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Manasa G, Mahamiya V, Chakraborty B, Rout CS. 2D/1D VSe 2/MWCNT hybrid-based electrochemical sensor for carbendazim quantification of environmental, food, and biological samples. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:540. [PMID: 39150580 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
For the first time the sensitive determination of carbendatim (CRB) is reported utilizing a well-designed sensing architecture based on vanadium diselenide-multiwalled carbon nanotube (VSMC). FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDS, and EIS were employed to evaluate the sensor's structural integrity, and the results demonstrated the successful integration of nanomaterials, resulting in a robust and sensitive electrochemical sensor. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometric (CA) investigations showed that the sensor best performed at pH 8.0 (BRB) with an excellent detection limit of 9.80 nM with a wide linear range of 0.1 to 10.0 µM. A more thermodynamically viable oxidation of CRB was observed at the VSMC/GCE, with a shift of 200 mV in peak potential towards the less positive side compared with the unmodified GCE. In addition, the sensor demonstrated facile heterogeneous electron transfer, favorable anti-fouling traits in the presence of a wide range of interferents, good stability, and reproducible analytical performance. Finally, the developed sensor was validated for real-time quantification of CRB from spiked water, food, and bio-samples, which depicted acceptable recoveries (98.6 to 101.5%) with RSD values between 0.35 and 2.23%. Further, to derive the possible sensing mechanism, the valence orbitals projected density of states (PDOS) for C, H, and N atoms of an isolated CRB molecule, VSe2 + CNT and VSe2 + CNT + CRB were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The dominant charge transfer from the valence 2p-orbitals of the C and N atoms of CRB to CNT is responsible for the electrochemical sensing of CRB molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manasa
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikram Mahamiya
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, 34151, Italy
| | - Brahmananda Chakraborty
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Rout
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, 562112, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Li X, Li L, Tang L, Mei J, Fu J. Unveiling combined ecotoxicity: Interactions and impacts of engineered nanoparticles and PPCPs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170746. [PMID: 38342466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants such as engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of great concern because of their wide distribution and incomplete removal in conventional wastewater and soil treatment processes. The production and usage of ENPs and PPCPs inevitably result in their coexistence in different environmental media, thus posing various risks to organisms in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. However, the existing literature on the physicochemical interactions between ENPs and PPCPs and their effects on organisms is rather limited. Therefore, this paper summarized the ecotoxicity of combined ENPs and PPCPs by discussing: (1) the interactions between ENPs and PPCPs, including processes such as aggregation, adsorption, transformation, and desorption, considering the influence of environmental factors like pH, ionic strength, dissolved organic matter, and temperature; (2) the effects of these interactions on bioaccumulation, bioavailability and biotoxicity in organisms at different trophic levels; (3) the impacted of ENPs and PPCPs on cellular-level biological process. This review elucidated the potential ecological hazards associated with the interaction of ENPs and PPCPs, and serves as a foundation for future investigations into the ecotoxicity and mode of action of ENPs, PPCPs, and their co-occurring metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, China.
| | - Jingting Mei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, China.
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Camparotto NG, de Figueiredo Neves T, de Souza Vendemiatti J, Dos Santos BT, Vieira MGA, Prediger P. Adsorption of contaminants by nanomaterials synthesized by green and conventional routes: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12683-12721. [PMID: 38253828 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, due to their large surface area and selectivity, have stood out as an alternative for the adsorption of contaminants from water and effluents. Synthesized from green or traditional protocols, the main advantages and disadvantages of green nanomaterials are the elimination of the use of toxic chemicals and difficulty of reproducing the preparation of nanomaterials, respectively, while traditional nanomaterials have the main advantage of being able to prepare nanomaterials with well-defined morphological properties and the disadvantage of using potentially toxic chemicals. Thus, based on the particularities of green and conventional nanomaterials, this review aims to fill a gap in the literature on the comparison of the synthesis, morphology, and application of these nanomaterials in the adsorption of contaminants in water. Focusing on the adsorption of heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and phenol derivatives in water, for the first time, a review article explored and compared how chemical and morphological changes in nanoadsorbents synthesized by green and conventional protocols affect performance in the adsorption of contaminants in water. Despite advances in the area, there is still a lack of review articles on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna Toledo Dos Santos
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Limeira , São Paulo, CEP: 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Prediger
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Limeira , São Paulo, CEP: 13484-332, Brazil.
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Hsieh YH, Jung WT, Lee HL. Novel vinylene-based covalent organic framework as a promising adsorbent for the rapid extraction of beta-agonists in meat samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1272:341492. [PMID: 37355321 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Beta-agonists are potent bronchodilators approved for the treatment of asthma and tocolysis. However, they have been extensively misused as feed additives in the veterinary field to improve feed efficiency. The concern over their potential hazard to health has come to the fore again. In this study, a novel vinylene-based covalent organic framework (V-COF-1) with a two-dimensional structure was developed. The structure shows good tolerance in a variety of mediums, which can be attributed to the low polarity linkage. The high specific surface area and variable interaction with analytes accelerate the extraction time. Furthermore, the swelling resulting from the formation of hydrogen bonds by the protic solvent intercalation with the triazine group also improves the adsorption efficiency. Finally, due to its great reusability, it is economical material in sample preparation application. The V-COF-1 based μ-dSPE approach was coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS to develop a highly sensitive and selective method. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.05 to 20 ng g-1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) higher than 0.9958, and the limits of detection and quantification fell in the ranges of 0.01-0.10 ng g-1 and 0.04-0.32 ng g-1. The proposed method has been successfully applied to determine beta-agonists in meat samples, and the results indicated good recovery of 82.2-116%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 6.61%, indicating the potential for sustainable application in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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5
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Regenerable Kiwi Peels as an Adsorbent to Remove and Reuse the Emerging Pollutant Propranolol from Water. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to characterize the adsorption process of propranolol HCl, an emerging pollutant and a widely used β-blocker, onto kiwi peels, an agricultural waste. The use of UV-vis spectroscopy was considered to obtain information about the pollutant removal working in the in-batch mode. In a relatively short time, the adsorption process could remove the pollutant from water. A kiwi peel maximum adsorption capacity of 2 mg/g was obtained. With the perspective of scaling up the process, preliminary in-flux measurements were also performed. The investigation of the whole in-batch adsorption process was conducted by studying the effect of ionic strength (adopting salt concentrations from 0 to 0.4 M), pH values (from 2 to 12), adsorbent/pollutant amounts (from 25 to 100 mg and from 7.5 to 15 mg/L, respectively), and temperature values (from 289 to 305 K). The thermodynamics, the adsorption isotherms, and the kinetics of the adsorption process were also carefully investigated. The Langmuir model fitted the experimental data well, with an R2 of 0.9912, restituting KL: 1 L/mg and Q0: 1.8 mg/g. The temperature increase enhanced the pollutant removal due to the endothermic adsorption characteristics. Accordingly, a ΔH°298K of +70 KJ/mol was obtained. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model described the process. Due to the results observed during the study of the effects of pH and ionic strength, the prominent presence of electrostatic interactions, working in synergy with hydrophobic forces and H-bonds between the pollutant and kiwi peel surfaces, was successfully demonstrated. In particular, FTIR-ATR measurements confirmed the latter findings. Finally, desorption experiments for recycling 100% of propranolol for each cycle were performed using 0.1 M MgCl2. Ten cycles of adsorption/desorption were obtained and indicated that the percentage of propranolol removal was not affected during each run, increasing the maximum adsorption from 2 to 20 mg/g.
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Keshmiri N, Najmi P, Ramezanzadeh M, Ramezanzadeh B, Bahlakeh G. Ultrastable Porous Covalent Organic Framework Assembled Carbon Nanotube as a Novel Nanocontainer for Anti-Corrosion Coatings: Experimental and Computational Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19958-19974. [PMID: 35191688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been proposed as a wholly organic architecture sharing high crystallinity, porosity, and tuneability. Moreover, they exhibit highly stable structures against harsh chemical environments, including boiling water, strong acids and bases, and oxidation and reduction conditions, making them good candidates for extreme conditions. For the first time, a porous COF structure based on terephthalaldehyde and melamine was synthesized and employed as a novel nanocontainer for hosting corrosion inhibitors to provide a coating with superior active/passive anti-corrosion properties. In this study, the multi-walled carbon nanotube was utilized as a platform for growing COF (CC) to improve the coating's barrier and thermo-mechanical properties. The zinc cations were loaded into the CC structure (called CCZ) as one of the most promising inhibitors for mild steel. The COF-based nanoparticles' characterization was done by Fourier transform infrared, Raman, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Moreover, the Density functional theory modeling and molecular dynamics simulation quantitatively highlighted the adsorption propensity of the investigated COF structures onto the oxidized CNT-based nanostructures and the interactions of epoxy with these nanostructures. The CCZ nanoparticles (NPs) showed 75% inhibition efficiency in saline solution and 418 ppm zinc ions release after 24 h at acidic pH. The CCZ/EP coating revealed the smart release of inhibitor for 24 h and represented excellent barrier properties after 9 weeks of immersion in saline solution. In terms of mechanical properties, the elastic modulus values derived from the dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer were enhanced by 107 and 137% in CC/EP and CCZ/EP samples compared to the neat epoxy. Furthermore, the yield stress and breakpoint elongation were strengthened by 102 and 63% for the CC/EP sample, respectively. Finally, the highest pull-off adhesion strength in dry (8.53 MPa) and wet (2.7 MPa) conditions, along with the lowest adhesion loss (68.3%), was related to the CCZ/EP sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Keshmiri
- Surface Coating and Corrosion Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 8080, Iran
| | - Parisa Najmi
- Surface Coating and Corrosion Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 8080, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezanzadeh
- Surface Coating and Corrosion Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 8080, Iran
| | - Bahram Ramezanzadeh
- Surface Coating and Corrosion Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 8080, Iran
| | - Ghasem Bahlakeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Aliabad Katoul 39361-79142, Iran
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Devrinol and triadimefon removal from aqueous solutions using CNT-COOH/MnO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mashile PP, Nomngongo PN. Magnetic Cellulose-Chitosan Nanocomposite for Simultaneous Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040190. [PMID: 34842666 PMCID: PMC8628732 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in water systems threatens both terrestrial and aquatic life across the globe. Some of such contaminants are β-blockers and anticonvulsants, which have been constantly detected in different water systems. Various methodologies have been introduced for the removal of these emerging pollutants from different waters. Among them, adsorption using nanomaterials has proved to be an efficient and cost-effective process for the removal of pharmaceuticals from contaminated water. In this this study, a firsthand/time approach applying a recyclable magnetic cellulose-chitosan nanocomposite for effective simultaneous removal of two β-blockers (atenolol (ATN)) and propranolol (PRP) and an anticonvulsant (carbamazepine (CBZ)) is reported. A detailed characterization of the eco-friendly, biocompatible cellulose-chitosan nanocomposite with magnetic properties was performed at various rates of synthesis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A N2c adsorption-desorption test showed that the prepared nanocomposite is mesoporous, with a BET area of 112 m2 g-1. The BET isotherms results showed that the magnetic cellulose-chitosan nanocomposite has a pore size of 24.1 nm. The adsorption equilibrium of PRP and CBZ fitted with the Langmuir isotherm was consistent with the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9945) and (R2 = 0.9942), respectively, while the Sips model provided a better fit for ATN, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.9956. The adsorption rate was accompanied by a pseudo-second-order kinetics. Moreover, the swelling test showed that up to 100 percent swelling of the magnetic cellulose-chitosan nanocomposite was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phodiso Prudence Mashile
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSI-NRF SARChI), Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSI-NRF SARChI), Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Fallah Z, Zare EN, Ghomi M, Ahmadijokani F, Amini M, Tajbakhsh M, Arjmand M, Sharma G, Ali H, Ahmad A, Makvandi P, Lichtfouse E, Sillanpää M, Varma RS. Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130055. [PMID: 33984903 PMCID: PMC8588192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide development of agriculture and industry has resulted in contamination of water bodies by pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other xenobiotics. Even at trace levels of few micrograms per liter in waters, these contaminants induce public health and environmental issues, thus calling for efficient removal methods such as adsorption. Recent adsorption techniques for wastewater treatment involve metal oxide compounds, e.g. Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3 and ZnO-MgO, and carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon/graphene quantum dots. Here, the small size of metal oxides and the presence various functional groups has allowed higher adsorption efficiencies. Moreover, carbon-based adsorbents exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, high porosity, easy functionalization, low price, and high surface reactivity. Here we review the cytotoxic effects of pharmaceutical drugs and pesticides in terms of human risk and ecotoxicology. We also present remediation techniques involving adsorption on metal oxides and carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | | | - Matineh Ghomi
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran
| | - Farhad Ahmadijokani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Majed Amini
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hamna Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, 13100, Aix en Provence, France.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA; Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Š lechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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High-temperature liquid chromatography for evaluation of the efficiency of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as nano extraction beds for removal of acidic drugs from wastewater. Greenness profiling and comprehensive kinetics and thermodynamics studies. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461891. [PMID: 33513471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retention behavior of a series of acidic drugs, namely ketoprofen (KET), naproxen (NAP), diclofenac (DIC), and ibuprofen (IBU), on the heat-resisting ZORBAX 300SB-C18 column, was studied thermodynamically using high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC). A perfect correlation of the compounds' lipophilicity and the calculated thermodynamic indicators evidenced its contribution to the retention behavior. Besides, the steric fitting has a subsidiary effect on IBU retention. Isocratic HTLC separation of the four compounds was achieved using an aqueous mobile phase containing 30% acetonitrile-0.2% acetic acid-0.2% triethylamine at 60 °C. This method has been utilized to monitor the adsorption efficiency of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the removal of the four NSAIDs from water. Different variables affecting the remediation process have been optimized such as the time of contact, pH, ionic strength, temperature, and the mass of MWCNTs. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption were investigated. The adsorption was evidenced to take place via pseudo-second-order kinetics and the intraparticle diffusion is the rate-controlling step. The thermodynamic investigation showed that the adsorption process is exothermic and enthalpy-driven, and the adsorption is more extensive at a lower temperature. The MWCNTs showed excellent adsorption efficiency of about 76.4 to 97.6% at the optimum conditions. The obtained results are promising and encouraging for the full-scale application of MWCNTs for remediation of NSAIDs-related water pollution. The green analytical chemistry metric "AGREE" and the analytical eco-scale score tool confirmed that the developed protocol is greener and more favorable to the environment and user than most of the reported literature.
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