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Cai H, Xiao H, Tong C, Dong X, Chen S, Xu F. Influence of odor environments on cognitive efficiency: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174642. [PMID: 38992380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive efficiency, characterized by the rapid and accurate processing of information, significantly enhances work and learning outcomes. This efficiency manifests in improved time management, decision-making, learning capabilities, and creativity. While the influence of thermal, acoustic, and lighting conditions on cognitive performance has been extensively studied, the role of olfactory stimuli remains underexplored. Olfactory perception, distinguished by its intensity, speed of perception, and the breadth of stimuli, plays a pivotal role in cognitive efficiency. This review investigates the mechanisms through which odor environments influence cognitive performance. We analyze how odor environments can affect cognitive efficiency through two different scenarios (work and sleep) and pathways (direct and indirect effects). Current research, which mainly focuses on the interplay between odors, emotional responses, and cognitive efficiency through both subjective and objective measures, is thoroughly analyzed. We highlight existing research gaps and suggest future directions for investigating the influence of odor environments on cognitive efficiency. This review aims to establish a theoretical basis for managing and leveraging odor environments in workplace settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hanlin Xiao
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chengxin Tong
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xian Dong
- Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China.
| | - Shilong Chen
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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2
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Carbone J, Bibian C, Born J, Forcato C, Diekelmann S. Comparing targeted memory reactivation during slow wave sleep and sleep stage 2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9057. [PMID: 38643331 PMCID: PMC11032354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep facilitates declarative memory consolidation, which is assumed to rely on the reactivation of newly encoded memories orchestrated by the temporal interplay of slow oscillations (SO), fast spindles and ripples. SO as well as the number of spindles coupled to SO are more frequent during slow wave sleep (SWS) compared to lighter sleep stage 2 (S2). But, it is unclear whether memory reactivation is more effective during SWS than during S2. To test this question, we applied Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) in a declarative memory design by presenting learning-associated sound cues during SWS vs. S2 in a counterbalanced within-subject design. Contrary to our hypothesis, memory performance was not significantly better when cues were presented during SWS. Event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes were significantly higher for cues presented during SWS than S2, and the density of SO and SO-spindle complexes was generally higher during SWS than during S2. Whereas SO density increased during and after the TMR period, SO-spindle complexes decreased. None of the parameters were associated with memory performance. These findings suggest that the efficacy of TMR does not depend on whether it is administered during SWS or S2, despite differential processing of memory cues in these sleep stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carbone
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlos Bibian
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Depto. de Ciencias de La Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Carbone J, Diekelmann S. An update on recent advances in targeted memory reactivation during sleep. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:31. [PMID: 38622159 PMCID: PMC11018807 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) is a noninvasive tool to manipulate memory consolidation during sleep. TMR builds on the brain's natural processes of memory reactivation during sleep and aims to facilitate or bias these processes in a certain direction. The basis of this technique is the association of learning content with sensory cues, such as odors or sounds, that are presented during subsequent sleep to promote memory reactivation. Research on TMR has drastically increased over the last decade with rapid developments. The aim of the present review is to highlight the most recent advances of this research. We focus on effects of TMR on the strengthening of memories in the declarative, procedural and emotional memory domain as well as on ways in which TMR can be used to promote forgetting. We then discuss advanced technical approaches to determine the optimal timing of TMR within the ongoing oscillatory activity of the sleeping brain as well as the specificity of TMR for certain memory contents. We further highlight the specific effects of TMR during REM sleep and in influencing dream content. Finally, we discuss recent evidence for potential applications of TMR for mental health, educational purposes and in the home setting. In conclusion, the last years of research have provided substantial advances in TMR that can guide future endeavors in research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carbone
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Sánchez-Corzo A, Baum DM, Irani M, Hinrichs S, Reisenegger R, Whitaker GA, Born J, Sitaram R, Klinzing JG. Odor cueing of declarative memories during sleep enhances coordinated spindles and slow oscillations. Neuroimage 2024; 287:120521. [PMID: 38244877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term memories are formed by repeated reactivation of newly encoded information during sleep. This process can be enhanced by using memory-associated reminder cues like sounds and odors. While auditory cueing has been researched extensively, few electrophysiological studies have exploited the various benefits of olfactory cueing. We used high-density electroencephalography in an odor-cueing paradigm that was designed to isolate the neural responses specific to the cueing of declarative memories. We show widespread cueing-induced increases in the duration and rate of sleep spindles. Higher spindle rates were most prominent over centro-parietal areas and largely overlapping with a concurrent increase in the amplitude of slow oscillations (SOs). Interestingly, greater SO amplitudes were linked to a higher likelihood of coupling a spindle and coupled spindles expressed during cueing were more numerous in particular around SO up states. We thus identify temporally and spatially coordinated enhancements of sleep spindles and slow oscillations as a candidate mechanism behind cueing-induced memory processing. Our results further demonstrate the feasibility of studying neural activity patterns linked to such processing using olfactory cueing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sánchez-Corzo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Multimodal Functional Brain Imaging and Neurorehabilitation Hub, Diagnostic Imaging Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David M Baum
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Martín Irani
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Svenja Hinrichs
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Renate Reisenegger
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Grace A Whitaker
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federico Santa María Technical University, Valparaíso 1680, Chile
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Multimodal Functional Brain Imaging and Neurorehabilitation Hub, Diagnostic Imaging Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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5
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Antony JW, Schechtman E. Reap while you sleep: Consolidation of memories differs by how they were sown. Hippocampus 2023; 33:922-935. [PMID: 36973868 PMCID: PMC10429120 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Newly formed memories are spontaneously reactivated during sleep, leading to their strengthening. This reactivation process can be manipulated by reinstating learning-related stimuli during sleep, a technique termed targeted memory reactivation. Numerous studies have found that delivering cues during sleep improves memory for simple associations, in which one cue reactivates one tested memory. However, real-life memories often live in rich, complex networks of associations. In this review, we will examine recent forays into investigating how targeted sleep reactivation affects memories within complex paradigms, in which one cue can reactivate multiple tested memories. A common theme across studies is that reactivation consequences do not merely depend on whether memories reside in complex arrangements, but on how memories interact with one another during acquisition. We therefore emphasize how intricate study design details that alter the nature of learning and/or participant intentions impact the outcomes of sleep reactivation. In some cases, complex networks of memories interact harmoniously to bring about mutual memory benefits; in other cases, memories interact antagonistically and produce selective impairments in retrieval. Ultimately, although this burgeoning area of research has yet to be systematically explored, results suggest that the fate of reactivated stimuli within complex arrangements depends on how they were learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Antony
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Eitan Schechtman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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6
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Knötzele J, Riemann D, Frase L, Feige B, van Elst LT, Kornmeier J. Presenting rose odor during learning, sleep and retrieval helps to improve memory consolidation: a real-life study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2371. [PMID: 36759589 PMCID: PMC9911722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving our learning abilities is important for numerous aspects of our life. Several studies found beneficial effects of presenting cues (odor or sounds) during learning and during sleep for memory performance. A recent study applying a real-life paradigm indicated that additional odor cueing during a Final Test can further increase this cueing effect. The present online study builds on these findings with the following questions: (1) Can we replicate beneficial memory effects of additional odor cueing during tests? (2) How many odor cueing learning sessions and odor cueing nights of sleep maximize the learning success? (3) Can odor cueing also reduce the amount of forgetting over time? 160 Participants learned 40 German Japanese word pairs in four groups with separate experimental conditions over three days. Group N received no odor during the whole study. Group LS received odor cueing during learning and sleep, group LT during learning and testing and group LST during learning, sleep and testing. Participants performed intermediate tests after each learning session plus three final tests 1, 7 and 28 days after the last learning session. Results: (1) Group LST learned 8.5% more vocabulary words than the other groups overall. (2) This odor cueing effect increased across the three days of cued learning. (3) We found no clear evidence for effects of odor cueing on the forgetting dynamics. Our findings support the notion of a beneficial effect of odor cueing. They further suggest to use at least 3 days and nights of odor cueing. Overall, this study indicates that there is an easy, efficient and economical way to enhance memory performance in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Knötzele
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Frase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kornmeier
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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7
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Whitmore NW, Harris JC, Kovach T, Paller KA. Improving memory via automated targeted memory reactivation during sleep. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13731. [PMID: 36129154 PMCID: PMC9649863 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A widely accepted view in memory research is that previously acquired information can be reactivated during sleep, leading to persistent memory storage. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) was developed as a technique whereby specific memories can be reactivated during sleep using a sensory stimulus linked to prior learning. As a research tool, TMR can improve memory, raising the possibility that it may be useful for cognitive enhancement and clinical therapy. A major challenge for the expanded use of TMR is that a skilled operator must manually control stimulation, which is impractical in many settings. To address this limitation, we developed the SleepStim system for automated TMR in the home. SleepStim includes a smartwatch to collect movement and heart-rate data, plus a smartphone to emit auditory cues. A machine-learning model identifies periods of deep sleep and triggers TMR sounds within these periods. We tested whether this system could replicate the spatial-memory benefit of in-laboratory TMR. Participants learned locations of objects on a grid, and then half of the object locations were reactivated during sleep over 3 nights. Recall was tested each morning. In an experiment with 61 participants, the TMR effect was not significant but varied systematically with stimulus intensity; low-intensity but not high-intensity stimuli produced memory benefits. In a second experiment with 24 participants, we limited stimulus intensity and found that TMR reliably improved spatial memory, consistent with effects observed in laboratory studies. We conclude that SleepStim can effectively accomplish automated TMR, and that avoiding sleep disruption is critical for TMR benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Whitmore
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Jasmine C. Harris
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Torin Kovach
- Department of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ken A. Paller
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
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Vidal V, Barbuzza AR, Tassone LM, Brusco LI, Ballarini FM, Forcato C. Odor cueing during sleep improves consolidation of a history lesson in a school setting. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10350. [PMID: 35725905 PMCID: PMC9208245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a key factor in memory consolidation. During sleep, information is reactivated, transferred, and redistributed to neocortical areas, thus favoring memory consolidation and integration. Although these reactivations occur spontaneously, they can also be induced using external cues, such as sound or odor cues, linked to the acquired information. Hence, targeted memory reactivation during sleep represents an advantageous tool for improving memory consolidation in real-life settings. In this study, our goal was to improve the consolidation of complex information such as that of a history lesson, using a school study session in the presence of an odor, and a reactivation round while sleeping at home on the same night of the acquisition, without using additional study sessions. We found that complex information can be associated with an odor in the classroom and that one session of reactivation during the first night of sleep in the students’ houses improves its consolidation. These results bring new evidence for the implementation of reactivation during sleep in real-life settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vidal
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejo R Barbuzza
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonela M Tassone
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis I Brusco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta (CENECON), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabricio M Ballarini
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Khamsi R. Unpicking the link between smell and memories. Nature 2022; 606:S2-S4. [PMID: 35732775 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-01626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Kornmeier J, Sosic-Vasic Z, Joos E. Spacing Learning Units affects both learning and forgetting. Trends Neurosci Educ 2022; 26:100173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2022.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Bu-Olayan AH, Thomas BV. Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10210. [PMID: 34021185 PMCID: PMC8140077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g-1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g-1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate's number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Bu-Olayan
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, BLDG 48, RM 7, PB 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - B V Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, BLDG 48, RM 7, PB 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This short review article aims at emphasizing interesting and important new insights about investigating sleep and memory in children aged between 6 and 13 years (middle childhood).
Recent Findings
That sleep in comparison to wakefulness benefits the consolidation of memories is well established—especially for the adult population. However, the underlying theoretical frameworks trying to explain the benefits of sleep for memory still strive for more substantiate findings including biological and physiological correlates.
Summary
Based on the most recent literature about sleep-related memory consolidation and its physiological markers during middle childhood, this article provides a review and highlights recent updates in this field.
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13
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Feld GB, Diekelmann S. Building the Bridge: Outlining Steps Toward an Applied Sleep-and-Memory Research Program. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721420964171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep’s beneficial role for memory is well documented, yet the translation of such fundamental memory processes into applications for improving memory function is limited so far. Although there are some commercial devices with varying levels of technical complexity that are claimed to improve sleep-dependent memory processing, none of them have been empirically validated. The main issue seems to be that there is basically no applied research in the field of sleep and memory. To change this, we identify the most promising targets for sleep-based memory-improvement applications. We outline the theoretical and technical aspects of the most promising memory-enhancing sleep interventions established in recent years and highlight potential targets of such interventions for different healthy and clinical populations. Finally, we propose a unifying framework that will lay the groundwork for a focused applied-research program in sleep and memory, bridging the gap between basic research and targeted application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B. Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen
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