1
|
Wu D, Zhao X, Xie J, Yuan R, Li Y, Yang Q, Cheng X, Wu C, Wu J, Zhu N. Physical modulation of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: A new perspective for regenerative medicine. Cell Prolif 2024:e13630. [PMID: 38462759 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) offer promising therapeutic potential for various refractory diseases, presenting a novel therapeutic strategy. However, their clinical application encounters several obstacles, including low natural secretion, uncontrolled biological functions and inherent heterogeneity. On the one hand, physical stimuli can mimic the microenvironment dynamics where MSC-Exo reside. These factors influence not only their secretion but also, significantly, their biological efficacy. Moreover, physical factors can also serve as techniques for engineering exosomes. Therefore, the realm of physical factors assumes a crucial role in modifying MSC-Exo, ultimately facilitating their clinical translation. This review focuses on the research progress in applying physical factors to MSC-Exo, encompassing ultrasound, electrical stimulation, light irradiation, intrinsic physical properties, ionizing radiation, magnetic field, mechanical forces and temperature. We also discuss the current status and potential of physical stimuli-affected MSC-Exo in clinical applications. Furthermore, we address the limitations of recent studies in this field. Based on this, this review provides novel insights to advance the refinement of MSC-Exo as a therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyue Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quyang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujun Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Chongzhou People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ningwen Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burns Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mierke CT. Phenotypic Heterogeneity, Bidirectionality, Universal Cues, Plasticity, Mechanics, and the Tumor Microenvironment Drive Cancer Metastasis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:184. [PMID: 38397421 PMCID: PMC10887446 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor diseases become a huge problem when they embark on a path that advances to malignancy, such as the process of metastasis. Cancer metastasis has been thoroughly investigated from a biological perspective in the past, whereas it has still been less explored from a physical perspective. Until now, the intraluminal pathway of cancer metastasis has received the most attention, while the interaction of cancer cells with macrophages has received little attention. Apart from the biochemical characteristics, tumor treatments also rely on the tumor microenvironment, which is recognized to be immunosuppressive and, as has recently been found, mechanically stimulates cancer cells and thus alters their functions. The review article highlights the interaction of cancer cells with other cells in the vascular metastatic route and discusses the impact of this intercellular interplay on the mechanical characteristics and subsequently on the functionality of cancer cells. For instance, macrophages can guide cancer cells on their intravascular route of cancer metastasis, whereby they can help to circumvent the adverse conditions within blood or lymphatic vessels. Macrophages induce microchannel tunneling that can possibly avoid mechanical forces during extra- and intravasation and reduce the forces within the vascular lumen due to vascular flow. The review article highlights the vascular route of cancer metastasis and discusses the key players in this traditional route. Moreover, the effects of flows during the process of metastasis are presented, and the effects of the microenvironment, such as mechanical influences, are characterized. Finally, the increased knowledge of cancer metastasis opens up new perspectives for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth System Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dumontel B, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Vallet-Regí M, Manzano M. Bioinspired extracellular vesicle-coated silica nanoparticles as selective delivery systems. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100850. [PMID: 38024844 PMCID: PMC10643352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a breakthrough in the integration of artificial nanoplatforms with natural biomaterials for the development of more efficient drug delivery systems. The formulation of bioinspired nanosystems, combining the benefits of synthetic nanoparticles with the natural features of biological materials, provides an efficient strategy to improve nanoparticle circulation time, biocompatibility and specificity toward targeted tissues. Among others biological materials, extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous structures secreted by many types of cells composed by a protein rich lipid bilayer, have shown a great potential as drug delivery systems themselves and in combination with artificial nanoparticles. The reason for such interest relays on their natural properties, such as overcoming several biological barriers or migration towards specific tissues. Here, we propose the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as efficient and versatile nanocarriers in combination with tumor derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the development of selective drug delivery systems. The hybrid nanosystems demonstrated selective cellular internalization in parent cells, indicating that the EV targeting capabilities were efficiently transferred to MSNs by the developed coating strategy. As a result, EVs-coated MSNs provided an enhanced and selective intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and a specific cytotoxic activity against targeted cancer cells, revealing these hybrid nanosystems as promising candidates for the development of targeted treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dumontel
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Carla Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin S, McConnell R, Harrison R, Jang SC, Sia CL, Kamerkar S, Duboff A, Jacob L, Finn J, Estes S. Therapeutic extracellular vesicle production is substantially increased by inhibition of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2685-2699. [PMID: 37060550 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new therapeutic modality with the promise to treat many diseases through their ability to deliver diverse molecular cargo. As with other emerging modalities transitioning into the industrialization phase, all aspects of the manufacturing process are rich with opportunities to enhance the ability to deliver these medicines to patients. With the goal of improving cell culture EV productivity, we have utilized high throughput siRNA screens to identify the underlying genetic pathways that regulate EV productivity to inform rational host cell line engineering and media development approaches. The screens identified multiple metabolic pathways of potential interest; one of which was validated and shown to be a ready implementable, cost-effective strategy to increase EV titers. We show that both EV volumetric and specific productivity from HEK293 and CHO-S were increased in a dose and cell line-dependent manner up to ninefold when cholesterol synthesis was inhibited by the inclusion of statins in the cell culture media. In addition, we show in response to statin treatment, elevation of EV markers in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cell culture media suggesting this approach can also be applicable to MSC EVs. Furthermore, we show that the EVs produced from statin-treated HEK293 cultures are effectively loaded by both endogenous and exogenous loading methods and have equivalent in vitro or in vivo potency relative to EVs from untreated cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Su Chul Jang
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Duboff
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa Jacob
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Scott Estes
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kronstadt SM, Patel DB, Born LJ, Levy D, Lerman MJ, Mahadik B, McLoughlin ST, Fasuyi A, Fowlkes L, Van Heyningen LH, Aranda A, Abadchi SN, Chang KH, Hsu ATW, Bengali S, Harmon JW, Fisher JP, Jay SM. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture within Perfusion Bioreactors Incorporating 3D-Printed Scaffolds Enables Improved Extracellular Vesicle Yield with Preserved Bioactivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300584. [PMID: 36930747 PMCID: PMC10505252 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles in various diseases. However, successful clinical translation will depend on the development of scalable biomanufacturing approaches, especially due to the documented low levels of intrinsic EV-associated cargo that may necessitate repeated doses to achieve clinical benefit in certain applications. Thus, here the effects of a 3D-printed scaffold-perfusion bioreactor system are assessed on the production and bioactivity of EVs secreted from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a cell type widely implicated in generating EVs with therapeutic potential. The results indicate that perfusion bioreactor culture induces an ≈40-80-fold increase (depending on measurement method) in MSC EV production compared to conventional cell culture. Additionally, MSC EVs generated using the perfusion bioreactor system significantly improve wound healing in a diabetic mouse model, with increased CD31+ staining in wound bed tissue compared to animals treated with flask cell culture-generated MSC EVs. Overall, this study establishes a promising solution to a major EV translational bottleneck, with the capacity for tunability for specific applications and general improvement alongside advancements in 3D-printing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Divya B Patel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Max J Lerman
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shannon T McLoughlin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arafat Fasuyi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lauren Fowlkes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Angela Ting Wei Hsu
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sameer Bengali
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John W Harmon
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pincela Lins PM, Pirlet E, Szymonik M, Bronckaers A, Nelissen I. Manufacture of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:965-981. [PMID: 36750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for various diseases ranging from ischemic stroke to wound healing and cancer. Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by secretome-derived paracrine factors, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) proven to play a key role. This has led to promising research on the potential of MSC-EVs as regenerative, off-the-shelf therapeutic agents. However, the translation of MSC-EVs into the clinic is hampered by the poor scalability of their production. Recently, new advanced methods have been developed to upscale MSC cultivation and EV production yields, ranging from new cell culture devices to priming procedures. This review gives an overview of these innovative strategies for manufacturing MSC-EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Pincela Lins
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Elke Pirlet
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Szymonik
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez-García J, Fernández B, Álvarez-Barrios A, Álvarez L, González-Iglesias H, Pereiro R. Determination of endogenous trace elements in extracellular vesicles secreted by an in vitro model of human retinal pigment epithelium under oxidative stress conditions using ICP-MS. Talanta 2023; 263:124693. [PMID: 37267885 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The determination of endogenous Fe, Cu and Zn in exosomes (<200 nm extracellular vesicles) secreted by an in vitro model of the human retinal pigment epithelium (HRPEsv cell line) was carried out by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results for cells treated with 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) inducing oxidative stress (OS) conditions were compared with non-treated (control) cells in order to evaluate possible differences in the metal composition between both groups. Three sample introduction systems were tested for ICP-MS analysis: a micronebulizer and two single cell nebulization systems (as total consumption set-ups), being found one of the single cell systems (operating in bulk mode) as the most suitable. Two protocols for the isolation of exosomes from cell culture media were investigated based on differential centrifugation and precipitation with a polymer-based reagent. Transmission electron microscopy measurements showed smaller and more homogeneous sizes (15-50 nm versus 20-180 nm size range) together with a higher particle concentration for exosomes purified by precipitation compared to differential centrifugation. However, it was observed that the contribution of polymer-based protocol to the Fe, Cu and Zn blank was significant as compared to the differential centrifugation protocol. Therefore, considering the low concentrations of the evaluated endogenous elements in exosomes from the HRPEsv cell line, the polymer-based precipitation method was discarded. When comparing metal levels in samples from control versus OS-treated HRPEsv cells, results for Fe and Cu were statistically similar. However, upregulation of Zn was found during OS conditions (11 versus 34 μg L-1 in control and OS-treatment, respectively), showing Zn depletion through secretory activity induced by OS, underlying the antioxidant ability of RPE cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martínez-García
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain; Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda, Dres, Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda, Dres, Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Greening DW, Xu R, Ale A, Hagemeyer CE, Chen W. Extracellular vesicles as next generation immunotherapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:73-100. [PMID: 36773820 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer to elicit diverse biological/functional response. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that EVs from immune, tumour, stromal cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication of various immune cell types to dynamically regulate host immune response. EVs have an innate capacity to evade recognition, transport and transfer functional components to target cells, with subsequent removal by the immune system, where the immunological activities of EVs impact immunoregulation including modulation of antigen presentation and cross-dressing, immune activation, immune suppression, and immune surveillance, impacting the tumour immune microenvironment. In this review, we outline the recent progress of EVs in immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention in cancer, including vaccine and targeted drug delivery and summarise their utility towards clinical translation. We highlight the strategies where EVs (natural and engineered) are being employed as a therapeutic approach for immunogenicity, tumoricidal function, and vaccine development, termed immuno-EVs. With seminal studies providing significant progress in the sequential development of engineered EVs as therapeutic anti-tumour platforms, we now require direct assessment to tune and improve the efficacy of resulting immune responses - essential in their translation into the clinic. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in EV immunobiology and facilitate advances in engineering EVs for the development of novel EV-based immunotherapeutics as a platform for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rong Xu
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anukreity Ale
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mas-Bargues C, Sanz-Ros J, Romero-García N, Huete-Acevedo J, Dromant M, Borrás C. Small extracellular vesicles from senescent stem cells trigger adaptive mechanisms in young stem cells by increasing antioxidant enzyme expression. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102668. [PMID: 36965438 PMCID: PMC10060362 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles' biogenesis, shedding, and uptake are redox-sensitive. Indeed, oxidative stress conditions influence extracellular vesicles' release and content, which can modulate the redox status of the receiving cells. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of extracellular vesicles from human dental pulp stem cells cultured under 21% O2 (senescent stem cells) on human dental pulp stem cells cultured under 3% O2 (young stem cells). Extracellular vesicles were isolated by ultracentrifugation from senescent stem cells and prepared for the treatment of young stem cells at a final concentration of 10 μg/mL. Cells were analyzed for antioxidant gene expression, mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters, ROS production, culture kinetics, and apoptosis. The results show that extracellular vesicles from senescent stem cells induce overexpression of antioxidant genes (MnSOD, CAT, and GPx) in young stem cells, which show an increased non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption, accompanied by reduced maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity without altering mitochondrial membrane potential. This is accompanied by improved cell proliferation, viability, and migration rates and a reduction of apoptosis. In conclusion, extracellular vesicles from senescent stem cells trigger an adaptive response in young stem cells which improves their antioxidant defenses and their proliferation, migration, and survival rates. This suggests that extracellular vesicles can modulate the cells' microenvironment and the balance between proliferation and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Jorge Sanz-Ros
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nekane Romero-García
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Huete-Acevedo
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Mar Dromant
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rubio K, Hernández-Cruz EY, Rogel-Ayala DG, Sarvari P, Isidoro C, Barreto G, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Nutriepigenomics in Environmental-Associated Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030771. [PMID: 36979019 PMCID: PMC10045733 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex molecular mechanisms define our responses to environmental stimuli. Beyond the DNA sequence itself, epigenetic machinery orchestrates changes in gene expression induced by diet, physical activity, stress and pollution, among others. Importantly, nutrition has a strong impact on epigenetic players and, consequently, sustains a promising role in the regulation of cellular responses such as oxidative stress. As oxidative stress is a natural physiological process where the presence of reactive oxygen-derived species and nitrogen-derived species overcomes the uptake strategy of antioxidant defenses, it plays an essential role in epigenetic changes induced by environmental pollutants and culminates in signaling the disruption of redox control. In this review, we present an update on epigenetic mechanisms induced by environmental factors that lead to oxidative stress and potentially to pathogenesis and disease progression in humans. In addition, we introduce the microenvironment factors (physical contacts, nutrients, extracellular vesicle-mediated communication) that influence the epigenetic regulation of cellular responses. Understanding the mechanisms by which nutrients influence the epigenome, and thus global transcription, is crucial for future early diagnostic and therapeutic efforts in the field of environmental medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rubio
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Laboratoire IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Estefani Y Hernández-Cruz
- Postgraduate in Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Diana G Rogel-Ayala
- Laboratoire IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Ciro Isidoro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Paolo Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Laboratoire IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jalaludin I, Lubman DM, Kim J. A guide to mass spectrometric analysis of extracellular vesicle proteins for biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:844-872. [PMID: 34747512 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) in living organisms play an important role in processes such as cell proliferation or intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes have been extensively investigated for biomarker discoveries for various diseases. An important aspect of exosome analysis involves the development of enrichment methods that have been introduced for successful isolation of exosomes. These methods include ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, polyethylene glycol-based precipitation, immunoaffinity-based enrichment, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation among others. To confirm the presence of exosomes, various characterization methods have been utilized such as Western blot analysis, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, optical methods, zeta potential, visual inspection, and mass spectrometry. Recent advances in high-resolution separations, high-performance mass spectrometry and comprehensive proteome databases have all contributed to the successful analysis of exosomes from patient samples. Herein we review various exosome enrichment methods, characterization methods, and recent trends of exosome investigations using mass spectrometry-based approaches for biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sørhus E, Donald CE, Nakken CL, Perrichon P, Durif CMF, Shema S, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Lie KK, Rasinger JD, Müller MHB, Meier S. Co-exposure to UV radiation and crude oil increases acute embryotoxicity and sublethal malformations in the early life stages of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160080. [PMID: 36375555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil causes severe abnormalities in developing fish. Photomodification of constituents in crude oil increases its toxicity several fold. We report on the effect of crude oil, in combination with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, on Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos. Accumulation of crude oil on the eggshell makes haddock embryos particularly susceptible to exposure. At high latitudes, they can be exposed to UV radiation many hours a day. Haddock embryos were exposed to crude oil (5-300 μg oil/L nominal loading concentrations) for three days in the presence and absence of UV radiation (290-400 nm). UV radiation partly degraded the eggs' outer membrane resulting in less accumulation of oil droplets in the treatment with highest oil concentration (300 μg oil/L). The co-exposure treatments resulted in acute toxicity, manifested by massive tissue necrosis and subsequent mortality, reducing LC50 at hatching stage by 60 % to 0.24 μg totPAH/L compared to 0.62 μg totPAH/L in crude oil only. In the treatment with nominal low oil concentrations (5-30 μg oil/L), only co-exposure to UV led to sublethal morphological heart defects. Including phototoxicity as a parameter in risk assessments of accidental oil spills is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Charlotte L Nakken
- University of Bergen, Department of Chemistry, Allégaten 41, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Grótti ehf, Melabraut 22, 220 Hafnarfirði, Iceland
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Kai K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Section for Experimental Biomedicine, Universitetstunet 3, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Impact of Experimental Conditions on Extracellular Vesicles' Proteome: A Comparative Study. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010206. [PMID: 36676155 PMCID: PMC9864048 DOI: 10.3390/life13010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) research is a rapidly developing field, mainly due to the key role of EVs in intercellular communication and pathophysiological processes. However, the heterogeneity of EVs challenges their exploration and the establishment of gold-standard methods. Here, we aimed to reveal the influence of technical changes on EV biology and the reliability of experimental data. We used B16F1 melanoma cells as a model and applied nanoparticle tracking analysis, mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and pathway enrichment analysis to analyze the quantity, size distribution, proteome and function of their small EVs (sEVs) produced in sEV-depleted fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing medium or serum-free medium. Additionally, we investigated the effects of minor technical variances on the quality of sEV preparations. We found that storage of the isolates at -80 °C has no adverse effect on LC-MS/MS analysis, and an additional washing step after differential ultracentrifugation has a minor influence on the sEV proteome. In contrast, FBS starvation affects the production and proteome of sEVs; moreover, these vesicles may have a greater impact on protein metabolism, but a smaller impact on cell adhesion and membrane raft assembly, than the control sEVs. As we demonstrated that FBS starvation has a strong influence on sEV biology, applying serum-free conditions might be considered in in vitro sEV studies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu J, Feng X, Yin N, Wang L, Xie Y, Gao Y, Xiang J. Exosomes from cisplatin-induced dormant cancer cells facilitate the formation of premetastatic niche in bone marrow through activating glycolysis of BMSCs. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922465. [PMID: 36568212 PMCID: PMC9786109 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chemotherapy kills most cancer cells; however, residual cells enter a dormant state. The dormant cancer cells can be reactivated under specific circumstances. The "premetastatic niche" that is suitable for colonization of cancer cells is formed before the arrival of cancer cells. Tumor-derived exosomes are the main mediators of tumorigenesis. We are aiming to elucidate the roles of exosomes from cisplatin-induced dormant lung cancer cells in the formation of premetastatic niches in bone marrow. Methods We performed differential proteomics in dormant A549 cell- and A549 cell-derived exosomes. Non-targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing were performed to explore the molecular and metabolic reprogramming of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The growth and metastasis of A549 cells in vivo were monitored by bioluminescence imaging. Results We found that Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) were upregulated in dormant A549 cell-derived exosomes. BMSCs that took up exosomes from dormant A549 cells showed enhanced glycolysis and promoted the growth and metastasis of A549 cells possibly through Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)-induced metabolic reprogramming. Inhibition of the production of lactate and IGF-1R signaling can suppress the growth and metastasis of A549 cells from bone marrow. Discussion Overall, we demonstrated that BMSCs formed a premetastatic niche upon taking up exosomes from cisplatin-induced dormant lung cancer cells. BMSCs promoted lung cancer cell growth and metastasis through the reverse Warburg effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Committee and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Yin
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Committee and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Committee and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaohuan Xie
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Committee and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Juanjuan Xiang, ; Yawen Gao,
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Committee and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Juanjuan Xiang, ; Yawen Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jang G, Oh J, Jun E, Lee J, Kwon JY, Kim J, Lee SH, Kim SC, Cho SY, Lee C. Direct cell-to-cell transfer in stressed tumor microenvironment aggravates tumorigenic or metastatic potential in pancreatic cancer. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:63. [PMID: 36302783 PMCID: PMC9613679 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer exhibits a characteristic tumor microenvironment (TME) due to enhanced fibrosis and hypoxia and is particularly resistant to conventional chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TME-associated treatment resistance in pancreatic cancer are not fully understood. Here, we developed an in vitro TME mimic system comprising pancreatic cancer cells, fibroblasts and immune cells, and a stress condition, including hypoxia and gemcitabine. Cells with high viability under stress showed evidence of increased direct cell-to-cell transfer of biomolecules. The resulting derivative cells (CD44high/SLC16A1high) were similar to cancer stem cell-like-cells (CSCs) with enhanced anchorage-independent growth or invasiveness and acquired metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, CD24 was a determinant for transition between the tumorsphere formation or invasive properties. Pancreatic cancer patients with CD44low/SLC16A1low expression exhibited better prognoses compared to other groups. Our results suggest that crosstalk via direct cell-to-cell transfer of cellular components foster chemotherapy-induced tumor evolution and that targeting of CD44 and MCT1(encoded by SLC16A1) may be useful strategy to prevent recurrence of gemcitabine-exposed pancreatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giyong Jang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeik Oh
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Jun
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Information Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea. .,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea. .,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu D, Di K, Fan B, Wu J, Gu X, Sun Y, Khan A, Li P, Li Z. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:948959. [PMID: 36324901 PMCID: PMC9618890 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.948959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs, with a length of about 18–22 nucleotides. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from cells and play a vital role in the development of diseases and can be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy, as they are the carriers of miRNA. Existing studies have found that most of the functions of miRNA are mainly realized through intercellular transmission of EVs, which can protect and sort miRNAs. Meanwhile, detection sensitivity and specificity of EV-derived miRNA are higher than those of conventional serum biomarkers. In recent years, EVs have been expected to become a new marker for liquid biopsy. This review summarizes recent progress in several aspects of EVs, including sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, and technology for isolation of EVs and detection of EV-derived miRNAs. In addition, the study reviews challenges and future research avenues in the field of EVs, providing a basis for the application of EV-derived miRNAs as a disease marker to be used in clinical diagnosis and even for the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kaili Di
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyue Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinrui Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta K, Brown KA, Hsieh ML, Hoover BM, Wang J, Khoury MK, Pilli VSS, Beyer RSH, Voruganti NR, Chaudhary S, Roberts DS, Murphy RM, Hong S, Ge Y, Liu B. Necroptosis is associated with Rab27-independent expulsion of extracellular vesicles containing RIPK3 and MLKL. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12261. [PMID: 36063142 PMCID: PMC9443950 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is an important mechanism used by cells to release biomolecules. A common necroptosis effector—mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL)—was recently found to participate in the biogenesis of small and large EVs independent of its function in necroptosis. The objective of the current study is to gain mechanistic insights into EV biogenesis during necroptosis. Assessing EV number by nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed an increased number of EVs released during necroptosis. To evaluate the nature of such vesicles, we performed a newly adapted, highly sensitive mass spectrometry‐based proteomics on EVs released by healthy or necroptotic cells. Compared to EVs released by healthy cells, EVs released during necroptosis contained a markedly higher number of unique proteins. Receptor interacting protein kinase‐3 (RIPK3) and MLKL were among the proteins enriched in EVs released during necroptosis. Further, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from mice deficient of Rab27a and Rab27b showed diminished basal EV release but responded to necroptosis with enhanced EV biogenesis as the wildtype MEFs. In contrast, necroptosis‐associated EVs were sensitive to Ca2+ depletion or lysosomal disruption. Neither treatment affected the RIPK3‐mediated MLKL phosphorylation. An unbiased screen using RIPK3 immunoprecipitation‐mass spectrometry on necroptotic EVs led to the identification of Rab11b in RIPK3 immune‐complexes. Our data suggests that necroptosis switches EV biogenesis from a Rab27a/b dependent mechanism to a lysosomal mediated mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Gupta
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Kyle A Brown
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Marvin L Hsieh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Brandon M Hoover
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Mitri K Khoury
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Vijaya Satish Sekhar Pilli
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Reagan S H Beyer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Nihal R Voruganti
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Sahil Chaudhary
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Regina M Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dutta A, Paul S. Advancement in exosome-based cancer therapeutics: A new era in cancer treatment. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.939197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the modern era of rapid development and advancement in cancer therapeutics and management, there is a growing awareness in the application of exosomes as a potential tool to target cancer cells. Exosomes are cell-derived nano-vesicles that modulate intercellular communications and transport. Due to their ideal native structure and characteristics, exosomes have emerged as a promising nanocarrier for clinical use. Nevertheless, their medical application is coupled with some intrinsic restrictions which hinder their widespread use. In order to make exosomes more effective, they are engineered at the cellular level to develop designer exosomes. The focus of this review is to summarize the various exosome bio-engineering approaches aimed at the development of designer exosomes and their application in cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
19
|
Haag F, Manikkam A, Kraft D, Bär C, Wilke V, Nowak AJ, Bertrand J, Omari J, Pech M, Gylstorff S, Relja B. Selective Internal Radiotherapy Changes the Immune Profiles of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immune Origin in Patients with Inoperable Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:2309. [PMID: 35954154 PMCID: PMC9367375 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA) is rising worldwide. As there are no specific early symptoms or specific markers of CCA, it is often diagnosed in later inoperable stages. Accumulating evidence underlines the importance of radiation therapy in the induction of antitumor immunity. The surface protein composition on extracellular vesicles (EVs) relates to originating cells and thus may play a role in vesicle function. We assessed immune profiles of EVs and their immune origin in patients with inoperable CCA prior and after selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT). A total of 47 CCA patients receiving SIRT and 12 healthy volunteers (HV) were included. Blood was withdrawn before therapy (pre T) and after T. EVs were purified from plasma by cluster of differentiation (CD)9-, CD63-, and CD81-immunobead isolation. To detect differently abundant surface markers, dynamic range and EVs input quality were assessed. A total of 37 EVs surface markers were measured by flow cytometry and correlated either with the administered activity dose (MBq) or with the interval until death (month). EVs phenotyping identified lymphocytes, B cells, NK cells, platelets, endothelial cells, leukocyte activation, B cell activation, T and B cell adhesion markers, stem/progenitor cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APC) as EVs-parenteral cells. CD4 and CD8 significantly declined, while other markers significantly increased in CCA patients pre T vs. HV. Platelets-deriving EVs significantly decreased, normalizing to levels of HV but still significantly increasing vs. HV post SIRT. B cells-deriving EVs significantly increased pre T vs. HV, positively correlating with administered activity dose. MHCII and CD40 EVs significantly increased pre SIRT and negatively correlated with administered activity dose, while EVs from antigen presenting cells and CD49e pre SIRT positively correlated with survival time after therapy. Increased levels of CD24 and CD44 in cancer pre T were significantly decreased post T. Among the heterogeneity of EVs that was demonstrated, in particular, B cells-deriving, MHCII, and CD40 positive or APC-deriving EVs need to be further studied for their diagnostic or prognostic relevance in clinical scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Haag
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anjana Manikkam
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kraft
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Caroline Bär
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Vanessa Wilke
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Aleksander J. Nowak
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Jazan Omari
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Pech
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Severin Gylstorff
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.H.); (A.M.); (D.K.); (C.B.); (V.W.); (A.J.N.); (J.O.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carotti V, Rigalli JP, van Asbeck-van der Wijst J, G J Hoenderop J. Interplay between purinergic signalling and extracellular vesicles in health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115192. [PMID: 35905971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is a receptor-mediated process characterized by the binding of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides to purinergic receptors, which results in the activation intracellular signalling pathways, and, ultimately, leads to changes in cell physiology. Purinergic signalling has been related to the regulation of important physiological processes (e.g., renal electrolyte reabsorption; platelet aggregation; immune response). In addition, it has been associated with pathophysiological situations such as cancer and inflammation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released by all cells of the organism, which play a key role in cell-cell communication. In this regard, EVs can mediate effects on target cells located at distant locations. Within their cargo, EVs contain molecules with the potential to affect purinergic signalling at the target cells and tissues. Here, we review the studies addressing the regulation of purinergic signalling by EVs based on the cell type or tissue where the regulation takes place. In this regard, EVs are found to play a major role in modulating the extracellular ATP levels and, specially, adenosine. This has a clear impact on, for instance, the inflammatory and immune response against cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss the data available on the regulation of EV secretion and its cargo by purinergic signalling. Here, a major role of the purinergic receptor P2X7 and again, an impact on processes such as inflammation, immune response and cancer pathogenesis has been established. Finally, we highlight uninvestigated aspects of these two regulatory networks and address their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carotti
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Juan P Rigalli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny van Asbeck-van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Therapeutic Values: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147986. [PMID: 35887332 PMCID: PMC9315612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes. EVs are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Recently, EVs have received much attention, as they are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. In addition, EVs can be developed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, as the vesicle membrane has an abundance of antigenic determinants and virulent factors. EVs for therapeutic applications are typically collected from conditioned media of cultured cells. However, the number of EVs secreted by the cells is limited. Thus, it is critical to devise new strategies for the large-scale production of EVs. Here, we discussed the strategies utilized by researchers for the scalable production of EVs. Techniques such as bioreactors, mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation, thermal stimulation, magnetic field stimulation, topographic clue, hypoxia, serum deprivation, pH modification, exposure to small molecules, exposure to nanoparticles, increasing the intracellular calcium concentration, and genetic modification have been used to improve the secretion of EVs by cultured cells. In addition, nitrogen cavitation, porous membrane extrusion, and sonication have been utilized to prepare EV-mimetic nanovesicles that share many characteristics with naturally secreted EVs. Apart from inducing EV production, these upscaling interventions have also been reported to modify the EVs’ cargo and thus their functionality and therapeutic potential. In summary, it is imperative to identify a reliable upscaling technique that can produce large quantities of EVs consistently. Ideally, the produced EVs should also possess cargo with improved therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
22
|
Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer Therapy: Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061194. [PMID: 35740091 PMCID: PMC9228181 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in cancer development and cancer therapy, and is a major contributor to normal tissue injury. The unique characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have made them potentially useful as a diagnostic tool in that their molecular content indicates their cell of origin and their lipid membrane protects the content from enzymatic degradation. In addition to their possible use as a diagnostic tool, their role in how normal and diseased cells communicate is of high research interest. The most exciting area is the association of EVs, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of numerous diseases. However, the relationship between oxidative stress and oxidative modifications of EVs is still unclear, which limits full understanding of the clinical potential of EVs. Here, we discuss how EVs, oxidative stress, and cancer therapy relate to one another; how oxidative stress can contribute to the generation of EVs; and how EVs’ contents reveal the presence of oxidative stress. We also point out the potential promise and limitations of using oxidatively modified EVs as biomarkers of cancer and tissue injury with a focus on pediatric oncology patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Makhijani P, McGaha TL. Myeloid Responses to Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818538. [PMID: 35320943 PMCID: PMC8934876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are mediators of cell-cell communication playing a key role in both steady-state and disease conditions. Extracellular vesicles carry diverse donor-derived cargos, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids that induce a complex network of signals in recipient cells. Due to their ability to capture particulate matter and/or capacity to polarize and orchestrate tissue responses, myeloid immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, macrophages, etc.) rapidly respond to extracellular vesicles, driving local and systemic effects. In cancer, myeloid-extracellular vesicle communication contributes to chronic inflammation, self-tolerance, and therapeutic resistance while in autoimmune disease, extracellular vesicles support inflammation and tissue destruction. Here, we review cellular mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles modulate myeloid immunity in cancer and autoimmune disease, highlighting some contradictory results and outstanding questions. We will also summarize how understanding of extracellular vesicle biology is being utilized for novel therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Makhijani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy L. McGaha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Tracy L. McGaha,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang BZ, Luo L, Vunjak-Novakovic G. RNA and Protein Delivery by Cell-Secreted and Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101557. [PMID: 34706168 PMCID: PMC8891029 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of biological signals through export and delivery of RNAs and proteins. Of increasing interest is the use of EVs as a platform for delivery of biomolecules. Preclinical studies have effectively used EVs to treat a number of diseases. Uniquely, endogenous machinery within cells can be manipulated in order to produce desirable loading of cargo within secreted EVs. In order to inform the development of such approaches, an understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which cargo is sorted to EVs is required. Here, the current knowledge of cargo sorting within EVs is reviewed. Here is given an overview of recent bioengineering approaches that leverage these advances. Methods of externally manipulating EV cargo are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the current challenges of EVs as a drug delivery platform is offered. It is proposed that standardized bioengineering methods for therapeutic EV preparation will be required to create a well-defined clinical product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Lori Luo
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhou C, Shen S, Moran R, Deng N, Marbán E, Melmed S. Pituitary Somatotroph Adenoma-derived Exosomes: Characterization of Nonhormonal Actions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:379-397. [PMID: 34467411 PMCID: PMC8764361 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The identification and biological actions of pituitary-derived exosomes remain elusive. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to validate production of exosomes derived from human and rat pituitary and elucidate their actions. METHODS Isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and expressed exosomal markers detected by Western blot, using nonpituitary fibroblast FR and myoblast H9C2 cells as controls. Exosome inhibitor GW4869 was employed to detect attenuated EV release. Exosomal RNA contents were characterized by RNA sequencing. In vitro and in vivo hepatocyte signaling alterations responding to GH1-derived exosomes (GH1-exo) were delineated by mRNA sequencing. GH1-exo actions on protein synthesis, cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate) response, cell motility, and metastases were assessed. RESULTS NTA, exosomal marker detection, and GW4869 attenuated EV release, confirming the exosomal identity of pituitary EVs. Hydrocortisone increased exosome secretion in GH1 and GH3 cells, suggesting a stress-associated response. Exosomal RNA contents showed profiles distinct for pituitary cells, and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to GH1-exo exhibited transcriptomic alterations distinct from those elicited by growth hormone or prolactin. Intravenous GH1-exo injection into rats attenuated hepatic Eif2ak2 and Atf4 mRNA expression, both involved in cAMP responses and amino acid biosynthesis. GH1-exo suppressed protein synthesis and forskolin-induced cAMP levels in hepatocytes. GH1-exo-treated HCT116 cells showed dysregulated p53 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and attenuated motility of malignant HCT116 cells, and decreased tumor metastases in nude mice harboring splenic HCT116 implants. CONCLUSION Our findings elucidate biological actions of somatotroph-derived exosomes and implicate exosomes as nonhormonal pituitary-derived messengers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Stephen Shen
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Rosemary Moran
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Correspondence: Shlomo Melmed, MB ChB, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, NT 2015, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rezaie J, Ahmadi M, Ravanbakhsh R, Mojarad B, Mahbubfam S, Shaban SA, Shadi K, Berenjabad NJ, Etemadi T. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: The metastatic organotropism drivers. Life Sci 2022; 289:120216. [PMID: 34890589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growing, spreading, and metastasis of tumor cells depend on intercellular communication within cells resident in a tissue environment. Such communication is mediated through the secretion of particles from tumor cells and resident cells known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) within a microenvironment. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membranous vesicles released from tumor cells that transfer many types of active biomolecules to recipient cells and induce physiologic and phenotypic alterations in the tissue environment. Spreading the 'seeds' of metastasis needs the EVs that qualify the 'soil' at distant sites to promote the progress of arriving tumor cells. Growing evidence indicates that EVs have vital roles in tumorigenesis, including pre-metastatic niche formation and organotropic metastasis. These EVs mediate organotropic metastasis by modifying the pre-metastatic microenvironment through different pathways including induction of phenotypic alternation and differentiation of cells, enrolment of distinct supportive stromal cells, up-regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and induction of immunosuppressive status. However, instead of pre-metastatic niche formation, evidence suggests that EVs may mediate reawakening of dormant niches. Findings regarding EVs function in tumor metastasis have led to growing interests in the interdisciplinary significance of EVs, including targeted therapy, cell-free therapy, drug-delivery system, and diagnostic biomarker. In this review, we discuss EVs-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation and organotropic metastasis in visceral such as lung, liver, brain, lymph node, and bone with a focus on associated signaling, causing visceral environment hospitable for metastatic cells. Furthermore, we present an overview of the possible therapeutic application of EVs in cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Aquatic Biotechnology, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behnam Mojarad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Mahbubfam
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Kosar Shadi
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Etemadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Trevisan França de Lima L, Müller Bark J, Rasheduzzaman M, Ekanayake Weeramange C, Punyadeera C. Saliva as a matrix for measurement of cancer biomarkers. Cancer Biomark 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824302-2.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Harmati M, Bukva M, Böröczky T, Buzás K, Gyukity-Sebestyén E. The role of the metabolite cargo of extracellular vesicles in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1203-1221. [PMID: 34957539 PMCID: PMC8825386 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic reprogramming in tumor and stroma cells is a hallmark of cancer but understanding its effects on the metabolite composition and function of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is still in its infancy. EVs are membrane-bound sacs with a complex molecular composition secreted by all living cells. They are key mediators of intercellular communication both in normal and pathological conditions and play a crucial role in tumor development. Although lipids are major components of EVs, most of the EV cargo studies have targeted proteins and nucleic acids. The potential of the EV metabolome as a source for biomarker discovery has gained recognition recently, but knowledge on the biological activity of tumor EV metabolites still remains limited. Therefore, we aimed (i) to compile the list of metabolites identified in tumor EVs isolated from either clinical specimens or in vitro samples and (ii) describe their role in tumor progression through literature search and pathway analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Harmati
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Bukva
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Böröczky
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Buzás
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Gyukity-Sebestyén
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sola L, Brambilla D, Mussida A, Consonni R, Damin F, Cretich M, Gori A, Chiari M. A bi-functional polymeric coating for the co-immobilization of proteins and peptides on microarray substrates. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:339138. [PMID: 34753566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performance of the microarray technique in screening the affinity and reactivity of molecules towards a specific target, is highly affected by the coupling chemistry adopted to bind probes to the surface. However, the surface functionality limits the biomolecules that can be attached to the surface to a single type of molecule, thus forcing the execution of separate analyses to compare the performance of different species in recognizing their targets. Here we introduce a new N, N-dimethylacrylamide-based polymeric coating, bearing simultaneously different functionalities (N-acryloyloxysuccinimide and azide groups) to allow an easy and straightforward method to co-immobilize proteins and oriented peptides on the same substrate. The bi-functional copolymer has been obtained by partial post polymerization modification of the functional groups of a common precursor. A NMR characterization of the copolymer was conducted to quantify the percentage of NAS that has been transformed into azido groups. The polymer was used to coat surfaces onto which both native antibodies and alkyne modified peptides were immobilized, to perform the phenotype characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This strategy represents a convenient method to reduce the number of analysis, thus possible systematic or random errors, besides offering a drastic shortage in time, reagents and costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sola
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Brambilla
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussida
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Damin
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Boussadia Z, Gambardella AR, Mattei F, Parolini I. Acidic and Hypoxic Microenvironment in Melanoma: Impact of Tumour Exosomes on Disease Progression. Cells 2021; 10:3311. [PMID: 34943819 PMCID: PMC8699343 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of melanoma progression have been extensively studied in the last decade, and despite the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements pursued, malignant melanoma still accounts for 60% of skin cancer deaths. Therefore, research efforts are required to better define the intercellular molecular steps underlying the melanoma development. In an attempt to represent the complexity of the tumour microenvironment (TME), here we analysed the studies on melanoma in acidic and hypoxic microenvironments and the interactions with stromal and immune cells. Within TME, acidity and hypoxia force melanoma cells to adapt and to evolve into a malignant phenotype, through the cooperation of the tumour-surrounding stromal cells and the escape from the immune surveillance. The role of tumour exosomes in the intercellular crosstalk has been generally addressed, but less studied in acidic and hypoxic conditions. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of acidic and hypoxic microenvironment in melanoma biology, as well as the role played by melanoma-derived exosomes (Mexo) under these conditions. We also present a perspective on the characteristics of acidic and hypoxic exosomes to disclose molecules, to be further considered as promising biomarkers for an early detection of the disease. An update on the use of exosomes in melanoma diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment will be also provided and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mkhobongo B, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. The Role of Melanoma Cell-Derived Exosomes (MTEX) and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) within a Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189726. [PMID: 34575889 PMCID: PMC8465141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), an unconventional cancer therapy with optimistic desirable effects, utilizes the delivery of a photosensitizer (PS) that is activated by light at a particular wavelength and inducing oxidative cytotoxic damage of a tumor and its surrounding vasculature. Deeper seated tumors such as internally metastasized melanomas are more difficult to treat with PDT as the penetration of laser light to those sites is less. Limitations in targeting melanomas can also be attributed to melanin pigments that hinder laser light from reaching targeted sites. Exosomes serve as naturally occurring nanoparticles that can be re-assembled with PSs, improving targeted cellular absorption of photosensitizing agents during PDT. Additionally, studies indicate that exosomes released from PDT-treated tumor cells play a critical role in mediating anti-tumor immune responses. This review collates the role of Melanoma Cell-Derived Exosomes (MTEX) in immune response mediation and metastasis. Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes (TEX) post PDT treatment are also reviewed, as well as the effects of exosomes as carriers of photosensitizers and delivery systems for PDT. The understanding and research on the role of melanoma exosomes induced by Photodynamic Therapy and their tumor microenvironment will assist in future research in treatment prospects and implications.
Collapse
|
32
|
Prieto-Vila M, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Biological Functions Driven by mRNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620498. [PMID: 34527665 PMCID: PMC8435577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are extracellular nanovesicles released by most cells. EVs play essential roles in intercellular communication via the transport of a large variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Nucleic acids are the most commonly found molecules inside EVs, and due to their small size, microRNAs and other small RNAs are the most abundant nucleic acids. However, longer molecules, such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), have also been found. mRNAs encapsulated within EVs have been shown to be transferred to recipient cells and translated into proteins, altering the behavior of the cells. Secretion of EVs is maintained not only through multiple normal physiological conditions but also during aberrant pathological conditions, including cancer. Recently, the mRNAs carried by EVs in cancer have attracted great interest due to their broad roles in tumor progression and microenvironmental remodeling. This review focuses on the biological functions driven by mRNAs carried in EVs in cancer, which include supporting tumor progression by activating cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion; inducing microenvironmental remodeling via hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression; and promoting modulation of the microenvironment at distant sites for the generation of a premetastatic niche, collectively inducing metastasis. Furthermore, we describe the potential use of mRNAs carried by EVs as a noninvasive diagnostic tool and novel therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bridi A, Andrade GM, Del Collado M, Sangalli JR, de Ávila ACFCM, Motta IG, da Silva JCB, Pugliesi G, Silva LA, Meirelles FV, da Silveira JC, Perecin F. Small extracellular vesicles derived from in vivo- or in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts have different miRNAs profiles-Implications for embryo-maternal recognition. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:628-643. [PMID: 34402123 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo- and in vitro-produced bovine embryos have different metabolic profiles and differences in gene transcription patterns. These embryos also have a distinct ability to establish and sustain early pregnancies. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are secreted by embryos and carry bioactive molecules, such as miRNAs. We hypothesize that in vivo or in vitro-produced bovine hatched blastocysts on Day 9 and the sEVs secreted by them have different miRNA profiles. To address this hypothesis, embryos of both groups were placed in in vitro culture on Day 7. After 48 h, hatched embryos and hatched embryo-conditioned media (eCM) of both groups were collected. A total of 210 miRNAs were detected in embryos of both groups, of these 6 miRNAs were downregulated, while 7 miRNAs were upregulated in vitro group when compared to in vivo group. sEVs were isolated from eCM to determine miRNA profile. A total of 106 miRNAs were detected in both groups, including 14 miRNAs upregulated in sEVs from in vivo-eCM, and 2 miRNAs upregulated in sEVs from in vitro-eCM. These miRNAs express in embryos and sEVs secreted by them regulate early embryonic developmental and endometrial pathways, which can modify embryo-maternal communication during early pregnancy and consequently affect pregnancy establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bridi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Gabriella M Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Maite Del Collado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Juliano R Sangalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ana C F C M de Ávila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Igor G Motta
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio C B da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Juliano C da Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kronstadt SM, Pottash AE, Levy D, Wang S, Chao W, Jay SM. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Sepsis Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000259. [PMID: 34423113 PMCID: PMC8378673 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly condition lacking a specific treatment despite decades of research. This has prompted the exploration of new approaches, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerging as a focal area. EVs are nanosized, cell-derived particles that transport bioactive components (i.e., proteins, DNA, and RNA) between cells, enabling both normal physiological functions and disease progression depending on context. In particular, EVs have been identified as critical mediators of sepsis pathophysiology. However, EVs are also thought to constitute the biologically active component of cell-based therapies and have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in sepsis models. The dual nature of EVs in sepsis is explored here, discussing their endogenous roles and highlighting their therapeutic properties and potential. Related to the latter component, prior studies involving EVs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other sources are discussed and emerging producer cells that could play important roles in future EV-based sepsis therapies are identified. Further, how methodologies could impact therapeutic development toward sepsis treatment to enhance and control EV potency is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alex E Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and, Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Urabe F, Patil K, Ramm GA, Ochiya T, Soekmadji C. Extracellular vesicles in the development of organ-specific metastasis. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12125. [PMID: 34295457 PMCID: PMC8287318 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant organ metastasis, often termed as organotropic metastasis or metastatic organotropism, is a fundamental feature of malignant tumours and accounts for most cancer-related mortalities. This process is orchestrated by many complex biological interactions and processes that are mediated by a combination of anatomical, genetic, pathophysiological and biochemical factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being demonstrated as critical mediators of bi-directional tumour-host cell interactions, controlling organ-specific infiltration, adaptation and colonization at the secondary site. EVs govern organotropic metastasis by modulating the pre-metastatic microenvironment through upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression and immunosuppressive cytokine secretion, induction of phenotype-specific differentiation and recruitment of specific stromal cell types. This review discusses EV-mediated metastatic organotropism in visceral (brain, lung, liver, and lymph node) and skeletal (bone) metastasis, and discusses how the pre-metastatic education by EVs transforms the organ into a hospitable, tumour cell-friendly milieu that supports the growth of metastatic cells. Decoding the organ-specific traits of EVs and their functions in organotropic metastasis is essential in accelerating the clinical application of EVs in cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Urabe
- Department of UrologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kalyani Patil
- Department of Molecular PathophysiologyTranslational Research InstituteAcademic Health SystemHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Qasim M, Khan K, Kim JH. Biogenesis, Membrane Trafficking, Functions, and Next Generation Nanotherapeutics Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3357-3383. [PMID: 34040369 PMCID: PMC8140893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s310357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two different types of EVs generated by all cell types. Their formation depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Further, EV release is a fundamental process required for intercellular communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions to transmit/exchange bioactive molecules to recipient cells and the extracellular environment. The unique structure and composition of EVs enable them to serve as natural nanocarriers, and their physicochemical properties and biological functions can be used to develop next-generation nano and precision medicine. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EVs biology and membrane trafficking is essential for their clinical applications. However, in this rapidly expanding field, much remains unknown regarding EV origin, biogenesis, cargo sorting, and secretion, as well as EV-based theranostic platform generation. Hence, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in biogenesis, membrane trafficking, and functions of EVs, highlighting the impact of nanoparticles and oxidative stress on EVs biogenesis and release and finally emphasizing the role of EVs as nanotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Khalid Khan
- Science and Technology KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Visualizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Function in 3D Tumor Microenvironment Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094784. [PMID: 33946403 PMCID: PMC8125158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanostructures that mediate intercellular communication by delivering complex signals in normal tissues and cancer. The cellular coordination required for tumor development and maintenance is mediated, in part, through EV transport of molecular cargo to resident and distant cells. Most studies on EV-mediated signaling have been performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures, largely because of their simplicity and high-throughput screening capacity. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures can be used to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, enabling the study of EV-mediated cellular communication. 3D cultures may best model the role of EVs in formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer cell-stromal interactions that sustain tumor growth. In this review, we discuss EV biology in 3D culture correlates of the TME. This includes EV communication between cell types of the TME, differences in EV biogenesis and signaling associated with differing scaffold choices and in scaffold-free 3D cultures and cultivation of the premetastatic niche. An understanding of EV biogenesis and signaling within a 3D TME will improve culture correlates of oncogenesis, enable molecular control of the TME and aid development of drug delivery tools based on EV-mediated signaling.
Collapse
|
38
|
Malhotra S, Amin ZM, Dobhal G, Cottam S, Nann T, Goreham RV. Novel devices for isolation and detection of bacterial and mammalian extracellular vesicles. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:139. [PMID: 33772384 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are spherical nanoparticles inherently released by almost all cell types. They acquire the cell's membrane and cytoplasmic characteristics offering abundant identical units that can be captured to recognize the cell of origin. The abundance of vital cell information and multifunctional roles in cellular processes has rendered them attention, particularly as promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and use in potential drug delivery systems. This review provides insights into standard approaches towards cultivation and isolation of mammalian and bacterial extracellular vesicles. We assess gaps in conventional separation and detection technologies while also tracking developments in ongoing research. The review focuses on highlighting alternative state-of-the-art microfluidic devices that offer avenues for fast, cost-effective, precision-oriented capture and sensing of extracellular vesicles. Combining different detection technologies on an integrated "lab-on-a-chip" system has the prospective to provide customizable opportunities for clinical use of extracellular vesicles in disease diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiana Malhotra
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Zarinah M Amin
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Garima Dobhal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Sophie Cottam
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Thomas Nann
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Renee V Goreham
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Raman Spectral Signatures of Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Enriched Isolates May Support the Diagnosis of CNS Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061407. [PMID: 33808766 PMCID: PMC8003579 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular composition of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) for tumor diagnostic purposes is becoming increasingly popular, especially for diseases for which diagnosis is challenging, such as central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Thorough examination of the molecular content of sEVs by Raman spectroscopy is a promising but hitherto barely explored approach for these tumor types. We attempt to reveal the potential role of serum-derived sEVs in diagnosing CNS tumors through Raman spectroscopic analyses using a relevant number of clinical samples. A total of 138 serum samples were obtained from four patient groups (glioblastoma multiforme, non-small-cell lung cancer brain metastasis, meningioma and lumbar disc herniation as control). After isolation, characterization and Raman spectroscopic assessment of sEVs, the Principal Component Analysis-Support Vector Machine (PCA-SVM) algorithm was performed on the Raman spectra for pairwise classifications. Classification accuracy (CA), sensitivity, specificity and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value derived from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to evaluate the performance of classification. The groups compared were distinguishable with 82.9-92.5% CA, 80-95% sensitivity and 80-90% specificity. AUC scores in the range of 0.82-0.9 suggest excellent and outstanding classification performance. Our results support that Raman spectroscopic analysis of sEV-enriched isolates from serum is a promising method that could be further developed in order to be applicable in the diagnosis of CNS tumors.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gao Y, Qin Y, Wan C, Sun Y, Meng J, Huang J, Hu Y, Jin H, Yang K. Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Avenue for Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638357. [PMID: 33791224 PMCID: PMC8005721 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles derived from various cell types. EVs are broadly classified as ectosomes or small extracellular vesicles, depending on their biogenesis and cargoes. Numerous studies have shown that EVs regulate multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer growth and metastasis remain to be fully elucidated. As endogenous products, small extracellular vesicles are an ideal drug delivery platform for anticancer agents. However, several aspects of small extracellular vesicle biology remain unclear, hindering the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers or anticancer agents. In this review, we summarize the utility of cancer-related small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers to detect early-stage cancers and predict treatment outcomes. We also review findings from preclinical and clinical studies of small extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapies and summarize interventional clinical trials registered in the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Finally, we discuss the main challenges limiting the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles and recommend possible approaches to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tortolici F, Vumbaca S, Incocciati B, Dayal R, Aquilano K, Giovanetti A, Rufini S. Ionizing Radiation-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Release Promotes AKT-Associated Survival Response in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010107. [PMID: 33430027 PMCID: PMC7827279 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most effective methods of tumor eradication; however, in some forms of neuroblastoma, radiation can increase the risk of secondary neoplasms, due to the ability of irradiated cells to transmit pro-survival signals to non-irradiated cells through vesicle secretion. The aims of this study were to characterize the vesicles released by the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y following X-ray radiations and their ability to increase invasiveness in non-irradiated SH-SY5Y cells. We first purified the extracellular vesicles released by the SH-SY5Y cells following X-rays, and then determined their total amount, dimensions, membrane protein composition, and cellular uptake. We also examined the effects of these extracellular vesicles on viability, migration, and DNA damage in recipient SH-SY5Y cells. We found that exposure to X-rays increased the release of extracellular vesicles and altered their protein composition. These vesicles were readily uptaken by non-irradiated cells, inducing an increase in viability, migration, and radio-resistance. The same results were obtained in an MYCN-amplified SK-N-BE cell line. Our study demonstrates that vesicles released from irradiated neuroblastoma cells stimulate proliferation and invasiveness that correlate with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in non-irradiated cells. Moreover, our results suggest that, at least in neuroblastomas, targeting the extracellular vesicles may represent a novel therapeutic approach to counteract the side effects associated with radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Tortolici
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Simone Vumbaca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Bernadette Incocciati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Renu Dayal
- Sanorva Biotech Private Limited, Mysuru 570008, India;
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Anna Giovanetti
- ENEA, Department of Energy and Sustainable Economic, 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Rufini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stephen ZR, Zhang M. Recent Progress in the Synergistic Combination of Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001415. [PMID: 33236511 PMCID: PMC8034553 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has demonstrated great clinical success in certain cancers, driven primarily by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies. Immunotherapy can elicit strong, durable responses in some patients, but others do not respond, and to date immunotherapy has demonstrated success in only a limited number of cancers. To address this limitation, combinatorial approaches with chemo- and radiotherapy have been applied in the clinic. Extensive preclinical evidence suggests that hyperthermia therapy (HT) has considerable potential to augment immunotherapy with minimal toxicity. This progress report will provide a brief overview of immunotherapy and HT approaches and highlight recent progress in the application of nanoparticle (NP)-based HT in combination with immunotherapy. NPs allow for tumor-specific targeting of deep tissue tumors while potentially providing more even heating. NP-based HT increases tumor immunogenicity and tumor permeability, which improves immune cell infiltration and creates an environment more responsive to immunotherapy, particularly in solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brambilla D, Sola L, Chiari M. Advantageous antibody microarray fabrication through DNA-directed immobilization: A step toward use of extracellular vesicles in diagnostics. Talanta 2021; 222:121542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
44
|
Bezdan D, Grigorev K, Meydan C, Pelissier Vatter FA, Cioffi M, Rao V, MacKay M, Nakahira K, Burnham P, Afshinnekoo E, Westover C, Butler D, Mozsary C, Donahoe T, Foox J, Mishra T, Lucotti S, Rana BK, Melnick AM, Zhang H, Matei I, Kelsen D, Yu K, Lyden DC, Taylor L, Bailey SM, Snyder MP, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Ossowski S, De Vlaminck I, Mason CE. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and Exosome Profiling from a Year-Long Human Spaceflight Reveals Circulating Biomarkers. iScience 2020; 23:101844. [PMID: 33376973 PMCID: PMC7756145 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies based on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) or exosomes provide a noninvasive approach to monitor human health and disease but have not been utilized for astronauts. Here, we profile cfDNA characteristics, including fragment size, cellular deconvolution, and nucleosome positioning, in an astronaut during a year-long mission on the International Space Station, compared to his identical twin on Earth and healthy donors. We observed a significant increase in the proportion of cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) inflight, and analysis of post-flight exosomes in plasma revealed a 30-fold increase in circulating exosomes and patient-specific protein cargo (including brain-derived peptides) after the year-long mission. This longitudinal analysis of astronaut cfDNA during spaceflight and the exosome profiles highlights their utility for astronaut health monitoring, as well as cf-mtDNA levels as a potential biomarker for physiological stress or immune system responses related to microgravity, radiation exposure, and the other unique environmental conditions of spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bezdan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Kirill Grigorev
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fanny A. Pelissier Vatter
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Varsha Rao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew MacKay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Philip Burnham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Westover
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daniel Butler
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Chris Mozsary
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Timothy Donahoe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Serena Lucotti
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brinda K. Rana
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ari M. Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kelsen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Yu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David C. Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan M. Bailey
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francine E. Garrett-Bakelman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Y13-05, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Influence of a Stressful Microenvironment on Tumor Exosomes: A Focus on the DNA Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228728. [PMID: 33227947 PMCID: PMC7699188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes secreted by tumor cells, through the transport of bioactive molecules, reprogram the surroundings, building a microenvironment to support the development of the tumor. The discovery that exosomes carry genomic DNA reflecting that of the tumor cell of origin has encouraged studies to use them as non-invasive biomarkers. The exosome-mediated transfer of oncogenes suggested a new mechanism of malignant transformation that could play a role in the formation of metastases. Several studies have examined the role of tumor exosomes on the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, but relatively few have been directed to assess how stressful stimuli can influence their production and cargo. Understanding the changes in exosome loads and the production pattern of the stressed tumor cell may uncover actionable mechanisms responsible for tumor progression.
Collapse
|
46
|
MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082111. [PMID: 32751207 PMCID: PMC7464294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.
Collapse
|
47
|
Walbrecq G, Margue C, Behrmann I, Kreis S. Distinct Cargos of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Hypoxic Cells and Their Effect on Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145071. [PMID: 32709110 PMCID: PMC7404308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common hallmark of solid tumors and is associated with aggressiveness, metastasis and poor outcome. Cancer cells under hypoxia undergo changes in metabolism and there is an intense crosstalk between cancer cells and cells from the tumor microenvironment. This crosstalk is facilitated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs; diameter between 30 and 200 nm), including exosomes and microvesicles, which carry a cargo of proteins, mRNA, ncRNA and other biological molecules. Hypoxia is known to increase secretion of sEVs and has an impact on the composition of the cargo. This sEV-mediated crosstalk ultimately leads to various biological effects in the proximal tumor microenvironment but also at distant, future metastatic sites. In this review, we discuss the changes induced by hypoxia on sEV secretion and their cargo as well as their effects on the behavior and metabolism of cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment and metastatic events.
Collapse
|
48
|
Haggadone MD, Mancuso P, Peters-Golden M. Oxidative Inactivation of the Proteasome Augments Alveolar Macrophage Secretion of Vesicular SOCS3. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071589. [PMID: 32630102 PMCID: PMC7408579 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain a diverse array of molecular cargoes that alter cellular phenotype and function following internalization by recipient cells. In the lung, alveolar macrophages (AMs) secrete EVs containing suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a cytosolic protein that promotes homeostasis via vesicular transfer to neighboring alveolar epithelial cells. Although changes in the secretion of EV molecules-including but not limited to SOCS3-have been described in response to microenvironmental stimuli, the cellular and molecular machinery that control alterations in vesicular cargo packaging remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the use of quantitative methods to assess the sorting of cytosolic cargo molecules into EVs is lacking. Here, we utilized cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure of AMs as an in vitro model of oxidative stress to address these gaps in knowledge. We demonstrate that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AMs was sufficient to augment vesicular SOCS3 release in this model. Using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in tandem with a new carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based intracellular protein packaging assay, we show that the stimulatory effects of CSE were at least in part attributable to elevated amounts of SOCS3 packaged per EV secreted by AMs. Furthermore, the use of a 20S proteasome activity assay alongside treatment of AMs with conventional proteasome inhibitors strongly suggest that ROS stimulated SOCS3 release via inactivation of the proteasome. These data demonstrate that tuning of AM proteasome function by microenvironmental oxidants is a critical determinant of the packaging and secretion of cytosolic SOCS3 protein within EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel D. Haggadone
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.D.H.); (P.M.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter Mancuso
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.D.H.); (P.M.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.D.H.); (P.M.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-5047
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pretti MAM, Bernardes SS, da Cruz JGV, Boroni M, Possik PA. Extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk between melanoma and the immune system: Impact on tumor progression and therapy response. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1101-1115. [PMID: 32450618 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0320-644r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a very lethal tumor type that easily spreads and colonizes regional and distant tissues. Crucial phenotypic changes that favor melanoma metastasis are interposed by the tumor microenvironment (TME), representing a complex network in which malignant cells communicate not only with each other but also with stromal and immune cells. This cell-cell communication can be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are lipid bilayer-delimited particles capable of carrying a wide variety of bioactive compounds. Both melanoma-derived or TME-derived EVs deliver important pro- and antitumor signals implicated in various stages of tumor progression, such as proliferation, metastasis, and treatment response. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in EV-mediated crosstalk between melanoma and immune cells and other important cells of the TME, and address different aspects of this bidirectional interaction as well as how this may hinder or trigger the development and progression of melanoma. We also discuss the potential of using EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antônio Marques Pretti
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Santos Bernardes
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Tissue Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Vieira da Cruz
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Possik
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tan S, Xia L, Yi P, Han Y, Tang L, Pan Q, Tian Y, Rao S, Oyang L, Liang J, Lin J, Su M, Shi Y, Cao D, Zhou Y, Liao Q. Exosomal miRNAs in tumor microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:67. [PMID: 32299469 PMCID: PMC7164281 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the internal environment in which tumor cells survive, consisting of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as non-cellular components, such as exosomes and cytokines. Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles (40-160nm) containing active substances, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Exosomes carry biologically active miRNAs to shuttle between tumor cells and TME, thereby affecting tumor development. Tumor-derived exosomal miRNAs induce matrix reprogramming in TME, creating a microenvironment that is conducive to tumor growth, metastasis, immune escape and chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we updated the role of exosomal miRNAs in the process of TME reshaping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Rao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yingrui Shi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 913 N. Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794,, USA
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|