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Chen LP, Zhang LF, Liu S, Hua H, Zhang L, Liu BC, Wang RR. Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0197923. [PMID: 38647315 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have supported that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction (LG) has been clinically used to treat NAFLD, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of LG in mice with NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HD). An HD-induced NAFLD mice model was established to evaluate the efficacy of LG followed by biochemical and histopathological analysis. Metagenomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics were used to explore the structure and metabolism of the gut microbiota. LG significantly improved hepatic function and decreased lipid droplet accumulation in HD-induced NAFLD mice. LG reversed the structure of the gut microbiota that is damaged by HD and improved intestinal barrier function. Meanwhile, the LG group showed a lower total blood bile acids (BAs) concentration, a shifted BAs composition, and a higher fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration. Furthermore, LG could regulate the hepatic expression of genes associated with the primary BAs biosynthesis pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Our study suggested that LG could ameliorate NAFLD by altering the structure and metabolism of gut microbiota, while BAs and SCFAs are considered possible mediating substances. IMPORTANCE Until now, there has still been no study on the gut microbiota and metabolomics of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction (LG) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse models. Our study is the first to report on the reshaping of the structure and metabolism of the gut microbiota by LG, as well as explore the potential mechanism underlying the improvement of NAFLD. Specifically, our study demonstrates the potential of gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and blood bile acids (BAs) as mediators of LG therapy for NAFLD in animal models. Based on the results of transcriptomics, we further verified that LG attenuates NAFLD by restoring the metabolic disorder of BAs via the up-regulation of Fgf15/FXR in the ileum and down-regulation of CYP7A1/FXR in the liver. LG also reduces lipogenesis in NAFLD mice by mediating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, which then contributes to reducing hepatic inflammation and improving intestinal barrier function to treat NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Chen
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Fang Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shanxi Institute for Function Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua Hua
- Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Cheng Liu
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jia W, Tang Q, Zou Y, Yang Y, Wu W, Xu W. Investigating the antidepressant effect of Ziyan green tea on chronic unpredictable mild stress mice through fecal metabolomics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1256142. [PMID: 37692389 PMCID: PMC10483239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1256142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Some studies have shown the effectiveness of tea in reducing depression. Gut flora dysfunction is strongly associated with depression. The mechanism by which Ziyan green tea ameliorates depression is not clear. Methods In this study, we examined the impact of Ziyan green tea on mice exhibiting symptoms similar to depression. We specifically focused on the role of intestinal flora and its metabolites. We first established a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model to induce depressive symptoms and conducted behavioural tests, biochemical tests, and pathological tissue analysis. We also investigated gut microbiota changes by 16S rRNA sequencing and measured faecal metabolites in mice using UHPLC-MS/MS. Results The results showed that Ziyan green tea intervention improved depression-like behaviour, neurobiochemical factors, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors in CUMS mice. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that different microbial communities (Corynebacterium, Faecalibaculum, Enterorhabdus, Desulfovibrio) correlation with differential metabolites (Cholic acid, Deoxycholic acid, etc.) and depression-related biochemical indicators (5-HT, DA, BDNF, IL-6, and TNF-α). Discussion In conclusion, our findings suggest that both low and high-dose interventions of Ziyan green tea have positive preventive effects on CUMS mice without dose dependence, partly because they mainly affect intestinal Purine Metabolism, Bile Acid Biosynthesis and Cysteine Metabolism in CUMS mice, thus stimulating brain 5-HT, DA and BDNF, and decreasing the inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, activate the composition of intestinal flora, improve the intestinal flora environment and thus promote the production of intestinal metabolites, which can be used for depression treatment. It is suggested that Ziyan green tea may achieve an antidepressant effect through the gut-microbiota-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Jia
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Zou
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Sichuan Yizhichun Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Muchuan, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Gut microbiota-SCFAs-brain axis associated with the antidepressant activity of berberine in CUMS rats. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:141-150. [PMID: 36610597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-depressant effect of berberine (BBR) has been widely reported. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. Therefore, we aimed to explore the anti-depressant mechanisms of BBR involving the association of the gut microbiota, neurotransmitters, BDNF, and SCFAs in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive rats. METHODS The antidepressant effects of BBR were detected by open-field test, 1 % sucrose preference test and body weight test in CUMS-induced depressive rats. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to identify the change of gut microbiota. The concentrations of fecal SCFAs were analyzed by GC-MS targeted metabolomics. At the same time, neurotransmitters and BDNF expression were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS BBR improved depression-like behaviors in CUMS rats by increasing the expression of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and BDNF in the hippocampus. BBR regulates Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Lachnospiraceae in depressive rats, resulting in the alteration of the synthesis and metabolism of SCFAs, including acetic, propanoic, and isovaleric acids. LIMITATIONS Direct evidence that BBR improves depressive behaviors via gut microbiota-SCFAs-brain axis is lacking, and only male rats were investigated in the present study. CONCLUSION The anti-depressant mechanism of BBR is related to the regulation of the MGB axis via modulating the gut microbiota-SCFAs-monoamine neurotransmitters/BDNF.
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Microbiome and Metabolomics in Liver Cancer: Scientific Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010537. [PMID: 36613980 PMCID: PMC9820585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Liver cancer metabolism includes both the reprogramming of intracellular metabolism to enable cancer cells to proliferate inappropriately and adapt to the tumor microenvironment and fluctuations in regular tissue metabolism. Currently, metabolomics and metabolite profiling in liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been in the spotlight in terms of cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. Metabolomics is the global analysis of small molecules, chemicals, and metabolites. Metabolomics technologies can provide critical information about the liver cancer state. Here, we review how liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and HCC therapies interact with metabolism at the cellular and systemic levels. An overview of liver metabolomics is provided, with a focus on currently available technologies and how they have been used in clinical and translational research. We also list scalable methods, including chemometrics, followed by pathway processing in liver cancer. We conclude that important drivers of metabolomics science and scientific technologies are novel therapeutic tools and liver cancer biomarker analysis.
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Chang L, Wei Y, Hashimoto K. Brain Research Bulletin: Special Issue: Brain–body communication in health and diseases, Brain–gut–microbiota axis in depression: A historical overview and future directions. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mao K, Gao J, Wang X, Li X, Geng S, Zhang T, Sadiq FA, Sang Y. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Has Effect Against Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Two Phases in Human Microbiota-Associated Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 8:811619. [PMID: 35083265 PMCID: PMC8784422 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.811619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) is an extensively studied probiotics species, which has been reported to improve the human gut microbiota. This study aimed to confirm the effects of BB-12 on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut microbiota disorders. The probiotic BB-12 was consumed by human microbiota-associated rats and changes in gut microbiota were compared using next generation sequencing of the fecal samples collected from the normal chow group, the HFD group, and the BB-12-supplemented group. The enterotypes switched from Prevotella dominant to Akkermansia dominant as a result of switching diet from normal chow to HFD. BB-12 conferred protection on the gut microbiota composition of the rats by increasing the abundance of Prevotella and decreasing the abundance of Clostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides in 0-3 weeks. In addition, Prevotella-dominant enterotype was maintained, which provides improve obesity effects. A decrease in body weight and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were also observed at week 3. While in 4-8 weeks, the enrichment of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria such as Eubacterium and Parabacteroides and probiotics such as Bifidobacterium was observed. The results revealed that BB-12 against obesity by regulating gut microbiota in two phases. After a short-term intervention, BB-12 supplementation suppressed the transition from the healthy to obesity state by protecting Prevotella-dominant enterotype, whereas after a long-term intervention, BB-12 ameliorates obesity by enriching beneficial bacteria in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Mao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xianghong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiyu Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | | | - Yaxin Sang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Zhang Q, Hu WM, Deng YL, Wan JJ, Wang YJ, Jin P. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and decreased propionic acid associated with metabolic abnormality in Cushing's syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1095438. [PMID: 36755580 PMCID: PMC9901362 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1095438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic hypercortisolism leads to a phenotype resembling metabolic syndrome. We aimed to investigate the association between gut microbiota and metabolic abnormalities in endogenous hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome). METHODS A total of 23 patients with Cushing's syndrome (18 female and 5 men, aged 47.24 ± 12.99 years) and 30 age-, sex-and BMI-matched healthy controls (18 female and 12 men, aged 45.03 ± 6.69 years) were consecutively recruited. Differences in gut microbiota and plasma short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) concentrations between the Cushing's syndrome patients and controls were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Compared to the controls, the Simpson and Pielou indices of α diversity were dramatically decreased in Cushing's syndrome (P < 0.05). The gut microbiota community structure differed significantly between Cushing's syndrome patients and controls. Compared to controls, the bacterial communities of the Cushing's syndrome patients were enriched in Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella, and depleted in Firmicutes, including Agathobacter, Blautia, Anaerostipes, Eubacterium_eligens_group, and Lachnospira. Spearman analysis demonstrated that HbA1c, SBP, DBP, and cortisol levels were significantly positively correlated with Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella, whereas negatively correlated with Agathobacter, Blautia, Anaerostipes, Eubacterium_hallii_group, and Lachnospira, etc. Cushing's syndrome patients also had a lower propionic acid concentration (0.151±0.054 vs. 0.205±0.032 µg/mL, P=0.039) than controls. Furthermore, the level of propionic acid was negatively correlated with systolic pressure and cortisol levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Gut microbiota dysbiosis and decreased propionic acid levels were observed in patients with Cushing's, suggesting that the gut microbiota may be a potential therapeutic intervention target to improve hypercortisolism-related metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-mu Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-ling Deng
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin-jing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-jun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Jin,
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Yu Y, Zhang R, Wu Y, Yue M, Yang C. Effects of Bacillus Coagulans on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity function, and gut health in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101168. [PMID: 33975039 PMCID: PMC8131733 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) as an alternative to antibiotics on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity function and gut health in broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 8 replicates comprising 20 broilers each. The experiment lasted 42 d. Treatments included: basal diet without antibiotics (NCO); basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline (ANT); basal diet supplemented with 5 × 109 CFU/kg B. coagulans(BC). The B. coagulans enhanced body weight (BW) and average daily gain compared with the NCO group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in average daily feed intake and feed: gain ratio (F: G) among three groups (P > 0.05). The B. coagulans significantly increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels and reduced malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgY) were significantly higher in the BC group when compared to the NCO and ANT groups (P < 0.05). The B. coagulans also markedly reduced serum levels of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and enhanced anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) concentrations compared with control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with the control group, BC significantly inhibited serum xanthine oxidase activity (P < 0.05). The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrate, isobutyric acid and valerate in BC group were significantly increased on d 42 compared with the NCO and ANT groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BC significantly altered cecal microbiota by reducing Desulfovibrio and Parasutterella, and by increasing Alistipes and Odoribacter (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.001, P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, dietary B. coagulans, when used as an alternative to antibiotics, improved body weight, average daily gain, antioxidant capacity, immunity function and gut health in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Recent Advances of Microbiome-Associated Metabolomics Profiling in Liver Disease: Principles, Mechanisms, and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031160. [PMID: 33503844 PMCID: PMC7865944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput screening of metabolic stability in liver and gut microbiota are able to identify and quantify small-molecule metabolites (metabolome) in different cellular microenvironments that are closest to their phenotypes. Metagenomics and metabolomics are largely recognized to be the “-omics” disciplines for clinical therapeutic screening. Here, metabolomics activity screening in liver disease (LD) and gut microbiomes has significantly delivered the integration of metabolomics data (i.e., a set of endogenous metabolites) with metabolic pathways in cellular environments that can be tested for biological functions (i.e., phenotypes). A growing literature in LD and gut microbiomes reports the use of metabolites as therapeutic targets or biomarkers. Although growing evidence connects liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, the genetic and metabolic factors are still mainly unknown. Herein, we reviewed proof-of-concept mechanisms for metabolomics-based LD and gut microbiotas’ role from several studies (nuclear magnetic resonance, gas/lipid chromatography, spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis). A deeper understanding of these axes is a prerequisite for optimizing therapeutic strategies to improve liver health.
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Meehan-Atrash J, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Dennis DG, Sarlah D, Jensen RP, Afreh I, Jiang J, Barsanti KC, Ortiz A, Strongin RM. The influence of terpenes on the release of volatile organic compounds and active ingredients to cannabis vaping aerosols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11714-11723. [PMID: 35423635 PMCID: PMC8695911 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid and VOC emissions from vaping cannabis concentrates vary depending on terpene content, power level and consumption method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
| | - David G. Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | | | - Isaac Afreh
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Jia Jiang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Kelley C. Barsanti
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Alisha Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
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Effects of α-glyceryl monolaurate on growth, immune function, volatile fatty acids, and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100875. [PMID: 33516466 PMCID: PMC7936147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary addition of α-glyceryl monolaurate (α-GML) on growth performance, immune function, volatile fatty acids production and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens. A total of 480 1-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly assigned in equal numbers to 4 dietary treatments: basal diet (NCO) or supplementations with 30 mg/kg bacitracin (ANT), 500 mg/kg α-GML, or 1,000 mg/kg α-GML (GML2). And, each treatment contained 8 replicates with 15 chickens per replicate. After supplementation with α-GML, the total BW gain and average daily weight gain of broilers increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the broilers on the NCO diet. Moreover, compared with the NCO group, higher levels of immune globulin M and immune globulin Y were observed in both GML groups and the ANT group. Concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in GML2 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the NCO group on day 28. However, acetate, propionate, valerate, and isovalerate concentrations were reduced to significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those in the NCO group on day 56. The abundance and diversity of microbiota were found to be improved in broilers that were supplemented with GML, using operational taxonomic unit and diversity analyses. Furthermore, the GML treatments increased favorable microbiota, particularly acid-producing bacteria, on day 28 and, also, reduced opportunistic pathogens, such as Alistipes tidjanibacter and Bacteroides dorei by day 56. These results suggest that α-GML supplementation modulates cecal microbiota and broiler immunity and improves volatile fatty acid levels during the early growth stages of broilers.
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Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 19:77-94. [PMID: 32968241 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to host physiology through the production of a myriad of metabolites. These metabolites exert their effects within the host as signalling molecules and substrates for metabolic reactions. Although the study of host-microbiota interactions remains challenging due to the high degree of crosstalk both within and between kingdoms, metabolite-focused research has identified multiple actionable microbial targets that are relevant for host health. Metabolites, as the functional output of combined host and microorganism interactions, provide a snapshot in time of an extraordinarily complex multi-organism system. Although substantial work remains towards understanding host-microbiota interactions and the underlying mechanisms, we review the current state of knowledge for each of the major classes of microbial metabolites with emphasis on clinical and translational research implications. We provide an overview of methodologies available for measurement of microbial metabolites, and in addition to discussion of key challenges, we provide a potential framework for integration of discovery-based metabolite studies with mechanistic work. Finally, we highlight examples in the literature where this approach has led to substantial progress in understanding host-microbiota interactions.
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