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Xiangyang S, Genxu W, Juying S, Shouqin S, Zhaoyong H, Chunlin S, Shan L. Contrasting water sources used by a coniferous forest in the high-altitude, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157913. [PMID: 35948127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees use various water sources to adapt to environmental conditions in mountainous regions. However, water resources variances along elevational gradients are not clearly understood. This limits the assessment of the ecosystem responses to climate change. In this study, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes were used to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of water sources for Faber's fir in a humid high-altitude elevational gradient (ranging between 2800 m.a.s.l. and 3700 m.a.s.l.) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that 27 ± 8.3 % of the xylem water was from previous winter snowmelt between May and June. In contrast, almost all xylem water was from current summer precipitation between July and October. Faber's fir at the lower elevation (2800 m.a.s.l.) primarily relied on water derived from winter precipitation during May and June. Yet, trees located near the tree line (3700 m.a.s.l.) were mostly dependent on current precipitation over the entire growing season. However, when statistically analyzing data from all seven different elevation gradients in this study, the contribution of winter precipitation to xylem water was not elevation dependent. Precipitation contributed to a large proportion (59.86 % ± 33.43 %) of xylem water between May and October. Meanwhile, no linear contribution ratio of precipitation to trees was identified in this high-altitude elevational gradient. The replenishment of soil water and the soil water storage determine the spatiotemporal patterns of water sources. Climate change has the possibility of reducing winter precipitation at high altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, tree water use at different altitude gradients will play varied roles in influencing the evolution of forest composition under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Xiangyang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Wang Genxu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Sun Juying
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sun Shouqin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hu Zhaoyong
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Song Chunlin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Taneda H, Ogasa MY, Yazaki K, Funayama-Noguchi S, Miyazawa Y, Mayr S, Maruta E. Impact of freeze-thaw-induced pit aspiration on stem water transport in the subalpine conifer Abies veitchii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1687-1698. [PMID: 35997583 PMCID: PMC9614463 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During winter, subalpine conifers experience frequent freeze-thaw cycles in stem xylem that may cause embolism and pit aspiration due to increased water volume during the sap to ice transition. This study examined the occurrence and ecological impacts of a combination of freeze-thaw-induced pit aspiration and embolism triggered by natural and artificial stem freezing. In subalpine Veitch's fir (Abies veitchii) trees, the fraction of closed pits and embolized tracheids as well as conductivity losses were measured to examine pit aspiration and its effects. When trees incurred mild drought stress in February and early March, 70%-80% of stem conductivity was lost. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy indicated <20% embolized tracheids but ∼90% closed pits. Severe drought stress in late March caused 96% ± 1.2% (mean ± standard error) loss of stem conductivity, while the fraction of embolized tracheids increased to 64% ± 6.6%, and aspirated pit fraction decreased to 23% ± 5.6%. Experimental freeze-thaw cycles also increased pit aspiration from 7.1% ± 0.89% to 49% ± 10%, and the fraction of closed pits was positively correlated to the percent loss of stem hydraulic conductivity. The results indicated that freezing-induced pit aspiration is an important factor for stem xylem dysfunction under mild drought, and upon severe drought in winter; stem water transport is predominantly inhibited by xylem embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Y Ogasa
- Forest Ecology Group, Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Soil-Plant Ecosystem Group, Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Funayama-Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emiko Maruta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
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Wang Z, Valenzuela C, Wu J, Chen Y, Wang L, Feng W. Bioinspired Freeze-Tolerant Soft Materials: Design, Properties, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201597. [PMID: 35971186 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In nature, many biological organisms have developed the exceptional antifreezing ability to survive in extremely cold environments. Inspired by the freeze resistance of these organisms, researchers have devoted extensive efforts to develop advanced freeze-tolerant soft materials and explore their potential applications in diverse areas such as electronic skin, soft robotics, flexible energy, and biological science. Herein, a comprehensive overview on the recent advancement of freeze-tolerant soft materials and their emerging applications from the perspective of bioinspiration and advanced material engineering is provided. First, the mechanisms underlying the freeze tolerance of cold-enduring biological organisms are introduced. Then, engineering strategies for developing antifreezing soft materials are summarized. Thereafter, recent advances in freeze-tolerant soft materials for different technological applications such as smart sensors and actuators, energy harvesting and storage, and cryogenic medical applications are presented. Finally, future challenges and opportunities for the rapid development of bioinspired freeze-tolerant soft materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Chen W, Ding H, Li J, Chen K, Wang H. Alpine treelines as ecological indicators of global climate change: Who has studied? What has been studied? ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hirata A, Kominami Y, Ohashi H, Tsuyama I, Tanaka N, Nakao K, Hijioka Y, Matsui T. Global estimates of stress-reflecting indices reveal key climatic drivers of climate-induced forest range shifts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153697. [PMID: 35143798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has the potential to cause forest range shifts at a broad scale and consequently can alter crucial forest functions, including carbon sequestration. However, global-scale projections of future forest range shifts remain challenging because our knowledge of the physiological responses of plants to climatic stress is limited to particular species and is insufficient for wide-range projections, in addition to the uncertainties in the impacts of non-climatic factors, such as wildfire, wind, and insect outbreaks. To evaluate the vulnerability and resilience of forests to climate change, we developed a new empirical approach using climatic indices reflecting physiological stressors on plants. We calculated the global distributions of seven indices based on primary climatic stressors (drought, solar radiation, and temperature) at high resolution. We then modeled the relationship between the seven indices and global forest extent. We found two key stressors driving climate-induced forest range shifts on a global scale: low temperature under high radiation and drought. At high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, forest establishment became difficult when the mean temperature was less than approximately 7.2 °C in the highest radiation quarter. Forest sensitivity to drought was more pronounced at mid-latitudes. In areas where the humidity index (ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) was below 0.45, shrubland and grassland became more dominant than forests. Our results also suggested that the impacts of climate change on global forest range shifts will be geographically biased depending on the areas affected by the key climatic stressors. Potential forest gain was remarkable in boreal regions due to increasing temperature. Potential forest loss was remarkable in current tropical grassland and temperate forest/grassland ecoregions due to increasing drought. Our approach using stress-reflecting indices could improve our ability to detect the roles of climatic stressors on climate-induced forest range shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hirata
- Center for Biodiversity and Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Department of Disaster Prevention, Meteorology and Hydrology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Department of Wildlife Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Tsuyama
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Environment Consultant ENVI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0062, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nakao
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hijioka
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Center for Biodiversity and Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Maruta E, Yazaki K, Ogasa MY, Taneda H. Pit aspiration causes an apparent loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity in a subalpine fir (Abies mariesii Mast.) overwintering at the alpine timberline. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1228-1238. [PMID: 34962267 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conifers growing at the alpine timberline are exposed to combinatorial stresses that induce embolism in xylem during winter. We collected branches of Abies mariesii Mast. at the timberline on Mt Norikura of central Japan to evaluate the seasonal changes in the loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (percent loss of hydraulic conductivity; PLC). Concurrently, we evaluated the distribution of embolized tracheids in native samples via cryo-scanning electron microscopic (cryo-SEM) observation in comparison with the drought-induced embolism samples used for the vulnerability curve. The twigs collected in late winter showed 100 PLC at a water potential of ~-3 MPa, and air-filled tracheids were observed sporadically in the cryo-SEM images. The cryo-SEM images also showed that nearly all pits of the samples from the timberline were aspirated in the xylem with 100 PLC. Conversely, in drought-induced samples used for vulnerability analysis, lower frequency of aspirated pits was observed at similar water potentials and all tracheids in the earlywood of xylem with 100 PLC were filled with air. We hypothesized that pit aspiration is the primary cause of the pronounced winter xylem conductivity loss at the timberline when water potential is near, but still above, the drought-induced vulnerability threshold. Pit aspiration before water loss may be an adaptation to severe winter conditions at timberlines to prevent widespread xylem embolism. The possible causes of pit aspiration are discussed in relation to complex stresses under harsh winter conditions at timberlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Maruta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Soil-Plant Ecosystem Group, Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Mayumi Y Ogasa
- Forest Ecology Group, Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama-choh, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Han Y, Deng J, Zhou W, Wang QW, Yu D. Seasonal Responses of Hydraulic Function and Carbon Dynamics in Spruce Seedlings to Continuous Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868108. [PMID: 35599899 PMCID: PMC9115555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought is expected to increase in the frequency and duration associated with climate change. Although hydraulic function and carbon (C) storage have been widely recognized as key components to plant survival under a single drought, the physiological responses to continuous drought remain largely unknown, particularly for high northern temperate and boreal forests which are sensitive to water stress. In this study, we quantified the survival, growth, gas exchange, water relations, and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in 3-year-old Jezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) seedlings responding to continuous drought stress. Seedlings were maintained in drought conditions for 392 days, covering two growing and one dormant winter season. Seedlings subjected to drought showed a significant decrease in net photosynthesis rate (A net ) and stomatal conductance (g s ) in both growing seasons, and biomass in the second growing season. The seedling mortality continuously increased to 35.6% at the experimental end. Notably, responses of C storage and leaf water potential to drought varied greatly depending on seasons. Living seedlings exposed to drought and control treatments had similar NSC concentrations in both growing seasons. However, seedlings with concentrations of both the soluble sugars and starch less than 1% in root died in the winter dormant season. In the second growing season, compared with the control treatment, droughted seedlings had significantly lower leaf water potential and stem wood-specific hydraulic conductivity (K w). Meanwhile, the leaf predawn water potential did not recover overnight. These suggest that C starvation might be an important reason for seedlings that died in the winter dormant season, while in the growing season drought may limit seedling survival and growth through inducing hydraulic failure. Such seasonal dependence in hydraulic dysfunction and C depletion may lead to higher mortality in spruce forests facing extended drought duration expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wangming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dapao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Cold-season freeze frequency is a pervasive driver of subcontinental forest growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117464119. [PMID: 35476522 PMCID: PMC9170167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117464119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe reduction of freeze exposure with winter warming has consequences for carbon sequestration by northern forests. Quantifying the impact of these changes on tree growth is, however, challenging because of among- and within-tree species variability in freeze tolerance and phenological cues. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of tree growth response to the cold-season frequency of freeze days using an extensive tree-ring dataset covering Canada's forests. Our study shows that tree growth responses to freeze exposure vary in direction and magnitude by clade and species but also with leaf-out strategy, tree age and size, and environmental factors. Such quantification can help predict terrestrial carbon dynamics under climate change.
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Villouta C, Workmaster BA, Livingston DP, Atucha A. Acquisition of Freezing Tolerance in Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Is a Multi-Factor Process Involving the Presence of an Ice Barrier at the Bud Base. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:891488. [PMID: 35599888 PMCID: PMC9115472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.891488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bud freezing survival strategies have in common the presence of an ice barrier that impedes the propagation of lethally damaging ice from the stem into the internal structures of buds. Despite ice barriers' essential role in buds freezing stress survival, the nature of ice barriers in woody plants is not well understood. High-definition thermal recordings of Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. buds explored the presence of an ice barrier at the bud base in September, January, and May. Light and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the ice barrier region anatomy and cell wall composition related to their freezing tolerance. Buds had a temporal ice barrier at the bud base in September and January, although buds were only freezing tolerant in January. Lack of functionality of vascular tissues may contribute to the impedance of ice propagation. Pith tissue at the bud base had comparatively high levels of de-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (HG), which may also block ice propagation. By May, the ice barrier was absent, xylogenesis had resumed, and de-methyl-esterified HG reached its lowest levels, translating into a loss of freezing tolerance. The structural components of the barrier had a constitutive nature, resulting in an asynchronous development of freezing tolerance between anatomical and metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Villouta
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Beth Ann Workmaster
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David P. Livingston
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, USDA-ARS and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Amaya Atucha
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Amaya Atucha,
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