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Moukarzel R, Jones EE, Panda P, Larrouy J, Ramana JV, Guerin-Laguette A, Ridgway HJ. Vineyard management systems influence arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi recruitment by grapevine rootstocks in New Zealand. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae211. [PMID: 39147565 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can perform significant functions within sustainable agricultural ecosystems, including vineyards. Increased AMF diversity can be beneficial in promoting plant growth and increasing resilience to environmental changes. To effectively utilize AMF communities and their benefits in vineyard ecosystems, a better understanding of how management systems influence AMF community composition is needed. Moreover, it is unknown whether AMF communities in organically managed vineyards are distinct from those in conventionally managed vineyards. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, vineyards were surveyed across the Marlborough region, New Zealand to identify the AMF communities colonizing the roots of different rootstocks grafted with Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir in both conventional and organic systems. The AMF communities were identified based on spores isolated from trap cultures established with the collected grapevine roots, and by next-generation sequencing technologies (Illumina MiSeq). The identified AMF species/genera belonged to Glomeraceae, Entrophosporaceae, and Diversisporaceae. The results revealed a significant difference in AMF community composition between rootstocks and in their interaction with management systems. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes indicated that vineyard management systems influence AMF recruitment by rootstocks and some rootstocks may therefore be more suited to organic systems due to the AMF communities they support. This could provide an increased benefit to organic systems by supporting higher biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Moukarzel
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - E Eirian Jones
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Preeti Panda
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Justine Larrouy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - John V Ramana
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | | | - Hayley J Ridgway
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Lailheugue V, Darriaut R, Tran J, Morel M, Marguerit E, Lauvergeat V. Both the scion and rootstock of grafted grapevines influence the rhizosphere and root endophyte microbiomes, but rootstocks have a greater impact. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2024; 19:24. [PMID: 38654392 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil microorganisms play an extensive role in the biogeochemical cycles providing the nutrients necessary for plant growth. Root-associated bacteria and fungi, originated from soil, are also known to influence host health. In response to environmental stresses, the plant roots exude specific molecules influencing the composition and functioning of the rhizospheric and root microbiomes. This response is host genotype-dependent and is affected by the soil microbiological and chemical properties. It is essential to unravel the influence of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes on the composition of this microbiome, and to investigate this relationship with plant growth and adaptation to its environment. Here, the composition and the predicted functions of the microbiome of the root system were studied using metabarcoding on ten grapevine scion-rootstock combinations, in addition to plant growth and nutrition measurements. RESULTS The rootstock genotype significantly influenced the diversity and the structure of the bacterial and fungal microbiome, as well as its predicted functioning in rhizosphere and root compartments when grafted with the same scion cultivar. Based on β-diversity analyses, 1103P rootstock showed distinct bacterial and fungal communities compared to the five others (RGM, SO4, 41B, 3309 C and Nemadex). The influence of the scion genotype was more variable depending on the community and the investigated compartment. Its contribution was primarily observed on the β-diversity measured for bacteria and fungi in both root system compartments, as well as for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere. Significant correlations were established between microbial variables and the plant phenotype, as well as with the plant mineral status measured in the petioles and the roots. CONCLUSION These results shed light on the capacity of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes to recruit different functional communities of microorganisms, which affect host growth and adaptation to the environment. Selecting rootstocks capable of associating with positive symbiotic microorganisms is an adaptation tool that can facilitate the move towards sustainable viticulture and help cope with environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lailheugue
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33882, France
| | - Romain Darriaut
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33882, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Joseph Tran
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33882, France
| | - Marine Morel
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33882, France
| | - Elisa Marguerit
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33882, France
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33882, France.
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3
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Noceto PA, Durney C, van Tuinen D, de Sousa J, Wipf D, Courty PE. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities differ in neighboring vineyards of different ages. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:241-248. [PMID: 37450046 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are key organisms in viticultural ecosystems as they provide many ecosystem services to soils and plants. Data about AMF community dynamics over time are relatively scarce and at short time scales. Many factors such as the soil, climate, and agricultural practices could modify the dynamics and functions of microbial communities. However, the effects on microbial communities of plant phenology and changes in plant physiology over time largely have been overlooked. We analyzed the diversity of AMF in three geographically close vineyards with similar soil parameters for 2 years. The plots differed in grapevine age (11, 36, and 110 years), but had the same soil management practice (horse tillage). Diversity analyses revealed a difference in the composition of AMF communities between the soil and grapevine roots and among roots of grapevines of different ages. This underlines AMF adaptation to physiological changes in the host which can explain the development of different AMF communities. The dynamics of AMF communities can highlight their resilience to environmental changes and agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Noceto
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Célien Durney
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France.
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Aguilera P, Ortiz N, Becerra N, Turrini A, Gaínza-Cortés F, Silva-Flores P, Aguilar-Paredes A, Romero JK, Jorquera-Fontena E, Mora MDLL, Borie F. Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Vineyards: Water and Biotic Stress Under a Climate Change Scenario: New Challenge for Chilean Grapevine Crop. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826571. [PMID: 35317261 PMCID: PMC8934398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crop Vitis vinifera (L.) is of great economic importance as Chile is one of the main wine-producing countries, reaching a vineyard area of 145,000 ha. This vine crop is usually very sensitive to local condition changes and agronomic practices; therefore, strategies to counteract the expected future decrease in water level for agricultural irrigation, temperature increase, extreme water stress (abiotic stress), as well as increase in pathogenic diseases (biotic stress) related to climate change will be of vital importance for this crop. Studies carried out in recent years have suggested that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can provide key ecosystem services to host plants, such as water uptake implementation and enhanced absorption of nutrients such as P and N, which are key factors for improving the nutritional status of the vine. AMF use in viticulture will contribute also to sustainable agronomic management and bioprotection against pathogens. Here we will present (1) the current status of grapevines in Chile, (2) the main problems in grapevines related to water stress and associated with climate change, (3) the importance of AMF to face water stress and pathogens, and (4) the application of AMF as a biotechnological and sustainable tool in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aguilera
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nancy Ortiz
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ninozhka Becerra
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Patricia Silva-Flores
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Talca, Chile
- Centro del Secano, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ana Aguilar-Paredes
- Programa de Restauración Biológica de Suelos, Centro Regional de Investigación e Innovación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales (CERES), Quillota, Chile
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Karlo Romero
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Emilio Jorquera-Fontena
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - María de La Luz Mora
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Fernando Borie
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Cataldo E, Fucile M, Mattii GB. Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:162. [PMID: 35050049 PMCID: PMC8777853 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs' implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cataldo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.F.); (G.B.M.)
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The Mycorrizal Status in Vineyards Affected by Esca. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100869. [PMID: 34682291 PMCID: PMC8540504 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we analyzed the relationship among native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vine roots affected by esca, a serious grapevine trunk disease. The AMF symbiosis was analyzed on the roots of neighboring plants (symptomatic and asymptomatic to esca) in 14 sites of three vineyards in Marche region (central–eastern Italy). The AMF colonization intensity, identified by non-vital staining, showed higher value in all esca symptomatic plants (ranging from 24.6% to 61.3%) than neighboring asymptomatic plants (from 17.4% to 57.6%). The same trend of Glomeromycota phylum abundance was detected by analyzing fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) linked to the AMF community, obtained by amplicon high throughput analysis of ITS 1 region. Overall, the highest amount of OTUs was detected on roots from symptomatic plants (0.42%), compared to asymptomatic roots (0.29%). Specific primer pairs for native Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae AMF species, were designed in 28S rRNA and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA, respectively, and droplet digital PCR protocol for absolute quantification was set up. A higher number of DNA copies of both fungal species were detected more frequently in symptomatic than asymptomatic vines. Our study suggests a relationship between esca and native AMF in grapevine. These results underline the importance of native rhizosphere microbial communities for a better knowledge of grapevine esca disease.
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7
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Drought Influences Fungal Community Dynamics in the Grapevine Rhizosphere and Root Microbiome. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090686. [PMID: 34575724 PMCID: PMC8468433 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots support complex microbial communities that can influence nutrition, plant growth, and health. In grapevine, little is known about the impact of abiotic stresses on the belowground microbiome. In this study, we examined the drought-induced shifts in fungal composition in the root endosphere, the rhizosphere and bulk soil by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS). We imposed three irrigation regimes (100%, 50%, and 25% of the field capacity) to one-year old grapevine rootstock plants cv. SO4 when plants had developed 2–3 roots. Root endosphere, rhizosphere, and bulk soil samples were collected 6- and 12-months post-plantation. Drought significantly modified the overall fungal composition of all three compartments, with the root endosphere compartment showing the greatest divergence from well-watered control (100%). The overall response of the fungal microbiota associated with black-foot disease (Dactylonectria and “Cylindrocarpon” genera) and the potential biocontrol agent Trichoderma to drought stress was consistent across compartments, namely that their relative abundances were significantly higher at 50–100% than at 25% irrigation regime. We identified a significant enrichment in several fungal genera such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis during drought at 25% watering regime within the roots. Our results reveal that drought stress, in addition to its well-characterized effects on plant physiology, also results in the restructuring of grapevine root microbial communities, and suggest the possibility that members of the altered grapevine microbiota might contribute to plant survival under extreme environmental conditions.
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Cesaro P, Massa N, Bona E, Novello G, Todeschini V, Boatti L, Mignone F, Gamalero E, Berta G, Lingua G. Native AMF Communities in an Italian Vineyard at Two Different Phenological Stages of Vitis vinifera. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676610. [PMID: 34349738 PMCID: PMC8326575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial soil microorganisms that can establish symbiotic associations with Vitis vinifera roots, resulting in positive effects on grapevine performance, both in terms of water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, and replant success. Grapevine is an important perennial crop cultivated worldwide, especially in Mediterranean countries. In Italy, Piedmont is one of the regions with the longest winemaking tradition. In the present study, we characterized the AMF communities of the soil associated or not with the roots of V. vinifera cv. Pinot Noir cultivated in a vineyard subjected to conventional management using 454 Roche sequencing technology. Samplings were performed at two plant phenological stages (flowering and early fruit development). The AMF community was dominated by members of the family Glomeraceae, with a prevalence of the genus Glomus and the species Rhizophagus intraradices and Rhizophagus irregularis. On the contrary, the genus Archaeospora was the only one belonging to the family Archaeosporaceae. Since different AMF communities occur in the two considered soils, independently from the plant phenological stage, a probable role of V. vinifera in determining the AMF populations associated to its roots has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cesaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Nadia Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisa Bona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Novello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valeria Todeschini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Lara Boatti
- SmartSeq s.r.l., spin-off of the Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Flavio Mignone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy.,SmartSeq s.r.l., spin-off of the Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisa Gamalero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Graziella Berta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Guido Lingua
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
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Moukarzel R, Ridgway HJ, Guerin-Laguette A, Jones EE. Grapevine rootstocks drive the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in New Zealand vineyards. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2941-2956. [PMID: 34028142 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are often regarded as non-specific symbionts, but some AMF communities show host preference in various ecosystems including vineyards. Grapevine plants are very responsive to AMF colonization. Although these fungi have potentially significant applications for sustainable agricultural ecosystems, there is a gap in knowledge regarding AMF-grapevine interactions worldwide and especially in New Zealand. This study focused on identifying AMF taxa colonizing grapevines in New Zealand vineyards and investigated the effect of grapevine rootstocks on AMF community diversity and composition. METHODS AND RESULTS Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and trap cultures were used to characterize the AMF communities. Grapevine roots from three vineyards and nine rootstocks were analysed by DGGE and used in trap cultures for AMF recovery. Trap cultures allowed the recovery of six AMF spore morphotypes that belonged to Ambispora sp., Claroideoglomus sp., Funneliformis sp. and Glomus sp. Bands excised, reamplified and sequenced from the DGGE were assigned to Glomus sp., Rhizophagus sp. and Claroideoglomus sp. The AMF community analyses demonstrated that rootstock significantly (P < 0·05) influenced the AMF community composition in all sites. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that for a comprehensive identification of AMF, both results from trap culture and molecular work were needed and that the rootstock cultivar was the main driver of the arbuscular mycorrhizal community colonizing the roots. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a firm foundation for future research exploring the beneficial use of AMF in enhancing grapevine production and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moukarzel
- Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - H J Ridgway
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Guerin-Laguette
- Mycotree C/-Southern Woods Nursery, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - E E Jones
- Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
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First Insights into the Effect of Mycorrhizae on the Expression of Pathogen Effectors during the Infection of Grapevine with Plasmopara viticola. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), widely used for berry and wine production, is highly susceptible to the pathogenic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the etiological agent of grapevine downy mildew disease. The method commonly used to prevent and control P. viticola infection relies on multiple applications of chemical fungicides. However, with European Union goals to lower the usage of such chemicals in viticulture there is a need to develop new and more sustainable strategies. The use of beneficial microorganisms with biocontrol capabilities, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been pointed out as a viable alternative. With this study, we intended to investigate the effect of AMF colonization on the expression of P. viticola effectors during infection of grapevine. Grapevine plants were inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and, after mycorrhizae development, plants were infected with P. viticola. The expression of P. viticola RxLR effectors was analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) during the first hours of interaction. Results show that pre-mycorrhizal inoculation of grapevine alters the expression of several P. viticola effectors; namely, PvRxLR28, which presented decreased expression in mycorrhizal plants at the two time points post-infection tested. These results suggest that the pre-inoculation of grapevine with AMF could interfere with the pathogen’s ability to infect grapevine by modulation of pathogenicity effectors expression, supporting the hypothesis that AMF can be used to increase plant resistance to pathogens and promote more sustainable agriculture practices, particularly in viticulture.
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11
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Space and Vine Cultivar Interact to Determine the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Composition. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040317. [PMID: 33260901 PMCID: PMC7712214 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in the use of microbes as biofertilizers is increasing in recent years as the demands for sustainable cropping systems become more pressing. Although very widely used as biofertilizers, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations with specific crops have received little attention and knowledge is limited, especially in the case of vineyards. In this study, the AM fungal community associated with soil and roots of a vineyard on Mallorca Island, Spain was characterized by DNA sequencing to resolve the relative importance of grape variety on their diversity and composition. Overall, soil contained a wider AM fungal diversity than plant roots, and this was found at both taxonomic and phylogenetic levels. The major effect on community composition was associated with sample type, either root or soil material, with a significant effect for the variety of the grape. This effect interacted with the spatial distribution of the plants. Such an interaction revealed a hierarchical effect of abiotic and biotic factors in shaping the composition of AM fungal communities. Our results have direct implications for the understanding of plant-fungal assemblages and the potential functional differences across plants in vineyard cropping.
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