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Ham S, Suh J, Kim C, Seo B, Park G, Chae C. A field evaluation of a new porcine circovirus type 2d and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bivalent vaccine in herds suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e70001. [PMID: 39189840 PMCID: PMC11348503 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This field efficacy study was designed to determine the efficacy of a new bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent pig farms. METHODS Three pig farms were selected based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection and enzootic pneumonia. Each farm housed a total of 40, 18-day-old pigs that were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Pigs were administered a 2.0 mL dose of the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate-buffered saline at the same age. RESULTS Clinically, the average daily weight gain of vaccinated groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated animals during the growing (70-112 days of age), finishing (112-175 days of age) and overall (3-175 days of age) stages of production. Vaccinated animals elicited neutralizing anti-PCV2 antibodies and PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), which reduced the amount of PCV2d genomic copies in blood and reduced lymphoid lesions severity when compared with unvaccinated animals. Similarly, vaccinated animals elicited M. hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ-SC, which reduced the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in the larynx and reduced lung lesions severity. CONCLUSIONS The result of the field trial demonstrated that the bivalent vaccine was efficacious in the protection of swine herds suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Hung YF, Liu PC, Lin CH, Lin CN, Wu HY, Chiou MT, Liu HJ, Yang CY. Molecular detection of emerging porcine circovirus in Taiwan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35579. [PMID: 39170437 PMCID: PMC11336776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type (PCV) 2 is an important pathogen that has been circulating worldwide and has cuased serious economic loss in pig industry. However, both PCV3 and PCV4 are newly emerging viruses. In Taiwan, PCV2 has been one of the critical pathogens in pig frams and PCV3 has been detected since 2016; however, the epidemiolog of PCV3 in Taiwan remains unclear and PCV4 has yet to be identified. Therefore, in order to detect the positive rate of PCV2, to investigate the epidemiolog of PCV3 in the pig farms, and to examine whether pigs were infected with PCV4 in Taiwan, a total of 128 samples from 46 clinical cases of pigs were collected from September 2020 to December 2021. The case detection rates were 54.3 % for PCV2, 43.5 % for PCV3, and 2.2 % for PCV4. The results suggested that the positivity rates for both PCV2 and PCV3 were still high in Taiwan. In addition, PCV3 was detected among cases from all 7 sampled counties and in 11 of the 16 sampling months, suggesting that PCV3 may lead to endemic pig disease in Taiwan. Surprisingly, the PCV4 was also detected, suggesting the first PCV4 case in Taiwan. The complete genomes derived from the identified PCV3 and PCV4 strains were subsequently sequenced followed by phylogenetic analysis. The results suggested that the 17 identified PCV3 strains could be divided into Taiwanese-like and Japanese-like strains. In addition, the amino acid residues at positions 27, 80, and 212 in the identified PCV4 cap protein were asparagine, isoleucine, and methionine, respectively, and thus the identified PCV4 was catalorized into clade PCV4b. Consequently, it is concluded that (i) the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 is still high in Taiwanese pigs, (ii) PCV3 has may be an endemic infection in Taiwan and can be classified into Japanese-like and Taiwanese-like strains, (iii) PCV4 was detected for the first time in Taiwanese pigs and can be classified into PCV4b. It remains unclear how PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were introduced to Taiwan, and thus continuous investigation of emerging pathogens in pigs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
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Ke CH, Du MY, Hsieh WJ, Lin CC, Ting JM, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Implementation of point-of-care platforms for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e28. [PMID: 38568829 PMCID: PMC10990909 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is ubiquitous around the world. Diagnosis of the porcine circovirus-associated disease requires clinic-pathological elements together with the quantification of viral loads. Furthermore, given pig farms in regions lacking access to sufficient laboratory equipment, developing diagnostic devices with high accuracy, accessibility, and affordability is a necessity. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate two newly developed diagnostic tools that may satisfy these criteria. METHODS We collected 250 specimens, including 170 PCV2-positive and 80 PCV2-negative samples. The standard diagnosis and cycle threshold (Ct) values were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Then, two point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms, convective polymerase chain reaction (cPCR, qualitative assay: positive or negative results are shown) and EZtargex (quantitative assay: Ct values are shown), were examined and analyzed. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of cPCR were 88.23% and 100%, respectively; the sensitivity and specificity of EZtargex were 87.65% and 100%, respectively. These assays also showed excellent concordance compared with the qPCR assay (κ = 0.828 for cPCR and κ = 0.820 for EZtargex). The statistical analysis showed a great diagnostic power of the EZtargex assay to discriminate between samples with different levels of positivity. CONCLUSIONS The two point-of-care diagnostic platforms are accurate, rapid, convenient and require little training for PCV2 diagnosis. These POC platforms can discriminate viral loads to predict the clinical status of the animals. The current study provided evidence that these diagnostics were applicable with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of PCV2 infection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Yuan Du
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Ju Hsieh
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd., Taipei 11493, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Oh T, Park Y, Park S, Sohn E, Chae C. Field evaluation of novel plant-derived porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine related to subclinical infection. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2703-2710. [PMID: 37665771 PMCID: PMC10650242 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this field trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a new plant-based porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) vaccine. This vaccine was a recombinant capsid subunit PCV2a vaccine based on the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. METHODS Three farms were selected for the study based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection. A total of 40 18-day-old pigs were randomly allocated to either vaccinated or unvaccinated groups (20 pigs per group; 10 = male and 10 = female). Pigs received a 2.0-mL dose of the plant-based PCV2a vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered-saline at the same age. RESULTS Vaccination had a positive effect on pig growth performance compared to that of unvaccinated pigs on all three of the farms. Vaccination of pigs with a plant-based PCV2a vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies titres against PCV2d and PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells which resulted in the reduction of PCV2d viral load and reduced lymphoid lesions severity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this field trial demonstrated cross-protection of PCV2d by a plant-based PCV2a vaccine and a positive effect of pig growth performance with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Soohong Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Ham S, Suh J, Oh T, Kim C, Seo BJ, Chae C. Efficacy of a novel bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2d and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae against a dual PCV2d and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae challenge. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1176091. [PMID: 37565086 PMCID: PMC10410152 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1176091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Information on efficacy of a novel bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Objective To evaluate bivalent vaccine for efficacy under experimental conditions. Animals Clinically healthy 35 weaned piglets at 18 days of age were used. Methods A 2.0 mL dose of bivalent vaccine was administered intramuscularly to pigs at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The pigs were challenged at 42 days of age either intranasally with PCV2d, or intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae, or with both. Results Vaccinated-challenged pigs improved the growth performance compared to pigs that were unvaccinated and then, challenged. Vaccinated-challenged pigs elicited a significant amount of protective immunity for PCV2d-specific neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) as well as for M. hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ-SC compared to unvaccinated/challenged pigs. Induction of systemic cellular and humoral immune responses from bivalent vaccination reduced the viral and mycoplasmal loads in the blood and larynx. Vaccination and challenge simultaneously reduced both lung and lymphoid lesion severity when compared to unvaccinated-challenged pigs. Discussion The results of this study demonstrated that the evaluated bivalent PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae vaccine was efficacious in protecting pigs from the most predominant PCV2d genotype in the field today, as evaluated with a dual PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae challenge under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li C, Liu G, Tong K, Wang Y, Li T, Tan X, Yang J, Yang X, Guo L, Zeng J. Pathogenic ecological characteristics of PCV2 in large-scale pig farms in China affected by African swine fever in the surroundings from 2018 to 2021. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1013617. [PMID: 36687656 PMCID: PMC9845725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), an economically important multifactorial disease of the swine industry worldwide. This research designed a dual nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method to simultaneously monitor porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PCV3. The limit of detection (LoD) of sensitivity for PCV2 and PCV3 was ten copies/mL for both viruses. There was no cross-reaction with any other porcine pathogens tested and no non-specific amplification. The coincidence and repetition rates were both 100%. Through the systematic and clinical sampling, 15,130 samples collected from 30 large-scale pig farms in eight provinces in China (including Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Heilongjiang) were subjected to early warning surveillance and/or clinical diagnosis. These results revealed that the overall positive rates of PCV3 and PCV2 were 0 and 28.29%, respectively, with the lowest level recorded in Jiangxi province. The highest carrying rate was observed in Hainan province. Pigs at different ages displayed varying carrying rates for PCV: fattening pigs and gilts had the highest and the lowest carrying rates for PCV, respectively. In addition, the excretion rates for PCV of colostrum, semen, and nasal, anal, and vulval swabs were tested. The colostrum, anal swabs, and semen had higher excretion rates for PCV; these were followed by the vulval and nasal swabs that had excretion rates for PCV. Furthermore, a high blood virus-carrying rate was detected in moribund pigs, especially in pigs with fever and red skin. As to the virus-carrying rate in the pig organs received from clinical necropsy, the highest rate was found in placental tissue, followed by the kidneys, and the virus also was detected in lymphoid organs, liver, stomach, and intestines. The PCV2-positive samples were sequenced to reveal the molecular epidemic dynamics of PCV2. The results indicated four major branches, namely, PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, and PCV2d, concerning PCV2 molecular epidemiology in China, with PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d dominating. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study elucidated the molecular epidemiology, transmission, and positive blood samples of PCV and provided new ideas for developing comprehensive PCV control technologies to begin eliminating the disease caused by PCV by cleaning pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ke Tong
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xu Tan
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Pleguezuelos P, Sibila M, Ramírez C, López-Jiménez R, Pérez D, Huerta E, Llorens AM, Pérez M, Correa-Fiz F, Mancera Gracia JC, Taylor LP, Smith J, Bandrick M, Borowski S, Saunders G, Segalés J, López-Soria S, Fort M, Balasch M. Efficacy Studies against PCV-2 of a New Trivalent Vaccine including PCV-2a and PCV-2b Genotypes and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae When Administered at 3 Weeks of Age. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122108. [PMID: 36560518 PMCID: PMC9784864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing inactivated Porcine Circovirus 1-2a and 1-2b chimeras and a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin administered to pigs around 3 weeks of age. This trivalent vaccine has already been proved as efficacious in a split-dose regimen but has not been tested in a single-dose scenario. For this purpose, a total of four studies including two pre-clinical and two clinical studies were performed. Globally, a significant reduction in PCV-2 viraemia and faecal excretion was detected in vaccinated pigs compared to non-vaccinated animals, as well as lower histopathological lymphoid lesion plus PCV-2 immunohistochemistry scorings, and incidence of PCV-2-subclinical infection. Moreover, in field trial B, a significant increase in body weight and in average daily weight gain were detected in vaccinated animals compared to the non-vaccinated ones. Circulation of PCV-2b in field trial A and PCV-2a plus PCV-2d in field trial B was confirmed by virus sequencing. Hence, the efficacy of this new trivalent vaccine against a natural PCV-2a, PCV-2b or PCV-2d challenge was demonstrated in terms of reduction of histopathological lymphoid lesions and PCV-2 detection in tissues, serum and faeces, as well as improvement of production parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pleguezuelos
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Marina Sibila
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ramírez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa López-Jiménez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Maria Llorens
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lucas P. Taylor
- Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street 300-504SW, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street 300-504SW, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Meggan Bandrick
- Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street 300-504SW, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Stasia Borowski
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 20 Mercuriusstraat, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Fort
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L., Ctra Camprodon s/n Finca “La Riba”, Vall de Bianya, 17813 Girona, Spain
| | - Mónica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L., Ctra Camprodon s/n Finca “La Riba”, Vall de Bianya, 17813 Girona, Spain
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Suh J, Oh T, Chae C. An evaluation of intradermal all-in-one vaccine based on an inactivated recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain expressing porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein against Korean stains of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae challenge. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Doan HTT, Do RT, Thao PTP, Le XTK, Nguyen KT, Hien NTT, Duc LM, Pham LTK, Le TH. Molecular genotypic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 reveals the predominance of PCV2d in Vietnam (2018-2020) and the association between PCV2h, the recombinant forms, and Vietnamese vaccines. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2011-2026. [PMID: 35794492 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus ORF2 (Cap protein) from 17 PCV2-positive clinical samples from nine different northern Vietnamese provinces (Mar 2018-Nov 2020), four local vaccines, and 77 reference strains. We identified one PCV2a (1/17 = 5.9%), five PCV2b (5/17 = 29.9%), and 11 PCV2d (11/17 = 64.7%) isolates, while only PCV2d was detected in 2020. Timeline analysis indicated an increasing predominance of PCV2d nationwide (2018-2020). With strong nodal support (98% for nucleotides and 74% for amino acids), the phylogenetic tree topology revealed a distinct PCV2h clade including recombinant/intermediate strains and local vaccines. The Cap protein sequences from 11 PCV2d field strains had the 2d-genotype-typical motif 86SNPLSV91 in loop CD, the motif TGID in loop GH-HI, and the motif 230PLNPK234 in loop CT. The PCV2h isolates (and vaccines) had the 86SNPLSV91, SAID, and 230L(N/H)PK234 motifs. Selection pressure analysis indicated positive selection at seven sites: A68N in immunoreactive region (IRR)-A; 119G and 130V in IRR-B; and 167L, T190(A/S), 194D and 202F in IRR-C. We identified PCV2h as the genotype of the recombinant strains, which resulted from intergenotype recombination of PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. The current data provide new information about the diversity, distribution, and dominance of the PCV2 genotype in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Phuong Thao
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hien
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luu Minh Duc
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Khanh Pham
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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10
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Cho H, Oh T, Suh J, Chae C. A Comparative Field Evaluation of the Effect of Growth Performance Between Porcine Circovirus Type 2a (PCV2a)- and PCV2b-Based Bivalent Vaccines Containing PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859344. [PMID: 35812885 PMCID: PMC9263624 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare two different bivalent vaccines containing porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. One vaccine contained PCV2a and the other contained PCV2b, and both were administered on a farm suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 180 pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups (60 pigs per group; male pigs = 30 and female pigs = 30). Bivalent vaccination significantly improved growth performance in both vaccinated groups as compared to the unvaccinated (UnVac) group. Growth performance measured by body weight and average daily weight gain (ADWG) was not significantly different between the two bivalent-vaccinated groups (VacA and VacB). Both bivalent vaccines elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) against PCV2d, leading to a reduction in the levels of PCV2d blood viral load as compared to unvaccinated animals. Similarly, both bivalent vaccines elicited high levels of IFN-γ-SC against M. hyopneumoniae that reduced the level of M. hyopneumoniae laryngeal viral loads as compared to unvaccinated animals. Significant differences in severity of lung and lymphoid lesions were observed in both vaccinated groups as compared to the UnVac group. These comparative field data demonstrated that both bivalent vaccines are good candidates for controlling subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia in swine farms suffering from an existing infection.
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11
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Um H, Yang S, Oh T, Cho H, Park KH, Suh J, Chae C. A field efficacy trial of a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in three herds. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:578-590. [PMID: 34687172 PMCID: PMC8959324 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This field trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV2a/b), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent locations. METHODS Three farms were selected based on their history of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae co-infection. Each farm housed a total of 60, 3-day-old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. Pigs were administered the trivalent vaccine intramuscularly with either a 1.0 ml dose at 3 and 24 days of age or a 2.0 ml dose at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. RESULTS Clinically, the average daily weight gain of the one-dose and two-dose vaccinated groups within all three farms was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated animals during the growing (70-112 days of age), finishing (112-175 days of age) and overall (3-175 days of age) stages of production. One-dose and two-dose vaccinated animals elicited neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), which reduced the amount of PCV2 in terms of blood load and reduced the severity of lymphoid lesions when compared with unvaccinated animals. Similarly, one-dose and two-dose vaccinated animals elicited IFN-γ-SC, which reduced the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in terms of laryngeal load and reduced the severity of lung lesions. CONCLUSIONS The intramuscular administration of either one or two doses of trivalent vaccine was not significantly different in any of the evaluated parameters. The results of field trial demonstrated that the trivalent vaccine was efficacious in the protection of swine herds where PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae were in active circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Um
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
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12
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Bhattacharjee U, Sen A, Sharma I. A retrospective study reveals the Porcine circovirus-2f genotype predominant in the indigenous pig population of North-eastern India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105100. [PMID: 34619393 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) is a widespread virus and presents sub-clinically in most of the swineherd. Globally, eight genotypes of PCV2 have been identified that is PCV2a to 2h. To determine the region-wide genotype distribution of PCV2 infection, with additional reference to indigenous breeds, a total of 1314 pig's clinical samples from the eight states of North-eastern India between 2011 and 2014; were analyzed. The overall prevalence rate of PCV2 in this region was 28.2% (370/1314) by PCR. The state-wise PCR based PCV2 prevalence rate was: Tripura (20.8%), Nagaland (25.0%), Meghalaya (25.8%), Assam (32.1%), Sikkim (32.6%), Manipur (33.3%), Mizoram (36.7%) and Arunachal Pradesh (42.3%). Subsequently, a total of 29 complete genomes of PCV2 were amplified and sequenced from these PCV2 positive samples. The phylogenetic tree represents that the 29 PCV2 isolates of this study were divided into four distinct genetic groups; PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2d, and PCV2f. Among these, 14 PCV2 strains were classified as PCV2f, 13 classified as PCV2d, and one isolate of each classified as PCV2a and PCV2b. All the 14 PCV2f strains appeared from indigenous pigs of this region. Based on the date of collection, the present study further describes that the PCV2f genotypes circulate in the indigenous pigs' population back in 2011. The amino acid residues and the atomic coordinate structure (3D model) of PCV2f capsid protein represents similarity to PCV2d capsid protein support the efficacy of the existing PCV2 vaccine against the PCV2f. The observation of this study helps to understand the genotype distribution of PCV2 and stands as a reference for future molecular epidemiological studies in North-eastern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttaran Bhattacharjee
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India; Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region (ICAR-RC for NEH Region), Umiam, Barapani, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region (ICAR-RC for NEH Region), Umiam, Barapani, Meghalaya, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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13
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Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Genotype 2d-Based Virus-like Particles (VLPs) Induced Broad Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies against Diverse Genotypes and Provided Protection in Dual-Challenge Infection of a PCV2d Virus and a Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091145. [PMID: 34578177 PMCID: PMC8464671 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As PCV2d infection has been continuously reported in swine farms in which pigs were vaccinated with PCV2a- or 2d-based vaccines, we attempted to develop a novel vaccine using a PCV2d-based capsid to enhance its protective efficacy. In this study, recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of rPCV2a, rPCV2b and rPCV2d were synthesized from the capsid proteins of PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d field isolates, respectively. A cross-neutralization assay between the VLPs induced antisera and the field isolates demonstrated the broad cross-neutralizing activities of the rPCV2d-induced antisera. Then, the protective efficacy of rPCV2d as a vaccine candidate was investigated in commercial pigs by rPCV2d vaccination and a single- or dual-challenge infection using a PCV2d strain and a type 1 PRRSV strain. High levels of anti-PCV2d IgG and neutralizing antibodies were induced 3 weeks after vaccination. After the challenge infection, the average ADWG values of the vaccinated group were higher than those of the unvaccinated group. None or a significantly low amount of (p < 0.05) reduced PCV2 genomic DNA was found in the blood, saliva and tissues of the vaccinated pigs, when compared to the unvaccinated group. Moreover, macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the tissues were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the vaccinated groups. This study therefore suggests that rPCV2d may be highly useful for the control of diverse field genotypes.
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14
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Genotyping of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Vaccinated Pigs Suffering from PCV-2-Systemic Disease between 2009 and 2020 in Spain. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081016. [PMID: 34451480 PMCID: PMC8402084 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a common practice all over the world. Vaccines can prevent PCV-2-systemic disease (PCV-2-SD) outbreaks but not PCV-2 infection, which can be detectable in a percentage of vaccinated animals. Occasionally, PCV-2-SD is diagnosed in vaccinated farms. The objective of this study was to genotype the PCV-2 strains detected in vaccinated animals diagnosed with PCV-2-SD. Additionally, the evolution of the frequency of PCV-2 genotype detection at Spanish, European, and world levels was assessed. Fifty cases diagnosed as PCV-2-SD between 2009 and 2020 were included in this study. PCV-2 genotype was determined by sequencing the Cap gene region. Among them, only PCV-2b (23/50, 46%) and PCV-2d (27/50, 54%) genotypes were detected. Although the frequency of detection of these two genotypes was similar, their temporal distribution was different. Whereas most PCV-2b sequences (17/23, 74%) were detected between 2009 and 2012, PCV-2d sequences were obtained from 2013 to 2020. Indeed, a predominance of the PCV-2d genotype was observed from 2013 onwards, a trend also noticed at European and world levels. The results suggest that detection of particular genotypes in vaccinated animals probably reflects the general prevalence of the genotypes over time rather than genotype-specific vaccine-immunity escaping.
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15
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Oh T, Suh J, Park KH, Yang S, Cho H, Chae C. A Comparison of Pathogenicity and Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2. Pathogens 2021; 10:979. [PMID: 34451444 PMCID: PMC8400386 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of three different porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) in pigs infected with either one of these three PCV2 genotypes versus pigs dually inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by another intranasal inoculation at 6 weeks of age with one of three PCV2 genotypes. Dual infection with two pathogens produced moderate and severe dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain in pigs regardless of the PCV2 genotype evaluated compared with pigs only inoculated with PCV2. The overall levels of PCV2d viremia and severity of lymphoid lesions, and PCV2-antigen within lymphoid lesions were significantly higher in pigs dually inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae/PCV2d when compared with all other dually inoculated groups. The level of PCV2 viremia and the production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions did not differ significantly among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups. The results of this study demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae potentiated the replication of PCV2d more than it did with the other PCV2 genotypes as measured by lymphoid lesion severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (T.O.); (J.S.); (K.H.P.); (S.Y.); (H.C.)
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16
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Lin CN, Chan KR, Ooi EE, Chiou MT, Hoang M, Hsueh PR, Ooi PT. Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:1507. [PMID: 34452372 PMCID: PMC8402828 DOI: 10.3390/v13081507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (K.R.C.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (K.R.C.); (E.E.O.)
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Minh Hoang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Park Y, Min K, Kim NH, Kim JH, Park M, Kang H, Sohn EJ, Lee S. Porcine circovirus 2 capsid protein produced in N. benthamiana forms virus-like particles that elicit production of virus-neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. N Biotechnol 2021; 63:29-36. [PMID: 33667631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus of the Circoviridae family, with a small, circular, single-stranded DNA genome. PCV2 infections cause substantial economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Currently, commercially produced PCV2 vaccines are expensive, whereas plant-based expression systems can produce recombinant proteins at low cost for use as vaccines. In this study, recombinant PCV2 capsid protein (rCap) was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and purified by metal affinity chromatography, with a yield of 102 mg from 1 kg plant leaves. Electron microscopy confirmed that purified rCap self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) at neutral pH. It was shown to provoke a strong immune response in guinea pigs. The results indicate that plant systems can enable production of large amounts of proteins to serve as candidates for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Min
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hyung Kim
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangju Kang
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Do DT, Tran KDV, Quach AT, Lee D, Chang FC, Wu CP, Tat TN, Chae C. A comparative efficacy test of 1 versus 2 doses of CIRCOQ PCV2 subunit vaccine against naturally occurring PCV2-type d in piglets with high maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) on a Vietnamese swine farm. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:93-100. [PMID: 33883815 PMCID: PMC7995537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of the CIRCOQ porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine in piglets with high maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) against disease caused by natural infection with PCV2d. A total of 130 weaned, 21-day-old healthy pigs was allocated into 3 trial groups. The signs of respiratory disorder were higher in unvaccinated pigs than in vaccinated pigs at 13 to 17 weeks old (P < 0.05), 18 to 22 weeks old (P < 0.001), and 23 to 27 weeks old (P < 0.01). The unvaccinated pigs had an early rate of dermatitis at 8 to 12 weeks old (10.0%), 13 to 17 weeks old (30.0%), 18 to 22 weeks old (46.7%), and 23 to 27 weeks old (33.3%), while there were no cases of dermatitis in vaccinated pigs. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the mortality of pigs in the unvaccinated group and the 2-dosed vaccinated group. PCV2 viremia was detected in the blood and peaked at 105 days old in both unvaccinated pigs (Ct-adj = 8.40) and pigs vaccinated with 1 dose (Ct-adj = 6.37), while no detectable PCV2 virus was found in the blood of pigs vaccinated with 2 doses. At 77 and 105 days old, the PCV2 viremia load (Ct-adj) of unvaccinated pigs and those vaccinated with 1 dose was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the 2-dosed vaccinated pigs. The body weight (BW), average weight gain (AWG), and average daily gain (ADG) in both groups of vaccinated pigs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated pigs. The study vaccine was significantly efficacious in protecting vaccinated pigs against clinical symptoms, blood viral load, and mortality, as well as improving productivity, compared with unvaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Do
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Khanh Doan Vinh Tran
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Anh Tuyet Quach
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - David Lee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Frank Cj Chang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Carol Py Wu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Toan Nguyen Tat
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
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Lin CN, Ke NJ, Chiou MT. Cross-Sectional Study on the Sero- and Viral Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Field. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020339. [PMID: 32604831 PMCID: PMC7350207 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) cause considerable economic losses in industrial pork production in the field. To minimize the economic losses due to PCVAD, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines have been developed, and there is widespread vaccination worldwide today. However, limited information is available concerning the current status of PCV2 infection in the field on the Asian continent. The present study aimed to assess sero- and viral dynamics of PCV2 from 12 PCV2-contaminated pig herds with vaccination against PCV2 in Southern and Central Taiwan. In particular, the level of PCV2 load during the window period for seroconversion using real-time polymerase chain reaction and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Our results revealed that pig herds showed slight or no seroconversion after three to four weeks post-PCV2 immunization. The presence of PCV2 was observed during the window period for seroconversion in all herds. In conclusion, natural exposure of PCV2 occurs in the growing to fattening period, and viremia can last until slaughter. Additionally, our findings indicate that using ELISA showed the level of antibodies and aided in the understanding and surveillance of the current PCV2 status in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-N.L.); (M.-T.C.); Tel.: +886-8-7703202-5047 (C.-N.L.); +886-8-7703202-5057 (M.-T.C.)
| | - Ni-Jyun Ke
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-N.L.); (M.-T.C.); Tel.: +886-8-7703202-5047 (C.-N.L.); +886-8-7703202-5057 (M.-T.C.)
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Song S, Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Kim SY, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060457. [PMID: 32526932 PMCID: PMC7350290 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. Here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 PCV2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in South Korea between 2013 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete ORF2 showed that the 91 PCV2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qPCR screening assay: PCV2a (2.2%, 2/91), PCV2b (16.5%, 15/91), PCV2d (80.2%, 73/91), and PCV2h (1.1%, 1/91). Only one intergenotype recombinant event was detected between PCV2 ORF2 in wild boars (PCV2b) and domestic pigs (PCV2a). Amino acid positions 86–89 within ORF2, which distinguishes the different genotypes, were conserved in all PCV2 genotypes isolated from South Korean wild boars, including TNKI in PCV2a/PCV2h, SNPR in PCV2b, and SNPL in PCV2d. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates in the ORF2 region of viruses from South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs were 5.8145 × 10−4 and 4.5838 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), respectively. The times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for South Korean domestic pig PCV2 were 1937 (PCV2a), 1972 (PCV2b), 1999 (PCV2d-1), and 2000 (PCV2d-2). By contrast, the tMRCA for South Korean wild boar PCV2b and PCV2d were 1989 and 2001, respectively. Thus, the PCV2d genotype is prevalent among South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Li YC, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Serodynamic Analysis of the Piglets Born from Sows Vaccinated with Modified Live Vaccine or E2 Subunit Vaccine for Classical Swine Fever. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060427. [PMID: 32485982 PMCID: PMC7350299 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by the CSF virus (CSFV) is one of the most important swine diseases, resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Systematic vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for the prevention and control of this disease. Two main CSFV vaccines, the modified live vaccine (MLV) and the subunit E2 vaccine, are recommended. In Taiwan, CSF cases have not been reported since 2006, although systemic vaccination has been practiced for 70 years. Here, we examined the sero-dynamics of the piglets born from sows that received either the CSFV MLV or the E2 vaccine and investigated in the field the correlation between the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) loads and levels of CSFV antibody. A total of 1398 serum samples from 42 PRRSV-positive farms were evaluated to determine the PRRSV loads by real-time PCR and to detect CSFV antibody levels by commercial ELISA. Upon comparing the two sow vaccination protocols (CSFV MLV vaccination at 4 weeks post-farrowing versus E2 vaccination at 4-5 weeks pre-farrowing), the lowest levels of CSFV antibody were found in piglets at 5-8 and 9-12 weeks of age for the MLV and E2 groups, respectively. Meanwhile, the appropriate time window for CSFV vaccination of offspring was at 5-8 and 9-12 weeks of age in the MLV and E2 groups, respectively. There was a very highly significant negative correlation between the PRRSV load and the level of CSFV antibody in the CSFV MLV vaccination group (P < 0.0001). The PRRSV detection rate in the pigs from the MLV group (27.78%) was significantly higher than that in pigs from the E2 group (21.32%) (P = 0.011). In addition, there was a significant difference (P = 0.019) in the PRRSV detection rate at 5-8 weeks of age between the MLV (42.15%) and E2 groups (29.79%). Our findings indicate that the vaccination of CSFV MLV in piglets during the PRRSV susceptibility period at 5-8 weeks of age may be overloading the piglet's immune system and should be a critical concern for industrial pork production in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Li
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-T.C.); (C.-N.L.); Tel.: +886-8-7703202-5057 (M.-T.C.); +886-8-7703202-5047 (C.-N.L.)
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-T.C.); (C.-N.L.); Tel.: +886-8-7703202-5057 (M.-T.C.); +886-8-7703202-5047 (C.-N.L.)
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