1
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Yoshikawa GV, Boden SA. Finding the right balance: The enduring role of florigens during cereal inflorescence development and their influence on fertility. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102539. [PMID: 38599051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Flowering is a vital process in a plant's lifecycle and variation for flowering-time has helped cereals adapt to diverse environments. Much cereal research has focused on understanding how flowering signals, or florigens, regulate the floral transition and timing of ear emergence. However, flowering genes also perform an enduring role during inflorescence development, with genotypes that elicit a weaker flowering signal producing more elaborately branched inflorescences with extra floret-bearing spikelets. While this outcome indicates that variable expression of flowering genes could boost yield potential, further analysis has shown that dampened florigen levels can compromise fertility, negating the benefit of extra grain-producing sites. Here, we discuss ways that florigens contribute to early and late inflorescence development, including their influence on branch/spikelet architecture and fertility. We propose that a deeper understanding of the role for florigens during inflorescence development could be used to balance the effects of florigens throughout flowering to improve productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme V Yoshikawa
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Scott A Boden
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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2
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Rossi N, Powell W, Mackay IJ, Hickey L, Maurer A, Pillen K, Halliday K, Sharma R. Investigating the genetic control of plant development in spring barley under speed breeding conditions. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:115. [PMID: 38691245 PMCID: PMC11063105 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study found that the genes, PPD-H1 and ELF3, control the acceleration of plant development under speed breeding, with important implications for optimizing the delivery of climate-resilient crops. Speed breeding is a tool to accelerate breeding and research programmes. Despite its success and growing popularity with breeders, the genetic basis of plant development under speed breeding remains unknown. This study explored the developmental advancements of barley genotypes under different photoperiod regimes. A subset of the HEB-25 Nested Association Mapping population was evaluated for days to heading and maturity under two contrasting photoperiod conditions: (1) Speed breeding (SB) consisting of 22 h of light and 2 h of darkness, and (2) normal breeding (NB) consisting of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness. GWAS revealed that developmental responses under both conditions were largely controlled by two loci: PPDH-1 and ELF3. Allelic variants at these genes determine whether plants display early flowering and maturity under both conditions. At key QTL regions, domesticated alleles were associated with late flowering and maturity in NB and early flowering and maturity in SB, whereas wild alleles were associated with early flowering under both conditions. We hypothesize that this is related to the dark-dependent repression of PPD-H1 by ELF3 which might be more prominent in NB conditions. Furthermore, by comparing development under two photoperiod regimes, we derived an estimate of plasticity for the two traits. Interestingly, plasticity in development was largely attributed to allelic variation at ELF3. Our results have important implications for our understanding and optimization of speed breeding protocols particularly for introgression breeding and the design of breeding programmes to support the delivery of climate-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rossi
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Wayne Powell
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Ian J Mackay
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Lee Hickey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Karen Halliday
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
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Cosenza F, Shrestha A, Van Inghelandt D, Casale FA, Wu PY, Weisweiler M, Li J, Wespel F, Stich B. Genetic mapping reveals new loci and alleles for flowering time and plant height using the double round-robin population of barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2385-2402. [PMID: 38330219 PMCID: PMC11016846 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flowering time and plant height are two critical determinants of yield potential in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Despite their role in plant physiological regulation, a complete overview of the genetic complexity of flowering time and plant height regulation in barley is still lacking. Using a double round-robin population originated from the crossings of 23 diverse parental inbred lines, we aimed to determine the variance components in the regulation of flowering time and plant height in barley as well as to identify new genetic variants by single and multi-population QTL analyses and allele mining. Despite similar genotypic variance, we observed higher environmental variance components for plant height than flowering time. Furthermore, we detected new QTLs for flowering time and plant height. Finally, we identified a new functional allelic variant of the main regulatory gene Ppd-H1. Our results show that the genetic architecture of flowering time and plant height might be more complex than reported earlier and that a number of undetected, small effect, or low-frequency genetic variants underlie the control of these two traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cosenza
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Asis Shrestha
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Delphine Van Inghelandt
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Federico A Casale
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Po-Ya Wu
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Weisweiler
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jinquan Li
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Franziska Wespel
- Saatzucht Josef Breun GmbH Co. KG, Amselweg 1, 91074 Herzogenaurach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stich
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Taliei F, Sabouri H, Kazerani B, Ghasemi S. Finding stable and closely linked QTLs against spot blotch in different planting dates during the adult stage in barley. Sci Rep 2024; 14:818. [PMID: 38191625 PMCID: PMC10774436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The common resistance to Spot Blotch (SB) and drought stress in barley was studied using a RILs population caused Kavir × Badia cross. These lines were inoculated with Cochliobolus sativus Gonbad isolate during the adult stage and were evaluated for three crop seasons in different planting dates. The different osmotic potentials during the flowering were regulated by changing the planting dates. In total, 43 lines had resistant to SB and drought. The high-density linkage map covered 1045 cM of barley genome. A total of five stable and closely linked QTLs to SB resistance were mapped on chromosomes 2H, 3H, 4H and 7H using genome-wide composite interval mapping. Moreover, four stable and closely linked QTLs to SB susceptibility were located on chromosomes 3H, 4H, 5H and 7H. Additionally, the ISJ19-A, SCoT7-C, ISJ17-B, Bmac0144k, iPBS2415-1, Bmac0282b and EBmatc0016 markers can be used for positive screening of resistant cultivars. However, ISJ3-C, UMB310, ISJ9-B, UMB706, D03-D and iPBS2257-A markers can be used for negative screening of susceptible cultivars in marker-assisted selection. The bioinformatics studies showed that QRCsa-2H (ISJ19-A region), QRCsa-2H (SCoT7-C-ISJ17-B region), QRCsa-3H (Bmac0144k region), QRCsa-4H (iPBS2415-1 region) and QRCsa-7H (Bmac0282b-EBmatc0016 region) are involved in the carboxypeptidase, Glycosyltransferase, transcription factors, kinase and AP2/ERF, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhtak Taliei
- Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
| | - Hossein Sabouri
- Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Borzo Kazerani
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shahram Ghasemi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
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Robertson BC, Han Y, Li C. A Comparison of Different Stomatal Density Phenotypes of Hordeum vulgare under Varied Watering Regimes Reveals Superior Genotypes with Enhanced Drought Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2840. [PMID: 37570994 PMCID: PMC10420674 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the water-use efficiency (WUE) of barley cultivars may safeguard yield deficits during periods of low rainfall. Reduced stomatal density is linked to enhanced WUE, leading to improved drought resistance across plant genera. In this study, 10 barley varieties exhibiting a range of stomatal density phenotypes were grown under differing soil water contents to determine whether stomatal density influences the capacity of genotypes to resist low water availability. The low-stomatal-density genotype Hindmarsh showed the least impact on biomass production during early development, with a 37.13% decrease in dry biomass during drought treatment. Low-stomatal-density genotypes additionally outcompeted high-stomatal-density genotypes under water-deprivation conditions during the reproductive phase of development, exhibiting 19.35% greater wilting resistance and generating 54.62% more heads relative to high-stomatal-density genotypes (p < 0.05). Finally, a correlation analysis revealed a strong negative linear relationship between stomatal density and the traits of head number (r = -0.71) and the number of days until wilting symptoms (r = -0.67) (p < 0.05). The combined results indicate that low-stomatal-density genotypes show promising attributes for high WUE, revealing novel barley varieties that may be useful to future breed improvement for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Clare Robertson
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (B.C.R.); (Y.H.)
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (B.C.R.); (Y.H.)
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3-Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (B.C.R.); (Y.H.)
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3-Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
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6
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Afsharyan NP, Sannemann W, Ballvora A, Léon J. Identifying developmental QTL alleles with favorable effect on grain yield components under late-terminal drought in spring barley MAGIC population. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e516. [PMID: 37538189 PMCID: PMC10394678 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Barley is the fourth most cultivated cereal worldwide, and drought is a major cause of its yield loss by negatively affecting its development. Hence, better understanding developmental mechanisms that control complex polygenic yield-related traits under drought is essential to uncover favorable yield regulators. This study evaluated seven above-ground yield-related traits under well-watered (WW) and late-terminal drought (TD) treatment using 534 spring barley multiparent advanced generation intercross double haploid (DH) lines. The analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for WW, TD, marker by treatment interaction, and drought stress tolerance identified 69, 64, 25, and 25 loci, respectively, for seven traits from which 15 loci were common for at least three traits and 17 were shared by TD and drought stress tolerance. Evaluation of allelic effects for a QTL revealed varying effect of parental alleles. Results showed prominent QTL located on major flowering time gene Ppd-H1 with favorable effects for grain weight under TD when flowering time was not significantly affected, suggesting that this gene might be linked with increasing grain weight by ways other than timing of flowering under late-terminal drought stress. Furthermore, a desirable novel QTL allele was identified on chromosome 5H for grain number under TD nearby sucrose transporter gene HvSUT2. The findings indicated that spring barley multiparent advanced generation intercross population can provide insights to improve yield under complex condition of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin P. Afsharyan
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant BreedingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Department of Plant BreedingJustus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Wiebke Sannemann
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant BreedingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- KWS Saat SE & Co. KGaAEinbeckGermany
| | - Agim Ballvora
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant BreedingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jens Léon
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant BreedingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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7
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Gul F, Khan IU, Rutherford S, Dai ZC, Li G, Du DL. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar production from Parthenium hysterophorus enhance seed germination and productivity in barley under drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175097. [PMID: 37360736 PMCID: PMC10285313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress can significantly affect plant growth and development. Biochar (BC) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been found to increase plant fertility and development under drought conditions. The single effects of BC and PGPR in different plant species have been widely reported under abiotic stress. However, there have been relatively few studies on the positive role of PGPR, BC, and their combination in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of BC from Parthenium hysterophorus, drought tolerant PGPR (Serratia odorifera), and the combination of BC + PGPR on the growth, physiology, and biochemical traits of barley plants under drought stress for two weeks. A total of 15 pots were used under five treatments. Each pot of 4 kg soil comprised the control (T0, 90% water), drought stress alone (T1, 30% water), 35 mL PGPR/kg soil (T2, 30% water), 2.5%/kg soil BC (T3, 30% water), and a combination of BC and PGPR (T4, 30% water). Combined PGPR and BC strongly mitigated the negative effects of drought by improving the shoot length (37.03%), fresh biomass (52%), dry biomass (62.5%), and seed germination (40%) compared to the control. The PGPR + BC amendment treatment enhanced physiological traits, such as chlorophyll a (27.9%), chlorophyll b (35.3%), and total chlorophyll (31.1%), compared to the control. Similarly, the synergistic role of PGPR and BC significantly (p< 0.05) enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to alleviate the toxicity of ROS. The physicochemical properties (N, K, P, and EL) of the soils were also enhanced by (85%, 33%, 52%, and 58%) respectively, under the BC + PGPR treatment compared to the control and drought stress alone. The findings of this study have suggested that the addition of BC, PGPR, and a combination of both will improve the soil fertility, productivity, and antioxidant defense systems of barley under drought stress. Therefore, BC from the invasive plant P. hysterophorus and PGPR can be applied to water-deficient areas to improve barley crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Gul
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid University (PMAS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah Khan
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Susan Rutherford
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhi-Cong Dai
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dao-Lin Du
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
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8
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Slafer GA, Casas AM, Igartua E. Sense in sensitivity: difference in the meaning of photoperiod-insensitivity between wheat and barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad128. [PMID: 37021554 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The description of long photoperiod sensitivity in wheat and barley is a cause of confusion for researchers working in these crops, usually accustomed to free exchange of physiological and genetic knowledge of such similar crops. Indeed, wheat and barley scientists customarily quote studies of either crop species when researching one of them. Among their numerous similarities the main gene controlling that response is the same in both crops (PPD1; PPD-H1 in barley and PPD-D1 in hexaploid wheat). However, the photoperiod responses are different: (i) the main dominant allele inducing shorter time to anthesis is the insensitive allele in wheat (Ppd-D1a) but the sensitive allele in barley (Ppd-H1) (i.e. sensitivity to photoperiod produces opposite effects on time to heading in wheat and barley), (ii) the main "insensitive" allele in wheat, Ppd-D1a, does confer insensitivity, whilst that of barley reduces the sensitivity but still responds to photoperiod. The different behaviour of PPD1 genes in wheat and barley is put in a common framework based on the similarities and differences of the molecular bases of their mutations, which include polymorphism at gene expression levels, copy number variation, and sequence of coding regions. This common perspective sheds light on a source on confusion for cereal researchers, and prompts us to recommend accounting for the photoperiod sensitivity status of the plant materials when doing research on genetic control of phenology. Finally, we provide advice to facilitate the management of natural PPD1 diversity in breeding programs and suggest targets for further modification through gene editing, based on mutual knowledge on the two crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Slafer
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences University of Lleida and AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- ICREA, Catalonian Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Spain
| | - Ana M Casas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ernesto Igartua
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Zahn T, Zhu Z, Ritoff N, Krapf J, Junker A, Altmann T, Schmutzer T, Tüting C, Kastritis PL, Babben S, Quint M, Pillen K, Maurer A. Novel exotic alleles of EARLY FLOWERING 3 determine plant development in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad127. [PMID: 37010230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) is an important regulator of various physiological and developmental processes and hence may serve to improve plant adaptation which will be substantial for future plant breeding. To expand the limited knowledge on barley ELF3 in determining agronomic traits, we conducted field studies with heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) derived from selected lines of the wild barley nested association mapping population HEB-25. During two growing seasons, phenotypes of nearly isogenic HIF sister lines, segregating for exotic and cultivated alleles at the ELF3 locus, were compared for ten developmental and yield-related traits. We determine novel exotic ELF3 alleles and show that HIF lines, carrying the exotic ELF3 allele, accelerated plant development compared to the cultivated ELF3 allele, depending on the genetic background. Remarkably, the most extreme effects on phenology could be attributed to one exotic ELF3 allele differing from the cultivated Barke ELF3 allele in only one SNP. This SNP causes an amino acid substitution (W669G), which predictively has an impact on the protein structure of ELF3, thereby possibly affecting phase separation behaviour and nano-compartment formation of ELF3 and, potentially, also affecting its local cellular interactions causing significant trait differences between HIF sister lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zahn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zihao Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Niklas Ritoff
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jonathan Krapf
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Astrid Junker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Tüting
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Panagiotis L Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steve Babben
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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10
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Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Černý M, Brzobohatý B, Novák J. Abiotic Stress in Crop Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076603. [PMID: 37047573 PMCID: PMC10095105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and putting this knowledge into practice is, therefore, an integral part of sustainable agriculture. In this review, we focus on current findings in plant resistance to four cardinal abiotic stressors—drought, heat, salinity, and low temperatures. Apart from the description of the newly discovered mechanisms of signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, this review also focuses on the importance of primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, and phytohormones. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies concerning the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrates the long-observed phenomenon that abiotic stressors induce different signals and effects at the level of gene expression, but genes whose regulation is similar under most stressors can still be traced. The analysis further reveals the transcriptional modulation of Golgi-targeted proteins in response to heat stress. Our analysis also highlights several genes that are similarly regulated under all stress conditions. These genes support the central role of phytohormones in the abiotic stress response, and the importance of some of these in plant resistance has not yet been studied. Finally, this review provides information about the response to abiotic stress in major European crop plants—wheat, sugar beet, maize, potatoes, barley, sunflowers, grapes, rapeseed, tomatoes, and apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Baraibar S, Iriarte W, de León W, Bonnecarrère V. Validation of SNP markers for selection of semi-dwarf and peduncle extrusion in barley. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:30. [PMID: 37313525 PMCID: PMC10248594 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the use of two SNP markers associated to a sdw1 allele identified previously in a short barley genotype (ND23049) with an adequate peduncle extrusion which reduces predisposition to fungal disease development. First, the GBS SNP were converted in a KASP marker but only one of them, named TP4712, correctly amplified all allelic variations and had a Mendelian segregation in a F2 population. To corroborate the association between TP4712 allele with plant height and peduncle extrusion, a total of 1221 genotypes were genotyped and evaluated for both traits. Out of the 1221 genotypes, 199 were F4 lines, 79 were a diverse panel, and 943 were two complete breeding cohorts of stage 1 yield trials. To corroborate the association between the sdw1 allele and the short plant height with adequate peduncle extrusion, contingency tables were created, grouping the 2427 data points into categories. Based on the contingency analysis, it was demonstrated that the higher proportion of short plants with adequate peduncle extrusion were present in genotypes carrying the SNP allele of ND23049 regardless the population and the sowing date. This study develops a marker-assisted selection tool to accelerate the introgression of favourable alleles for plant height and peduncle extrusion in adapted germplasm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01371-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Baraibar
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Sistema Agricola Ganadero-Area Mejoramiento Genetico y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, CP39173 Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Wanda Iriarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Area Mejoramiento Genetico y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km 10, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Wilmar de León
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Sistema Agricola Ganadero-Area Mejoramiento Genetico y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, CP39173 Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Bonnecarrère
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Area Mejoramiento Genetico y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km 10, Canelones, Uruguay
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12
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Revolinski SR, Maughan PJ, Coleman CE, Burke IC. Preadapted to adapt: underpinnings of adaptive plasticity revealed by the downy brome genome. Commun Biol 2023; 6:326. [PMID: 36973344 PMCID: PMC10042881 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromus tectorum L. is arguably the most successful invasive weed in the world. It has fundamentally altered arid ecosystems of the western United States, where it now found on an excess of 20 million hectares. Invasion success is related to avoidance of abiotic stress and human management. Early flowering is a heritable trait utilized by B. tectorum, enabling the species to temporally monopolize limited resources and outcompete the native plant community. Thus, understanding the genetic underpinning of flowering time is critical for the design of integrated management strategies. To study flowering time traits in B. tectorum, we assembled a chromosome scale reference genome for B. tectorum. To assess the utility of the assembled genome, 121 diverse B. tectorum accessions are phenotyped and subjected to a genome wide association study (GWAS). Candidate genes, representing homologs of genes that have been previously associated with plant height or flowering phenology traits in related species are located near QTLs we identified. This study uses a high-resolution GWAS to identify reproductive phenology genes in a weedy species and represents a considerable step forward in understanding the mechanisms underlying genetic plasticity in one of the most successful invasive weed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Revolinski
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Peter J Maughan
- Department of Plant & Wildlife Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Craig E Coleman
- Department of Plant & Wildlife Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ian C Burke
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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13
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Yang Z, Qin F. The battle of crops against drought: Genetic dissection and improvement. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:496-525. [PMID: 36639908 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With ongoing global climate change, water scarcity-induced drought stress remains a major threat to agricultural productivity. Plants undergo a series of physiological and morphological changes to cope with drought stress, including stomatal closure to reduce transpiration and changes in root architecture to optimize water uptake. Combined phenotypic and multi-omics studies have recently identified a number of drought-related genetic resources in different crop species. The functional dissection of these genes using molecular techniques has enriched our understanding of drought responses in crops and has provided genetic targets for enhancing resistance to drought. Here, we review recent advances in the cloning and functional analysis of drought resistance genes and the development of technologies to mitigate the threat of drought to crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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14
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Ogrodowicz P, Mikołajczak K, Kempa M, Mokrzycka M, Krajewski P, Kuczyńska A. Genome-wide association study of agronomical and root-related traits in spring barley collection grown under field conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1077631. [PMID: 36760640 PMCID: PMC9902773 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1077631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The root system is a key component for plant survival and productivity. In particular, under stress conditions, developing plants with a better root architecture can ensure productivity. The objectives of this study were to investigate the phenotypic variation of selected root- and yield-related traits in a diverse panel of spring barley genotypes. By performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified several associations underlying the variations occurring in root- and yield-related traits in response to natural variations in soil moisture. Here, we report the results of the GWAS based on both individual single-nucleotide polymorphism markers and linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks of markers for 11 phenotypic traits related to plant morphology, grain quality, and root system in a group of spring barley accessions grown under field conditions. We also evaluated the root structure of these accessions by using a nondestructive method based on electrical capacitance. The results showed the importance of two LD-based blocks on chromosomes 2H and 7H in the expression of root architecture and yield-related traits. Our results revealed the importance of the region on the short arm of chromosome 2H in the expression of root- and yield-related traits. This study emphasized the pleiotropic effect of this region with respect to heading time and other important agronomic traits, including root architecture. Furthermore, this investigation provides new insights into the roles played by root traits in the yield performance of barley plants grown under natural conditions with daily variations in soil moisture content.
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15
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Chirivì D, Betti C. Molecular Links between Flowering and Abiotic Stress Response: A Focus on Poaceae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:331. [PMID: 36679044 PMCID: PMC9866591 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperatures, drought, salinity and soil pollution are the most common types of abiotic stresses crops can encounter in fields; these variations represent a general warning to plant productivity and survival, being more harmful when in combination. Plant response to such conditions involves the activation of several molecular mechanisms, starting from perception to signaling, transcriptional reprogramming and protein modifications. This can influence the plant's life cycle and development to different extents. Flowering developmental transition is very sensitive to environmental stresses, being critical to reproduction and to agricultural profitability for crops. The Poacee family contains some of the most widespread domesticated plants, such as wheat, barley and rice, which are commonly referred to as cereals and represent a primary food source. In cultivated Poaceae, stress-induced modifications of flowering time and development cause important yield losses by directly affecting seed production. At the molecular level, this reflects important changes in gene expression and protein activity. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on the latest research investigating the molecular pathways linking flowering control to osmotic and temperature extreme conditions in agronomically relevant monocotyledons. This aims to provide hints for biotechnological strategies that can ensure agricultural stability in ever-changing climatic conditions.
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16
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Jeanty A, Bouby L, Bonhomme V, Balfourier F, Debiton C, Dham C, Ivorra S, Ros J, Evin A. Barley systematics and taxonomy foreseen by seed morphometric variation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285195. [PMID: 37195931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its Neolithic domestication in the Fertile Crescent, barley has spread to all continents and represents a major cereal in many modern agrarian systems. Current barley diversity includes thousands of varieties divided into four main categories corresponding to 2-row and 6-row subspecies and naked and hulled types, each of them with winter and spring varieties. This diversity is associated to different uses and allow cultivation in diverse environments. We used a large dataset of 58 varieties of French origin, (1) to assess the taxonomic signal in barley grain measurements comparing 2-row and 6-row subspecies, and naked and hulled types; (2) to test the impact of the sowing period and interannual variation on the grains size and shape; (3) to investigate the existence of morphological differences between winter and spring types; and finally (4) to contrast the relationship between the morphometric and genetic proximity. Size and shape of 1980 modern barley caryopses were quantified through elliptic Fourier Transforms and traditional size measurements. Our results indicate that barley grains record morphological diversity of the ear (89.3% classification accuracy between 2-row/6-row subspecies; 85.2% between hulled and naked type), sowing time of the grains (from 65.6% to 73.3% within barley groups), and environmental conditions during its cultivation and varietal diversity. This study opens perspectives for studying archaeological barley seeds and tracing the barley diversity and evolution since the Neolithic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Jeanty
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Bouby
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Athéna, Lacamp, Roquedur, France
| | | | | | - Camille Dham
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Ivorra
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Ros
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Allowen Evin
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Manipulating GA-Related Genes for Cereal Crop Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214046. [PMID: 36430524 PMCID: PMC9696284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population is projected to experience a rapid increase in the future, which poses a challenge to global food sustainability. The "Green Revolution" beginning in the 1960s allowed grain yield to reach two billion tons in 2000 due to the introduction of semi-dwarfing genes in cereal crops. Semi-dwarfing genes reduce the gibberellin (GA) signal, leading to short plant stature, which improves the lodging resistance and harvest index under modern fertilization practices. Here, we reviewed the literature on the function of GA in plant growth and development, and the role of GA-related genes in controlling key agronomic traits that contribute to grain yield in cereal crops. We showed that: (1) GA is a significant phytohormone in regulating plant development and reproduction; (2) GA metabolism and GA signalling pathways are two key components in GA-regulated plant growth; (3) GA interacts with other phytohormones manipulating plant development and reproduction; and (4) targeting GA signalling pathways is an effective genetic solution to improve agronomic traits in cereal crops. We suggest that the modification of GA-related genes and the identification of novel alleles without a negative impact on yield and adaptation are significant in cereal crop breeding for plant architecture improvement. We observed that an increasing number of GA-related genes and their mutants have been functionally validated, but only a limited number of GA-related genes have been genetically modified through conventional breeding tools and are widely used in crop breeding successfully. New genome editing technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, hold the promise of validating the effectiveness of GA-related genes in crop development and opening a new venue for efficient and accelerated crop breeding.
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Farooq TH, Bukhari MA, Irfan MS, Rafay M, Shakoor A, Rashid MHU, Lin Y, Saqib M, Malik Z, Khurshid N. Effect of Exogenous Application of Nicotinic Acid on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Hordeum vulgare L. under Water Stress. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182443. [PMID: 36145842 PMCID: PMC9505083 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as high temperature and drought conditions, greatly influence the development of plants and the quality and quantity of products. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop production is largely impacted by drought, affecting growth, yield, and ultimately the productivity of the crop in hot arid/semi-arid conditions. The current pot experiment was directed to observe the outcome of nicotinic acid (NA) treatments on barley’s physiological, biochemical, and production attributes at two capacity levels, i.e., 100% normal range and withholding water stress. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used during the experimentation with the two-factor factorial arrangement. NA was applied exogenously by two different methods, i.e., foliar and soil application (fertigation). NA solution contained various application levels, such as T1 = control, foliar applications (T2 = 0.7368 gL−1, T3 = 1.477 gL−1, T4 = 2.2159 gL−1), and soil applications (T5 = 0.4924 gL−1, T6 = 0.9848 gL−1, and T7 = 1.4773 gL−1). Results depicted that, overall, foliar treatments showed better effects than control and soil treatments. Plant growth was preeminent under T4 treatment, such as plant height (71.07 cm), relative water content (84.0%), leaf water potential (39.73-MPa), leaf area index (36.53 cm2), biological yield (15.10 kgha−1), grain yield (14.40 kgha−1), harvest index (57.70%), catalase (1.54 mmolg−1FW−1), peroxidase (1.90 g−1FWmin−1), and superoxide dismutase (52.60 µgFW−1) were superior under T4 treatment. Soil plant analysis development (54.13 µgcm−2) value was also higher under T4 treatment and lowest under T7 treatment. In conclusion, NA-treated plants were more successful in maintaining growth attributes than non-treated plants; therefore, the NA foliar treatment at the rate of 2.2159 gL−1 is suggested to find economical crop yield under drought conditions. The present study would contribute significantly to improving the drought tolerance potential of barley through exogenous NA supply in water deficit areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- Bangor College China, A Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.F.); (M.A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Adnan Bukhari
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (T.H.F.); (M.A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Shahid Irfan
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafay
- Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (T.H.F.); (M.A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils and Land Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland
| | | | - Yang Lin
- Bangor College China, A Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zaffar Malik
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Khurshid
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
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Dang VH, Hill CB, Zhang XQ, Angessa TT, McFawn LA, Li C. Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal novel alleles for flowering time under vernalisation and extended photoperiod in a barley MAGIC population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3087-3102. [PMID: 35879467 PMCID: PMC9482607 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Key genes controlling flowering and interactions of different photoperiod alleles with various environments were identified in a barley MAGIC population. A new candidate gene for vernalisation requirements was also detected. Optimal flowering time has a major impact on grain yield in crop species, including the globally important temperate cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Understanding the genetics of flowering is a key avenue to enhancing yield potential. Although bi-parental populations were used intensively to map genes controlling flowering, their lack of genetic diversity requires additional work to obtain desired gene combinations in the selected lines, especially when the two parental cultivars did not carry the genes. Multi-parent mapping populations, which use a combination of four or eight parental cultivars, have higher genetic and phenotypic diversity and can provide novel genetic combinations that cannot be achieved using bi-parental populations. This study uses a Multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population from four commercial barley cultivars to identify genes controlling flowering time in different environmental conditions. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using 5,112 high-quality markers from Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DArT-seq), and Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) genetic markers were developed. Phenotypic data were collected from fifteen different field trials for three consecutive years. Planting was conducted at various sowing times, and plants were grown with/without additional vernalisation and extended photoperiod treatments. This study detected fourteen stable regions associated with flowering time across multiple environments. GWAS combined with pangenome data highlighted the role of CEN gene in flowering and enabled the prediction of different CEN alleles from parental lines. As the founder lines of the multi-parental population are elite germplasm, the favourable alleles identified in this study are directly relevant to breeding, increasing the efficiency of subsequent breeding strategies and offering better grain yield and adaptation to growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Hoang Dang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla Beate Hill
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lee-Anne McFawn
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia.
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20
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Tiozon RJN, Sartagoda KJD, Serrano LMN, Fernie AR, Sreenivasulu N. Metabolomics based inferences to unravel phenolic compound diversity in cereals and its implications for human gut health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 127:14-25. [PMID: 36090468 PMCID: PMC9449372 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Scope and approach Key findings and conclusion Phenolic compounds are critical in avoiding metabolic disorders associated with oxidative stress. Breeding cereal crops to enrich phenolic compounds in grains contributes to personalized nutrition. A diet rich in cereal phenolics likely to increase human gut health, thereby lowering the risk of non-communicable illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhowell Jr. N. Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kristel June D. Sartagoda
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
| | - Luster May N. Serrano
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
- Corresponding author.
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21
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Co-Occurrence Patterns of Ustilago nuda and Pyrenophora graminea and Fungicide Contribution to Yield Gain in Barley under Fluctuating Climatic Conditions in Serbia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050542. [PMID: 35628797 PMCID: PMC9148124 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of production systems with reduced chemical input renewed the interest in Ustilago nuda and Pyrenophora graminea. The investigations of seed fungicide treatments are more related to their efficacy than to their contribution to yield gain. The data were collected from research and development trials on fungicide efficacy against U. nuda and P. graminea conducted from 2014 to 2020 in Serbia. Partial least squares, multiple stepwise regression and best subset regression were used for statistical modeling. The total number of plants infected with U. nuda and P. graminea per plot differed significantly in the seven-year period. Shifts in the predominance of one pathogen over the other were also shown. Temperature, total rainfall and relative humidity in flowering time (p < 0.001) influenced the occurrence of both pathogens. The strongest impact on yield loss was observed for temperature in the phenological phases of leaf development (p = 0.014), temperature in flowering time (p < 0.001) and total number of plants infected with U. nuda and P. graminea per plot (p < 0.001). Our results indicated that regression models consisting of both biotic and abiotic factors were more precise in estimating regression coefficients. Neither fungicidal treatment had a stable contribution to yield gain in the seven-year period.
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22
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Leigh FJ, Wright TIC, Horsnell RA, Dyer S, Bentley AR. Progenitor species hold untapped diversity for potential climate-responsive traits for use in wheat breeding and crop improvement. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:291-303. [PMID: 35383318 PMCID: PMC9076643 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will have numerous impacts on crop production worldwide necessitating a broadening of the germplasm base required to source and incorporate novel traits. Major variation exists in crop progenitor species for seasonal adaptation, photosynthetic characteristics, and root system architecture. Wheat is crucial for securing future food and nutrition security and its evolutionary history and progenitor diversity offer opportunities to mine favourable functional variation in the primary gene pool. Here we provide a review of the status of characterisation of wheat progenitor variation and the potential to use this knowledge to inform the use of variation in other cereal crops. Although significant knowledge of progenitor variation has been generated, we make recommendations for further work required to systematically characterise underlying genetics and physiological mechanisms and propose steps for effective use in breeding. This will enable targeted exploitation of useful variation, supported by the growing portfolio of genomics and accelerated breeding approaches. The knowledge and approaches generated are also likely to be useful across wider crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Leigh
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Tally I C Wright
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Richard A Horsnell
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Sarah Dyer
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alison R Bentley
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK. .,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico.
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23
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Fernández-Calleja M, Ciudad FJ, Casas AM, Igartua E. Hybrids Provide More Options for Fine-Tuning Flowering Time Responses of Winter Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:827701. [PMID: 35432439 PMCID: PMC9011329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.827701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crop adaptation requires matching resource availability to plant development. Tight coordination of the plant cycle with prevailing environmental conditions is crucial to maximizing yield. It is expected that winters in temperate areas will become warmer, so the vernalization requirements of current cultivars can be desynchronized with the environment's vernalizing potential. Therefore, current phenological ideotypes may not be optimum for future climatic conditions. Major genes conferring vernalization sensitivity and phenological responses in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are known, but some allelic combinations remain insufficiently evaluated. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about flowering time in a hybrid context. To honor the promise of increased yield potentials, hybrid barley phenology must be studied, and the knowledge deployed in new cultivars. A set of three male and two female barley lines, as well as their six F1 hybrids, were studied in growth chambers, subjected to three vernalization treatments: complete (8 weeks), moderate (4 weeks), and low (2 weeks). Development was recorded up to flowering, and expression of major genes was assayed at key stages. We observed a gradation in responses to vernalization, mostly additive, concentrated in the phase until the initiation of stem elongation, and proportional to the allele constitution and dosage present in VRN-H1. These responses were further modulated by the presence of PPD-H2. The duration of the late reproductive phase presented more dominance toward earliness and was affected by the rich variety of alleles at VRN-H3. Our results provide further opportunities for fine-tuning total and phasal growth duration in hybrid barley, beyond what is currently feasible in inbred cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fernández-Calleja
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station - Spanish National Research Council (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ciudad
- Agricultural Technology Institute of Castilla and León (ITACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Casas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station - Spanish National Research Council (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ernesto Igartua
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station - Spanish National Research Council (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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Ochagavía H, Kiss T, Karsai I, Casas AM, Igartua E. Responses of Barley to High Ambient Temperature Are Modulated by Vernalization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:776982. [PMID: 35145529 PMCID: PMC8822234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.776982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperatures are increasing due to climate change. Cereal crops development and production will be affected consequently. Flowering time is a key factor for adaptation of small grain cereals and, therefore, exploring developmental responses of barley to rising temperatures is required. In this work, we studied phasic growth, and inflorescence traits related to yield, in eight near isogenic lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) differing at the VRN-H1, VRN-H2 and PPD-H1 genes, representing different growth habits. The lines were grown in contrasting vernalization treatments, under two temperature regimes (18 and 25°C), in long days. Lines with recessive ppd-H1 presented delayed development compared to lines with the sensitive PPD-H1 allele, across the two growth phases considered. High temperature delayed flowering in all unvernalized plants, and in vernalized spring barleys carrying the insensitive ppd-H1 allele, whilst it accelerated flowering in spring barleys with the sensitive PPD-H1 allele. This finding evidenced an interaction between PPD-H1, temperature and vernalization. At the high temperature, PPD-H1 lines in spring backgrounds (VRN-H1-7) yielded more, whereas lines with ppd-H1 were best in vrn-H1 background. Our study revealed new information that will support breeding high-yielding cultivars with specific combinations of major adaptation genes tailored to future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Center for Research and Development, Food and Wine Center of Excellence, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Karsai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Ana M. Casas
- Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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Chang CW, Fridman E, Mascher M, Himmelbach A, Schmid K. Physical geography, isolation by distance and environmental variables shape genomic variation of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) in the Southern Levant. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:107-119. [PMID: 35017679 PMCID: PMC8814169 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the extent of genetic variation that reflects local adaptation in crop-wild relatives is of interest for the purpose of identifying useful genetic diversity for plant breeding. We investigated the association of genomic variation with geographical and environmental factors in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) populations of the Southern Levant using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of 244 accessions in the Barley 1K+ collection. The inference of population structure resulted in four genetic clusters that corresponded to eco-geographical habitats and a significant association between lower gene flow rates and geographical barriers, e.g. the Judaean Mountains and the Sea of Galilee. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that spatial autocorrelation explained 45% and environmental variables explained 15% of total genomic variation. Only 4.5% of genomic variation was solely attributed to environmental variation if the component confounded with spatial autocorrelation was excluded. A synthetic environmental variable combining latitude, solar radiation, and accumulated precipitation explained the highest proportion of genomic variation (3.9%). When conditioned on population structure, soil water capacity was the most important environmental variable explaining 1.18% of genomic variation. Genome scans with outlier analysis and genome-environment association studies were conducted to identify adaptation signatures. RDA and outlier methods jointly detected selection signatures in the pericentromeric regions, which have reduced recombination, of the chromosomes 3H, 4H, and 5H. However, selection signatures mostly disappeared after correction for population structure. In conclusion, adaptation to the highly diverse environments of the Southern Levant over short geographical ranges had a limited effect on the genomic diversity of wild barley. This highlighted the importance of nonselective forces in genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyal Fridman
- Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karl Schmid
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Maurer A, Pillen K. Footprints of Selection Derived From Temporal Heterozygosity Patterns in a Barley Nested Association Mapping Population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:764537. [PMID: 34721490 PMCID: PMC8551860 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.764537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, genetic diversity more than ever represents a key driver of adaptation to climate challenges like drought, heat, and salinity. Therefore, there is a need to replenish the limited elite gene pools with favorable exotic alleles from the wild progenitors of our crops. Nested association mapping (NAM) populations represent one step toward exotic allele evaluation and enrichment of the elite gene pool. We investigated an adaptive selection strategy in the wild barley NAM population HEB-25 based on temporal genomic data by studying the fate of 214,979 SNP loci initially heterozygous in individual BC1S3 lines after five cycles of selfing and field propagation. We identified several loci exposed to adaptive selection in HEB-25. In total, 48.7% (104,725 SNPs) of initially heterozygous SNP calls in HEB-25 were fixed in BC1S3:8 generation, either toward the wild allele (19.9%) or the cultivated allele (28.8%). Most fixed SNP loci turned out to represent gene loci involved in domestication and flowering time as well as plant height, for example, btr1/btr2, thresh-1, Ppd-H1, and sdw1. Interestingly, also unknown loci were found where the exotic allele was fixed, hinting at potentially useful exotic alleles for plant breeding.
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27
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Göransson M, Sigurdardottir TH, Lillemo M, Bengtsson T, Hallsson JH. The Winter-Type Allele of HvCEN Is Associated With Earliness Without Severe Yield Penalty in Icelandic Spring Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:720238. [PMID: 34630467 PMCID: PMC8500236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.720238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Icelandic barley genotypes have shown extreme earliness both in flowering and maturity compared to other north European genotypes, whereas earliness is a key trait in adapting barley to northern latitudes. Four genes were partially re-sequenced, which are Ppd-H1, HvCEN, HvELF3, and HvFT1, to better understand the mechanisms underlying this observed earliness. These genes are all known to play a part in the photoperiod response. The objective of this study is to correlate allelic diversity with flowering time and yield data from Icelandic field trials. The resequencing identified two to three alleles at each locus which resulted in 12 haplotype combinations. One haplotype combination containing the winter-type allele of Ppd-H1 correlated with extreme earliness, however, with a severe yield penalty. A winter-type allele in HvCEN in four genotypes correlated with earliness combined with high yield. Our results open the possibility of marker-assisted pyramiding as a rapid way to develop varieties with a shortened time from sowing to flowering under the extreme Icelandic growing conditions and possibly in other arctic or sub-arctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Göransson
- Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Plant Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Morten Lillemo
- Department of Plant Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Therése Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
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He T, Angessa TT, Hill CB, Zhang XQ, Chen K, Luo H, Wang Y, Karunarathne SD, Zhou G, Tan C, Wang P, Westcott S, Li C. Genomic structural equation modelling provides a whole-system approach for the future crop breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2875-2889. [PMID: 34059938 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using genomic structural equation modelling, this research demonstrates an efficient way to identify genetically correlating traits and provides an effective proxy for multi-trait selection to consider the joint genetic architecture of multiple interacting traits in crop breeding. Breeding crop cultivars with optimal value across multiple traits has been a challenge, as traits may negatively correlate due to pleiotropy or genetic linkage. For example, grain yield and grain protein content correlate negatively with each other in cereal crops. Future crop breeding needs to be based on practical yet accurate evaluation and effective selection of beneficial trait to retain genes with the best agronomic score for multiple traits. Here, we test the framework of whole-system-based approach using structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate how one trait affects others to guide the optimal selection of a combination of agronomically important traits. Using ten traits and genome-wide SNP profiles from a worldwide barley panel and SEM analysis, we revealed a network of interacting traits, in which tiller number contributes positively to both grain yield and protein content; we further identified common genetic factors affecting multiple traits in the network of interaction. Our method demonstrates an efficient way to identify genetically correlating traits and underlying pleiotropic genetic factors and provides an effective proxy for multi-trait selection within a whole-system framework that considers the joint genetic architecture of multiple interacting traits in crop breeding. Our findings suggest the promise of a whole-system approach to overcome challenges such as the negative correlation of grain yield and protein content to facilitating quantitative and objective breeding decisions in future crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua He
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla Beate Hill
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kefei Chen
- Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, SAGI West, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Hao Luo
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Sakura D Karunarathne
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Cong Tan
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Penghao Wang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Sharon Westcott
- Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
- Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
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Fernández-Calleja M, Casas AM, Igartua E. Major flowering time genes of barley: allelic diversity, effects, and comparison with wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1867-1897. [PMID: 33969431 PMCID: PMC8263424 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the allelic series, effects, interactions between genes and with the environment, for the major flowering time genes that drive phenological adaptation of barley. The optimization of phenology is a major goal of plant breeding addressing the production of high-yielding varieties adapted to changing climatic conditions. Flowering time in cereals is regulated by genetic networks that respond predominately to day length and temperature. Allelic diversity at these genes is at the basis of barley wide adaptation. Detailed knowledge of their effects, and genetic and environmental interactions will facilitate plant breeders manipulating flowering time in cereal germplasm enhancement, by exploiting appropriate gene combinations. This review describes a catalogue of alleles found in QTL studies by barley geneticists, corresponding to the genetic diversity at major flowering time genes, the main drivers of barley phenological adaptation: VRN-H1 (HvBM5A), VRN-H2 (HvZCCTa-c), VRN-H3 (HvFT1), PPD-H1 (HvPRR37), PPD-H2 (HvFT3), and eam6/eps2 (HvCEN). For each gene, allelic series, size and direction of QTL effects, interactions between genes and with the environment are presented. Pleiotropic effects on agronomically important traits such as grain yield are also discussed. The review includes brief comments on additional genes with large effects on phenology that became relevant in modern barley breeding. The parallelisms between flowering time allelic variation between the two most cultivated Triticeae species (barley and wheat) are also outlined. This work is mostly based on previously published data, although we added some new data and hypothesis supported by a number of studies. This review shows the wide variety of allelic effects that provide enormous plasticity in barley flowering behavior, which opens new avenues to breeders for fine-tuning phenology of the barley crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fernández-Calleja
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avenida Montañana, 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Casas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avenida Montañana, 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ernesto Igartua
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avenida Montañana, 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain.
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30
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Motuzaite Matuzeviciute G, Mir-Makhamad B, Spengler RN. Interpreting Diachronic Size Variation in Prehistoric Central Asian Cereal Grains. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.633634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of ancient cereal grains in Central Asia has been heavily discussed as an indicator of specific genetic variants, which are often linked to cultural factors or distinct routes of dispersal. In this paper, we present the largest currently existing database of barley (n= 631) and wheat (n= 349) measurements from Central Asia, obtained from two different periods at the Chap site (ca. 3,500 to 1,000 BC), located in the Tien Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan at 2,000 masl. The site is situated at the highest elevation ecocline for successful cereal cultivation and is, therefore, highly susceptible to minor climatic fluctuations that could force gradients up or down in the foothills. We contrast the Chap data with measurements from other second and first millennia BC sites in the region. An evident increase in average size over time is likely due to the evolution of larger grains or the introduction of larger variants from elsewhere. Additionally, site- or region-specific variation is noted, and we discuss potential influences for the formation of genetic varieties, including possible pleiotropic linkages and/or developmental responses to external factors, such as environmental fluctuations, climate, irrigation inputs, soil nutrients, pathologies, and seasonality. External factors acting on developmental or acclamatory responses in plants can be either natural or cultural. We argue that the study of long-term changes in grain morphology on the edges of crop-growing ranges can be informative regarding cultural and environmental constraints in the past.
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Gol L, Haraldsson EB, von Korff M. Ppd-H1 integrates drought stress signals to control spike development and flowering time in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:122-136. [PMID: 32459309 PMCID: PMC7816852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought impairs growth and spike development, and is therefore a major cause of yield losses in the temperate cereals barley and wheat. Here, we show that the photoperiod response gene PHOTOPERIOD-H1 (Ppd-H1) interacts with drought stress signals to modulate spike development. We tested the effects of a continuous mild and a transient severe drought stress on developmental timing and spike development in spring barley cultivars with a natural mutation in ppd-H1 and derived introgression lines carrying the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele from wild barley. Mild drought reduced the spikelet number and delayed floral development in spring cultivars but not in the introgression lines with a wild-type Ppd-H1 allele. Similarly, drought-triggered reductions in plant height, and tiller and spike number were more pronounced in the parental lines compared with the introgression lines. Transient severe stress halted growth and floral development; upon rewatering, introgression lines, but not the spring cultivars, accelerated development so that control and stressed plants flowered almost simultaneously. These genetic differences in development were correlated with a differential down-regulation of the flowering promotors FLOWERING LOCUS T1 and the BARLEY MADS-box genes BM3 and BM8. Our findings therefore demonstrate that Ppd-H1 affects developmental plasticity in response to drought in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Gol
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Einar B Haraldsson
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria von Korff
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, ‘SMART Plants for Tomorrows Needs’, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Gawarecka K, Ahn JH. Isoprenoid-Derived Metabolites and Sugars in the Regulation of Flowering Time: Does Day Length Matter? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765995. [PMID: 35003159 PMCID: PMC8738093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a diverse set of pathways regulate the transition to flowering, leading to remarkable developmental flexibility. Although the importance of photoperiod in the regulation of flowering time is well known, increasing evidence suggests the existence of crosstalk among the flowering pathways regulated by photoperiod and metabolic pathways. For example, isoprenoid-derived phytohormones (abscisic acid, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and cytokinins) play important roles in regulating flowering time. Moreover, emerging evidence reveals that other metabolites, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, as well as sugar metabolism and sugar accumulation, also affect flowering time. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the roles of isoprenoid-derived metabolites and sugars in the regulation of flowering time and how day length affects these factors.
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Radyukevich T, Kartasheva L, Danilov D. Assessment of the adaptive potential and ecological plasticity of a new variety of spring barley Fermerskiy for Northwest Russia. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213700034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Northwest Russia, creation and introduction of new varieties of cereals characterized by early maturity, high adaptive potential and ecological plasticity is one of the most important tasks. A new generation of barley varieties is needed that combines high yields with early maturity, high feed qualities of grain, and resistance to lodging and grain shedding. We carried out field and laboratory studies of a new variety of spring barley Fermerskiy in an experimental field of the Leningrad Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka". In 2021, Fermersky was transferred for state variety testing. The variety is midseason and the growing season is 72–87 days. Over three years of competitive variety testing (2018–2020), the yield increase was 1.25 t/ha relative to the Suzdalets standard (3.12 t/ha). The highest yield of 5.27 t/ha was obtained in 2019, under conditions of low moisture supply. The average index of ecological plasticity (Jsp) was 1.48 (min 1.11, max 1.94). The adaptive potential (ds/dk) was 7.91 (min 6.92, max 9.08), The Fermerskiy variety consistently formed a high yield and was characterized by ecological plasticity, early maturity, and resistance to diseases and lodging.
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34
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Genomic Dissection of Peduncle Morphology in Barley through Nested Association Mapping. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010010. [PMID: 33374821 PMCID: PMC7823623 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Straw biomass and stability are crucial for stable yields. Moreover, straw harbors the potential to serve as a valuable raw material for bio-economic processes. The peduncle is the top part of the last shoot internode and carries the spike. This study investigates the genetic control of barley peduncle morphology. Therefore, 1411 BC1S3 lines of the nested association mapping (NAM) population “Halle Exotic Barley 25” (HEB-25), generated by crossing the spring barley elite cultivar Barke with an assortment of 25 exotic barley accessions, were used. Applying 50k Illumina Infinium iSelect SNP genotyping yielded new insights and a better understanding of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in controlling the peduncle diameter traits, we found the total thickness of peduncle tissues and the area of the peduncle cross-section. We identified three major QTL regions on chromosomes 2H and 3H mainly impacting the traits. Remarkably, the exotic allele at the QTL on chromosome 3H improved all three traits investigated in this work. Introgressing this QTL in elite cultivars might facilitate to adjust peduncle morphology for improved plant stability or enlarged straw biomass production independent of flowering time and without detrimental effects on grain yield.
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35
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Rhoné B, Defrance D, Berthouly-Salazar C, Mariac C, Cubry P, Couderc M, Dequincey A, Assoumanne A, Kane NA, Sultan B, Barnaud A, Vigouroux Y. Pearl millet genomic vulnerability to climate change in West Africa highlights the need for regional collaboration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5274. [PMID: 33077747 PMCID: PMC7573578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is already affecting agro-ecosystems and threatening food security by reducing crop productivity and increasing harvest uncertainty. Mobilizing crop diversity could be an efficient way to mitigate its impact. We test this hypothesis in pearl millet, a nutritious staple cereal cultivated in arid and low-fertility soils in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyze the genomic diversity of 173 landraces collected in West Africa together with an extensive climate dataset composed of metrics of agronomic importance. Mapping the pearl millet genomic vulnerability at the 2050 horizon based on the current genomic-climate relationships, we identify the northern edge of the current areas of cultivation of both early and late flowering varieties as being the most vulnerable to climate change. We predict that the most vulnerable areas will benefit from using landraces that already grow in equivalent climate conditions today. However, such seed-exchange scenarios will require long distance and trans-frontier assisted migrations. Leveraging genetic diversity as a climate mitigation strategy in West Africa will thus require regional collaboration. Replacement of local crops with alternative varieties adapted to future conditions may improve food security under climate change. Here the authors apply landscape genomics and ensemble climate modelling to pearl millet in West Africa, supporting the potential of transfrontier assisted seed exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Rhoné
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France. .,Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France. .,AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dimitri Defrance
- ESPACE-DEV, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Univ Guyane, Univ Réunion, Univ Antilles, Univ Avignon, 500 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34093, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France.,ISRA, LNRPV, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratoire Mixte International LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ndjido Ardo Kane
- Laboratoire Mixte International LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal.,ISRA, CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
| | - Benjamin Sultan
- ESPACE-DEV, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Univ Guyane, Univ Réunion, Univ Antilles, Univ Avignon, 500 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34093, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Adeline Barnaud
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France. .,ISRA, LNRPV, Dakar, Senegal. .,Laboratoire Mixte International LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal.
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36
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Piasecka A, Sawikowska A, Kuczyńska A, Ogrodowicz P, Mikołajczak K, Krajewski P, Kachlicki P. Phenolic Metabolites from Barley in Contribution to Phenome in soil Moisture Deficit. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6032. [PMID: 32825802 PMCID: PMC7503775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight barley varieties from Europe and Asia were subjected to moisture deficit at various development stages. At the seedling stage and the flag leaf stage combined stress was applied. The experiment was designed for visualization of the correlation between the dynamics of changes in phenolic compound profiles and the external phenome. The most significant increase of compound content in water deficiency was observed for chrysoeriol and apigenin glycoconjugates acylated with methoxylated hydroxycinnamic acids that enhanced the UV-protection effectiveness. Moreover, other good antioxidants such as derivatives of luteolin and hordatines were also induced by moisture deficit. The structural diversity of metabolites of the contents changed in response to water deficiency in barley indicates their multipath activities under stress. Plants exposed to moisture deficit at the seedling stage mobilized twice as many metabolites as plants exposed to this stress at the flag leaf stage. Specific metabolites such as methoxyhydroxycinnamic acids participated in the long-term acclimation. In addition, differences in phenolome mobilization in response to moisture deficit applied at the vegetative and generative phases were correlated with the phenotypical consequences. Observations of plant yield and biomass gave us the possibility to discuss the developmentally related consequences of moisture deficit for plants' fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (P.O.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Anetta Kuczyńska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (P.O.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Ogrodowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (P.O.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Mikołajczak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (P.O.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (P.O.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (P.O.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
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37
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Singla P, Bhardwaj RD, Kaur S, Kaur J, Grewal SK. Metabolic adjustments during compatible interaction between barley genotypes and stripe rust pathogen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:295-302. [PMID: 31901452 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust is a fungal disease that has devastated the barley production for a long time. The present study focused on the role of β-glucan, PR proteins, diamine oxidase (DAO), polyamine oxidase (PAO), key enzymes and metabolites of phenol and proline metabolism in the stripe rust resistance of barley. RD2901 with resistant behavior against stripe rust showed increased levels of PR proteins, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) along with the accumulation of β-glucan and lignin which strengthen the plant cell wall during plant-pathogen interaction. It also depicted the enhanced activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) coupled with the increased amounts of proline, glycine betaine and choline after infection with M-race of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei. On the contrary, the sensitive genotype Jyoti was unable to enhance the activities of most of these enzymes except PAL and OAT so that it showed an increase in lignin and choline contents only. Secondly, the increase in lignin content was less as compared to the tolerant genotype. Hence, it can be inferred that these key metabolites and enzymes of various metabolic pathways may contribute to the resistance of barley against stripe rust pathogen. This study suggested that these key enzymes and their metabolites could serve as markers for the characterization of plant defensive state that is essential for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Singla
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Rachana D Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Simarjit Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Jaspal Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Satvir K Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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38
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Wiegmann M, Backhaus A, Seiffert U, Thomas WTB, Flavell AJ, Pillen K, Maurer A. Optimizing the procedure of grain nutrient predictions in barley via hyperspectral imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224491. [PMID: 31697705 PMCID: PMC6837513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging enables researchers and plant breeders to analyze various traits of interest like nutritional value in high throughput. In order to achieve this, the optimal design of a reliable calibration model, linking the measured spectra with the investigated traits, is necessary. In the present study we investigated the impact of different regression models, calibration set sizes and calibration set compositions on prediction performance. For this purpose, we analyzed concentrations of six globally relevant grain nutrients of the wild barley population HEB-YIELD as case study. The data comprised 1,593 plots, grown in 2015 and 2016 at the locations Dundee and Halle, which have been entirely analyzed through traditional laboratory methods and hyperspectral imaging. The results indicated that a linear regression model based on partial least squares outperformed neural networks in this particular data modelling task. There existed a positive relationship between the number of samples in a calibration model and prediction performance, with a local optimum at a calibration set size of ~40% of the total data. The inclusion of samples from several years and locations could clearly improve the predictions of the investigated nutrient traits at small calibration set sizes. It should be stated that the expansion of calibration models with additional samples is only useful as long as they are able to increase trait variability. Models obtained in a certain environment were only to a limited extent transferable to other environments. They should therefore be successively upgraded with new calibration data to enable a reliable prediction of the desired traits. The presented results will assist the design and conceptualization of future hyperspectral imaging projects in order to achieve reliable predictions. It will in general help to establish practical applications of hyperspectral imaging systems, for instance in plant breeding concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wiegmann
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J. Flavell
- University of Dundee at JHI, School of Life Sciences, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Halle, Germany
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