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Drakoulas G, Gortsas T, Polyzos E, Tsinopoulos S, Pyl L, Polyzos D. An explainable machine learning-based probabilistic framework for the design of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:987-1012. [PMID: 38416219 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds have shown great potential for bone repair in critical-size fractures. The differentiation of the cells on a scaffold is impacted among other factors by the surface deformation of the scaffold due to mechanical loading and the wall shear stresses imposed by the interstitial fluid flow. These factors are in turn significantly affected by the material properties, the geometry of the scaffold, as well as the loading and flow conditions. In this work, a numerical framework is proposed to study the influence of these factors on the expected osteochondral cell differentiation. The considered scaffold is rectangular with a 0/90 lay-down pattern and a four-layered strut made of polylactic acid with a 5% steel particle content. The distribution of the different types of cells on the scaffold surface is estimated through a scalar stimulus, calculated by using a mechanobioregulatory model. To reduce the simulation time for the computation of the stimulus, a probabilistic machine learning (ML)-based reduced-order model (ROM) is proposed. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed using the Shapley additive explanations to examine the contribution of the various parameters to the framework stimulus predictions. In a final step, a multiobjective optimization procedure is implemented using genetic algorithms and the ROM, aiming to identify the material parameters and loading conditions that maximize the percentage of surface area populated by bone cells while minimizing the area corresponding to the other types of cells and the resorption condition. The results of the performed analysis highlight the potential of using ROMs for the scaffold design, by dramatically reducing the simulation time while enabling the efficient implementation of sensitivity analysis and optimization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Drakoulas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
| | - Theodore Gortsas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece.
| | - Efstratios Polyzos
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephanos Tsinopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece
| | - Lincy Pyl
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Demosthenes Polyzos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
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2
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Quek J, Vizetto-Duarte C, Teoh SH, Choo Y. Towards Stem Cell Therapy for Critical-Sized Segmental Bone Defects: Current Trends and Challenges on the Path to Clinical Translation. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:145. [PMID: 38921519 PMCID: PMC11205181 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The management and reconstruction of critical-sized segmental bone defects remain a major clinical challenge for orthopaedic clinicians and surgeons. In particular, regenerative medicine approaches that involve incorporating stem cells within tissue engineering scaffolds have great promise for fracture management. This narrative review focuses on the primary components of bone tissue engineering-stem cells, scaffolds, the microenvironment, and vascularisation-addressing current advances and translational and regulatory challenges in the current landscape of stem cell therapy for critical-sized bone defects. To comprehensively explore this research area and offer insights for future treatment options in orthopaedic surgery, we have examined the latest developments and advancements in bone tissue engineering, focusing on those of clinical relevance in recent years. Finally, we present a forward-looking perspective on using stem cells in bone tissue engineering for critical-sized segmental bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Quek
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (J.Q.); (C.V.-D.)
| | - Catarina Vizetto-Duarte
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (J.Q.); (C.V.-D.)
| | - Swee Hin Teoh
- Centre for Advanced Medical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Yen Choo
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (J.Q.); (C.V.-D.)
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3
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Cortesi M, Giordano E. Driving cell response through deep learning, a study in simulated 3D cell cultures. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29395. [PMID: 38699000 PMCID: PMC11063986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Computational simulations are becoming increasingly relevant in biomedical research, providing strategies to reproduce experimental results, improve the resolution of in-vitro experiments, and predict the system's behavior in untested conditions. Their use to determine the features associated with an extensive response to treatment and optimize treatment schedules has, however received little attention. To bridge this gap, we propose a deep learning framework capable of reliably classifying simulated time series data and identifying class-defining features. This information will be shown to be useful for the determination of which changes in treatment schedule elicit a more extensive cellular response. This analysis pipeline will be initially tested on a synthetic dataset created ad-hoc to identify its accuracy in identifying the most relevant portion of the signals. Successively this method will be applied to simulations describing the behaviors of populations of cancer cells treated with either one or two drugs in different concentrations. The proposed method will be shown to be effective in identifying which changes in the treatment protocol lead to a more extensive response to treatment. While lacking direct experimental validation, this result holds great potential for the integration of in-silico and in-vitro analyses and the effective optimization of experimental conditions in complex experimental setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ”G.Marconi” (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via dell'Università 50, Cesena, 47521, FC, Italy
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Kensington, 2033, NSW, Australia
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ”G.Marconi” (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via dell'Università 50, Cesena, 47521, FC, Italy
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4
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Mascarenhas R, Hegde S, Manaktala N. Chitosan nanoparticle applications in dentistry: a sustainable biopolymer. Front Chem 2024; 12:1362482. [PMID: 38660569 PMCID: PMC11039901 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1362482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The epoch of Nano-biomaterials and their application in the field of medicine and dentistry has been long-lived. The application of nanotechnology is extensively used in diagnosis and treatment aspects of oral diseases. The nanomaterials and its structures are being widely involved in the production of medicines and drugs used for the treatment of oral diseases like periodontitis, oral carcinoma, etc. and helps in maintaining the longevity of oral health. Chitosan is a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from chitin which is seen commonly in arthropods. Chitosan nanoparticles are the latest in the trend of nanoparticles used in dentistry and are becoming the most wanted biopolymer for use toward therapeutic interventions. Literature search has also shown that chitosan nanoparticles have anti-tumor effects. This review highlights the various aspects of chitosan nanoparticles and their implications in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Mascarenhas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shreya Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nidhi Manaktala
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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5
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Silva JC, Meneses J, Garrudo FFF, Fernandes SR, Alves N, Ferreira FC, Pascoal-Faria P. Direct coupled electrical stimulation towards improved osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: a comparative study of different protocols. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5458. [PMID: 38443455 PMCID: PMC10915174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) has been described as a promising tool for bone tissue engineering, being known to promote vital cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Despite the high variability of applied protocol parameters, direct coupled electric fields have been successfully applied to promote osteogenic and osteoinductive processes in vitro and in vivo. Our work aims to study the viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells when subjected to five different ES protocols. The protocols were specifically selected to understand the biological effects of different parts of the generated waveform for typical direct-coupled stimuli. In vitro culture studies evidenced variations in cell responses with different electric field magnitudes (numerically predicted) and exposure protocols, mainly regarding tissue mineralization (calcium contents) and osteogenic marker gene expression while maintaining high cell viability and regular morphology. Overall, our results highlight the importance of numerical guided experiments to optimize ES parameters towards improved in vitro osteogenesis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Leiria, Portugal.
| | - João Meneses
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Leiria, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fábio F F Garrudo
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia R Fernandes
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Leiria, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4163, 2411-901, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Pascoal-Faria
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Leiria, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Morro do Lena - Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4163, 2411-901, Leiria, Portugal.
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6
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Thangadurai M, Srinivasan SS, Sekar MP, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Emerging perspectives on 3D printed bioreactors for clinical translation of engineered and bioprinted tissue constructs. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:350-381. [PMID: 38084021 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01847d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
3D printed/bioprinted tissue constructs are utilized for the regeneration of damaged tissues and as in vitro models. Most of the fabricated 3D constructs fail to undergo functional maturation in conventional in vitro settings. There is a challenge to provide a suitable niche for the fabricated tissue constructs to undergo functional maturation. Bioreactors have emerged as a promising tool to enhance tissue maturation of the engineered constructs by providing physical/biological cues along with a controlled nutrient supply under dynamic in vitro conditions. Bioreactors provide an ambient microenvironment most appropriate for the development of functionally matured tissue constructs by promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation for transplantation and drug screening applications. Due to the huge cost and limited availability of commercial bioreactors, there is a need to develop strategies to make customized bioreactors. Additive manufacturing (AM) may be a viable tool to fabricate custom designed bioreactors with better efficiency and at low cost. In this review, we have extensively discussed the importance of bioreactors in functionalizing tissue engineered/3D bioprinted scaffolds for bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, nerve, and vascular tissue. In addition, the importance and fabrication of customized 3D printed bioreactors for the maturation of tissue engineered constructs are discussed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in translating commercial and custom 3D printed bioreactors for clinical applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumithra Thangadurai
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Sai Sadhananth Srinivasan
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Muthu Parkkavi Sekar
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
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7
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Mazzoni E, Iaquinta MR, Mosaico M, De Pace R, D'Agostino A, Tognon M, Martini F. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Innovative Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:514-531. [PMID: 37212264 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a significant topic in regenerative medicine, with a predominant role being played by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The hMSCs have been shown to be suitable in regenerative medicine for the treatment of bone tissue. In the last few years, the average lifespan of our population has gradually increased. The need of biocompatible materials, which exhibit high performances, such as efficiency in bone regeneration, has been highlighted by aging. Current studies emphasize the benefit of using biomimetic biomaterials, also known as scaffolds, for bone grafts to speed up bone repair at the fracture site. For the healing of injured bone and bone regeneration, regenerative medicine techniques utilizing a combination of these biomaterials, together with cells and bioactive substances, have drawn a great interest. Cell therapy, based on the use of hMSCs, alongside materials for the healing of damaged bone, has obtained promising results. In this work, several aspects of cell biology, tissue engineering, and biomaterials applied to bone healing/regrowth will be considered. In addition, the role of hMSCs in these fields and recent progress in clinical applications are discussed. Impact Statement The restoration of large bone defects is both a challenging clinical issue and a socioeconomic problem on a global scale. Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed for human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), considering their paracrine effect and potential differentiation into osteoblasts. However, different limitations are still to be overcome in using hMSCs as a therapeutic opportunity in bone fracture repair, including hMSC administration methods. To identify a suitable hMSC delivery system, new strategies have been proposed using innovative biomaterials. This review provides an update of the literature on hMSC/scaffold clinical applications for the management of bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Iaquinta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Mosaico
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Agostino
- Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Boretti G, Giordano E, Ionita M, Vlasceanu GM, Sigurjónsson ÓE, Gargiulo P, Lovecchio J. Human Bone-Marrow-Derived Stem-Cell-Seeded 3D Chitosan-Gelatin-Genipin Scaffolds Show Enhanced Extracellular Matrix Mineralization When Cultured under a Perfusion Flow in Osteogenic Medium. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5898. [PMID: 37687590 PMCID: PMC10488422 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered bone tissue grafts are a promising alternative to the more conventional use of natural donor bone grafts. However, choosing an appropriate biomaterial/scaffold to sustain cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation in a 3D environment remains one of the most critical issues in this domain. Recently, chitosan/gelatin/genipin (CGG) hybrid scaffolds have been proven as a more suitable environment to induce osteogenic commitment in undifferentiated cells when doped with graphene oxide (GO). Some concern is, however, raised towards the use of graphene and graphene-related material in medical applications. The purpose of this work was thus to check if the osteogenic potential of CGG scaffolds without added GO could be increased by improving the medium diffusion in a 3D culture of differentiating cells. To this aim, the level of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization was evaluated in human bone-marrow-derived stem cell (hBMSC)-seeded 3D CGG scaffolds upon culture under a perfusion flow in a dedicated custom-made bioreactor system. One week after initiating dynamic culture, histological/histochemical evaluations of CGG scaffolds were carried out to analyze the early osteogenic commitment of the culture. The analyses show the enhanced ECM mineralization of the 3D perfused culture compared to the static counterpart. The results of this investigation reveal a new perspective on more efficient clinical applications of CGG scaffolds without added GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Boretti
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, 47522 Cesena, FC, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Mariana Ionita
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.); (G.M.V.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- eBio-Hub Research Centre, University Politehnica of Bucharest-Campus, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mihail Vlasceanu
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.); (G.M.V.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
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9
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Yamada S, Ockermann PN, Schwarz T, Mustafa K, Hansmann J. Translation of biophysical environment in bone into dynamic cell culture under flow for bone tissue engineering. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4395-4407. [PMID: 37711188 PMCID: PMC10498129 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic environment where osteocytes, osteoblasts, and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells perceive mechanical cues and regulate bone metabolism accordingly. In particular, interstitial fluid flow in bone and bone marrow serves as a primary biophysical stimulus, which regulates the growth and fate of the cellular components of bone. The processes of mechano-sensory and -transduction towards bone formation have been well studied mainly in vivo as well as in two-dimensional (2D) dynamic cell culture platforms, which elucidated mechanically induced osteogenesis starting with anabolic responses, such as production of nitrogen oxide and prostaglandins followed by the activation of canonical Wnt signaling, upon mechanosensation. The knowledge has been now translated into regenerative medicine, particularly into the field of bone tissue engineering, where multipotent stem cells are combined with three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding biomaterials to produce transplantable constructs for bone regeneration. In the presence of 3D scaffolds, the importance of suitable dynamic cell culture platforms increases further not only to improve mass transfer inside the scaffolds but to provide appropriate biophysical cues to guide cell fate. In principle, the concept of dynamic cell culture platforms is rooted to bone mechanobiology. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on biophysical environment in bone and its translation into dynamic cell culture platforms commonly used for 2D and 3D cell expansion, including their advancement, challenges, and future perspectives. Additionally, it provides the literature review of recent empirical studies using 2D and 3D flow-based dynamic cell culture systems for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Center of Translational Oral Research-Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Niklas Ockermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center of Translational Oral Research-Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Germany
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10
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Kronstadt SM, Patel DB, Born LJ, Levy D, Lerman MJ, Mahadik B, McLoughlin ST, Fasuyi A, Fowlkes L, Van Heyningen LH, Aranda A, Abadchi SN, Chang KH, Hsu ATW, Bengali S, Harmon JW, Fisher JP, Jay SM. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture within Perfusion Bioreactors Incorporating 3D-Printed Scaffolds Enables Improved Extracellular Vesicle Yield with Preserved Bioactivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300584. [PMID: 36930747 PMCID: PMC10505252 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles in various diseases. However, successful clinical translation will depend on the development of scalable biomanufacturing approaches, especially due to the documented low levels of intrinsic EV-associated cargo that may necessitate repeated doses to achieve clinical benefit in certain applications. Thus, here the effects of a 3D-printed scaffold-perfusion bioreactor system are assessed on the production and bioactivity of EVs secreted from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a cell type widely implicated in generating EVs with therapeutic potential. The results indicate that perfusion bioreactor culture induces an ≈40-80-fold increase (depending on measurement method) in MSC EV production compared to conventional cell culture. Additionally, MSC EVs generated using the perfusion bioreactor system significantly improve wound healing in a diabetic mouse model, with increased CD31+ staining in wound bed tissue compared to animals treated with flask cell culture-generated MSC EVs. Overall, this study establishes a promising solution to a major EV translational bottleneck, with the capacity for tunability for specific applications and general improvement alongside advancements in 3D-printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Divya B Patel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Max J Lerman
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shannon T McLoughlin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arafat Fasuyi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lauren Fowlkes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Angela Ting Wei Hsu
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sameer Bengali
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John W Harmon
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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11
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Jaramillo-Cañas W, Britto-Bisso F, Fernandez-Valiente C, Casado FL. Open-source perfusion system for medium-scale fabrication of demineralized bone matrix chip grafts. HARDWAREX 2023; 13:e00378. [PMID: 36483326 PMCID: PMC9722481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is considered one of the most reliable bone tissue grafts for regular surgical use, as it provides a scaffold that is structurally like native bone, and that enhances bone regeneration. However, commercially available DBM products are not suited for surgical restitutions of large bones. Therefore, each Tissue Bank is urged to implement their own demineralization protocol, which usually does not meet the high demand for bone grafting. In this project, we developed an open source system for medium-scale manufacturing of DBM grafts from human cadaveric donors to automate the demineralization protocol and improve its reproducibility. The device consists in (1) unidirectional flow reaction chamber, where the demineralization protocol takes place; (2) automated syringe pump, which controls the reagent́s inlet and vacuum; and (3) reagent dispenser, for the management of the reagents need for the demineralization protocol. Validation of the device included histological analysis, DNA quantification temperature regulation, electrochemiluminescence and colorimetric protocols, followed by the optimization of physicochemical parameters based on Response Surface Methodology. The results showed values of residual lipids and calcium within standardized ranges, and the maintenance of the structural integrity of the DBM, demonstrating the capacity of the system to support the proposed demineralization protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Britto-Bisso
- Program of Biomedical Engineering PUCP-UPCH, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Avenida Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, Peru
| | - Cesar Fernandez-Valiente
- Program of Biomedical Engineering PUCP-UPCH, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Avenida Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, Peru
| | - Fanny L. Casado
- Institute of Omics Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Avenida Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, Peru
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12
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Born G, Plantier E, Nannini G, Caimi A, Mazzoleni A, Asnaghi MA, Muraro MG, Scherberich A, Martin I, García-García A. Mini- and macro-scale direct perfusion bioreactors with optimized flow for engineering 3D tissues. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200405. [PMID: 36428229 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors enabling direct perfusion of cell suspensions or culture media through the pores of 3D scaffolds have long been used in tissue engineering to improve cell seeding efficiency as well as uniformity of cell distribution and tissue development. A macro-scale U-shaped bioreactor for cell culture under perfusion (U-CUP) has been previously developed. In that system, the geometry of the perfusion chamber results in rather uniform flow through most of the scaffold volume, but not in the peripheral regions. Here, the design of the perfusion chamber has been optimized to provide a more homogenous perfusion flow through the scaffold. Then, the design of this macro-scale flow-optimized perfusion bioreactor (macro-Flopper) has been miniaturized to create a mini-scale device (mini-Flopper) compatible with medium-throughput assays. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of the new chamber design, including a porous scaffold structure, revealed that Flopper bioreactors provide highly homogenous flow speed, pressure, and shear stress. Finally, a proof-of-principle of the functionality of the Flopper systems by engineering endothelialized stromal tissues using human adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells has been offered. Preliminary evidence showing that flow optimization improves cell maintenance in the engineered tissues will have to be confirmed in future studies. In summary, two bioreactor models with optimized perfusion flow and complementary sizes have been proposed that might be exploited to engineer homogenous tissues and, in the case of the mini-Flopper, for drug testing assays with a limited amount of biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordian Born
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelia Plantier
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Nannini
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Alessandro Caimi
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzoleni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Adelaide Asnaghi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrés García-García
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Watson E, Mikos AG. Advances in In Vitro and In Vivo Bioreactor-Based Bone Generation for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0004. [PMID: 37849672 PMCID: PMC10521661 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial reconstruction requires robust bone of specified geometry for the repair to be both functional and aesthetic. While native bone from elsewhere in the body can be harvested, shaped, and implanted within a defect, using either an in vitro or in vivo bioreactors eliminates donor site morbidity while increasing the customizability of the generated tissue. In vitro bioreactors utilize cells harvested from the patient, a scaffold, and a device to increase mass transfer of nutrients, oxygen, and waste, allowing for generation of larger viable tissues. In vivo bioreactors utilize the patient's own body as a source of cells and of nutrient transfer and involve the implantation of a scaffold with or without growth factors adjacent to vasculature, followed by the eventual transfer of vascularized, mineralized tissue to the defect site. Several different models of in vitro bioreactors exist, and several different implantation sites have been successfully utilized for in vivo tissue generation and defect repair in humans. In this review, we discuss the specifics of each bioreactor strategy, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each and the future directions for the engineering of bony tissues for craniofacial defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Darshna, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Chandra P. Bioengineering of bone tissues using bioreactors for modulation of mechano-sensitivity in bone. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-41. [PMID: 36596226 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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15
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Scala P, Lovecchio J, Lamparelli EP, Vitolo R, Giudice V, Giordano E, Selleri C, Rehak L, Maffulli N, Della Porta G. Myogenic commitment of human stem cells by myoblasts Co-culture: a static vs. a dynamic approach. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 50:49-58. [PMID: 35188030 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2039684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An in-vitro model of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) myogenic commitment by synergic effect of a differentiation media coupled with human primary skeletal myoblasts (hSkMs) co-culture was developed adopting both conventional static co-seeding and perfused culture systems. Static co-seeding provided a notable outcome in terms of gene expression with a significant increase of Desmin (141-fold) and Myosin heavy chain II (MYH2, 32-fold) at day 21, clearly detected also by semi-quantitative immunofluorescence. Under perfusion conditions, myogenic induction ability of hSkMs on hBM-MSCs was exerted by paracrine effect with an excellent gene overexpression and immunofluorescence detection of MYH2 protein; furthermore, due to the dynamic cell culture in separate wells, western blot data were acquired confirming a successful cell commitment at day 14. A significant increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, including IL-10 and IL-4 (15-fold and 11-fold, respectively) at day 14, with respect to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12A (7-fold at day 21) and IL-1β (1.4-fold at day 7) was also detected during dynamic culture, confirming the immunomodulatory activity of hBM-MSCs along with commitment events. The present study opens interesting perspectives on the use of dynamic culture based on perfusion as a versatile tool to study myogenic events and paracrine cross-talk compared to the simple co-seeding static culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Scala
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy
| | - J Lovecchio
- Mol Cel Eng. Lab "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell'Universitá 50, 47522 Cesena, Forlí-Cesena (FC), Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - E P Lamparelli
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy
| | - R Vitolo
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy
| | - V Giudice
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy
| | - E Giordano
- Mol Cel Eng. Lab "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell'Universitá 50, 47522 Cesena, Forlí-Cesena (FC), Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna (BO), Italy.,Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125 Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - C Selleri
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy
| | - L Rehak
- Athena Biomedical innovations, Viale Europa 139, Florence (FI), 50126, Italy
| | - N Maffulli
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy
| | - G Della Porta
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno (SA), Italy.,Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno (SA), Italy
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16
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Cortesi M, Giordano E. Non-destructive monitoring of 3D cell cultures: new technologies and applications. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13338. [PMID: 35582620 PMCID: PMC9107788 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell cultures are becoming the new standard for cell-based in vitro research, due to their higher transferrability toward in vivo biology. The lack of established techniques for the non-destructive quantification of relevant variables, however, constitutes a major barrier to the adoption of these technologies, as it increases the resources needed for the experimentation and reduces its accuracy. In this review, we aim at addressing this limitation by providing an overview of different non-destructive approaches for the evaluation of biological features commonly quantified in a number of studies and applications. In this regard, we will cover cell viability, gene expression, population distribution, cell morphology and interactions between the cells and the environment. This analysis is expected to promote the use of the showcased technologies, together with the further development of these and other monitoring methods for 3D cell cultures. Overall, an extensive technology shift is required, in order for monolayer cultures to be superseded, but the potential benefit derived from an increased accuracy of in vitro studies, justifies the effort and the investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ”G.Marconi”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ”G.Marconi”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Fang F, Linstadt RTH, Genin GM, Ahn K, Thomopoulos S. Mechanically Competent Chitosan-Based Bioadhesive for Tendon-to-Bone Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102344. [PMID: 35026059 PMCID: PMC9117437 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current suture-based surgical techniques used to repair torn rotator cuff tendons do not result in mechanically competent tendon-to-bone attachments, leading to high postoperative failure rates. Although adhesives have been proposed to protect against sutures tearing through tendon during healing, no currently available adhesive meets the clinical needs of adhesive strength, biocompatibility, and promotion of healing. Here, a biocompatible, graded, 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl chitosan (BGC) bioadhesive designed to meet these needs is presented. Although 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl chitosan (DP-chitosan) bioadhesives are biocompatible, their adhesion strength is low; soluble oxidants or cross-linking agents can be added for higher bonding strength, but this sacrifices biocompatibility. These challenges are overcome by developing a periodate-modified ion exchange resin-bead filtration system that oxidizes catechol moieties to quinones and filters off the activating agent and resin. The resulting BGC bioadhesive exhibited sixfold higher strength compared to commercially available tissue adhesives, with strength in the range necessary to improve tendon-to-bone repair (≈1MPa, ≈20% of current suture repair strength). The bioadhesive is biocompatible and promoted tenogenesis; cells exposed to the bioadhesive demonstrated enhanced expression of collagen I and the tenogenic marker Scx. Results demonstrated that the bioadhesive has the potential to improve the strength of a tendon-to-bone repair and promote healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Columbia University New York NY 10032 USA
| | | | - Guy M. Genin
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Kollbe Ahn
- ACatechol, Inc. Santa Barbara CA 93103 USA
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18
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Lovecchio J, Cortesi M, Zani M, Govoni M, Dallari D, Giordano E. Fiber Thickness and Porosity Control in a Biopolymer Scaffold 3D Printed through a Converted Commercial FDM Device. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2394. [PMID: 35407727 PMCID: PMC8999610 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has opened exciting new opportunities for the in vitro fabrication of biocompatible hybrid pseudo-tissues. Technologies based on additive manufacturing herald a near future when patients will receive therapies delivering functional tissue substitutes for the repair of their musculoskeletal tissue defects. In particular, bone tissue engineering (BTE) might extensively benefit from such an approach. However, designing an optimal 3D scaffold with adequate stiffness and biodegradability properties also guaranteeing the correct cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, is still a challenge. The aim of this work was the rewiring of a commercial fuse deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer into a 3D bioplotter, aiming at obtaining scaffold fiber thickness and porosity control during its manufacturing. Although it is well-established that FDM is a fast and low-price technology, the high temperatures required for printing lead to limitations in the biomaterials that can be used. In our hands, modifying the printing head of the FDM device with a custom-made holder has allowed to print hydrogels commonly used for embedding living cells. The results highlight a good resolution, reproducibility and repeatability of alginate/gelatin scaffolds obtained via our custom 3D bioplotter prototype, showing a viable strategy to equip a small-medium laboratory with an instrument for manufacturing good-quality 3D scaffolds for cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; (M.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Marilisa Cortesi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; (M.C.); (E.G.)
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Marco Zani
- Mark One S.r.l., 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy;
| | - Marco Govoni
- Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques-Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, RE, Italy; (M.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Dante Dallari
- Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques-Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, RE, Italy; (M.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; (M.C.); (E.G.)
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
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19
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Bioengineering Outlook on Cultivated Meat Production. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030402. [PMID: 35334693 PMCID: PMC8950996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat (also referred to as cultivated meat or cell-based meat)—CM—is fabricated through the process of cellular agriculture (CA), which entails application of bioengineering, i.e., tissue engineering (TE) principles to the production of food. The main TE principles include usage of cells, grown in a controlled environment provided by bioreactors and cultivation media supplemented with growth factors and other needed nutrients and signaling molecules, and seeded onto the immobilization elements—microcarriers and scaffolds that provide the adhesion surfaces necessary for anchor-dependent cells and offer 3D organization for multiple cell types. Theoretically, many solutions from regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering can be applied in CM-TE, i.e., CA. However, in practice, there are a number of specificities regarding fabrication of a CM product that needs to fulfill not only the majority of functional criteria of muscle and fat TE, but also has to possess the sensory and nutritional qualities of a traditional food component, i.e., the meat it aims to replace. This is the reason that bioengineering aimed at CM production needs to be regarded as a specific scientific discipline of a multidisciplinary nature, integrating principles from biomedical engineering as well as from food manufacturing, design and development, i.e., food engineering. An important requirement is also the need to use as little as possible of animal-derived components in the whole CM bioprocess. In this review, we aim to present the current knowledge on different bioengineering aspects, pertinent to different current scientific disciplines but all relevant for CM engineering, relevant for muscle TE, including different cell sources, bioreactor types, media requirements, bioprocess monitoring and kinetics and their modifications for use in CA, all in view of their potential for efficient CM bioprocess scale-up. We believe such a review will offer a good overview of different bioengineering strategies for CM production and will be useful to a range of interested stakeholders, from students just entering the CA field to experienced researchers looking for the latest innovations in the field.
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20
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Canadas RF, Liu Z, Gasperini L, Fernandes DC, Maia FR, Reis RL, Marques AP, Liu C, Oliveira JM. Numerical and experimental simulation of a dynamic-rotational 3D cell culture for stratified living tissue models. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35172294 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac55a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human tissues and organs are inherently heterogeneous, and their functionality is determined by the interplay between cell types, their secondary architecture, and gradients of signalling molecules and metabolites. To mimic the dynamics of native tissues, perfusion bioreactors and microfluidic devices are widely used, enhancing cell culture viability in the core of 3D constructs. Still, most in vitro methods for drug screening include cell or tissue exposure to constant and homogeneous compound concentrations over the testing period. Moreover, a prevalent issue inhibiting the large-scale adoption of microfluidics and bioreactors is the tubing dependence to induce a perfusion regime. Here, we propose a compartmentalized rotational (CR) bioreactor for stable control over gradient tissue culture conditions. Using the CR bioreactor, adjacent culture lanes are patterned by controlled flow dynamics to enable tissue stratification. Numerical and experimental models demonstrate cell seeding dynamics, as well as culture media rotational perfusion and gradient formations. Additionally, the developed system induces vertical and horizontal rotations, which increase medium exchange and homogeneous construct maturation, allowing both perfused tubing-based and tubing-free approaches. As a proof-of-concept, experiments are accompanied by a numerical model able to simulate the cellular inoculation, growth, and dynamic cell culture in 3D scaffolds and hydrogel. The examination of a blood-brain-barrier (BBB) model demonstrates the impact of a heterotypic culture on molecular permeability under mimetic dynamic conditions. Briefly, the present work discloses the simulation of 3D dynamic cultures, and a semi-automated platform for heterotypic tissues in vitro modelling, for broad tissue engineering and drug discovery/screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael F Canadas
- University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Braga, 4704-553, PORTUGAL
| | - Ziyu Liu
- University College London, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, London, WC1E 6BT, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Luca Gasperini
- University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Guimaraes, 4805-017, PORTUGAL
| | - Diogo C Fernandes
- University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Guimaraes, 4805-017, PORTUGAL
| | - Fátima Raquel Maia
- , University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Guimaraes, 4805-017, PORTUGAL
| | - Rui L Reis
- University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Guimaraes, 4805-017, PORTUGAL
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Guimaraes, 4805-017, PORTUGAL
| | - Chaozong Liu
- University College London, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, London, HA7 4LP, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- University of Minho, 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandr, Guimaraes, 4805-017, PORTUGAL
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21
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Bioengineered Living Bone Grafts-A Concise Review on Bioreactors and Production Techniques In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031765. [PMID: 35163687 PMCID: PMC8836415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that bone fractures carry a risk of high mortality and morbidity. The deployment of a proper bone healing method is essential to achieve the desired success. Over the years, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has appeared to be a very promising approach aimed at restoring bone defects. The main role of the BTE is to apply new, efficient, and functional bone regeneration therapy via a combination of bone scaffolds with cells and/or healing promotive factors (e.g., growth factors and bioactive agents). The modern approach involves also the production of living bone grafts in vitro by long-term culture of cell-seeded biomaterials, often with the use of bioreactors. This review presents the most recent findings concerning biomaterials, cells, and techniques used for the production of living bone grafts under in vitro conditions. Particular attention has been given to features of known bioreactor systems currently used in BTE: perfusion bioreactors, rotating bioreactors, and spinner flask bioreactors. Although bioreactor systems are still characterized by some limitations, they are excellent platforms to form bioengineered living bone grafts in vitro for bone fracture regeneration. Moreover, the review article also describes the types of biomaterials and sources of cells that can be used in BTE as well as the role of three-dimensional bioprinting and pulsed electromagnetic fields in both bone healing and BTE.
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22
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Lovecchio J, Betti V, Cortesi M, Ravagli E, Severi S, Giordano E. Design of a custom-made device for real-time optical measurement of differential mineral concentrations in three-dimensional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210791. [PMID: 35242342 PMCID: PMC8753176 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring bone tissue engineered (TEed) constructs during their maturation is important to ensure the quality of applied protocols. Several destructive, mainly histochemical, methods are conventionally used to this aim, requiring the sacrifice of the investigated samples. This implies (i) to plan several scaffold replicates, (ii) expensive and time consuming procedures and (iii) to infer the maturity level of a given tissue construct from a cognate replica. To solve these issues, non-destructive techniques such as light spectroscopy-based methods have been reported to be useful. Here, a miniaturized and inexpensive custom-made spectrometer device is proposed to enable the non-destructive analysis of hydrogel scaffolds. Testing involved samples with a differential amount of calcium salt. When compared to a reference standard device, this custom-made spectrometer demonstrates the ability to perform measurements without requiring elaborate sample preparation and/or a complex instrumentation. This preliminary study shows the feasibility of light spectroscopy-based methods as useful for the non-destructive analysis of TEed constructs. Based on these results, this custom-made spectrometer device appears as a useful option to perform real-time/in-line analysis. Finally, this device can be considered as a component that can be easily integrated on board of recently prototyped bioreactor systems, for the monitoring of TEed constructs during their conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering ‘Silvio Cavalcanti’—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ‘Guglielmo Marconi’ (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - V. Betti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering ‘Silvio Cavalcanti’—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ‘Guglielmo Marconi’ (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - M. Cortesi
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - E. Ravagli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - S. Severi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering ‘Silvio Cavalcanti’—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ‘Guglielmo Marconi’ (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - E. Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering ‘Silvio Cavalcanti’—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ‘Guglielmo Marconi’ (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
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23
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Rios-Galacho M, Martinez-Moreno D, López-Ruiz E, Galvez-Martin P, Marchal JA. An overview on the manufacturing of functional and mature cellular skin substitutes. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:1035-1052. [PMID: 34652978 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are different types of skin diseases due to chronic injuries that impede the natural healing process of the skin. Tissue engineering (TE) has focused on the development of bioengineered skin or skin substitutes that cover the wound, providing the necessary care to restore the functionality of injured skin. There are two types of substitutes: acellular skin substitutes (ASSs), which offer a low response of the body, and cellular skin substitutes (CSSs), which incorporate living cells and appear as a great alternative in the treatment of skin injuries due to them presenting a greater interaction and integration with the rest of the body. For the development of a CSS, it is necessary to select the most suitable biomaterials, cell components, and methodology of biofabrication for the wound to be treated. Moreover, these CSSs are immature substitutes that must undergo a maturing process in specific bioreactors, guaranteeing their functionality. The bioreactor simulates the natural state of maturation of the skin by controlling parameters such as temperature, pressure, or humidity, allowing a homogeneous maturation of the CSSs in an aseptic environment. The use of bioreactors not only contributes to the maturation of the CSSs, but also offers a new way of obtaining large sections of skin substitutes or natural skin from small portions acquired from the patient, donor, or substitute. Based on the innovation of this technology and the need to develop efficient CSSs, this work offers an update on bioreactor technology in the field of skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena López-Ruiz
- Universidad de Jaen, 16747, Department of Health Sciences, Jaen, Andalucía, Spain;
| | | | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- University of Granada, humqn Anatomy and embriology, avd del conocimiento nº 11, Granada, Granada, Spain, 18016;
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24
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Chowdhuri S, Ghosh M, Adler-Abramovich L, Das D. The Effects of a Short Self-Assembling Peptide on the Physical and Biological Properties of Biopolymer Hydrogels. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101602. [PMID: 34683894 PMCID: PMC8537018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds have attracted much interest in the last few years for applications in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering. These scaffolds serve as a convenient three-dimensional structure on which cells can grow while sensing the native environment. Natural polymer-based hydrogels are an interesting choice for such purposes, but they lack the required mechanical properties. In contrast, composite hydrogels formed by biopolymers and short peptide hydrogelators possess mechanical characteristics suitable for osteogenesis. Here, we describe how combining the short peptide hydrogelator, Pyrene-Lysine-Cysteine (PyKC), with other biopolymers, can produce materials that are suitable for tissue engineering purposes. The presence of PyKC considerably enhances the strength and water content of the composite hydrogels, and confers thixotropic behavior. The hyaluronic acid-PyKC composite hydrogels were shown to be biocompatible, with the ability to support osteogenesis, since MC3 T3-E1 osteoblast progenitor cells grown on the materials displayed matrix calcification and osteogenic differentiation. The osteogenesis results and the injectability of these composite hydrogels hold promise for their future utilization in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chowdhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam 781039, India;
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, EM-4, EM Block, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Lihi Adler-Abramovich
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: (L.A.-A.); (D.D.)
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam 781039, India;
- Correspondence: (L.A.-A.); (D.D.)
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25
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Shi F, Xiao D, Zhang C, Zhi W, Liu Y, Weng J. The effect of macropore size of hydroxyapatite scaffold on the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells under perfusion culture. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab050. [PMID: 34567788 PMCID: PMC8457200 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have proved that dynamic culture could facilitate nutrients transport and apply mechanical stimulation to the cells within three-dimensional scaffolds, thus enhancing the differentiation of stem cells towards the osteogenic phenotype. However, the effects of macropore size on osteogenic differentiation of stem cells under dynamic condition are still unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of macropore size of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells under static and perfusion culture conditions. In vitro cell culture results showed that cell proliferation, alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of ALP, collagen-I (Col-I), osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) were enhanced when cultured under perfusion condition in comparison to static culture. Under perfusion culture condition, the ALP activity and the gene expression of ALP, Col-I, OCN and OPN were enhanced with the macropore size decreasing from 1300 to 800 µm. However, with the further decrease in macropore size from 800 to 500 µm, the osteogenic related gene expression and protein secretion were reduced. Computational fluid dynamics analysis showed that the distribution areas of medium- and high-speed flow increased with the decrease in macropore size, accompanied by the increase of the fluid shear stress within the scaffolds. These results confirm the effects of macropore size on fluid flow stimuli and cell differentiation, and also help optimize the macropore size of HAp scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Collaboration Innovation Center for Tissue Repair Material Engineering Technology, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, No.1 Shida Road, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, China.,Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, No.97 Renmin South Road, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.,College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111 North 1st Section of Second Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Dongqin Xiao
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, No.97 Renmin South Road, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, No.97 Renmin South Road, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.,College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111 North 1st Section of Second Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Wei Zhi
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111 North 1st Section of Second Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Collaboration Innovation Center for Tissue Repair Material Engineering Technology, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, No.1 Shida Road, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, China.,College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, No.1 Shida Road, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, China
| | - Jie Weng
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111 North 1st Section of Second Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
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26
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Ciardulli MC, Lovecchio J, Scala P, Lamparelli EP, Dale TP, Giudice V, Giordano E, Selleri C, Forsyth NR, Maffulli N, Della Porta G. 3D Biomimetic Scaffold for Growth Factor Controlled Delivery: An In-Vitro Study of Tenogenic Events on Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091448. [PMID: 34575523 PMCID: PMC8465418 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work described a bio-functionalized 3D fibrous construct, as an interactive teno-inductive graft model to study tenogenic potential events of human mesenchymal stem cells collected from Wharton’s Jelly (hWJ-MSCs). The 3D-biomimetic and bioresorbable scaffold was functionalized with nanocarriers for the local controlled delivery of a teno-inductive factor, i.e., the human Growth Differentiation factor 5 (hGDF-5). Significant results in terms of gene expression were obtained. Namely, the up-regulation of Scleraxis (350-fold, p ≤ 0.05), type I Collagen (8-fold), Decorin (2.5-fold), and Tenascin-C (1.3-fold) was detected at day 14; on the other hand, when hGDF-5 was supplemented in the external medium only (in absence of nanocarriers), a limited effect on gene expression was evident. Teno-inductive environment also induced pro-inflammatory, (IL-6 (1.6-fold), TNF (45-fold, p ≤ 0.001), and IL-12A (1.4-fold)), and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 (120-fold) and TGF-β1 (1.8-fold)) cytokine expression upregulation at day 14. The presented 3D construct opens perspectives for the study of drug controlled delivery devices to promote teno-regenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy; (J.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Pasqualina Scala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Erwin Pavel Lamparelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Tina Patricia Dale
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK; (T.P.D.); (N.R.F.)
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy; (J.L.); (E.G.)
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Nicholas Robert Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK; (T.P.D.); (N.R.F.)
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK; (T.P.D.); (N.R.F.)
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NL, UK
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (E.P.L.); (V.G.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-965-234
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Mokhtari-Jafari F, Amoabediny G, Dehghan MM, Abbasi Ravasjani S, Jabbari Fakhr M, Zamani Y. Osteogenic and Angiogenic Synergy of Human Adipose Stem Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Cocultured in a Modified Perfusion Bioreactor. Organogenesis 2021; 17:56-71. [PMID: 34323661 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2021.1954769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic promotion of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone tissue-engineered constructs remains a crucial clinical challenge, which might be overcome by simultaneous employment of superior techniques including coculture systems, differentiation-stimulated factors, combinatorial scaffolds and bioreactors.Current study investigated the effect of flow perfusion along with coculture of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation.Pre-treated hASCs with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were seeded onto poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate/polycaprolactone (PLGA/β-TCP/PCL) scaffold with/without HUVECs, and cultured for 14 days within a flask or modified perfusion bioreactor. Analysis of osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ALP staining indicates a synergistic effect of perfusion flow and coculture system on osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation. The advantage of modified perfusion bioreactor is its five-branch flow distributor which directly connect to the porous PCL hollow fibers embedded in the 3D scaffold to improve flow and flow-induced shear stress uniformity.Dynamic coculture increased VEGF165 by 6-fold, VEGF189 by 2-fold, and Endothelin-1 by 4-fold, relative to dynamic monoculture. Static coculture enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation, compared with static monoculture. Although dynamic coculture is in preference to static coculture due to significant increase in ALP activity and promoted angiogenic marker expression. Our finding is the first to indicate that the modified perfusion bioreactor combined with the beneficial cell-cell crosstalk in pre-treated hASC/HUVEC cocultures provides a synergy between osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of the accumulation of cells, suggesting that it represents a promising approach for regeneration of critical-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mokhtari-Jafari
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Amoabediny
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sonia Abbasi Ravasjani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoumeh Jabbari Fakhr
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Zamani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Gonçalves AM, Moreira A, Weber A, Williams GR, Costa PF. Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: The Potential of Electrospinning and Additive Manufacturing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:983. [PMID: 34209671 PMCID: PMC8309012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic impact of osteochondral (OC) damage has been increasing steadily over time in the global population, and the promise of tissue engineering in generating biomimetic tissues replicating the physiological OC environment and architecture has been falling short of its projected potential. The most recent advances in OC tissue engineering are summarised in this work, with a focus on electrospun and 3D printed biomaterials combined with stem cells and biochemical stimuli, to identify what is causing this pitfall between the bench and the patients' bedside. Even though significant progress has been achieved in electrospinning, 3D-(bio)printing, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies, it is still challenging to artificially emulate the OC interface and achieve complete regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues. Their intricate architecture and the need for tight spatiotemporal control of cellular and biochemical cues hinder the attainment of long-term functional integration of tissue-engineered constructs. Moreover, this complexity and the high variability in experimental conditions used in different studies undermine the scalability and reproducibility of prospective regenerative medicine solutions. It is clear that further development of standardised, integrative, and economically viable methods regarding scaffold production, cell selection, and additional biochemical and biomechanical stimulation is likely to be the key to accelerate the clinical translation and fill the gap in OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Moreira
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Achim Weber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
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Cortesi M, Samoré A, Lovecchio J, Ramilli R, Tartagni M, Giordano E, Crescentini M. Development of an electrical impedance tomography set-up for the quantification of mineralization in biopolymer scaffolds. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34190050 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. 3D cell cultures are becoming a fundamental resource forin-vitrostudies, as they mimic more closelyin-vivobehavior. The analysis of these constructs, however, generally rely on destructive techniques, that prevent the monitoring over time of the same construct, thus increasing the results variability and the resources needed for each experiment.Approach. In this work, we focus on mineralization, a crucial process during maturation of artificial bone models, and propose electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as an alternative non-destructive approach. In particular, we discuss the development of an integrated hardware/software system capable of acquiring experimental data from 3D scaffolds and reconstructing the corresponding conductivity maps. We also show how the same software can test how the measurement is affected by biological features such as scaffold shrinking during the culture.Main results. An initial validation, comprising the acquisition of both a non-conductive phantom and alginate/gelatin scaffolds with known calcium content will be presented, together with thein-silicostudy of a cell-induced mineralization process. This analysis will allow for an initial verification of the systems functionality while limiting the effects of biological variability due to cell number and activity.Significance. Our results show the potential of EIT for the non-destructive quantification of matrix mineralization in 3D scaffolds, and open to the possible long term monitoring of this fundamental hallmark of osteogenic differentiation in hybrid tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Cortesi
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Samoré
- Department of Mathematics Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering 'S. Cavalcanti', Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering 'G. Marconi' (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramilli
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Tartagni
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering 'S. Cavalcanti', Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering 'G. Marconi' (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering 'S. Cavalcanti', Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering 'G. Marconi' (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.,Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Crescentini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering 'S. Cavalcanti', Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering 'G. Marconi' (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.,Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
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Pasini A, Lovecchio J, Cortesi M, Liverani C, Spadazzi C, Mercatali L, Ibrahim T, Giordano E. Perfusion Flow Enhances Viability and Migratory Phenotype in 3D-Cultured Breast Cancer Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2103-2113. [PMID: 33543395 PMCID: PMC8455496 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional 2D cell culture, a traditional tool in pre-clinical studies, can hardly be regarded as a representation of a natural cell microenvironment. In this respect, it might result in altered cellular behaviors. To overcome such a limitation, different approaches have been tested to conduct more representative in vitro studies. In particular, the use of 3D cell culture introduces variables, such as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions; cell features such as survival, proliferation and migration are consequently influenced. For an example, an enhanced drug resistance and increased invasiveness are shown by cancer cells when cultured in 3D versus 2D conventional culture models. In this setting however, non-uniform cell distribution and biological behaviors appear throughout the scaffold, due to reduced diffusion of oxygen and nutrients. Perfusion in bioreactor systems can be used to improve medium transport. In this line of reasoning, this study proposes a breast cancer cell culture model sustained by an integrated approach that couples a 3D environment and a fluid perfusion. This model improves viability and uniformness of cell distribution, while inducing morphological, functional and molecular cancer cell remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pasini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Cesena, FC, Italy.
| | - Marilisa Cortesi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Chiara Liverani
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Spadazzi
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Laura Mercatali
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Cesena, FC, Italy
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Fakhri E, Eslami H, Maroufi P, Pakdel F, Taghizadeh S, Ganbarov K, Yousefi M, Tanomand A, Yousefi B, Mahmoudi S, Kafil HS. Chitosan biomaterials application in dentistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:956-974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Alhudaithy S, Abdulmalik S, Kumbar SG, Hoshino K. Design, Fabrication, and Validation of a Petri Dish-Compatible PDMS Bioreactor for the Tensile Stimulation and Characterization of Microtissues. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E892. [PMID: 32993158 PMCID: PMC7650815 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on a novel biocompatible micromechanical bioreactor (actuator and sensor) designed for the in situ manipulation and characterization of live microtissues. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an application-targeted sterile bioreactor that is accessible, inexpensive, adjustable, and easily fabricated. Our method relies on a simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding technique for fabrication and is compatible with commonly-used laboratory equipment and materials. Our unique design includes a flexible thin membrane that allows for the transfer of an external actuation into the PDMS beam-based actuator and sensor placed inside a conventional 35 mm cell culture Petri dish. Through computational analysis followed by experimental testing, we demonstrated its functionality, accuracy, sensitivity, and tunable operating range. Through time-course testing, the actuator delivered strains of over 20% to biodegradable electrospun poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 85:15 non-aligned nanofibers (~91 µm thick). At the same time, the sensor was able to characterize time-course changes in Young's modulus (down to 10-150 kPa), induced by an application of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Furthermore, the actuator delivered strains of up to 4% to PDMS monolayers (~30 µm thick), simultaneously characterizing their elastic modulus up to ~2.2 MPa. The platform repeatedly applied dynamic (0.23 Hz) tensile stimuli to live Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) cells for 12 hours (h) and recorded the cellular reorientation towards two angle regimes, with averages of -58.85° and +56.02°. The device biocompatibility with live cells was demonstrated for one week, with no signs of cytotoxicity. We can conclude that our PDMS bioreactor is advantageous for low-cost tissue/cell culture micromanipulation studies involving mechanical actuation and characterization. Our device eliminates the need for an expensive experimental setup for cell micromanipulation, increasing the ease of live-cell manipulation studies by providing an affordable way of conducting high-throughput experiments without the need to open the Petri dish, reducing manual handling, cross-contamination, supplies, and costs. The device design, material, and methods allow the user to define the operational range based on their targeted samples/application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soliman Alhudaithy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sama Abdulmalik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
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Mendonça da Silva J, Erro E, Awan M, Chalmers SA, Fuller B, Selden C. Small-Scale Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for Long-Term Dynamic Culture of 3D Cell Constructs and in vitro Testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:895. [PMID: 32974291 PMCID: PMC7468403 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing interest in three-dimensional (3D) cell constructs that better represent native tissues, comes the need to also invest in devices, i.e., bioreactors, that provide a controlled dynamic environment similar to the perfusion mechanism observed in vivo. Here a laboratory-scale fluidized bed bioreactor (sFBB) was designed for hydrogel (i.e., alginate) encapsulated cells to generate a dynamic culture system that produced a homogenous milieu and host substantial biomass for long-term evolution of tissue-like structures and “per cell” performance analysis. The bioreactor design, conceptualized through scale-down empirical similarity rules, was initially validated through computational fluid dynamics analysis for the distributor capacity of homogenously dispersing the flow with an average fluid velocity of 4.596 × 10–4 m/s. Experimental tests then demonstrated a consistent fluidization of hydrogel spheres, while maintaining shape and integrity (606.9 ± 99.3 μm diameter and 0.96 shape factor). It also induced mass transfer in and out of the hydrogel at a faster rate than static conditions. Finally, the sFBB sustained culture of alginate encapsulated hepatoblastoma cells for 12 days promoting proliferation into highly viable (>97%) cell spheroids at a high final density of 27.3 ± 0.78 million cells/mL beads. This was reproducible across multiple units set up in parallel and operating simultaneously. The sFBB prototype constitutes a simple and robust tool to generate 3D cell constructs, expandable into a multi-unit setup for simultaneous observations and for future development and biological evaluation of in vitro tissue models and their responses to different agents, increasing the complexity and speed of R&D processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mendonça da Silva
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloy Erro
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maooz Awan
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherri-Ann Chalmers
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Fuller
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Selden
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Investigation of the Influence of Liquid Motion in a Flow-Based System on an Enzyme Aggregation State with an Atomic Force Microscopy Sensor: The Effect of Glycerol Flow. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy is employed to study the influence of the motion of a glycerol solution through a coiled (spiral-wound) polymeric communication pipe on the aggregation state of a protein, with the example of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme. The measuring cell with the buffered solution of the protein was placed within the experimental setup over the pipe coil, through which glycerol was pumped. It is demonstrated that, in such a system, the flow of a non-aqueous liquid (glycerol) leads to a change in the physicochemical properties of a protein, whose solution was incubated in the measuring cell placed over the coil. Namely, changes in both the adsorbability onto mica and the aggregation state of the model HRP protein were observed. As glycerol-containing liquids are commonly used in biosensor operations, the results reported herein can be useful to the development of biosensor systems, in which polymeric communications are employed in sample delivery and thermal stabilization systems. The data obtained herein can also be of use for the development of specified hydrodynamic models.
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Role of biomechanics in vascularization of tissue-engineered bones. J Biomech 2020; 110:109920. [PMID: 32827778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial based reconstruction is still the most commonly employed method of small bone defect reconstruction. Bone tissue-engineered techniques are improving, and adjuncts such as vascularization technologies allow re-evaluation of traditional reconstructive methods for healingofcritical-sized bone defect. Slow infiltration rate of vasculogenesis after cell-seeded scaffold implantation limits the use of clinically relevant large-sized scaffolds. Hence, in vitro vascularization within the tissue-engineered bone before implantation is required to overcome the serious challenge of low cell survival rate after implantation which affects bone tissue regeneration and osseointegration. Mechanobiological interactions between cells and microvascular mechanics regulate biological processes regarding cell behavior. In addition, load-bearing scaffolds demand mechanical stability properties after vascularization to have adequate strength while implanted. With the advent of bioreactors, vascularization has been greatly improved by biomechanical regulation of stem cell differentiation through fluid-induced shear stress and synergizing osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation in multispecies coculture cells. The benefits of vascularization are clear: avoidance of mass transfer limitation and oxygen deprivation, a significant decrease in cell necrosis, and consequently bone development, regeneration and remodeling. Here, we discuss specific techniques to avoid pitfalls and optimize vascularization results of tissue-engineered bone. Cell source, scaffold modifications and bioreactor design, and technique specifics all play a critical role in this new, and rapidly growing method for bone defect reconstruction. Given the crucial importance of long-term survival of vascular network in physiological function of 3D engineered-bone constructs, greater knowledge of vascularization approaches may lead to the development of new strategies towards stabilization of formed vascular structure.
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Ciardulli MC, Marino L, Lovecchio J, Giordano E, Forsyth NR, Selleri C, Maffulli N, Porta GD. Tendon and Cytokine Marker Expression by Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Hyaluronate/Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)/Fibrin Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffold. Cells 2020; 9:E1268. [PMID: 32443833 PMCID: PMC7291129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a (three-dimensional) 3D scaffold, we named HY-FIB, incorporating a force-transmission band of braided hyaluronate embedded in a cell localizing fibrin hydrogel and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanocarriers as transient components for growth factor controlled delivery. The tenogenic supporting capacity of HY-FIB on human-Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBM-MSCs) was explored under static conditions and under bioreactor-induced cyclic strain conditions. HY-FIB elasticity enabled to deliver a mean shear stress of 0.09 Pa for 4 h/day. Tendon and cytokine marker expression by hBM-MSCs were studied. Results: hBM-MSCs embedded in HY-FIB and subjected to mechanical stimulation, resulted in a typical tenogenic phenotype, as indicated by type 1 Collagen fiber immunofluorescence. RT-qPCR showed an increase of type 1 Collagen, scleraxis, and decorin gene expression (3-fold, 1600-fold, and 3-fold, respectively, at day 11) in dynamic conditions. Cells also showed pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF, IL-12A, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β1) cytokine gene expressions, with a significant increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines in dynamic conditions (IL-10 and TGF-β1 300-fold and 4-fold, respectively, at day 11). Mechanical signaling, conveyed by HY-FIB to hBM-MSCs, promoted tenogenic gene markers expression and a pro-repair cytokine balance. The results provide strong evidence in support of the HY-FIB system and its interaction with cells and its potential for use as a predictive in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Luigi Marino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522 Cesena (FC), Italy; (J.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522 Cesena (FC), Italy; (J.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK;
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London E1 4NL, UK
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Picone G, Cappadone C, Pasini A, Lovecchio J, Cortesi M, Farruggia G, Lombardo M, Gianoncelli A, Mancini L, Ralf H. M, Donato S, Giordano E, Malucelli E, Iotti S. Analysis of Intracellular Magnesium and Mineral Depositions during Osteogenic Commitment of 3D Cultured Saos2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072368. [PMID: 32235449 PMCID: PMC7177893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the behaviour of intracellular magnesium during bone phenotype modulation in a 3D cell model built to mimic osteogenesis. In addition, we measured the amount of magnesium in the mineral depositions generated during osteogenic induction. A two-fold increase of intracellular magnesium content was found, both at three and seven days from the induction of differentiation. By X-ray microscopy, we characterized the morphology and chemical composition of the mineral depositions secreted by 3D cultured differentiated cells finding a marked co-localization of Mg with P at seven days of differentiation. This is the first experimental evidence on the presence of Mg in the mineral depositions generated during biomineralization, suggesting that Mg incorporation occurs during the bone forming process. In conclusion, this study on the one hand attests to an evident involvement of Mg in the process of cell differentiation, and, on the other hand, indicates that its multifaceted role needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Picone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Concettina Cappadone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Alice Pasini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Menk Ralf H.
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
- INFN section of Trieste, 2-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Sandro Donato
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Emil Malucelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-5414
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
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Lovecchio J, Pannella M, Giardino L, Calzà L, Giordano E. A dynamic culture platform enhances the efficiency of the 3D HUVEC-based tube formation assay. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:789-797. [PMID: 31736057 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based in vitro biological models traditionally use monolayer cell cultures grown over plastic surfaces bathing in static media. Higher fidelity to a natural biological tissue is expected to result from growing the cells in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix. However, due to the decreased rate of diffusion inherent to increased distances within a tridimensional space, proper fluidic conditions are needed in this setting to better approximate a physiological environment. To this aim, we here propose a prototypal dynamic cell culture platform for the automatic medium replacement, via periodic perfusion flow, in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) culture seeded in a Geltrex™ matrix. A state-of-the-art angiogenesis assay performed in these dynamic conditions showed sizable effects with respect to conventional static control cultures, with significantly enhanced pro-(dual antiplatelet therapy [DAPT]) and anti-(EDTA) angiogenic compound activity. In particular, dynamic culture conditions (a) enhance the 3D-organization of HUVECs into microtubule structure; (b) accelerate and improve endothelial tube formation by HUVECs in the presence of DAPT; (c) are able to completely revert the blocking effects of EDTA. These evidence emphasize the need of setting proper fluidic conditions for a better approximation of a physiological environment as an appropriate evolution of current cell culture paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lovecchio
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti"-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Micaela Pannella
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti"-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.,Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems "Ercole De Castro", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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