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Iwamoto R, Yamaguchi K, Katayama K, Ando H, Setsukinai KI, Kobayashi H, Okabe S, Imoto S, Kitajima M. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater using targeted amplicon sequencing during a low COVID-19 prevalence period in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 887:163706. [PMID: 37105480 PMCID: PMC10129341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is expected to be able to identify SARS-CoV-2 variants at an early stage via next-generation sequencing. In the present study, we developed a highly sensitive amplicon sequencing method targeting the spike gene of SARS-CoV-2, which allows for sequencing viral genomes from wastewater containing a low amount of virus. Primers were designed to amplify a relatively long region (599 bp) around the receptor-binding domain in the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene, which could distinguish initial major variants of concern. To validate the methodology, we retrospectively analyzed wastewater samples collected from a septic tank installed in a COVID-19 quarantine facility between October and December 2020. The relative abundance of D614G mutant in SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the facility wastewater increased from 47.5 % to 83.1 % during the study period. The N501Y mutant, which is the characteristic mutation of the Alpha-like strain, was detected from wastewater collected on December 24, 2020, which agreed with the fact that a patient infected with the Alpha-like strain was quarantined in the facility on this date. We then analyzed archived municipal wastewater samples collected between November 2020 and January 2021 that contained low SARS-CoV-2 concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 0.43 copies/qPCR reaction (corresponding to 3.30 to 4.15 log10 copies/L). The targeted amplicon sequencing revealed that the Alpha-like variant with D614G and N501Y mutations was present in municipal wastewater collected on December 4, 2020 and later, suggesting that the variant had already spread in the community before its first clinical confirmation in Japan on December 25, 2020. These results demonstrate that targeted amplicon sequencing of wastewater samples is a powerful surveillance tool applicable to low COVID-19 prevalence periods and may contribute to the early detection of emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Iwamoto
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan; AdvanSentinel Inc., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kotoe Katayama
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Setsukinai
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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2
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Dong H, Zhang K, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Zhang F, Wang M, Wang H, Zhao G, Xie S, Xie X, Hu W, Yin K, Gu L. A fast RT-qPCR system significantly shortens the time for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:37-44. [PMID: 36843076 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious threat to global development. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is critical for containing the pandemic and treating patients in time. As the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, the qualitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) test has long been criticized for its long detection time. In this study, we optimized the primers and probes targeting SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab and N gene designed by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to increase their Tm values to meet the optimal elongation temperature of Taq DNA polymerase, thus greatly shortened the elongation time. The higher elongation temperature in turn narrowed the temperature range of the reaction and saved more time. In addition, by shortening the distance between the fluorophore at the 5' end and the quencher in the middle we got a probe with higher signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, by using all these measures and optimized RT-qPCR program we successfully reduced the time (nucleic acid extraction step is not included) for nucleic acid test from 74 min to 26 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Kundi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yumeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Maofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guihua Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Shiling Xie
- Shandong Shtars Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Shandong Shtars Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Yin
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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3
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Barnewall RJ, Marsh IB, Quinn JC. Meta-Analysis of qPCR for Bovine Respiratory Disease Based on MIQE Guidelines. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:902401. [PMID: 35923462 PMCID: PMC9340069 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.902401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative PCR-based tests are widely used in both diagnostics and research to assess the prevalence of disease-causing pathogens in veterinary medicine. The efficacy of these tests, usually measured in terms of sensitivity and specificity, is critical in confirming or excluding a clinical diagnosis. We undertook a meta-analysis to assess the inherent value of published PCR diagnostic approaches used to confirm and quantify bacteria and viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough search of nine electronic databases (Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Cambridge journals online, ProQuest, PubMed, Sage journals online, ScienceDirect, Wiley online library and MEDLINE) was undertaken to find studies that had reported on the use of PCR and/or qPCR for the detection and/or quantification of BRD associated organisms. All studies meeting the inclusion criteria for reporting quantitative PCR for identification of BRD associated microorganisms were included in the analysis. Studies were then assessed on the applications of the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiment (MIQE) and PCR primer/probe sequences were extracted and tested for in silico specificity using a high level of stringency. Fourteen full-text articles were included in this study. Of these, 79% of the analysed articles did not report the application of the MIQE guidelines in their study. High stringency in silico testing of 144 previously published PCR primer/probe sequences found many to have questionable specificity. This review identified a high occurrence of primer/probe sequences with a variable in silico specificity such that this may have implications for the accuracy of reporting. Although this analysis was only applied to one specific disease state, identification of animals suspected to be suffering from bovine respiratory disease, there appears to be more broadly a need for veterinary diagnostic studies to adopt international best practice for reporting of quantitative PCR diagnostic data to be both accurate and comparable between studies and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Barnewall
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian B. Marsh
- NSW DPI, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane C. Quinn
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jane C. Quinn,
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Panzarin V, Marciano S, Fortin A, Brian I, D’Amico V, Gobbo F, Bonfante F, Palumbo E, Sakoda Y, Le KT, Chu DH, Shittu I, Meseko C, Haido AM, Odoom T, Diouf MN, Djegui F, Steensels M, Terregino C, Monne I. Redesign and Validation of a Real-Time RT-PCR to Improve Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses of the H9 Subtype. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061263. [PMID: 35746734 PMCID: PMC9227555 DOI: 10.3390/v14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9 subtype cause significant losses to poultry production in endemic regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East and pose a risk to human health. The availability of reliable and updated diagnostic tools for H9 surveillance is thus paramount to ensure the prompt identification of this subtype. The genetic variability of H9 represents a challenge for molecular-based diagnostic methods and was the cause for suboptimal detection and false negatives during routine diagnostic monitoring. Starting from a dataset of sequences related to viruses of different origins and clades (Y439, Y280, G1), a bioinformatics workflow was optimized to extract relevant sequence data preparatory for oligonucleotides design. Analytical and diagnostic performances were assessed according to the OIE standards. To facilitate assay deployment, amplification conditions were optimized with different nucleic extraction systems and amplification kits. Performance of the new real-time RT-PCR was also evaluated in comparison to existing H9-detection methods, highlighting a significant improvement of sensitivity and inclusivity, in particular for G1 viruses. Data obtained suggest that the new assay has the potential to be employed under different settings and geographic areas for a sensitive detection of H9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Andrea Fortin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Irene Brian
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Valeria D’Amico
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Kien Trung Le
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi 115-19, Vietnam;
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Abdoul Malick Haido
- Laboratoire Central de l’Élevage (LABOCEL), Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, Niamey 485, Niger;
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Accra M161, Ghana;
| | - Mame Nahé Diouf
- Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV) de l’Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann 2057, Senegal;
| | - Fidélia Djegui
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Vétérinaire et de Sérosurveillance (LADISERO), Parakou 23, Benin;
| | - Mieke Steensels
- AI/ND National Reference Laboratory, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
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5
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Narváez SÁ, Fernández I, Patel NV, Sánchez S. Novel Quantitative PCR for Rhodococcus equi and Macrolide Resistance Detection in Equine Respiratory Samples. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1172. [PMID: 35565598 PMCID: PMC9099730 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
R. equi is an important veterinary pathogen that takes the lives of many foals every year. With the emergence and spread of MDR R. equi to current antimicrobial treatment, new tools that can provide a fast and accurate diagnosis of the disease and antimicrobial resistance profile are needed. Here, we have developed and analytically validated a multiplex qPCR for the simultaneous detection of R. equi and related macrolide resistance genes in equine respiratory samples. The three sets of oligos designed in this study to identify R. equi housekeeping gene choE and macrolide resistance genes erm(46) and erm(51) showed high analytic sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) individually and in combination below 12 complete genome copies per PCR reaction, and an amplification efficiency between 90% and 147%. Additionally, our multiplex qPCR shows high specificity in in-silico analysis. Furthermore, it did not present any cross-reaction with normal flora from the equine respiratory tract, nor commonly encountered respiratory pathogens in horses or other genetically close organisms. Our new quantitative PCR is a trustable tool that will improve the speed of R. equi infection diagnosis, as well as helping in treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsiray Álvarez Narváez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ingrid Fernández
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (I.F.); (N.V.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikita V. Patel
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (I.F.); (N.V.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Susan Sánchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (I.F.); (N.V.P.); (S.S.)
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Faye M, Seye T, Patel P, Diagne CT, Diagne MM, Dia M, Thiaw FD, Sall AA, Faye O. Development of Real-Time Molecular Assays for the Detection of Wesselsbron Virus in Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030550. [PMID: 35336125 PMCID: PMC8948963 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wesselsbron is a neglected, mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to Africa. The virus is mainly transmitted by the mosquitoes of the Aedes genus and primarily affects domestic livestock species with teratogenic effects but can jump to humans. Although no major outbreak or fatal case in humans has been reported as yet worldwide, a total of 31 acute human cases of Wesselsbron infection have been previously described since its first isolation in 1955. However, most of these cases were reported from Sub-Saharan Africa where resources are limited and a lack of diagnostic means exists. We describe here two molecular diagnostic tools suitable for Wesselsbron virus detection. The newly established reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and reverse-transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification assays are highly specific and repeatable, and exhibit good agreement with the reference assay on the samples tested. The validation on clinical and veterinary samples shows that they can be accurately used for Wesselsbron virus detection in public health activities and the veterinary field. Considering the increasing extension of Aedes species worldwide, these new assays could be useful not only in laboratory studies for Wesselsbron virus, but also in routine surveillance activities for zoonotic arboviruses and could be applied in well-equipped central laboratories or in remote areas in Africa, regarding the reverse-transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +221-76-017-92-09
| | - Thiané Seye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Pranav Patel
- Expert Molecular Diagnostics, 82256 Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany;
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Moussa Moise Diagne
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Moussa Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Fatou Diène Thiaw
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (T.S.); (C.T.D.); (M.M.D.); (M.D.); (F.D.T.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
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7
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Kozlowski HN, Abdou Mohamed MA, Kim J, Bell NG, Zagorovsky K, Mubareka S, Chan WCW. A Colorimetric Test to Differentiate Patients Infected with Influenza from COVID-19. SMALL STRUCTURES 2021; 2:2100034. [PMID: 34230923 PMCID: PMC8250260 DOI: 10.1002/sstr.202100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza display similar symptoms, but treatment requirements are different. Clinicians need to accurately distinguish SARS-CoV-2 from influenza to provide appropriate treatment. Here, the authors develope a color-based technique to differentiate between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A using a nucleic acid enzyme-gold nanoparticle (GNP) molecular test requiring minimal equipment. The MNAzyme and GNP probes are designed to be robust to viral mutations. Conserved regions of the viral genomes are targeted, and two MNAzymes are created for each virus. The ability of the system to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A using 79 patient samples is tested. When detecting SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, the clinical sensitivity is 90%, and the specificity is 100%. When detecting influenza A, the clinical sensitivity and specificity are 93% and 100%, respectively. The high clinical performance of the MNAzyme-GNP assay shows that it can be used to help clinicians choose effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Kozlowski
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3G9Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Bimolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E1Canada
- Centre for Global EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 1A4Canada
| | - Mohamed A. Abdou Mohamed
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3G9Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Bimolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E1Canada
- Botany and Microbiology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceZagazig UniversityZagazig44519Egypt
| | - Jisung Kim
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3G9Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Bimolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E1Canada
- Centre for Global EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 1A4Canada
| | - Natalie G. Bell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3H6Canada
| | - Kyryl Zagorovsky
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3G9Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Bimolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E1Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3H6Canada
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Warren C. W. Chan
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3G9Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Bimolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E1Canada
- Centre for Global EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 1A4Canada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3H6Canada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E5Canada
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E4Canada
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8
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Cassedy A, Parle-McDermott A, O’Kennedy R. Virus Detection: A Review of the Current and Emerging Molecular and Immunological Methods. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637559. [PMID: 33959631 PMCID: PMC8093571 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous in the environment. While many impart no deleterious effects on their hosts, several are major pathogens. This risk of pathogenicity, alongside the fact that many viruses can rapidly mutate highlights the need for suitable, rapid diagnostic measures. This review provides a critical analysis of widely used methods and examines their advantages and limitations. Currently, nucleic-acid detection and immunoassay methods are among the most popular means for quickly identifying viral infection directly from source. Nucleic acid-based detection generally offers high sensitivity, but can be time-consuming, costly, and require trained staff. The use of isothermal-based amplification systems for detection could aid in the reduction of results turnaround and equipment-associated costs, making them appealing for point-of-use applications, or when high volume/fast turnaround testing is required. Alternatively, immunoassays offer robustness and reduced costs. Furthermore, some immunoassay formats, such as those using lateral-flow technology, can generate results very rapidly. However, immunoassays typically cannot achieve comparable sensitivity to nucleic acid-based detection methods. Alongside these methods, the application of next-generation sequencing can provide highly specific results. In addition, the ability to sequence large numbers of viral genomes would provide researchers with enhanced information and assist in tracing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cassedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - R. O’Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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A universal RT-qPCR assay for "One Health" detection of influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244669. [PMID: 33471840 PMCID: PMC7817021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutual dependence of human and animal health is central to the One Health initiative as an integrated strategy for infectious disease control and management. A crucial element of the One Health includes preparation and response to influenza A virus (IAV) threats at the human-animal interface. The IAVs are characterized by extensive genetic variability, they circulate among different hosts and can establish host-specific lineages. The four main hosts are: avian, swine, human and equine, with occasional transmission to other mammalian species. The host diversity is mirrored in the range of the RT-qPCR assays for IAV detection. Different assays are recommended by the responsible health authorities for generic IAV detection in birds, swine or humans. In order to unify IAV monitoring in different hosts and apply the One Health approach, we developed a single RT-qPCR assay for universal detection of all IAVs of all subtypes, species origin and global distribution. The assay design was centred on a highly conserved region of the IAV matrix protein (MP)-segment identified by a comprehensive analysis of 99,353 sequences. The reaction parameters were effectively optimised with efficiency of 93–97% and LOD95% of approximately ten IAV templates per reaction. The assay showed high repeatability, reproducibility and robustness. The extensive in silico evaluation demonstrated high inclusivity, i.e. perfect sequence match in the primers and probe binding regions, established as 94.6% for swine, 98.2% for avian and 100% for human H3N2, pandemic H1N1, as well as other IAV strains, resulting in an overall predicted detection rate of 99% on the analysed dataset. The theoretical predictions were confirmed and extensively validated by collaboration between six veterinary or human diagnostic laboratories on a total of 1970 specimens, of which 1455 were clinical and included a diverse panel of IAV strains.
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Khan KA, Cheung P. Evaluation of the Sequence Variability within the PCR Primer/Probe Target Regions of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3871. [PMID: 33659508 PMCID: PMC7842606 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; initially named 2019-nCoV) is responsible for the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the current standard method for diagnosis from patient samples. As PCR assays are prone to sequence mismatches due to mutations in the viral genome, it is important to verify the genomic variability at primer/probe binding regions periodically. This step-by-step protocol describes a bioinformatics approach for an extensive evaluation of the sequence variability within the primer/probe target regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The protocol can be applied to any molecular diagnostic assay of choice using freely available software programs and the ready-to-use multiple sequence alignment (MSA) file provided. Graphic abstract Overview of the sequence tracing protocol. The figure was created using the Library of Science and Medical Illustrations from somersault18:24 licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Video abstract: https://youtu.be/M1lV1liWE9k.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Cheung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Development of ssDNA Aptamers for Diagnosis and Inhibition of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5N1. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081116. [PMID: 32731467 PMCID: PMC7465229 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) has severely affected the poultry industry worldwide and has caused the deaths of millions of birds. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is characterized by high mortality and the ability to transmit from birds to humans. Early diagnosis is difficult because of the variation in pathogenicity and the genetic diversity between virus subtypes. Therefore, development of a sensitive and accurate diagnostic system is an urgent priority. We developed ssDNA aptamer probes to detect AI viruses. Through seven rounds of SELEX to search for a probe specific to the highly pathogenic AI virus subtype H5N1, we identified 16 binding aptamers and selected two with the highest binding frequency. These two aptamers had strong binding affinities and low detection limits. We found that they could bind more specifically to H5N1, as compared to other subtypes. Furthermore, these aptamers inhibited hemagglutination, which is caused by the virus surface protein hemagglutinin. Our results indicate that our screened aptamers are effective molecular probes for diagnosing H5N1 and can be used as therapeutic agents to inhibit viral surface proteins. Sensitive diagnosis and suppression of avian influenza will help maintain a stable and healthy livestock industry, as well as protect human health.
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Khan KA, Cheung P. Presence of mismatches between diagnostic PCR assays and coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 genome. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200636. [PMID: 32742701 PMCID: PMC7353963 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; initially named as 2019-nCoV) is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the current standard method for its diagnosis from patient samples. This study conducted a reassessment of published diagnostic PCR assays, including those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), through the evaluation of mismatches with publicly available viral sequences. An exhaustive evaluation of the sequence variability within the primer/probe target regions of the viral genome was performed using more than 17 000 viral sequences from around the world. The analysis showed the presence of mutations/mismatches in primer/probe binding regions of 7 assays out of 27 assays studied. A comprehensive bioinformatics approach for in silico inclusivity evaluation of PCR diagnostic assays of SARS-CoV-2 was validated using freely available software programs that can be applied to any diagnostic assay of choice. These findings provide potentially important information for clinicians, laboratory professionals and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Aziz Khan
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, CanadaM3 J 1P3
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Museedi AS, Nashawi M, Ghali A, Alameri A, Alshami A, Nathanson R. Influenza: National Trends Using the National Inpatient Sample Database from 1993 to 2015. Cureus 2020; 12:e7684. [PMID: 32431964 PMCID: PMC7233507 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a significant impact of influenza on individuals, families, and societies both economically and clinically. This significant impact is a result of hospital admissions, medication expenses, side effects, secondary bacterial infections, and more days off from work or other forms of reduced productivity for the patients or their caretakers. Our objective is to present the trends in the rate of hospital discharges per 100,000 population from the years 1993 through 2015, the mean age, and the inpatient mortality rate. Methods This is a retrospective study utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1993 through 2015. Discharges due to influenza from 1993 to 2015 were identified, and the rate of discharges per 100,000 population, inpatient mortality, and mean age of discharged patients were trended. Linear regression was used to assess if the deviation from horizontal was statistically significant for the trends of the rate of discharges per 100,000 population, mean age, and percentage of the inpatient mortality. Result The mean age and inpatient mortality vary from year to year. The linear regression analysis for the trends was not statistically significant, and for the percentage of the inpatient mortality, the deviation from horizontal was not significant, P-value 0.75 and F-value: 0.09. Similarly, for the mean age, the deviation from horizontal was not significant with a P-value of 0.97 and an F-value of 0.001. However, the linear regression analysis for the rate of discharges per 100,000 population was remarkable for a statistically significant deviation from the horizontal with a P-value of 0.0002 and an F value of 19.5. Conclusion Recent advancements in influenza detection have made the detection feasible, quick, and cost-effective. However, the role of these advanced modalities on the outcome is still controversial. Our analysis revealed a significant increase in the rate of discharges due to influenza, but there was no significant change in the parentage of the inpatient mortality over the years between 1993 - 2015. Advanced influenza virus detection tests are now recommended in both outpatient (including emergency department) and inpatient admissions. The recent increase in inpatient admissions could be due to better detection modalities. However, no change in the percentage of inpatient mortality makes the impact of these detection tests on the outcome questionable. A further prospective study is warranted to assess the impact of these tests on the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman S Museedi
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Mouhamed Nashawi
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Abdullah Ghali
- Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Aws Alameri
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Abbas Alshami
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | - Robert Nathanson
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
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