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Young FJ, Alcalde Anton A, Melo-Flórez L, Couto A, Foley J, Monllor M, McMillan WO, Montgomery SH. Enhanced long-term memory and increased mushroom body plasticity in Heliconius butterflies. iScience 2024; 27:108949. [PMID: 38357666 PMCID: PMC10864207 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies exhibit expanded mushroom bodies, a key brain region for learning and memory in insects, and a novel foraging strategy unique among Lepidoptera - traplining for pollen. We tested visual long-term memory across six Heliconius and outgroup Heliconiini species. Heliconius species exhibited greater fidelity to learned colors after eight days without reinforcement, with further evidence of recall at 13 days. We also measured the plastic response of the mushroom body calyces over this time period, finding substantial post-eclosion expansion and synaptic pruning in the calyx of Heliconius erato, but not in the outgroup Heliconiini Dryas iulia. In Heliconius erato, visual associative learning experience specifically was associated with a greater retention of synapses and recall accuracy was positively correlated with synapse number. These results suggest that increases in the size of specific brain regions and changes in their plastic response to experience may coevolve to support novel behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher J. Young
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Amaia Alcalde Anton
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Antoine Couto
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jessica Foley
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen H. Montgomery
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Anton AA, Farnworth MS, Hebberecht L, Harrison CJ, Montgomery SH. A modified method to analyse cell proliferation using EdU labelling in large insect brains. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292009. [PMID: 37796816 PMCID: PMC10553331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of neurogenesis is critical to understanding of the evolution of nervous systems. Within invertebrates, this process has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster, which is the predominant model thanks to the availability of advanced genetic tools. However, insect nervous systems are extremely diverse, and by studying a range of taxa we can gain additional information about how nervous systems and their development evolve. One example of the high diversity of insect nervous system diversity is provided by the mushroom bodies. Mushroom bodies have critical roles in learning and memory and vary dramatically across species in relative size and the type(s) of sensory information they process. Heliconiini butterflies provide a useful snapshot of this diversity within a closely related clade. Within Heliconiini, the genus Heliconius contains species where mushroom bodies are 3-4 times larger than other closely related genera, relative to the rest of the brain. This variation in size is largely explained by increases in the number of Kenyon cells, the intrinsic neurons which form the mushroom body. Hence, variation in mushroom body size is the product of changes in cell proliferation during Kenyon cell neurogenesis. Studying this variation requires adapting labelling techniques for use in less commonly studied organisms, as methods developed for common laboratory insects often do not work. Here, we present a modified protocol for EdU staining to examine neurogenesis in large-brained insects, using Heliconiini butterflies as our primary case, but also demonstrating applicability to cockroaches, another large-brained insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Alcalde Anton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Max S. Farnworth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hebberecht
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - C. Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Alcalde Anton A, Young FJ, Melo-Flórez L, Couto A, Cross S, McMillan WO, Montgomery SH. Adult neurogenesis does not explain the extensive post-eclosion growth of Heliconius mushroom bodies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230755. [PMID: 37885989 PMCID: PMC10598442 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Among butterflies, Heliconius have a unique behavioural profile, being the sole genus to actively feed on pollen. Heliconius learn the location of pollen resources, and have enhanced visual memories and expanded mushroom bodies, an insect learning and memory centre, relative to related genera. These structures also show extensive post-eclosion growth and developmental sensitivity to environmental conditions. However, whether this reflects plasticity in neurite growth, or an extension of neurogenesis into the adult stage, is unknown. Adult neurogenesis has been described in some Lepidoptera, and could provide one route to the increased neuron number observed in Heliconius. Here, we compare volumetric changes in the mushroom bodies of freshly eclosed and aged Heliconius erato and Dryas iulia, and estimate the number of intrinsic mushroom body neurons using a new and validated automated method to count nuclei. Despite extensive volumetric variation associated with age, our data show that neuron number is remarkably constant in both species, suggesting a lack of adult neurogenesis in the mushroom bodies. We support this conclusion with assays of mitotic cells, which reveal very low levels of post-eclosion cell division. Our analyses provide an insight into the evolution of neural plasticity, and can serve as a basis for continued exploration of the potential mechanisms behind brain development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fletcher J. Young
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Antoine Couto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Stephen Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Stephen H. Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
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Yu JX, Xiang Q, Qu JB, Hui YM, Lin T, Zeng XN, Liu JL. Octopaminergic neurons function in appetitive but not aversive olfactory learning and memory in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1747-1760. [PMID: 35189034 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic amine octopamine (OA, invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline) plays critical roles in the regulation of olfactory behavior. Historically, OA has been thought to mediate appetitive but not aversive learning in honeybees, fruit flies (Drosophila), and crickets. However, this viewpoint has recently been challenged because OA activity through a β-adrenergic-like receptor drives both appetitive and aversive learning. Here, we explored the roles of OA neurons in olfactory learning and memory retrieval in Bactrocera dorsalis. We trained flies to associate an orange odor with a sucrose reward or to associate methyl eugenol, a male lure, with N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide (DEET) punishment. We then treated flies with OA receptor antagonists before appetitive or aversive conditioning and a memory retention test. Injection of OA receptor antagonist mianserin or epinastine into the abdomen of flies led to impaired of appetitive learning and memory retention with a sucrose reward, while aversive learning and memory retention with DEET punishment remained intact. Our results suggest that the OA signaling participates in appetitive but not aversive learning and memory retrieval in B. dorsalis through OA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Bao Qu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Min Hui
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Biological Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin-Nian Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Klingler M, Bucher G. The red flour beetle T. castaneum: elaborate genetic toolkit and unbiased large scale RNAi screening to study insect biology and evolution. EvoDevo 2022; 13:14. [PMID: 35854352 PMCID: PMC9295526 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has emerged as an important insect model system for a variety of topics. With respect to studying gene function, it is second only to the vinegar fly D. melanogaster. The RNAi response in T. castaneum is exceptionally strong and systemic, and it appears to target all cell types and processes. Uniquely for emerging model organisms, T. castaneum offers the opportunity of performing time- and cost-efficient large-scale RNAi screening, based on commercially available dsRNAs targeting all genes, which are simply injected into the body cavity. Well established transgenic and genome editing approaches are met by ease of husbandry and a relatively short generation time. Consequently, a number of transgenic tools like UAS/Gal4, Cre/Lox, imaging lines and enhancer trap lines are already available. T. castaneum has been a genetic experimental system for decades and now has become a workhorse for molecular and reverse genetics as well as in vivo imaging. Many aspects of development and general biology are more insect-typical in this beetle compared to D. melanogaster. Thus, studying beetle orthologs of well-described fly genes has allowed macro-evolutionary comparisons in developmental processes such as axis formation, body segmentation, and appendage, head and brain development. Transgenic approaches have opened new ways for in vivo imaging. Moreover, this emerging model system is the first choice for research on processes that are not represented in the fly, or are difficult to study there, e.g. extraembryonic tissues, cryptonephridial organs, stink gland function, or dsRNA-based pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klingler
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Kinetics of Odorant Recognition with a Graphene-Based Olfactory Receptor Mimicry. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria vector mosquito species rely on a handful of specific pheromones for mating; one of them, sulcatone (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one), is also found in human exudation. Therefore, a complete understanding of the insect’s olfaction, and rapid real-time methods for odorant detection, are required. Here, we mimic the odorant recognition of the nerve cells of an insect’s antenna with a synthetic graphene-based bio-electro-interfacial odorant receptor. By this means, we obtain the kinetics of the genuine odorant recognition reaction and compare them to electro-antennogram data that represent the more complex scenario of a living insect. The odorant-binding proteins OBP 9A and 9B only associate with their ligands weakly, showing KDs of between 2.1 mM and 3 mM, while the binding kinetics of OBP proteins depend on the structural feature of a cystine knot and are modulated by the local milieu within a protein-aided enhancement zone.
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Campbell JF, Athanassiou CG, Hagstrum DW, Zhu KY. Tribolium castaneum: A Model Insect for Fundamental and Applied Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:347-365. [PMID: 34614365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-080921-075157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum has a long history as a model species in many distinct subject areas, but improved connections among the genetics, genomics, behavioral, ecological, and pest management fields are needed to fully realize this species' potential as a model. Tribolium castaneum was the first beetle whose genome was sequenced, and a new genome assembly and enhanced annotation, combined with readily available genomic research tools, have facilitated its increased use in a wide range of functional genomics research. Research into T. castaneum's sensory systems, response to pheromones and kairomones, and patterns of movement and landscape utilization has improved our understanding of behavioral and ecological processes. Tribolium castaneum has also been a model in the development of pest monitoring and management tactics, including evaluation of insecticide resistance mechanisms. Application of functional genomics approaches to behavioral, ecological, and pest management research is in its infancy but offers a powerful tool that can link mechanism with function and facilitate exploitation of these relationships to better manage this important food pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Campbell
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA;
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos 382 21, Greece;
| | - David W Hagstrum
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; ,
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; ,
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Montino A, Balakrishnan K, Dippel S, Trebels B, Neumann P, Wimmer EA. Mutually Exclusive Expression of Closely Related Odorant-Binding Proteins 9A and 9B in the Antenna of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1502. [PMID: 34680135 PMCID: PMC8533528 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is crucial for insects to find food sources, mates, and oviposition sites. One of the initial steps in olfaction is facilitated by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) that translocate hydrophobic odorants through the aqueous olfactory sensilla lymph to the odorant receptor complexes embedded in the dendritic membrane of olfactory sensory neurons. The Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) OBPs encoded by the gene pair TcasOBP9A and TcasOBP9B represent the closest homologs to the well-studied Drosophila melanogaster OBP Lush (DmelOBP76a), which mediates pheromone reception. By an electroantennographic analysis, we can show that these two OBPs are not pheromone-specific but rather enhance the detection of a broad spectrum of organic volatiles. Both OBPs are expressed in the antenna but in a mutually exclusive pattern, despite their homology and gene pair character by chromosomal location. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that this gene pair arose at the base of the Cucujiformia, which dates the gene duplication event to about 200 Mio years ago. Therefore, this gene pair is not the result of a recent gene duplication event and the high sequence conservation in spite of their expression in different sensilla is potentially the result of a common function as co-OBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Montino
- GZMB, Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Goettingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University School of Science, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karthi Balakrishnan
- Department of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Buesgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Dippel
- GZMB, Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Björn Trebels
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Piotr Neumann
- GZMB, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Ernst A. Wimmer
- GZMB, Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Goettingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University School of Science, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Trebels B, Dippel S, Goetz B, Graebner M, Hofmann C, Hofmann F, Schmid FR, Uhl M, Vuong MP, Weber V, Schachtner J. Metamorphic development of the olfactory system in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum, HERBST). BMC Biol 2021; 19:155. [PMID: 34330268 PMCID: PMC8323255 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects depend on their olfactory sense as a vital system. Olfactory cues are processed by a rather complex system and translated into various types of behavior. In holometabolous insects like the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, the nervous system typically undergoes considerable remodeling during metamorphosis. This process includes the integration of new neurons, as well as remodeling and elimination of larval neurons. RESULTS We find that the sensory neurons of the larval antennae are reused in the adult antennae. Further, the larval antennal lobe gets transformed into its adult version. The beetle's larval antennal lobe is already glomerularly structured, but its glomeruli dissolve in the last larval stage. However, the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons remain within the antennal lobe volume. The glomeruli of the adult antennal lobe then form from mid-metamorphosis independently of the presence of a functional OR/Orco complex but mature dependent on the latter during a postmetamorphic phase. CONCLUSIONS We provide insights into the metamorphic development of the red flour beetle's olfactory system and compared it to data on Drosophila melanogaster, Manduca sexta, and Apis mellifera. The comparison revealed that some aspects, such as the formation of the antennal lobe's adult glomeruli at mid-metamorphosis, are common, while others like the development of sensory appendages or the role of Orco seemingly differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Trebels
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dippel
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Goetz
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Graebner
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Freya-Rebecca Schmid
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mara Uhl
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Minh-Phung Vuong
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Weber
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schachtner
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Clausthal University of Technology, Adolph-Roemer-Str. 2a, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Ponce MA, Kim TN, Morrison III WR. A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Responses by Stored-Product Arthropods to Individual or Blends of Microbially Produced Volatile Cues. INSECTS 2021; 12:391. [PMID: 33925242 PMCID: PMC8145595 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous and play important ecological roles in a variety of habitats. While research has been largely focused on arthropods and microbes separately in the post-harvest supply chain, less attention has been paid to their interactions with each other. Up to this point, there has been no attempt to systematically describe the patterns of behavioral responses by stored-product insects to microbially produced volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). Thus, our aims were to evaluate whether stored-product arthropods were primarily and significantly attracted, repelled, or had a net neutral effect (e.g., unaffected or mixed) by MVOCs presented as (1) complex headspace blends or (2) single constituents and known mixtures. In total, we found 43 articles that contained 384 sets of tests with different combinations of methodology and/or qualitative findings, describing the behavioral responses of 24 stored-product arthropod species from two classes, four orders, and 14 families to 58 individual microbial compounds and the complex headspace blends from at least 78 microbial taxa. A total of five and four stored-product arthropod species were significantly attracted and repelled by MVOCs across odor sources, respectively, while 13 were unaffected or exhibited mixed effects. We summarize the biases in the literature, including that the majority of tests have occurred in the laboratory with a limited subset of methodology and has largely only assessed the preference of adult arthropods. Finally, we identify foundational hypotheses for the roles that MVOCs play for stored-product arthropods as well as gaps in research and future directions, while highlighting that the behavioral responses to MVOCs are complex, context-, and taxon-dependent, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Ponce
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Tania N. Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - William R. Morrison III
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
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Maza FJ, Sztarker J, Cozzarin ME, Lepore MG, Delorenzi A. A crabs' high-order brain center resolved as a mushroom body-like structure. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:501-523. [PMID: 32484921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of a common origin for high-order memory centers in bilateral animals presents the question of how different brain structures, such as the vertebrate hippocampus and the arthropod mushroom bodies, are both structurally and functionally comparable. Obtaining evidence to support the hypothesis that crustaceans possess structures equivalent to the mushroom bodies that play a role in associative memories has proved challenging. Structural evidence supports that the hemiellipsoid bodies of hermit crabs, crayfish and lobsters, spiny lobsters, and shrimps are homologous to insect mushroom bodies. Although a preliminary description and functional evidence supporting such homology in true crabs (Brachyura) has recently been shown, other authors consider the identification of a possible mushroom body homolog in Brachyura as problematic. Here we present morphological and immunohistochemical data in Neohelice granulata supporting that crabs possess well-developed hemiellipsoid bodies that are resolved as mushroom bodies-like structures. Neohelice exhibits a peduncle-like tract, from which processes project into proximal and distal domains with different neuronal specializations. The proximal domains exhibit spines and en passant-like processes and are proposed here as regions mainly receiving inputs. The distal domains exhibit a "trauben"-like compartmentalized structure with bulky terminal specializations and are proposed here as output regions. In addition, we found microglomeruli-like complexes, adult neurogenesis, aminergic innervation, and elevated expression of proteins necessary for memory processes. Finally, in vivo calcium imaging suggests that, as in insect mushroom bodies, the output regions exhibit stimulus-specific activity. Our results support the shared organization of memory centers across crustaceans and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Maza
- IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Sztarker
- IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Profesor Héctor Maldonado", Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Cozzarin
- IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Grazia Lepore
- IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Delorenzi
- IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Profesor Héctor Maldonado", Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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