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Love M, Behrens-Bradley N, Ahmad A, Wertheimer A, Klotz S, Ahmad N. Plasma Levels of Secreted Cytokines in Virologically Controlled HIV-Infected Aging Adult Individuals on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:202-215. [PMID: 38717822 PMCID: PMC11238844 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected (HIV+) aging adult individuals who have achieved undetectable viral load and improved CD4 T cell counts due to long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) may continue to experience inflammation and immunosenescence. Therefore, we evaluated the plasma levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in 173 HIV+ aging adult individuals with age ranging from 22 to 81 years on long-term ART with viral load mostly <20 HIV RNA copies/mL and compared with 92 HIV-uninfected (HIV- or healthy controls) aging individuals. We found that the median levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were higher (p < 0.001 to <0.0001) and IL-17 trended lower in HIV+ individuals than healthy controls. Increasing CD4 T cell counts in the HIV+ cohort did not significantly change the circulating cytokine levels, although levels of IL-1β increased. However, IL-17 levels significantly decreased with increasing CD4 counts in the healthy controls and yet unchanged in the HIV+ cohort. Of note, the levels of circulating IL-17 were significantly reduced comparatively in the healthy controls where the CD4 count was below 500, yet once above 500 the levels of CD4, IL-17 levels were comparable with the HIV+ cohort. With increasing CD8 T cell counts, the levels of these cytokines were not significantly altered, although levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 declined, whereas IL-1β and IL-17 were slightly elevated. Furthermore, increasing age of the HIV+ cohort did not significantly impact the cytokine levels although a slight increase in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 was observed. Similarly, these cytokines were not significantly modulated with increasing levels of undetectable viral loads, whereas some of the HIV+ individuals had higher levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β. In summary, our findings show that HIV+ aging adult individuals with undetectable viral load and restored CD4 T cell counts due to long-term ART still produce higher levels of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared with healthy controls, suggesting some level of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Love
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Aasim Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen Klotz
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Wiche Salinas TR, Zhang Y, Gosselin A, Rosario NF, El-Far M, Filali-Mouhim A, Routy JP, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Landay AL, Durand M, Tremblay CL, Ancuta P. Alterations in Th17 Cells and Non-Classical Monocytes as a Signature of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis during ART-Treated HIV-1 Infection. Cells 2024; 13:157. [PMID: 38247848 PMCID: PMC10813976 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains an important comorbidity in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our previous studies performed in the Canadian HIV/Aging Cohort Study (CHACS) (>40 years-old; Framingham Risk Score (FRS) > 5%) revealed a 2-3-fold increase in non-calcified coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) plaque burden, measured by computed tomography angiography scan (CTAScan) as the total (TPV) and low attenuated plaque volume (LAPV), in ART-treated PLWH (HIV+) versus uninfected controls (HIV-). In an effort to identify novel correlates of subclinical CAA, markers of intestinal damage (sCD14, LBP, FABP2); cell trafficking/inflammation (CCL20, CX3CL1, MIF, CCL25); subsets of Th17-polarized and regulatory (Tregs) CD4+ T-cells, classical/intermediate/non-classical monocytes, and myeloid/plasmacytoid dendritic cells were studied in relationship with HIV and TPV/LAPV status. The TPV detection/values coincided with higher plasma sCD14, FABP2, CCL20, MIF, CX3CL1, and triglyceride levels; lower Th17/Treg ratios; and classical monocyte expansion. Among HIV+, TPV+ versus TPV- exhibited lower Th17 frequencies, reduced Th17/Treg ratios, higher frequencies of non-classical CCR9lowHLADRhigh monocytes, and increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Finally, Th17/Treg ratios and non-classical CCR9lowHLADRhigh monocyte frequencies remained associated with TPV/LAPV after adjusting for FRS and HIV/ART duration in a logistic regression model. These findings point to Th17 paucity and non-classical monocyte abundance as novel immunological correlates of subclinical CAA that may fuel the CVD risk in ART-treated PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Natalia Fonseca Rosario
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Carl Chartrand-Lefebvre
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
- Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médecine Nucléaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Madeleine Durand
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Cécile L. Tremblay
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
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Wiche Salinas TR, Zhang Y, Gosselin A, Do Rosario NF, El-Far M, Filali-Mouhim A, Routy JP, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Landay AL, Durand M, Tremblay CL, Ancuta P. A Blood Immunological Signature of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in People Living with HIV-1 Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.15.571922. [PMID: 38187644 PMCID: PMC10769180 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains an important co-morbidity in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our previous studies performed on the Canadian HIV/Aging Cohort Study (CHACS) (>40 years-old; Framingham Risk Score (FRS) >5%), revealed a 2-3-fold increase in non-calcified coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) plaque burden, measured by Computed tomography angiography scan (CTAScan) as total (TPV) and low attenuated plaque volume (LAPV) in ART-treated PLWH (HIV+) versus uninfected controls (HIV-). In an effort to identify novel correlates of subclinical CAA, markers of intestinal damage (sCD14, LBP, FABP2); cell trafficking/inflammation (CCL20, CX3CL1, MIF, CCL25); subsets of Th17-polarized and regulatory (Tregs) CD4 + T-cells, classical/intermediate/non-classical monocytes, and myeloid/plasmacytoid dendritic cells, were studied in relationship with HIV and TPV/LAPV status. The TPV detection/values coincided with higher plasma sCD14, FABP2, CCL20, MIF, CX3CL1 and triglyceride levels, lower Th17/Treg ratios, and classical monocyte expansion. Among HIV + , TPV + versus TPV - exhibited lower Th17 frequencies, reduced Th17/Treg ratios, higher frequencies of non-classical CCR9 low HLADR high monocyte, and increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Finally, Th17/Treg ratios and non-classical CCR9 low HLADR high monocyte frequencies remained associated with TPV/LAPV after adjusting for FRS and HIV/ART duration in a logistic regression model. These findings point to Th17 paucity and non-classical monocyte abundance as novel immunological correlates of subclinical CAA that may fuel the CVD risk in ART-treated PLWH.
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Yero A, Bouassa RSM, Ancuta P, Estaquier J, Jenabian MA. Immuno-metabolic control of the balance between Th17-polarized and regulatory T-cells during HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:1-13. [PMID: 36681548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Th17-polarized CD4+ effector T-cells together with their immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) counterparts, with transcriptional profiles governed by the lineage transcription factors RORγt/RORC2 and FOXP3, respectively, are important gatekeepers at mucosal interfaces. Alterations in the Th17/Treg ratios, due to the rapid depletion of Th17 cells and increased Treg frequencies, are a hallmark of both HIV and SIV infections and a marker of disease progression. The shift in Th17/Treg balance, in favor of increased Treg frequencies, contributes to gut mucosal permeability, immune dysfunction, and microbial translocation, subsequently leading to chronic immune activation/inflammation and disease progression. Of particular interest, Th17 cells and Tregs share developmental routes, with changes in the Th17 versus Treg fate decision influencing the pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory responses. The differentiation and function of Th17 cells and Tregs rely on independent yet complementary metabolic pathways. Several pathways have been described in the literature to be involved in Th17 versus Treg polarization, including 1) the activity of ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73; 2) the increase in TGF-β1 production; 3) a hypoxic environment, and subsequent upregulation in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); 4) the increased mTOR activity and glycolysis induction; 5) the lipid metabolism, including fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, and lipid storage, which are regulated by the AMPK, mevalonate and PPARγ pathways; and 6) the tryptophan catabolism. These metabolic pathways are understudied in the context of HIV-1 infection. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on metabolic pathways that are dysregulated during HIV-1 infection and their impact on Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Littlefield KM, Schneider JM, Neff CP, Soesanto V, Siebert JC, Nusbacher NM, Moreno-Huizar N, Cartwright IM, Armstrong AJS, Colgen SP, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Elevated inflammatory fecal immune factors in men who have sex with men with HIV associate with microbiome composition and gut barrier function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1072720. [PMID: 36605218 PMCID: PMC9808389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1072720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction People living with HIV infection (PLWH) exhibit elevated levels of gastrointestinal inflammation. Potential causes of this inflammation include HIV infection and associated immune dysfunction, sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) and gut microbiome composition. Methods To better understand the etiology of gastrointestinal inflammation we examined levels of 28 fecal soluble immune factors (sIFs) and the fecal microbiome in well-defined cohorts of HIV seronegative MSM (MSM-SN), MSM with untreated HIV infection (MSM-HIV) and MSM with HIV on anti-retroviral treatment (MSMART). Additionally, fecal solutes from these participants were used to stimulate T-84 colonic epithelial cells to assess barrier function. Results Both MSM cohorts with HIV had elevated levels of fecal calprotectin, a clinically relevant marker of GI inflammation, and nine inflammatory fecal sIFs (GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-12/23, IL-15, IL-16, TNF-β, VCAM-1, and VEGF). Interestingly, four sIFs (GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IL-7 and IL-12/23) were significantly elevated in MSM-SN compared to seronegative male non-MSM. Conversely, IL-22 and IL-13, cytokines beneficial to gut health, were decreased in all MSM with HIV and MSM-SN respectively. Importantly, all of these sIFs significantly correlated with calprotectin, suggesting they play a role in GI inflammation. Principal coordinate analysis revealed clustering of fecal sIFs by MSM status and significant associations with microbiome composition. Additionally, fecal solutes from participants in the MSM-HIV cohort significantly decreased colonic transcellular fluid transport in vitro, compared to non-MSM-SN, and this decrease associated with overall sIF composition and increased concentrations of eight inflammatory sIFs in participants with HIV. Lastly, elevated levels of plasma, sCD14 and sCD163, directly correlated with decreased transcellular transport and microbiome composition respectively, indicating that sIFs and the gut microbiome are associated with, and potentially contribute to, bacterial translocation. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate that inflammatory sIFs are elevated in MSM, regardless of HIV infection status, and are associated with the gut microbiome and intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles P. Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Victoria Soesanto
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Janet C. Siebert
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- CytoAnalytics, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nancy Moreno-Huizar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ian M. Cartwright
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Abigail J. S. Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sean P. Colgen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Georg Stary,
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Zayas JP, Mamede JI. HIV Infection and Spread between Th17 Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020404. [PMID: 35215997 PMCID: PMC8874668 DOI: 10.3390/v14020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV mainly targets CD4+ T cells, from which Th17 cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th17 cells possess well-described dual roles, while being central to maintaining gut integrity, these may induce inflammation and contribute to autoimmune disorders; however, Th17 cells’ antiviral function in HIV infection is not completely understood. Th17 cells are star players to HIV-1 pathogenesis and a potential target to prevent or decrease HIV transmission. HIV-1 can be spread among permissive cells via direct cell-to-cell and/or cell-free infection. The debate on which mode of transmission is more efficient is still ongoing without a concrete conclusion yet. Most assessments of virus transmission analyzing either cell-to-cell or cell-free modes use in vitro systems; however, the actual interactions and conditions in vivo are not fully understood. The fact that infected breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions contain a mix of both cell-free viral particles and infected cells presents an argument for the probability of HIV taking advantage of both modes of transmission to spread. Here, we review important insights and recent findings about the role of Th17 cells during HIV pathogenesis in mucosal surfaces, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection spread among T cells in tissues.
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Renault C, Veyrenche N, Mennechet F, Bedin AS, Routy JP, Van de Perre P, Reynes J, Tuaillon E. Th17 CD4+ T-Cell as a Preferential Target for HIV Reservoirs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822576. [PMID: 35197986 PMCID: PMC8858966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among CD4+ T-cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a sentinel role in the defense against bacterial/fungal pathogens at mucosal barriers. However, Th17 cells are also highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and are rapidly depleted from gut mucosal sites, causing an imbalance of the Th17/Treg ratio and impairing cytokines production. Consequently, damage to the gut mucosal barrier leads to an enhanced microbial translocation and systemic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV-1 disease progression. Th17 cells’ expression of mucosal homing receptors (CCR6 and α4β7), as well as HIV receptors and co-receptors (CD4, α4β7, CCR5, and CXCR4), contributes to susceptibility to HIV infection. The up-regulation of numerous intracellular factors facilitating HIV production, alongside the downregulation of factors inhibiting HIV, helps to explain the frequency of HIV DNA within Th17 cells. Th17 cells harbor long-lived viral reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Moreover, cell longevity and the proliferation of a fraction of Th17 CD4 T cells allow HIV reservoirs to be maintained in ART patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Renault
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Veyrenche
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Mennechet
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Edouard Tuaillon,
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Wadhwa N, Arora T, Aggarwal D, Pandhi D, Diwaker P, Arora V. Evaluation of hTERT gene expression and chromosome 7 copy number variation in anal squamous intra-epithelial lesions: A pilot study. J Cytol 2022; 39:14-19. [PMID: 35341108 PMCID: PMC8955695 DOI: 10.4103/joc.joc_26_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Akin to cervical squamous intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), anal squamous intra-epithelial lesion (a-SIL) is attributed to persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus infection. Amplification of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene and aneuploidy are known to correlate with CIN evolution. It is plausible that the underlying genetic events in a-SIL are similar. We conducted this cross-sectional analytical study with the objective of determining expression of hTERT gene expression and chromosome 7, as marker of cell ploidy in a-SIL. Methods: Conventional anal cytology was performed in 86 adult consenting subjects with history of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) and 4 controls without history of RAI. Cases with a-SIL and controls were subjected to fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to evaluate hTERT gene and chromosome 7 expression, as marker of cell ploidy. Results were expressed as number of abnormal nuclei (≥3 respective signals), maximum degree of amplification, mean signals/nucleus and proportion of cases showing abnormal nuclei. Results: Twenty cases showed a-SIL; with 15 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 3 low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (LSIL) and 2 cases of high-risk cytology. Expression of both hTERT gene and chromosome 7 increased from controls to ASCUS to LSIL with concomitant increase in proportion of cases having abnormal hTERT gene and chromosome 7 expression. Conclusions: Positive association of hTERT gene with a-SIL suggests its possible role in evolution of anal squamous abnormalities. Increase in chromosome 7 also correlated positively with a-SIL. These findings corroborate the similarities between squamous carcinogenesis in CIN and a-SIL.
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Zhang F, Sun L, Lafferty MK, Margolick JB, Garzino-Demo A. Decreased MIP-3α Production from Antigen-Activated PBMCs in Symptomatic HIV-Infected Subjects. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010007. [PMID: 35055955 PMCID: PMC8778881 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ CCR6+ T cells are highly susceptible to HIV infection, and a high cytokine producing CCR6+ T cell subset is selectively lost during HIV infection. The CCR6 chemokine MIP-3α (CCL20) is produced at sites of infection in SIV animal models. Recently, we have shown that MIP-3α inhibits HIV replication. This inhibition of HIV infection is mediated by CCR6 signaling and eventuates in increased APOBEC3G expression. Since there are few existing reports on the role of MIP-3α in health or disease, we studied its production by PBMCs from HIV-seronegative and HIV+ subjects. We evaluated the ability of PBMCs to produce MIP-3α in response to antigen stimulation using cells obtained from two groups: one composed of HIV-seronegative subjects (n = 16) and the other composed of HIV+ subjects (n = 58), some asymptomatic and some with clinically defined AIDS. Antigens included fragment C of the tetanus toxin, Candida albicans, whole-inactivated HIV, and HIV p24. MIP-3α was detected by ELISA in tissue culture supernatants of antigen-stimulated PBMCs. MIP-3α production by antigen-stimulated PBMCs was readily measured for HIV-negative subjects and for HIV-seropositive asymptomatic subjects, but not for patients with AIDS. These results suggest that subversion of the MIP-3α-CCR6 axis by HIV during the course of infection contributes to the loss of immune function that eventually leads to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhang
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou No. 8 People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Mark K. Lafferty
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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11
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Kelley CF, Pollack I, Yacoub R, Zhu Z, Van Doren VE, Gumber S, Amara RR, Fedirko V, Kraft CS, de Man TJB, Hu YJ, Grimsley Ackerley C, Sullivan PS, Bostick RM. Condomless receptive anal intercourse is associated with markers of mucosal inflammation in a cohort of men who have sex with men in Atlanta, Georgia. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25859. [PMID: 34911162 PMCID: PMC8673926 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously showed that the rectal mucosal immune environment among men who have sex with men (MSM) engaging in condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) is immunologically distinct from that of men who do not engage in anal intercourse (AI). Here, we further examined these differences with quantitative immunohistochemistry to better understand the geographic distribution of immune markers of interest. Methods We enrolled a cohort of MSM engaging in CRAI (n = 41) and men who do not engage in AI (n = 21) between October 2013 and April 2015. Participants were healthy, HIV‐negative men aged 18–45 from the metro Atlanta area. We performed rectal mucosal sampling via rigid sigmoidoscopy during two study visits separated by a median of nine weeks and timed with sexual activity for MSM engaging in CRAI. We used standardized, automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis to investigate the rectal mucosal distribution of neutrophils (MPO), IL‐17‐producing cells (IL‐17) and Tregs (FOXP3) in the lamina propria, and cellular proliferation (Ki67) and adherens junction protein (E‐cadherin) in the epithelium. We examined associations between biomarker expression and the rectal mucosal microbiota composition by 16s rRNA sequencing. Results Relative to the colonic crypt base, IL‐17, FOXP3, and MPO expression increased towards the rectal lumen, while Ki67 decreased and E‐cadherin was more uniformly distributed. Throughout the rectal mucosa distribution examined, MSM engaging in CRAI had higher mean lamina propria MPO expression (p = 0.04) and epithelial Ki67 (p = 0.04) compared to controls. There were no significant differences in IL‐17, FOXP3 or E‐cadherin expression. We found no significant associations of the five biomarkers with the global rectal microbiota composition or the individual taxa examined. Conclusions Understanding the mucosal distribution of inflammatory mediators can enhance our knowledge of the earliest events in HIV transmission. Neutrophil enrichment and crypt epithelial cell proliferation likely represent sub‐clinical inflammation in response to CRAI in the rectal mucosa of MSM, which could increase the risk for HIV acquisition. However, the contributory role of the microbiota in mucosal inflammation among MSM remains unclear. HIV prevention may be enhanced by interventions that reduce inflammation or capitalize on the presence of specific inflammatory mechanisms during HIV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, The Hope Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ilana Pollack
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, The Hope Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rami Yacoub
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhengyi Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vanessa E Van Doren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, The Hope Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen S Kraft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, The Hope Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cassie Grimsley Ackerley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, The Hope Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patrick S Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Malatinkova E, Thomas J, De Spiegelaere W, Rutsaert S, Geretti AM, Pollakis G, Paxton WA, Vandekerckhove L, Ruggiero A. Measuring Proviral HIV-1 DNA: Hurdles and Improvements to an Assay Monitoring Integration Events Utilising Human Alu Repeat Sequences. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121410. [PMID: 34947941 PMCID: PMC8706387 DOI: 10.3390/life11121410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated HIV-1 DNA persists despite antiretroviral therapy and can fuel viral rebound following treatment interruption. Hence, methods to specifically measure the integrated HIV-1 DNA portion only are important to monitor the reservoir in eradication trials. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the literature on the different approaches used to measure integrated HIV-1 DNA. Further, we propose an implemented standard-curve free assay to quantify integrated HIV-1 DNA, so-called Alu-5LTR PCR, which utilises novel primer combinations. We tested the Alu-5LTR PCR in 20 individuals on suppressive ART for a median of nine years; the results were compared to those produced with the standard-free Alu-gag assay. The numbers of median integrated HIV-1 DNA copies were 5 (range: 1–12) and 14 (5–26) with the Alu-gag and Alu-5LTR, respectively. The ratios between Alu-gag vs Alu-5LTR results were distributed within the cohort as follows: most patients (12/20, 60%) provided ratios between 2–5, with 3/20 (15%) and 5/20 (25%) being below or above this range, respectively. Alu-5LTR assay sensitivity was also determined using an “integrated standard”; the data confirmed the increased sensitivity of the assay, i.e., equal to 0.25 proviruses in 10,000 genomes. This work represents an improvement in the field of measuring proviral HIV-1 DNA that could be employed in future HIV-1 persistence and eradication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Malatinkova
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Laboratory of Veterinary Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, B-9820 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Fondazione PTV and Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
- Department Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine-University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-802-7190
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13
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Pre-treatment with chicken IL-17A secreted by bioengineered LAB vector protects chicken embryo fibroblasts against Influenza Type A Virus (IAV) infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:106-119. [PMID: 34678620 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in our understanding of the host factors in orchestrating qualitatively different immune responses against influenza Type A virus (IAV) have changed the perception of conventional approaches for controlling avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in chickens. Given that infection-induced pathogenicity and replication of influenza virus largely rely on regulating host immune responses, immunoregulatory cytokine profiles often determine the disease outcomes. However, in contrast to the function of other inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) has been described as a 'double-edged sword', indicating that in addition to antiviral host responses, IL-17A has a distinct role in promoting viral infection. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the chicken IL-17A mediated antiviral immune effects on IAVs infection in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts cells (CEFs). To this end, we first bioengineered a food-grade Lactic Acid Producing Bacteria (LAB), Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis), secreting bioactive recombinant chicken IL-17A (sChIL-17A). Next, the functionality of sChIL-17A was confirmed by transcriptional upregulation of several genes associated with antiviral host responses, including granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (CSF3 in the chickens), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-α (IFN-α), -β and -γ genes in primary CEFs cells. Consistent with our hypothesis that such a pro-inflammatory state may translate to immunoprotection against IAVs infection, we observed that sChIL-17A pre-treatment could significantly limit the viral replication and protect the primary CEFs cells against two heterotypic IAVs such as A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/1966(H9N2) and A/PR/8/1934(H1N1). Together, the data presented in this work suggest that exogenous application of sChIL-17A secreted by modified LAB vector may represent an alternative strategy for improving antiviral immunity against avian influenza virus infection in chickens.
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14
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Coker MO, Cairo C, Garzino-Demo A. HIV-Associated Interactions Between Oral Microbiota and Mucosal Immune Cells: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676669. [PMID: 34616391 PMCID: PMC8488204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with sustained use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of systemic comorbid conditions and oral pathologies, including opportunistic infections, oral mucosal inflammation, and gingival and periodontal diseases. The immune-mediated mechanisms that drive this increased risk, in the context of sustained viral suppression, are unclear. HIV infection, even when controlled, alters microbial communities contributing to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that underlies these non-HIV co-morbidities. The higher prevalence of dental caries, and mucosal and periodontal inflammation reported in HIV-infected individuals on ART is often associated with differentially abundant oral microbial communities, possibly leading to a heightened susceptibility to inflammation. This mini-review highlights current gaps in knowledge regarding the microbe-mediated oral mucosal immunity with HIV infection while discussing opportunities for future research investigations and implementation of novel approaches to elucidate these gaps. Interventions targeting both inflammation and microbial diversity are needed to mitigate oral inflammation-related comorbidities, particularly in HIV-infected individuals. More broadly, additional research is needed to bolster general models of microbiome-mediated chronic immune activation and aid the development of precise microbiota-targeted interventions to reverse or mitigate adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe O Coker
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine at Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health at Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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15
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Yero A, Shi T, Farnos O, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Durand M, Tsoukas C, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Dynamics and epigenetic signature of regulatory T-cells following antiretroviral therapy initiation in acute HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103570. [PMID: 34500304 PMCID: PMC8429924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection promotes the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs), contributing to immune dysfunction, tissue fibrosis and disease progression. Early antiretroviral treatment (ART) upon HIV infection improves CD4 count and decreases immune activation. However, Treg dynamics and their epigenetic regulation following early ART initiation remain understudied. METHODS Treg subsets were characterized by flow cytometry in 103 individuals, including untreated HIV-infected participants in acute and chronic phases, ART-treated in early infection, elite controllers (ECs), immunological controllers (ICs), and HIV-uninfected controls. The methylation status of six regulatory regions of the foxp3 gene was assessed using MiSeq technology. FINDINGS Total Treg frequency increased overtime during HIV infection, which was normalized in early ART recipients. Tregs in untreated individuals expressed higher levels of activation and immunosuppressive markers (CD39, and LAP(TGF-β1)), which remained unchanged following early ART. Expression of gut migration markers (CCR9, Integrin-β7) by Tregs was elevated during untreated HIV infection, while they declined with the duration of ART but not upon early ART initiation. Notably, gut-homing Tregs expressing LAP(TGF-β1) and CD39 remained higher despite early treatment. Additionally, the increase in LAP(TGF-β1)+ Tregs overtime were consistent with higher demethylation of conserved non-coding sequence (CNS)-1 in the foxp3 gene. Remarkably, LAP(TGF-β1)-expressing Tregs in ECs were significantly higher than in uninfected subjects, while the markers of Treg activation and gut migration were not different. INTERPRETATION Early ART initiation was unable to control the levels of immunosuppressive Treg subsets and their gut migration potential, which could ultimately contribute to gut tissue fibrosis and HIV disease progression. FUNDING This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, grant MOP 142294) and in part by the AIDS and Infectious Diseases Network of the Réseau SIDA et maladies infectieuses du Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQ-S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tao Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Farnos
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Glen Site, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christos Tsoukas
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Bhaskaran N, Schneider E, Faddoul F, Paes da Silva A, Asaad R, Talla A, Greenspan N, Levine AD, McDonald D, Karn J, Lederman MM, Pandiyan P. Oral immune dysfunction is associated with the expansion of FOXP3 +PD-1 +Amphiregulin + T cells during HIV infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5143. [PMID: 34446704 PMCID: PMC8390677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual systemic inflammation and mucosal immune dysfunction persist in people living with HIV, despite treatment with combined anti-retroviral therapy, but the underlying immune mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that the altered immune landscape of the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients on therapy involves increased TLR and inflammasome signaling, localized CD4+ T cell hyperactivation, and, counterintuitively, enrichment of FOXP3+ T cells. HIV infection of oral tonsil cultures in vitro causes an increase in FOXP3+ T cells expressing PD-1, IFN-γ, Amphiregulin and IL-10. These cells persist even in the presence of anti-retroviral drugs, and further expand when stimulated by TLR2 ligands and IL-1β. Mechanistically, IL-1β upregulates PD-1 expression via AKT signaling, and PD-1 stabilizes FOXP3 and Amphiregulin through a mechanism involving asparaginyl endopeptidase, resulting in FOXP3+ cells that are incapable of suppressing CD4+ T cells in vitro. The FOXP3+ T cells that are abundant in HIV-positive patients are phenotypically similar to the in vitro cultured, HIV-responsive FOXP3+ T cells, and their presence strongly correlates with CD4+ T cell hyper-activation. This suggests that FOXP3+ T cell dysregulation might play a role in the mucosal immune dysfunction of HIV patients on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F Faddoul
- Advanced Education in General Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Paes da Silva
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Asaad
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Talla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Greenspan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A D Levine
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D McDonald
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Karn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M M Lederman
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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17
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Ogongo P, Tezera LB, Ardain A, Nhamoyebonde S, Ramsuran D, Singh A, Ng’oepe A, Karim F, Naidoo T, Khan K, Dullabh KJ, Fehlings M, Lee BH, Nardin A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Behar SM, Steyn AJ, Madansein R, Kløverpris HN, Elkington PT, Leslie A. Tissue-resident-like CD4+ T cells secreting IL-17 control Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human lung. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142014. [PMID: 33848273 PMCID: PMC8121523 DOI: 10.1172/jci142014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is essential for the control of tuberculosis (TB), an important disease of the lung, and is generally studied in humans using peripheral blood cells. Mounting evidence, however, indicates that tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) are superior at controlling many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), and can be quite different from those in circulation. Using freshly resected lung tissue, from individuals with active or previous TB, we identified distinct CD4+ and CD8+ Trm-like clusters within TB-diseased lung tissue that were functional and enriched for IL-17-producing cells. M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells producing TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17 were highly expanded in the lung compared with matched blood samples, in which IL-17+ cells were largely absent. Strikingly, the frequency of M. tuberculosis-specific lung T cells making IL-17, but not other cytokines, inversely correlated with the plasma IL-1β levels, suggesting a potential link with disease severity. Using a human granuloma model, we showed the addition of either exogenous IL-17 or IL-2 enhanced immune control of M. tuberculosis and was associated with increased NO production. Taken together, these data support an important role for M. tuberculosis-specific Trm-like, IL-17-producing cells in the immune control of M. tuberculosis in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Liku B. Tezera
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Ardain
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shepherd Nhamoyebonde
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taryn Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kaylesh J. Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrie J.C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and
- Center for AIDS Research and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul T. Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030359. [PMID: 33668777 PMCID: PMC7996247 DOI: 10.3390/v13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8+ TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4+ TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4+ T cells seed CD4+ TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4+ TRM and blood CD4+ T cells. CD4+ TRM are more mobile than CD8+ TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8+ TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8+ T cells. The exact role of the CD4+/CD8+ TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4+ TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4+ TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4+ TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.
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19
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Wadhwa N, Arora T, Pandhi D, Diwaker P, Arora V. Transgenders are the most vulnerable amongst individuals engaging in receptive anal intercourse: A cross-sectional study from North India. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:4463-4470. [PMID: 35280623 PMCID: PMC8884333 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_634_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In India, sexuality not confirming to hetero-conjugal and peno-vaginal norm is abhorred and discriminated against. Individuals engaging in Receptive Anal Intercourse (RAI) are marginalized. Reappraisal of their sexual health conditions is likely to promote inclusive health care. Methods: Eighty-five consenting adults with RAI history were recruited from a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. Clinico-demographic data was noted and anal cytology samples were reported by Bethesda 2014 terminology. Results: There were 29 transgenders (TGs), 51 males (31 bisexual) and five females. Fifty-four subjects were Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected (22 TGs, 31 males (17 bisexual) and one female) and 52 were receiving anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Thirty-one subjects had anal warts (6 TGs, 20 males, five females). Anal cytology revealed squamous intra-epithelial lesions (SIL) in 20 (5 TGs, 13 males, two females). TGs had significantly risker sexual practices than homosexual males, bisexual males and females, with consistently earlier age of first RAI exposure and frequent childhood (≤16 years) RAI experience compared to homosexual males, bisexual males and females, even after stratification by HIV status, warts and SIL. Conclusions: TGs had the highest sexual health risk profile including higher frequency of HIV infection compared to other subjects with RAI history. Bisexuality was common; their risk profile was variably lower than homosexual males. Mindfulness of above is likely to help overcome barriers to health care access and promote compassionate approach at all levels including primary care physicians.
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The Many Faces of CD4 + T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010073. [PMID: 33374787 PMCID: PMC7796221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major arm of the cellular immune response, CD4+ T cells are important in the control and clearance of infections. Primarily described as helpers, CD4+ T cells play an integral role in the development and activation of B cells and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are incredibly heterogeneous, and can be divided into six main lineages based on distinct profiles, namely T helper 1, 2, 17 and 22 (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22), regulatory T cells (Treg) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). Recent advances in structural biology have allowed for a detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that drive CD4+ T cell recognition. In this review, we discuss the defining features of the main human CD4+ T cell lineages and their role in immunity, as well as their structural characteristics underlying their detection of pathogens.
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21
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Measuring the Success of HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:134. [PMID: 32318356 PMCID: PMC7154081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication strategies aim to achieve viral remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The development of an HIV-1 cure remains challenging due to the latent reservoir (LR): long-lived CD4 T cells that harbor transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus. The LR is stable despite years of suppressive ART and is the source of rebound viremia following therapy interruption. Cure strategies such as "shock and kill" aim to eliminate or reduce the LR by reversing latency, exposing the infected cells to clearance via the immune response or the viral cytopathic effect. Alternative strategies include therapeutic vaccination, which aims to prime the immune response to facilitate control of the virus in the absence of ART. Despite promising advances, these strategies have been unable to significantly reduce the LR or increase the time to viral rebound but have provided invaluable insight in the field of HIV-1 eradication. The development and assessment of an HIV-1 cure requires robust assays that can measure the LR with sufficient sensitivity to detect changes that may occur following treatment. The viral outgrowth assay (VOA) is considered the gold standard method for LR quantification due to its ability to distinguish intact and defective provirus. However, the VOA is time consuming and resource intensive, therefore several alternative assays have been developed to bridge the gap between practicality and accuracy. Whilst a cure for HIV-1 infection remains elusive, recent advances in our understanding of the LR and methods for its eradication have offered renewed hope regarding achieving ART free viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Immune and Infectious Disease Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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