma
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Jordan L. Kamen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - William Y. Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | | | - Megan E. Wieger
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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4
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Dazzi C, Mehl J, Benamar M, Gerhardt H, Knaus P, Duda GN, Checa S. External mechanical loading overrules cell-cell mechanical communication in sprouting angiogenesis during early bone regeneration. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011647. [PMID: 37956208 PMCID: PMC10681321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis plays a key role during bone regeneration. For example, insufficient early revascularization of the injured site can lead to delayed or non-healing. During sprouting, endothelial cells are known to be mechano-sensitive and respond to local mechanical stimuli. Endothelial cells interact and communicate mechanically with their surroundings, such as outer-vascular stromal cells, through cell-induced traction forces. In addition, external physiological loads act at the healing site, resulting in tissue deformations and impacting cellular arrangements. How these two distinct mechanical cues (cell-induced and external) impact angiogenesis and sprout patterning in early bone healing remains however largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relative role of externally applied and cell-induced mechanical signals in driving sprout patterning at the onset of bone healing. To investigate cellular self-organisation in early bone healing, an in silico model accounting for the mechano-regulation of sprouting angiogenesis and stromal cell organization was developed. Computer model predictions were compared to in vivo experiments of a mouse osteotomy model stabilized with a rigid or a semirigid fixation system. We found that the magnitude and orientation of principal strains within the healing region can explain experimentally observed sprout patterning, under both fixation conditions. Furthermore, upon simulating the selective inhibition of either cell-induced or externally applied mechanical cues, external mechanical signals appear to overrule the mechanical communication acting on a cell-cell interaction level. Such findings illustrate the relevance of external mechanical signals over the local cell-mediated mechanical cues and could be used in the design of fracture treatment strategies for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dazzi
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Mehl
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mounir Benamar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Zhang K, Zhang TT, Guo RR, Ye Q, Zhao HL, Huang XH. The regulation of key flavor of traditional fermented food by microbial metabolism: A review. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100871. [PMID: 37780239 PMCID: PMC10534219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial microorganisms in food are diverse and complex in structure. These beneficial microorganisms can produce different and unique flavors in the process of food fermentation. The unique flavor of these fermented foods is mainly produced by different raw and auxiliary materials, fermentation technology, and the accumulation of flavor substances by dominant microorganisms during fermentation. The succession and metabolic accumulation of microbial flora significantly impacts the distinctive flavor of fermented foods. The investigation of the role of microbial flora changes in the production of flavor substances during fermentation can reveal the potential connection between microbial flora succession and the formation of key flavor compounds. This paper reviewed the evolution of microbial flora structure as food fermented and the key volatile compounds that contribute to flavor in the food system and their potential relationship. Further, it was a certain guiding significance for food industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Prepared Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Prepared Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ren-Rong Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Prepared Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Quan Ye
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Prepared Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hui-Lin Zhao
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Prepared Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xu-Hui Huang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Prepared Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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6
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Jewett ME, Hiraki HL, Wojasiński M, Zhang Z, Xi SS, Bluem AS, Prabhu ES, Wang WY, Pena-Francesch A, Baker BM. Rapid magnetically directed assembly of pre-patterned capillary-scale microvessels. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2203715. [PMID: 38464762 PMCID: PMC10923532 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202203715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Capillary scale vascularization is critical to the survival of engineered 3D tissues and remains an outstanding challenge for the field of tissue engineering. Current methods to generate micro-scale vasculature such as 3D printing, two photon hydrogel ablation, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic assembly face challenges in rapidly creating organized, highly vascularized tissues at capillary length-scales. Within metabolically demanding tissues, native capillary beds are highly organized and densely packed to achieve adequate delivery of nutrients and oxygen and efficient waste removal. Here, we adopt two existing techniques to fabricate lattices composed of sacrificial microfibers that can be efficiently and uniformly seeded with endothelial cells (ECs) by magnetizing both lattices and ECs. Ferromagnetic microparticles (FMPs) were incorporated into microfibers produced by solution electrowriting (SEW) and fiber electropulling (FEP). By loading ECs with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), the cells could be seeded onto magnetized microfiber lattices. Following encapsulation in a hydrogel, the capillary templating lattice was selectively degraded by a bacterial lipase that does not impact mammalian cell viability or function. This work introduces a novel approach to rapidly producing organized capillary networks within metabolically demanding engineered tissue constructs which should have broad utility for the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie E. Jewett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Harrison L. Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Warsaw University of Technology, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, POLAND
| | - Zenghao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan S. Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Amanda S. Bluem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Eashan S. Prabhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - William Y. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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7
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Tsingos E, Bakker BH, Keijzer KAE, Hupkes HJ, Merks RMH. Hybrid cellular Potts and bead-spring modeling of cells in fibrous extracellular matrix. Biophys J 2023; 122:2609-2622. [PMID: 37183398 PMCID: PMC10397577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is fundamental to coordinate collective cell behavior in tissues. Relating individual cell-level mechanics to tissue-scale collective behavior is a challenge that cell-based models such as the cellular Potts model (CPM) are well-positioned to address. These models generally represent the ECM with mean-field approaches, which assume substrate homogeneity. This assumption breaks down with fibrous ECM, which has nontrivial structure and mechanics. Here, we extend the CPM with a bead-spring model of ECM fiber networks modeled using molecular dynamics. We model a contractile cell pulling with discrete focal adhesion-like sites on the fiber network and demonstrate agreement with experimental spatiotemporal fiber densification and displacement. We show that at high network cross-linking, contractile cell forces propagate over at least eight cell diameters, decaying with distance with power law exponent n= 0.35 - 0.65 typical of viscoelastic ECMs. Further, we use in silico atomic force microscopy to measure local cell-induced network stiffening consistent with experiments. Our model lays the foundation for investigating how local and long-ranged cell-ECM mechanobiology contributes to multicellular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tsingos
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Koen A E Keijzer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roeland M H Merks
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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8
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Kolahdoozan M, Rahimi T, Taghizadeh A, Aghaei H. Preparation of new hydrogels by visible light cross-linking of dextran methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol)-maleic acid copolymer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1221-1233. [PMID: 36464196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of new biodegradable and biocompatible hydrogels were synthesized by photopolymerization of dextran-methacrylate (DXM) with poly(ethylene glycol)-maleic acid copolymer (poly(PEG-co-MA, PEGMA)) using (-)-riboflavin as a visible light photoinitiator and L-arginine as a co-photoinitiator. DXM was prepared by acylation of dextran (DX) with methacryloyl chloride (MAC), and PEGMA was synthesized by polycondensation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and maleic acid (MA). The DXM and PEGMA were characterized by FT-IR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. Different types of hydrogels from various ratios of DXM and PEGMA were prepared and characterized by SEM. The results showed that the prepared hydrogel by photo-cross-linking of DXM (DPHG0) was transparent and flexible, and its physical shape was excellent, but it was sticky. The stickiness was reduced by increasing the PEGMA contents, and different types of DXM/PEGMA hydrogels (DPHG1-4) with various properties were prepared. For example, DPHG2 (PEGMA content was 0.25 g) was transparent and flexible, its physical shape was excellent, and it was not sticky. The prepared hydrogels showed excellent cytocompatibility, and their tensile and compressive strength were also evaluated. Additionally, the in vitro degradation and swelling ratios of the prepared hydrogels were studied in buffer solution at different pHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kolahdoozan
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Tayebeh Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Taghizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Aghaei
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran.
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9
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Huo J, Wang Z, Oberschelp C, Guillén-Gosálbez G, Hellweg S. Net-zero transition of the global chemical industry with CO 2-feedstock by 2050: feasible yet challenging. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:415-430. [PMID: 36685711 PMCID: PMC9808895 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc03047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) have been projected by the power and industrial sectors to play a vital role towards net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we aim to explore the feasibility of a global chemical industry that fully relies on CO2 as its carbon source in 2050. We project the global annual CO2 demand as chemical feedstock to be 2.2-3.1 gigatonnes (Gt), well within the possible range of supply (5.2-13.9 Gt) from the power, cement, steel, and kraft pulp sectors. Hence, feedstock availability is not a constraint factor for the transition towards a fully CO2-based chemical industry on the global basis, with the exception of few regions that could face local supply shortages, such as the Middle East. We further conduct life cycle assessment to examine the environmental benefits on climate change and the trade-offs of particulate matter-related health impacts induced by carbon capture. We conclude that CO2 captured from solid biomass-fired power plants and kraft pulp mills in Europe would have the least environmental and health impacts, and that India and China should prioritize low-impact regional electricity supply before a large-scale deployment of CCUS. Finally, two bottom-up case studies of China and the Middle East illustrate how the total regional environmental and health impacts from carbon capture can be minimized by optimizing its supply sources and transport, requiring cross-sectoral cooperation and early planning of infrastructure. Overall, capture and utilization of unabatable industrial waste CO2 as chemical feedstock can be a feasible way for the net-zero transition of the industry, while concerted efforts are yet needed to build up the carbon-capture-and-utilization value chain around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huo
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich John-von-Neumann-Weg 9 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich John-von-Neumann-Weg 9 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 CH-9014 St Gallen Switzerland
| | - Christopher Oberschelp
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich John-von-Neumann-Weg 9 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
- Sustainable Process Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich John-von-Neumann-Weg 9 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Li W, Zhou P, Yan B, Qi M, Chen Y, Shang L, Guan J, Zhang L, Mao Y. Disc regeneration by injectable fucoidan-methacrylated dextran hydrogels through mechanical transduction and macrophage immunomodulation. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231180050. [PMID: 37427012 PMCID: PMC10328174 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231180050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating a favorable inflammatory microenvironment that facilitates the recovery of degenerated discs is a key strategy in the treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). More interestingly, well-mechanized tissue-engineered scaffolds have been proven in recent years to be capable of sensing mechanical transduction to enhance the proliferation and activation of nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) and have demonstrated an increased potential in the treatment and recovery of degenerative discs. Additionally, existing surgical procedures may not be suitable for IDD treatment, warranting the requirement of new regenerative therapies for the restoration of disc structure and function. In this study, a light-sensitive injectable polysaccharide composite hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties was prepared using dextrose methacrylate (DexMA) and fucoidan with inflammation-modulating properties. Through numerous in vivo experiments, it was shown that the co-culture of this composite hydrogel with interleukin-1β-stimulated NPCs was able to promote cell proliferation whilst preventing inflammation. Additionally, activation of the caveolin1-yes-associated protein (CAV1-YAP) mechanotransduction axis promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism and thus jointly promoted IVD regeneration. After injection into an IDD rat model, the composite hydrogel inhibited the local inflammatory response by inducing macrophage M2 polarization and gradually reducing the ECM degradation. In this study, we propose a fucoidan-DexMA composite hydrogel, which provides an attractive approach for IVD regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lixin County
People’s Hospital, Bozhou, China
| | - Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bomin Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Meiyao Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yedan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jianzhong Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue
Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical
College, Bengbu, China
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11
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induced in Cancer Cells by Adhesion to Type I Collagen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010198. [PMID: 36613638 PMCID: PMC9820580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process that is physiologically observed during development, wound healing, and cancer invasion. During EMT induction, cancer cells lose their epithelial properties owing to various tumor microenvironmental factors and begin to exhibit mesenchymal properties, such as loss of apical-basal polarity, weakened intercellular adhesion, and promotion of single cell migration. Several factors, including growth factor stimulation and adhesion to type I collagen (Col-I), induce EMT in cancer cells. Cells adhere to Col-I via specific receptors and induce EMT by activating outside-in signals. In vivo, Col-I molecules often form fibrils, which then assemble into supramolecular structures (gel form). Col-I also self-assembles in vitro under physiological conditions. Notably, Col-I can be used as a culture substrate in both gel and non-gel forms, and the gel formation state of Col-I affects cell fate. Although EMT can be induced in both forms of Col-I, the effects of gel formation on EMT induction remain unclear and somewhat inconsistent. Therefore, this study reviews the relationship between Col-I gel-forming states and EMT induction in cancer cells.
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12
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Yang M, Ren W, Li G, Yang P, Chen R, He H. The effect of structure and preparation method on the bioactivity of polysaccharides from plants and fungi. Food Funct 2022; 13:12541-12560. [PMID: 36421015 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are not only the main components in the cell walls of plants and fungi, but also a structure that supports and protects cells. In the process of obtaining polysaccharides from raw materials containing cell walls, the polysaccharides on the cell walls are the products and also a factor that affects the extraction rate. Polysaccharides derived from plants and fungi have mild characteristics and exhibit various biological activities. The biological activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure. This review summarizes the effects of the physicochemical properties and structure of polysaccharides, from cell walls in raw materials, that have an impact on their biological activities, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, chain structure, and uronic acid content. Also, the structure of certain natural polysaccharides limits their biological activity. Chemical modification and degradation of these structures can enhance the pharmacological properties of natural polysaccharides to a certain extent. At the same time, the processing method affects the structure and yield of polysaccharides on the cell wall and in the cell. The extraction and purification methods are summarized, and the effects of preparation methods on the structure and physiological effects of polysaccharides from plants and fungi are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Yang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Wenjing Ren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Geyuan Li
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Hua He
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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13
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Collective cell migration during optic cup formation features changing cell-matrix interactions linked to matrix topology. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4817-4831.e9. [PMID: 36208624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is crucial for organismal development and shapes organisms in health and disease. Although a lot of research has revealed the role of intracellular components and extracellular signaling in driving single and collective cell migration, the influence of physical properties of the tissue and the environment on migration phenomena in vivo remains less explored. In particular, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which many cells move upon, is currently unclear. To overcome this gap, we use zebrafish optic cup formation, and by combining novel transgenic lines and image analysis pipelines, we study how ECM properties influence cell migration in vivo. We show that collectively migrating rim cells actively move over an immobile extracellular matrix. These cell movements require cryptic lamellipodia that are extended in the direction of migration. Quantitative analysis of matrix properties revealed that the topology of the matrix changes along the migration path. These changes in matrix topologies are accompanied by changes in the dynamics of cell-matrix interactions. Experiments and theoretical modeling suggest that matrix porosity could be linked to efficient migration. Indeed, interfering with matrix topology by increasing its porosity results in a loss of cryptic lamellipodia, less-directed cell-matrix interactions, and overall inefficient migration. Thus, matrix topology is linked to the dynamics of cell-matrix interactions and the efficiency of directed collective rim cell migration during vertebrate optic cup morphogenesis.
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14
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Forcing the Antitumor Effects of HSPs Using a Modulated Electric Field. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111838. [PMID: 35681533 PMCID: PMC9180583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) is a “double-edged sword” with regards to tumors. The location and interactions of HSPs determine their pro- or antitumor activity. The present review includes an overview of the relevant functions of HSPs, which could improve their antitumor activity. Promoting the antitumor processes could assist in the local and systemic management of cancer. We explore the possibility of achieving this by manipulating the electromagnetic interactions within the tumor microenvironment. An appropriate electric field may select and affect the cancer cells using the electric heterogeneity of the tumor tissue. This review describes the method proposed to effect such changes: amplitude-modulated radiofrequency (amRF) applied with a 13.56 MHz carrier frequency. We summarize the preclinical investigations of the amRF on the HSPs in malignant cells. The preclinical studies show the promotion of the expression of HSP70 on the plasma membrane, participating in the immunogenic cell death (ICD) pathway. The sequence of guided molecular changes triggers innate and adaptive immune reactions. The amRF promotes the secretion of HSP70 also in the extracellular matrix. The extracellular HSP70 accompanied by free HMGB1 and membrane-expressed calreticulin (CRT) form damage-associated molecular patterns encouraging the dendritic cells’ maturing for antigen presentation. The process promotes killer T-cells. Clinical results demonstrate the potential of this immune process to trigger a systemic effect. We conclude that the properly applied amRF promotes antitumor HSP activity, and in situ, it could support the tumor-specific immune effects produced locally but acting systemically for disseminated cells and metastatic lesions.
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15
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Application of CAD in Landscape Grid Space Design and Drawing. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:5800183. [PMID: 35510047 PMCID: PMC9061000 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5800183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CAD technology has brought great convenience and effect to the design. This paper proposes to update the comparative analysis of the basic classical landscape grid space structure by constructing a landscape grid space design. According to the actual situation of domestic landscape grid space design and drawing, this paper highlights the role of CAD technology in landscape grid space design and drawing and provides an important basis for the subsequent application of CAD software in landscape grid space design.
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16
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Modification of the alginate hydrogel with fibroblast‐ and Schwann cell‐derived extracellular matrix potentiates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward neuron‐like cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Jamieson JJ, Lin Y, Malloy N, Soto D, Searson PC, Gerecht S. Hypoxia-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction is prevented by pericyte-conditioned media via attenuated actomyosin contractility and claudin-5 stabilization. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22331. [PMID: 35476363 PMCID: PMC9060394 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200010rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates molecular and cellular entry from the cerebrovasculature into the surrounding brain parenchyma. Many diseases of the brain are associated with dysfunction of the BBB, where hypoxia is a common stressor. However, the contribution of hypoxia to BBB dysfunction is challenging to study due to the complexity of the brain microenvironment. In this study, we used a BBB model with brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes differentiated from iPSCs to investigate the effect of hypoxia on barrier function. We found that hypoxia-induced barrier dysfunction is dependent upon increased actomyosin contractility and is associated with increased fibronectin fibrillogenesis. We propose a role for actomyosin contractility in mediating hypoxia-induced barrier dysfunction through modulation of junctional claudin-5. Our findings suggest pericytes may protect brain microvascular endothelial cells from hypoxic stresses and that pericyte-derived factors could be candidates for treatment of pathological barrier-forming tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Jamieson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - YingYu Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Malloy
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Soto
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Duke, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Zhou X, Zhao R, Yanamandra AK, Hoth M, Qu B. Light-Sheet Scattering Microscopy to Visualize Long-Term Interactions Between Cells and Extracellular Matrix. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828634. [PMID: 35154150 PMCID: PMC8831865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) mesh is important to understand cell behavior and regulatory mechanisms by the extracellular environment. However, long term visualization of three-dimensional (3D) matrix structures remains challenging mainly due to photobleaching or blind spots perpendicular to the imaging plane. Here, we combine label-free light-sheet scattering microcopy (LSSM) and fluorescence microscopy to solve these problems. We verified that LSSM can reliably visualize structures of collagen matrices from different origin including bovine, human and rat tail. The quality and intensity of collagen structure images acquired by LSSM did not decline with time. LSSM offers abundant wavelength choice to visualize matrix structures, maximizing combination possibilities with fluorescently-labelled cells, allowing visualizing of long-term ECM-cell interactions in 3D. Interestingly, we observed ultrathin thread-like structures between cells and matrix using LSSM, which were not observed by normal fluorescence microscopy. Transient local alignment of matrix by cell-applied forces can be observed. In summary, LSSM provides a powerful and robust approach to investigate the complex interplay between cells and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangda Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Archana K Yanamandra
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
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19
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Sun Q, Hou Y, Chu Z, Wei Q. Soft overcomes the hard: Flexible materials adapt to cell adhesion to promote cell mechanotransduction. Bioact Mater 2021; 10:397-404. [PMID: 34901555 PMCID: PMC8636665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell behaviors and functions show distinct contrast in different mechanical microenvironment. Numerous materials with varied rigidity have been developed to mimic the interactions between cells and their surroundings. However, the conventional static materials cannot fully capture the dynamic alterations at the bio-interface, especially for the molecular motion and the local mechanical changes in nanoscale. As an alternative, flexible materials have great potential to sense and adapt to mechanical changes in such complex microenvironment. The flexible materials could promote the cellular mechanosensing by dynamically adjusting their local mechanics, topography and ligand presentation to adapt to intracellular force generation. This process enables the cells to exhibit comparable or even higher level of mechanotransduction and the downstream 'hard' phenotypes compared to the conventional stiff or rigid ones. Here, we highlight the relevant studies regarding the development of such adaptive materials to mediate cell behaviors across the rigidity limitation on soft substrates. The concept of 'soft overcomes the hard' will guide the future development and application of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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20
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Slater B, Li J, Indana D, Xie Y, Chaudhuri O, Kim T. Transient mechanical interactions between cells and viscoelastic extracellular matrix. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10274-10285. [PMID: 34137758 PMCID: PMC8695121 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During various physiological processes, such as wound healing and cell migration, cells continuously interact mechanically with a surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Contractile forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton are transmitted to a surrounding ECM, resulting in structural remodeling of the ECM. To better understand how matrix remodeling takes place, a myriad of in vitro experiments and simulations have been performed during recent decades. However, physiological ECMs are viscoelastic, exhibiting stress relaxation or creep over time. The time-dependent nature of matrix remodeling induced by cells remains poorly understood. Here, we employed a discrete model to investigate how the viscoelastic nature of ECMs affects matrix remodeling and stress profiles. In particular, we used explicit transient cross-linkers with varied density and unbinding kinetics to capture viscoelasticity unlike most of the previous models. Using this model, we quantified the time evolution of generation, propagation, and relaxation of stresses induced by a contracting cell in an ECM. It was found that matrix connectivity, regulated by fiber concentration and cross-linking density, significantly affects the magnitude and propagation of stress and subsequent matrix remodeling, as characterized by fiber displacements and local net deformation. In addition, we demonstrated how the base rate and force sensitivity of cross-linker unbinding regulate stress profiles and matrix remodeling. We verified simulation results using in vitro experiments performed with fibroblasts encapsulated in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Our study provides key insights into the dynamics of physiologically relevant mechanical interactions between cells and a viscoelastic ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Slater
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Dhiraj Indana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yihao Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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21
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Mechanical Aspects of Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194987. [PMID: 34638470 PMCID: PMC8508205 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The formation of new blood vessels from already existing ones is a process of high clinical relevance, since it is of great importance for both physiological and pathological processes. In regard to tumors, the process is crucial, since it ensures the supply with nutrients and the growth of the tumor. The influence of mechanical factors on this biological process is an emerging field. Until now, the shear force of the blood flow has been considered the main mechanical parameter during angiogenesis. This review article provides an overview of further mechanical cues, with particular focus on the surrounding extracellular matrix impacting the cell behavior and, thus, regulating angiogenesis. This underlines the enormous importance of the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix on cell biological processes and shows how changing the mechanics of the extracellular matrix could be used as a possible therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. Abstract Angiogenesis is of high clinical relevance as it plays a crucial role in physiological (e.g., tissue regeneration) and pathological processes (e.g., tumor growth). Besides chemical signals, such as VEGF, the relationship between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) can influence endothelial cell behavior during angiogenesis. Previously, in terms of the connection between angiogenesis and mechanical factors, researchers have focused on shear forces due to blood flow. However, it is becoming increasingly important to include the direct influence of the ECM on biological processes, such as angiogenesis. In this context, we focus on the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and the adhesion of cells to the ECM. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanical cues during the main stages of angiogenesis: cell migration, tip and stalk cells, and vessel stabilization. It becomes clear that the different stages of angiogenesis require various chemical and mechanical cues to be modulated by/modulate the stiffness of the ECM. Thus, changes of the ECM during tumor growth represent additional potential dysregulations of angiogenesis in addition to erroneous biochemical signals. This awareness could be the basis of therapeutic approaches to counteract specific processes in tumor angiogenesis.
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22
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Matera DL, Lee AT, Hiraki HL, Baker BM. The Role of Rho GTPases During Fibroblast Spreading, Migration, and Myofibroblast Differentiation in 3D Synthetic Fibrous Matrices. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:381-396. [PMID: 34777599 PMCID: PMC8548490 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connective tissue repair and mechanosensing are tightly entwined in vivo and occur within a complex three-dimensional (3D), fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically driven by activated fibroblasts, wound repair involves well-defined steps of cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and fibrous ECM deposition. While the role of Rho GTPases in regulating these processes has been explored extensively in two-dimensional cell culture models, much less is known about their role in more physiologic, 3D environments. METHODS We employed a 3D, fibrous and protease-sensitive hydrogel model of interstitial ECM to study the interplay between Rho GTPases and fibrous matrix cues in fibroblasts during wound healing. RESULTS Modulating fiber density within protease-sensitive hydrogels, we confirmed previous findings that heightened fiber density promotes fibroblast spreading and proliferation. The presence of matrix fibers furthermore corresponded to increased cell migration speeds and macroscopic hydrogel contraction arising from fibroblast generated forces. During fibroblast spreading, Rac1 and RhoA GTPase activity proved crucial for fiber-mediated cell spreading and contact guidance along matrix fibers, while Cdc42 was dispensable. In contrast, interplay between RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 contributed to fiber-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and matrix contraction over longer time scales. CONCLUSION These observations may provide insights into tissue repair processes in vivo and motivate the incorporation of cell-adhesive fibers within synthetic hydrogels for material-guided wound repair strategies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alexander T. Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Harrison L. Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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23
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Uslu FE, Davidson CD, Mailand E, Bouklas N, Baker BM, Sakar MS. Engineered Extracellular Matrices with Integrated Wireless Microactuators to Study Mechanobiology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102641. [PMID: 34363246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology explores how forces regulate cell behaviors and what molecular machinery are responsible for the sensing, transduction, and modulation of mechanical cues. To this end, probing of cells cultured on planar substrates has served as a primary experimental setting for many decades. However, native extracellular matrices (ECMs) consist of fibrous protein assemblies where the physical properties spanning from the individual fiber to the network architecture can influence the transmission of forces to and from the cells. Here, a robotic manipulation platform that allows wireless, localized, and programmable deformation of an engineered fibrous ECM is introduced. A finite-element-based digital twin of the fiber network calibrated against measured local and global parameters enables the calculation of deformations and stresses generated by different magnetic actuation schemes across a range of network properties. Physiologically relevant mechanical forces are applied to cells cultured on the fiber network, statically or dynamically, revealing insights into the effects of matrix-borne forces and deformations as well as force-mediated matrix remodeling on cell migration and intracellular signaling. These capabilities are not matched by any existing approach, and this versatile platform has the potential to uncover fundamental mechanisms of mechanobiology in settings with greater relevance to living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazil E Uslu
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Erik Mailand
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Bouklas
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mahmut Selman Sakar
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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24
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Figueiredo CM, Malvezzi Karwowski MS, da Silva Ramos RCP, de Oliveira NS, Peña LC, Carneiro E, Freitas de Macedo RE, Rosa EAR. Bacteriophages as tools for biofilm biocontrol in different fields. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:689-709. [PMID: 34304662 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1955866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are difficult to control due to the limited accessibility that antimicrobial drugs and chemicals have to the entrapped inner cells. The extracellular matrix, binds water, contributes to altered cell physiology within biofilms and act as a barrier for most antiproliferative molecules. Thus, new strategies need to be developed to overcome biofilm vitality. In this review, based on 223 documents, the advantages, recommendations, and limitations of using bacteriophages as 'biofilm predators' are presented. The plausibility of using phages (bacteriophages and mycoviruses) to control biofilms grown in different environments is also discussed. The topics covered here include recent historical experiences in biofilm control/eradication using phages in medicine, dentistry, veterinary, and food industries, the pros and cons of their use, and the development of microbial resistance/immunity to such viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Caroline Peña
- Xenobiotics Research Unit, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Animal Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Xenobiotics Research Unit, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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25
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Grewal MG, Highley CB. Electrospun hydrogels for dynamic culture systems: advantages, progress, and opportunities. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4228-4245. [PMID: 33522527 PMCID: PMC8205946 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a water-swollen, tissue-specific material environment in which biophysiochemical signals are organized and influence cell behaviors. Electrospun nanofibrous substrates have been pursued as platforms for tissue engineering and cell studies that recapitulate features of the native ECM, in particular its fibrous nature. In recent years, progress in the design of electrospun hydrogel systems has demonstrated that molecular design also enables unique studies of cellular behaviors. In comparison to the use of hydrophobic polymeric materials, electrospinning hydrophilic materials that crosslink to form hydrogels offer the potential to achieve the water-swollen, nanofibrous characteristics of endogenous ECM. Although electrospun hydrogels require an additional crosslinking step to stabilize the fibers (allowing fibers to swell with water instead of dissolving) in comparison to their hydrophobic counterparts, researchers have made significant advances in leveraging hydrogel chemistries to incorporate biochemical and dynamic functionalities within the fibers. Consequently, dynamic biophysical and biochemical properties can be engineered into hydrophilic nanofibers that would be difficult to engineer in hydrophobic systems without strategic and sometimes intensive post-processing techniques. This Review describes common methodologies to control biophysical and biochemical properties of both electrospun hydrophobic and hydrogel nanofibers, with an emphasis on highlighting recent progress using hydrogel nanofibers with engineered dynamic complexities to develop culture systems for the study of biological function, dysfunction, development, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gregory Grewal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA.
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26
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Grewal MG, Gray VP, Letteri RA, Highley CB. User-defined, temporal presentation of bioactive molecules on hydrogel substrates using supramolecular coiled coil complexes. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4374-4387. [PMID: 34076655 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to spatiotemporally control the presentation of relevant biomolecules in synthetic culture systems has gained significant attention as researchers strive to recapitulate the endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro. With the biochemical composition of the ECM constantly in flux, the development of platforms that allow for user-defined control of bioactivity is desired. Here, we reversibly conjugate bioactive molecules to hydrogel-based substrates through supramolecular coiled coil complexes that form between complementary peptides. Our system employs a thiolated peptide for tethering to hydrogel surfaces (T-peptide) through a spatially-controlled photomediated click reaction. The complementary association peptide (A-peptide), containing the bioactive domain, forms a heterodimeric coiled coil complex with the T-peptide. Addition of a disruptor peptide (D-peptide) engineered specifically to target the A-peptide outcompetes the T-peptide for binding, and removes the A-peptide and the attached bioactive motif from the scaffold. We use this platform to demonstrate spatiotemporal control of biomolecule presentation within hydrogel systems in a repeatable process that can be extended to adhesive motifs for cell culture. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts seeded on hyaluronic acid hydrogels and polyethylene glycol-based fibrous substrates supramolecularly functionalized with an RGD motif demonstrated significant cell spreading over their nonfunctionalized counterparts. Upon displacement of the RGD motif, fibroblasts occupied less area and clustured on the substrates. Taken together, this platform enables facile user-defined incorporation and removal of biomolecules in a repeatable process for controlled presentation of bioactivity in engineered culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gregory Grewal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA.
| | - Vincent P Gray
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA.
| | - Rachel A Letteri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA.
| | - Christopher B Highley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA
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27
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Soans KG, Norden C. Shining a light on extracellular matrix dynamics in vivo. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:85-93. [PMID: 34030949 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is involved in facilitating morphogenesis during development in many contexts. Its role as a stable structure that supports, constrains and acts a substrate for migrating cells in developing tissues is well known and explored. However, recent studies that image fluorescently tagged matrix proteins in developing embryos and tissues, show more dynamic characteristics of matrices in diverse developmental contexts. In this review, we discuss new insights revealed by live-imaging of matrix proteins that help with the understanding of the dynamics of matrix deposition, degradation, turnover and rearrangement. Further, we discuss the mechanisms by which matrix dynamics can influence morphogenesis during development. We present our view on how the field can move in the future and what live-imaging approaches in diverse model organisms can contribute to this exciting area of developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Soans
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciênca, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany.
| | - Caren Norden
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciênca, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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28
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Ying Y, Godínez Salomón JF, Lartundo-Rojas L, Moreno A, Meyer R, Damin CA, Rhodes CP. Hydrous cobalt-iridium oxide two-dimensional nanoframes: insights into activity and stability of bimetallic acidic oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1976-1996. [PMID: 36133093 PMCID: PMC9419543 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts that have high activity, extended durability, and lower costs are needed to further the development and wide-scale adoption of proton-exchange membrane electrolyzers. In this work, we report hydrous cobalt-iridium oxide two-dimensional (2D) nanoframes exhibit higher oxygen evolution activity and similar stability compared with commercial IrO2; however, the bimetallic Co-Ir catalyst undergoes a significantly different degradation process compared with the monometallic IrO2 catalyst. The bimetallic Co-Ir 2D nanoframes consist of interconnected Co-Ir alloy domains within an unsupported, carbon-free, porous nanostructure that allows three-dimensional molecular access to the catalytically active surface sites. After electrochemical conditioning within the OER potential range, the predominately bimetallic alloy surface transforms to an oxide/hydroxide surface. Oxygen evolution activities determined using a rotating disk electrode configuration show that the hydrous Co-Ir oxide nanoframes provide 17 times higher OER mass activity and 18 times higher specific activity compared to commercial IrO2. The higher OER activities of the hydrous Co-Ir nanoframes are attributed to the presence of highly active surface iridium hydroxide groups. The accelerated durability testing of IrO2 resulted in lowering of the specific activity and partial dissolution of Ir. In contrast, the durability testing of hydrous Co-Ir oxide nanoframes resulted in the combination of a higher Ir dissolution rate, an increase in the relative contribution of surface iridium hydroxide groups and an increase in specific activity. The understanding of the differences in degradation processes between bimetallic and monometallic catalysts furthers our ability to design high activity and stability acidic OER electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Ying
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | | | - Luis Lartundo-Rojas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, UPALM Zacatenco CP 07738 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Ashley Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Robert Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Craig A Damin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Christopher P Rhodes
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
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29
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Margolis EA, Cleveland DS, Kong YP, Beamish JA, Wang WY, Baker BM, Putnam AJ. Stromal cell identity modulates vascular morphogenesis in a microvasculature-on-a-chip platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1150-1163. [PMID: 33538719 PMCID: PMC7990720 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Supportive stromal cells of mesenchymal origins regulate vascular morphogenesis in developmental, pathological, and regenerative contexts, contributing to vessel formation, maturation, and long-term stability, in part via the secretion of bioactive molecules. In this work, we adapted a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip system that enables the formation and perfusion of microvascular capillary beds with connections to arteriole-scale endothelialized channels to explore how stromal cell (SC) identity influences endothelial cell (EC) morphogenesis. We compared and contrasted lung fibroblasts (LFs), dermal fibroblasts (DFs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for their abilities to support endothelial morphogenesis and subsequent perfusion of microvascular networks formed in fibrin hydrogels within the microfluidic device. We demonstrated that while all 3 SC types supported EC morphogenesis, LFs in particular resulted in microvascular morphologies with the highest total network length, vessel diameter, and vessel interconnectivity across a range of SC-EC ratio and density conditions. Not only did LFs support robust vascular morphology, but also, they were the only SC type to support functional perfusion of the resultant capillary beds. Lastly, we identified heightened traction stress produced by LFs as a possible mechanism by which LFs enhance endothelial morphogenesis in 3D compared to other SC types examined. This study provides a unique comparison of three different SC types and their role in supporting the formation of microvasculature that could provide insights for the choice of cells for vascular cell-based therapies and the regulation of tissue-specific vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Margolis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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30
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Garrison CM, Schwarzbauer JE. Fibronectin fibril alignment is established upon initiation of extracellular matrix assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:739-752. [PMID: 33625865 PMCID: PMC8108514 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is tissue-specific and fundamental to normal tissue function. Proper alignment of ECM fibers is essential for the functioning of a variety of tissues. While matrix assembly in general has been intensively investigated, little is known about the mechanisms required for formation of aligned ECM fibrils. We investigated the initiation of fibronectin (FN) matrix assembly using fibroblasts that assemble parallel ECM fibrils and found that matrix assembly sites, where FN fibrillogenesis is initiated, were oriented in parallel at the cell poles. We show that these polarized matrix assembly sites progress into fibrillar adhesions and ultimately into aligned FN fibrils. Cells that assemble an unaligned meshwork matrix form matrix assembly sites around the cell periphery, but the distribution of matrix assembly sites in these cells could be modulated through micropatterning or mechanical stretch. While an elongated cell shape corresponds with a polarized matrix assembly site distribution, these two features are not absolutely linked, since we discovered that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) enhances matrix assembly site polarity and assembly of aligned fibrils independent of cell elongation. We conclude that the ultimate orientation of FN fibrils is determined by the alignment and distribution of matrix assembly sites that form during the initial stages of cell–FN interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Garrison
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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31
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Rüdiger D, Kick K, Goychuk A, Vollmar AM, Frey E, Zahler S. Cell-Based Strain Remodeling of a Nonfibrous Matrix as an Organizing Principle for Vasculogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108015. [PMID: 32783939 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial tube formation on a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) is a well-established in vitro model for studying the processes of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. However, to date, the organizing principles that underlie the morphogenesis of this network and that shape the initial process of cells' finding one another remain elusive. Here, we identify a mechanism that allows cells to form networks by mechanically reorganizing and stiffening their extracellular matrix, independent of chemical guidance cues. Interestingly, we find that this cellular self-organization strongly depends on the connectivity, plasticity, and topology of the surrounding matrix; cell contractility; and cell density. Cells rearrange the matrix and form bridges of matrix material that are stiffer than their surroundings, thus creating a durotactic track for the initiation of cell protrusions and cell-cell contacts. This contractility-based communication via strain stiffening and matrix rearrangement might be a general organizing principle during tissue development or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rüdiger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kick
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andriy Goychuk
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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32
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Yang BA, Westerhof TM, Sabin K, Merajver SD, Aguilar CA. Engineered Tools to Study Intercellular Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002825. [PMID: 33552865 PMCID: PMC7856891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
All multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication networks to coordinate physiological functions. As members of a dynamic social network, each cell receives, processes, and redistributes biological information to define and maintain tissue homeostasis. Uncovering the molecular programs underlying these processes is critical for prevention of disease and aging and development of therapeutics. The study of intercellular communication requires techniques that reduce the scale and complexity of in vivo biological networks while resolving the molecular heterogeneity in "omic" layers that contribute to cell state and function. Recent advances in microengineering and high-throughput genomics offer unprecedented spatiotemporal control over cellular interactions and the ability to study intercellular communication in a high-throughput and mechanistic manner. Herein, this review discusses how salient engineered approaches and sequencing techniques can be applied to understand collective cell behavior and tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
| | - Trisha M. Westerhof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology/Oncology and Rogel Cancer Center1500 East Medical Center Drive, Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborMI7314USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
| | - Sofia D. Merajver
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology/Oncology and Rogel Cancer Center1500 East Medical Center Drive, Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborMI7314USA
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
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33
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Alisafaei F, Chen X, Leahy T, Janmey PA, Shenoy VB. Long-range mechanical signaling in biological systems. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:241-253. [PMID: 33136113 PMCID: PMC8385661 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01442g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells can respond to signals generated by other cells that are remarkably far away. Studies from at least the 1920's showed that cells move toward each other when the distance between them is on the order of a millimeter, which is many times the cell diameter. Chemical signals generated by molecules diffusing from the cell surface would move too slowly and dissipate too fast to account for these effects, suggesting that they might be physical rather than biochemical. The non-linear elastic responses of sparsely connected networks of stiff or semiflexible filament such as those that form the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton have unusual properties that suggest multiple mechanisms for long-range signaling in biological tissues. These include not only direct force transmission, but also highly non-uniform local deformations, and force-generated changes in fiber alignment and density. Defining how fibrous networks respond to cell-generated forces can help design new methods to characterize abnormal tissues and can guide development of improved biomimetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Alisafaei
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Leahy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and Departments of Physiology, and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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DePalma SJ, Davidson CD, Stis AE, Helms AS, Baker BM. Microenvironmental determinants of organized iPSC-cardiomyocyte tissues on synthetic fibrous matrices. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:93-107. [PMID: 33325920 PMCID: PMC7971708 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01247e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) show great potential for engineering myocardium to study cardiac disease and create regenerative therapies. However, iPSC-CMs typically possess a late embryonic stage phenotype, with cells failing to exhibit markers of mature adult tissue. This is due in part to insufficient knowledge and control of microenvironmental cues required to facilitate the organization and maturation of iPSC-CMs. Here, we employed a cell-adhesive, mechanically tunable synthetic fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) consisting of electrospun dextran vinyl sulfone (DVS) fibers and examined how biochemical, architectural, and mechanical properties of the ECM impact iPSC-CM tissue assembly and subsequent function. Exploring a multidimensional parameter space spanning cell-adhesive ligand, seeding density, fiber alignment, and stiffness, we found that fibronectin-functionalized DVS matrices composed of highly aligned fibers with low stiffness optimally promoted the organization of functional iPSC-CM tissues. Tissues generated on these matrices demonstrated improved calcium handling and increased end-to-end localization of N-cadherin as compared to micropatterned fibronectin lines or fibronectin-coated glass. Furthermore, DVS matrices supported long-term culture (45 days) of iPSC-CMs; N-cadherin end-to-end localization and connexin43 expression both increased as a function of time in culture. In sum, these findings demonstrate the importance of recapitulating the fibrous myocardial ECM in engineering structurally organized and functional iPSC-CM tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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35
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Marcos LF, Wilson SL, Roach P. Tissue engineering of the retina: from organoids to microfluidic chips. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211059876. [PMID: 34917332 PMCID: PMC8669127 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211059876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in tissue engineering, challenges remain for fabricating functional tissues that incorporate essential features including vasculature and complex cellular organisation. Monitoring of engineered tissues also raises difficulties, particularly when cell population maturity is inherent to function. Microfluidic, or lab-on-a-chip, platforms address the complexity issues of conventional 3D models regarding cell numbers and functional connectivity. Regulation of biochemical/biomechanical conditions can create dynamic structures, providing microenvironments that permit tissue formation while quantifying biological processes at a single cell level. Retinal organoids provide relevant cell numbers to mimic in vivo spatiotemporal development, where conventional culture approaches fail. Modern bio-fabrication techniques allow for retinal organoids to be combined with microfluidic devices to create anato-physiologically accurate structures or 'retina-on-a-chip' devices that could revolution ocular sciences. Here we present a focussed review of retinal tissue engineering, examining the challenges and how some of these have been overcome using organoids, microfluidics, and bioprinting technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Marcos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Samantha L Wilson
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Paul Roach
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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36
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Davidson CD, Jayco DKP, Wang WY, Shikanov A, Baker BM. Fiber Crimp Confers Matrix Mechanical Nonlinearity, Regulates Endothelial Cell Mechanosensing, and Promotes Microvascular Network Formation. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:111009. [PMID: 32839824 PMCID: PMC7580766 DOI: 10.1115/1.4048191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical interactions between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) guide many fundamental cell behaviors. Native connective tissue consists of highly organized, 3D networks of ECM fibers with complex, nonlinear mechanical properties. The most abundant stromal matrix component is fibrillar type I collagen, which often possesses a wavy, crimped morphology that confers strain- and load-dependent nonlinear mechanical behavior. Here, we established a new and simple method for engineering electrospun fibrous matrices composed of dextran vinyl sulfone (DexVS) with controllable crimped structure. A hydrophilic peptide was functionalized to DexVS matrices to trigger swelling of individual hydrogel fibers, resulting in crimped microstructure due to the fixed anchorage of fibers. Mechanical characterization of these matrices under tension confirmed orthogonal control over nonlinear stress-strain responses and matrix stiffness. We next examined ECM mechanosensing of individual endothelial cells (ECs) and found that fiber crimp promoted physical matrix remodeling alongside decreases in cell spreading, focal adhesion area, and nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP). These changes corresponded to an increase in migration speed, along with evidence for long-range interactions between neighboring cells in crimped matrices. Interestingly, when ECs were seeded at high density in crimped matrices, capillary-like networks rapidly assembled and contained tube-like cellular structures wrapped around bundles of synthetic matrix fibers due to increased physical reorganization of matrix fibers. Our work provides an additional level of mechanical and architectural tunability to synthetic fibrous matrices and implicates a critical role for mechanical nonlinearity in EC mechanosensing and network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Davidson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1420 Lurie Biomedical Engineering, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110
| | - Danica Kristen P. Jayco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1420 Lurie Biomedical Engineering, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110
| | - William Y. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1420 Lurie Biomedical Engineering, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2126 Lurie Biomedical Engineering, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie Biomedical Engineering, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110
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37
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Park S, Jung WH, Pittman M, Chen J, Chen Y. The Effects of Stiffness, Fluid Viscosity, and Geometry of Microenvironment in Homeostasis, Aging, and Diseases: A Brief Review. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100804. [PMID: 32803227 PMCID: PMC7477718 DOI: 10.1115/1.4048110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense biophysical cues in the micro-environment and respond to the cues biochemically and biophysically. Proper responses from cells are critical to maintain the homeostasis in the body. Abnormal biophysical cues will cause pathological development in the cells; pathological or aging cells, on the other hand, can alter their micro-environment to become abnormal. In this minireview, we discuss four important biophysical cues of the micro-environment-stiffness, curvature, extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture and viscosity-in terms of their roles in health, aging, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Wei-Hung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Matthew Pittman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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38
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Matera DL, DiLillo KM, Smith MR, Davidson CD, Parikh R, Said M, Wilke CA, Lombaert IM, Arnold KB, Moore BB, Baker BM. Microengineered 3D pulmonary interstitial mimetics highlight a critical role for matrix degradation in myofibroblast differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb5069. [PMID: 32917680 PMCID: PMC11206459 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by aberrant tissue scarring from activated myofibroblasts, is often untreatable. Although the extracellular matrix becomes increasingly stiff and fibrous during disease progression, how these physical cues affect myofibroblast differentiation in 3D is poorly understood. Here, we describe a multicomponent hydrogel that recapitulates the 3D fibrous structure of interstitial tissue regions where idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) initiates. In contrast to findings on 2D hydrogels, myofibroblast differentiation in 3D was inversely correlated with hydrogel stiffness but positively correlated with matrix fibers. Using a multistep bioinformatics analysis of IPF patient transcriptomes and in vitro pharmacologic screening, we identify matrix metalloproteinase activity to be essential for 3D but not 2D myofibroblast differentiation. Given our observation that compliant degradable 3D matrices amply support fibrogenesis, these studies demonstrate a departure from the established relationship between stiffness and myofibroblast differentiation in 2D, and provide a new 3D model for studying fibrosis and identifying antifibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katarina M DiLillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Makenzee R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Ritika Parikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mohammed Said
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carole A Wilke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabelle M Lombaert
- Department of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelly B Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Viola JM, Porter CM, Gupta A, Alibekova M, Prahl LS, Hughes AJ. Guiding Cell Network Assembly using Shape-Morphing Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002195. [PMID: 32578300 PMCID: PMC7950730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Forces and relative movement between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial to the self-organization of tissues during development. However, the spatial range over which these dynamics can be controlled in engineering approaches is limited, impeding progress toward the construction of large, structurally mature tissues. Herein, shape-morphing materials called "kinomorphs" that rationally control the shape and size of multicellular networks are described. Kinomorphs are sheets of ECM that change their shape, size, and density depending on patterns of cell contractility within them. It is shown that these changes can manipulate structure-forming behaviors of epithelial cells in many spatial locations at once. Kinomorphs are built using a new photolithographic technology to pattern single cells into ECM sheets that are >10× larger than previously described. These patterns are designed to partially mimic the branch geometry of the embryonic kidney epithelial network. Origami-inspired simulations are then used to predict changes in kinomorph shapes. Last, kinomorph dynamics are shown to provide a centimeter-scale program that sets specific spatial locations in which ≈50 µm-diameter epithelial tubules form by cell coalescence and structural maturation. The kinomorphs may significantly advance organ-scale tissue construction by extending the spatial range of cell self-organization in emerging model systems such as organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine M Porter
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ananya Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mariia Alibekova
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Louis S Prahl
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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40
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Guan H, Fan J. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil quality in fragile karst ecosystems of southwest China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9456. [PMID: 32676227 PMCID: PMC7335502 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil quality assessment is important for karst ecosystems where soil erosion is significant. A large amount of vegetation restoration has been implemented since the early 21st century in degraded karst areas across southwestern China. However, the impacts on soil quality of different restoration types rarely have been compared systematically. In the current study, we investigated the soil quality after a number of vegetation restoration projects as well as their adjacent cropland by analyzing soil samples. Six vegetation restoration types were evaluated, including one natural restoration (natural shrubland, protected for 13 years), three economic forests (4 years Eucalyptus robusta, 4 years Prunus salicina and 6 years Zenia insignis) and two mixed forests (1 year Juglans regia-crop and 13 years Toona sinensis-Pennisetum purpureum ). We evaluated the benefits of different restoration types more accurately by setting each adjacent cropland as the control and setting the variation between the corresponding restored and control site as the evaluation object so that the background differences of six sites could be eliminated. The results indicated that natural shrubland, Toona sinensis-Pennisetum purpureum and Zenia insignis were effective in improving soil quality index (SQI) in degraded karst cropland largely due to their higher SOC and TN content. The variation of SQI (VSQI) of natural shrubland was significantly higher than that in Eucalyptus robusta, Prunus salicina and Juglans regia-crop in total soil layer (0-30 cm) (P < 0.05), indicating natural shrubland had better capacity to improve soil quality. The boosting regression tree model revealed that vegetation restoration type explained 73.49% and restoration time explained 10.30% of the variation in VSQI, which confirmed that vegetation restoration type and restoration time are critical for achieving soil reserves. Therefore, it is vital to select appropriate vegetation type in restoration projects and recovery for a long time in order to achieve better soil quality. The current study provides a theoretical basis on which to assess the effects of different vegetation restoration types on the heterogeneous degraded karst areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Guan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
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41
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Gordon E, Schimmel L, Frye M. The Importance of Mechanical Forces for in vitro Endothelial Cell Biology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:684. [PMID: 32625119 PMCID: PMC7314997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic vessels are lined by endothelial cells which constantly interact with their luminal and abluminal extracellular environments. These interactions confer physical forces on the endothelium, such as shear stress, stretch and stiffness, to mediate biological responses. These physical forces are often altered during disease, driving abnormal endothelial cell behavior and pathology. Therefore, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms by which endothelial cells respond to physical forces. Traditionally, endothelial cells in culture are grown in the absence of flow on stiff substrates such as plastic or glass. These cells are not subjected to the physical forces that endothelial cells endure in vivo, thus the results of these experiments often do not mimic those observed in the body. The field of vascular biology now realize that an intricate analysis of endothelial signaling mechanisms requires complex in vitro systems to mimic in vivo conditions. Here, we will review what is known about the mechanical forces that guide endothelial cell behavior and then discuss the advancements in endothelial cell culture models designed to better mimic the in vivo vascular microenvironment. A wider application of these technologies will provide more biologically relevant information from cultured cells which will be reproducible to conditions found in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gordon
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lilian Schimmel
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maike Frye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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42
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Huang S, Liu H, Huang S, Fu T, Xue W, Guo R. Dextran methacrylate hydrogel microneedles loaded with doxorubicin and trametinib for continuous transdermal administration of melanoma. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116650. [PMID: 32747282 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) technology has many advantages and is an ideal local transdermal drug delivery method. Here we synthesized photocrosslinkable dextran methacrylate (DexMA), and its degree of substitution is 5 % higher than the previous method. We used DexMA hydrogel for the first time to develop a new type of MNs for continuous transdermal administration. The prepared hydrogel MNs can successfully penetrate the epidermal layer and achieve sustained drug release. Doxorubicin (DOX) and trametinib (Tra) are anticancer drugs approved by FDA. Besides, Tra can also reverse P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) to effectively block the efflux of DOX by P-gp. We used MNs to simultaneously load Tra and DOX, and achieved synergy in a B16 cell xenograft nude mouse model. The DexMA hydrogel MNs developed in this study can be used to enhance the transdermal delivery of small molecule drugs and reduce systemic toxicity and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shaoshan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tingling Fu
- Nanhai Longtime Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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43
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Almonacid Suarez AM, van der Ham I, Brinker MG, van Rijn P, Harmsen MC. Topography-driven alterations in endothelial cell phenotype and contact guidance. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04329. [PMID: 32637708 PMCID: PMC7330714 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how endothelial cell phenotype is affected by topography could improve the design of new tools for tissue engineering as many tissue engineering approaches make use of topography-mediated cell stimulation. Therefore, we cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) on a directional topographical gradient to screen the EC vascular-like network formation and alignment response to nano to microsized topographies. The cell response was evaluated by microscopy. We found that ECs formed unstable vascular-like networks that aggregated in the smaller topographies and flat parts whereas ECs themselves aligned on the larger topographies. Subsequently, we designed a mixed topography where we could explore the network formation and proliferative properties of these ECs by live imaging for three days. Vascular-like network formation continued to be unstable on the topography and were only produced on the flat areas and a fibronectin coating did not improve the network stability. However, an instructive adipose tissue-derived stromal cell (ASC) coating provided the correct environment to sustain the vascular-like networks, which were still affected by the topography underneath. It was concluded that large microsized topographies inhibit vascular endothelial network formation but not proliferation and flat and nano/microsized topographies allow formation of early networks that can be stabilized by using an ASC instructive layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Almonacid Suarez
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris van der Ham
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marja G.L. Brinker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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44
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Abstract
As the crucial non-cellular component of tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both physical support and signaling regulation to cells. Some ECM molecules provide a fibrillar environment around cells, while others provide a sheet-like basement membrane scaffold beneath epithelial cells. In this Review, we focus on recent studies investigating the mechanical, biophysical and signaling cues provided to developing tissues by different types of ECM in a variety of developing organisms. In addition, we discuss how the ECM helps to regulate tissue morphology during embryonic development by governing key elements of cell shape, adhesion, migration and differentiation. Summary: This Review discusses our current understanding of how the extracellular matrix helps guide developing tissues by influencing cell adhesion, migration, shape and differentiation, emphasizing the biophysical cues it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
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45
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Monteiro CF, Santos SC, Custódio CA, Mano JF. Human Platelet Lysates-Based Hydrogels: A Novel Personalized 3D Platform for Spheroid Invasion Assessment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902398. [PMID: 32274296 PMCID: PMC7141025 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental physiologic and pathologic phenomena such as wound healing and cancer metastasis are typically associated with the migration of cells through adjacent extracellular matrix. In recent years, advances in biomimetic materials have supported the progress in 3D cell culture and provided biomedical tools for the development of models to study spheroid invasiveness. Despite this, the exceptional biochemical and biomechanical properties of human-derived materials are poorly explored. Human methacryloyl platelet lysates (PLMA)-based hydrogels are herein proposed as reliable 3D platforms to sustain in vivo-like cell invasion mechanisms. A systematic analysis of spheroid viability, size, and invasiveness is performed in three biomimetic materials: PLMA hydrogels at three different concentrations, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and Matrigel. Results demonstrate that PLMA hydrogels perfectly support the recapitulation of the tumor invasion behavior of cancer cell lines (MG-63, SaOS-2, and A549) and human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. The distinct invasiveness ability of each cell type is reflected in the PLMA hydrogels and, furthermore, different mechanical properties produce an altered invasive behavior. The herein presented human PLMA-based hydrogels could represent an opportunity to develop accurate cell invasiveness models and open up new possibilities for humanized and personalized high-throughput screening and validation of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Monteiro
- Department of ChemistryCICECOUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago3810‐193AveiroPortugal
| | - Sara C. Santos
- Department of ChemistryCICECOUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago3810‐193AveiroPortugal
| | - Catarina A. Custódio
- Department of ChemistryCICECOUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago3810‐193AveiroPortugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of ChemistryCICECOUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago3810‐193AveiroPortugal
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46
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Davidson MD, Burdick JA, Wells RG. Engineered Biomaterial Platforms to Study Fibrosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901682. [PMID: 32181987 PMCID: PMC7274888 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many pathologic conditions lead to the development of tissue scarring and fibrosis, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) and changes in tissue mechanical properties. Cells within fibrotic tissues are exposed to dynamic microenvironments that may promote or prolong fibrosis, which makes it difficult to treat. Biomaterials have proved indispensable to better understand how cells sense their extracellular environment and are now being employed to study fibrosis in many tissues. As mechanical testing of tissues becomes more routine and biomaterial tools become more advanced, the impact of biophysical factors in fibrosis are beginning to be understood. Herein, fibrosis from a materials perspective is reviewed, including the role and mechanical properties of ECM components, the spatiotemporal mechanical changes that occur during fibrosis, current biomaterial systems to study fibrosis, and emerging biomaterial systems and tools that can further the understanding of fibrosis initiation and progression. This review concludes by highlighting considerations in promoting wide-spread use of biomaterials for fibrosis investigations and by suggesting future in vivo studies that it is hoped will inspire the development of even more advanced biomaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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47
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Wang WY, Lin D, Jarman EH, Polacheck WJ, Baker BM. Functional angiogenesis requires microenvironmental cues balancing endothelial cell migration and proliferation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1153-1166. [PMID: 32100769 PMCID: PMC7328820 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex morphogenetic process that involves intimate interactions between multicellular endothelial structures and their extracellular milieu. In vitro models of angiogenesis can aid in reducing the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment and provide mechanistic insight into how soluble and physical extracellular matrix cues regulate this process. To investigate how microenvironmental cues regulate angiogenesis and the function of resulting microvasculature, we multiplexed an established angiogenesis-on-a-chip platform that affords higher throughput investigation of 3D endothelial cell sprouting emanating from a parent vessel through defined biochemical gradients and extracellular matrix. We found that two fundamental endothelial cell functions, migration and proliferation, dictate endothelial cell invasion as single cells vs. multicellular sprouts. Microenvironmental cues that elicit excessive migration speed incommensurate with proliferation resulted in microvasculature with poor barrier function and an inability to transport fluid across the microvascular bed. Restoring the balance between migration speed and proliferation rate rescued multicellular sprout invasion, providing a new framework for the design of pro-angiogenic biomaterials that guide functional microvasculature formation for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
| | - Daphne Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
| | - Evan H Jarman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514 USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
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48
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Davidson CD, Jayco DKP, Matera DL, DePalma SJ, Hiraki HL, Wang WY, Baker BM. Myofibroblast activation in synthetic fibrous matrices composed of dextran vinyl sulfone. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:78-86. [PMID: 31945504 PMCID: PMC7369643 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical interactions between fibroblasts and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) guide fundamental behaviors such as spreading, migration, and proliferation that underlie disease pathogenesis. The challenges of studying ECM mechanics in vivo have motivated the development of in vitro models of the fibrous ECM in which fibroblasts reside. Natural materials such as collagen hydrogels bear structural and biochemical resemblance to stromal ECM, but mechanistic studies in these settings are often confounded by cell-mediated material degradation and the lack of structural and mechanical tunability. Here, we established a new material system composed of electrospun dextran vinyl sulfone (DexVS) polymeric fibers. These fibrous matrices exhibit mechanical tunability at both the single fiber (80-340 MPa) and bulk matrix (0.77-11.03 kPa) level, as well as long-term stability in mechanical properties over a two-week period. Cell adhesion to these matrices can be either user-defined by functionalizing synthetic fibers with thiolated adhesive peptides or methacrylated heparin to sequester cell-derived ECM proteins. We utilized DexVS fibrous matrices to investigate the role of matrix mechanics on the activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a key step of the fibrotic progression. In contrast to previous findings with non-fibrous hydrogel substrates, we find that fibroblasts in soft and deformable matrices exhibit increased spreading, focal adhesion formation, proliferation, and myofibroblast activation as compared to cells on stiffer matrices with equivalent starting architecture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular mechanosensing of fibrillar extracellular matrices plays a critical role in homeostasis and disease progression in stromal connective tissue. Here, we established a new material system composed of electrospun dextran vinyl sulfone polymeric fibers. These matrices exhibit architectural, mechanical, and biochemical tunability to accurately model diverse tissue microenvironments found in the body. In contrast to previous observations with non-fibrous hydrogels, we find that fibroblasts in soft and deformable fibrous matrices exhibit increased spreading and focal adhesion formation as compared to those in stiffer matrices with equivalent architecture. We also investigated the role of matrix stiffness on myofibroblast activation, a critical step in the fibrotic cascade, and find that low stiffness matrices promote increased myofibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Davidson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Danica Kristen P Jayco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Daniel L Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Samuel J DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Harrison L Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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49
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Zhang G, Varkey M, Wang Z, Xie B, Hou R, Atala A. ECM concentration and cell‐mediated traction forces play a role in vascular network assembly in 3D bioprinted tissue. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1148-1158. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Zhang
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
- Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Mathew Varkey
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
| | - Zhan Wang
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
| | - Beibei Xie
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
- Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
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50
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Baszczyňski O, Watt JM, Rozewitz MD, Fliegert R, Guse AH, Potter BVL. Synthesis of phosphonoacetate analogues of the second messenger adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose (ADPR). RSC Adv 2020; 10:1776-1785. [PMID: 31934327 PMCID: PMC6957348 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine 5′-diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is an intracellular signalling molecule generated from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Synthetic ADPR analogues can shed light on the mechanism of activation of ADPR targets and their downstream effects. Such chemical biology studies, however, are often challenging due to the negatively charged pyrophosphate that is also sensitive to cellular pyrophosphatases. Prior work on an initial ADPR target, the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM2, showed complete pyrophosphate group replacement to be a step too far in maintaining biological activity. Thus, we designed ADPR analogues with just one of the negatively charged phosphate groups removed, by employing a phosphonoacetate linker. Synthesis of two novel phosphonoacetate ADPR analogues is described via tandem N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling to phosphonoacetic acid. Neither analogue, however, showed significant agonist or antagonist activity towards TRPM2, underlining the importance of a complete pyrophosphate motif in activation of this particular receptor. Pyrophosphate replacement using phosphonoacetate isosteres – tools to study biological targets of ADPR.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Joanna M Watt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Monika D Rozewitz
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Fliegert
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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