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Hamdy ME, El Deeb AH, Hagag NM, Shahein MA, Alaidi O, Hussein HA. Interspecies transmission of SARS CoV-2 with special emphasis on viral mutations and ACE-2 receptor homology roles. Int J Vet Sci Med 2023; 11:55-86. [PMID: 37441062 PMCID: PMC10334861 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2023.2222981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in 2019, Wuhan, China. The spillover of the disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), to a wide range of pet, zoo, wild, and farm animals has emphasized potential zoonotic and reverse zoonotic viral transmission. Furthermore, it has evoked inquiries about susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 infection and role of these animals as viral reservoirs. Therefore, studying susceptible and non-susceptible hosts for SARS-CoV-2 infection could give a better understanding for the virus and will help in preventing further outbreaks. Here, we review structural aspects of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the effect of the different mutations observed in the spike protein, and the impact of ACE2 receptor variations in different animal hosts on inter-species transmission. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 spillover chain was reviewed. Combination of SARS-CoV-2 high mutation rate and homology of cellular ACE2 receptors enable the virus to transcend species barriers and facilitate its transmission between humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat E. Hamdy
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. El Deeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A. Shahein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Alaidi
- Biocomplexity for Research and Consulting Co., Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hussein A. Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Wang J, Zhu Z. Novel paradigm of mosquito-borne disease control based on self-powered strategy. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1115000. [PMID: 36741958 PMCID: PMC9895093 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1115000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Zhiyuan Zhu ✉
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3
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Dunlop JI, Kohl A, Brennan B, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Replication Kinetics of a Candidate Live-Attenuated Vaccine for Cache Valley Virus in Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:553-558. [PMID: 36354965 PMCID: PMC9700352 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence or re-emergence of several orthobunyaviruses (order: Bunyavirales; family: Peribunyaviridae), including Cache Valley virus (CVV) and Oropouche virus, warrants the development and evaluation of candidate live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Ideally, these vaccines would elicit long-lasting immunity with one single immunization. Materials and Methods: Since the deletion of two virulence factors, NSs and NSm, has been shown to attenuate the virulence phenotype of orthobunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and nairoviruses, genetic manipulation of the viral genome is considered an effective strategy for the rational design of candidate LAVs for bunyaviruses across multiple families. In addition, the deletion of Rift Valley fever virus NSs and NSm genes has been shown to reduce transmission by mosquitoes. Results: In this study, the ability of a CVV mutant lacking the NSs and NSm genes (2delCVV) to replicate in intrathoracically injected Aedes albopictus was compared with the parental wild-type CVV (wtCVV) 6V633 strain. In contrast to the robust replication of wtCVV in injected mosquitoes, the multiplication kinetics of the 2delCVV mutant was reduced by more than a 100-fold. Conclusion: These results suggest that the deletion of NSm and NSs genes is a feasible approach to rationally design candidate orthobunyavirus LAVs that are highly attenuated in mosquitoes and, therefore, pose little risk of reversion to virulence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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4
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Chavda VP, Sonak SS, Munshi NK, Dhamade PN. Pseudoscience and fraudulent products for COVID-19 management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62887-62912. [PMID: 35836045 PMCID: PMC9282830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As of now, the COVID-19 pandemic has become uncontrolled and is spreading widely throughout the world. Additionally, new variants of the mutated viral variants have been found in some countries that are more dangerous than the original strain. Even vaccines cannot produce complete protective immunity against the newer strains of SARS-CoV-2. Due to such a dreadful situation, lots of fear and depression have been created among the public. People are looking for the treatment of the disease at any cost and there is a race in the market to provide treatment and make money, whether it is effective or not! In such a condition, many fraud products, remedies, and myths have come into the market, which is falsely claimed to be effective for the disease and can harm the patients. Hence, FDA has banned such products and remedies. In this review, we have compiled all such fraudulent and pseudosciences identified for COVID-19. Currently, in the pandemic time, health agencies are approving the repurposed medicines based on the small-scale clinical data for emergency uses that become ineffective (most of the cases) after large randomized clinical studies. Proper vigilance strategies need to be defined by the regulatory agencies of the nation and routine awareness programs shall be arranged for educating the people and healthcare workers on routine updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Shreya S Sonak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nafesa K Munshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pooja N Dhamade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Nasir S, Ahmed I, Hussain B, Ijaz MU, Hafeez F, Wadaan MA, Atique U, Mahboob S. A study on the role of aedes mosquitoes in arboviruses and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A new challenge. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2022; 34:102179. [PMID: 36000083 PMCID: PMC9388054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya, Zika, Dengue Viruses, and now Novel Coronavirus are global health challenges that cause human diseases ranging from febrile illnesses to death. Most of these viruses are mainly vectored by Aedes mosquitoes worldwide. Molecular detection of arboviruses was made in female Aedes mosquito pools caught from all the seven districts by using a reliable molecular technique, “RT-PCR.” From 216 collections of Aedes species, arboviruses were detected in 27, including only Alphavirus genus to determine mosquito abundance and evaluate the potential role of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in arboviruses and nvel Coronavirus transmission. 5322 mosquitoes were collected using aspirators; 35.31% (n = 2049) were identified as female Aedes using morphological keys, pooled into 216 pools, and tested for arboviruses and coronaviruses by using RT-PCR with the help of specific primers. Novel Coronavirus was not detected in this study. Only the Flavivirus genus was detected in twenty-seven pools giving an infection rate of 62.96% (n = 17) for DENV2, while DENV3 was 37.03% (n = 10). Furthermore, our results indicated no role of mosquitoes in the spread of Covid-19. Results showed a higher infection rate in urban sites than in rural ones. The detection of arboviruses indicates possible human health risk due to active role of these mosquitoes in spreading of arbovirus in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabab Nasir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad U Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Hafeez
- Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usman Atique
- College of Biological Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Roundy CM, Hamer SA, Zecca IB, Davila EB, Auckland LD, Tang W, Gavranovic H, Swiger SL, Tomberlin JK, Fischer RSB, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Hamer GL. No Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Flies or Cockroaches in Households Where COVID-19 Positive Cases Resided. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1479-1483. [PMID: 35640635 PMCID: PMC9278844 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flies and other arthropods mechanically transmit multiple pathogens and a recent experimental study demonstrated house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), can mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by domestic insects and their potential as a xenosurveillance tool for detection of the virus. Flies were trapped in homes where at least one confirmed human COVID-19 case(s) resided using sticky and liquid-baited fly traps placed inside and outside the home in the Texas counties of Brazos, Bell, and Montgomery, from June to September 2020. Flies from sticky traps were identified, pooled by taxa, homogenized, and tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Liquid traps were drained, and the collected fluid similarly tested after RNA concentration. We processed the contents of 133 insect traps from 40 homes, which contained over 1,345 individual insects of 11 different Diptera families and Blattodea. These individuals were grouped into 243 pools, and all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Fourteen traps in seven homes were deployed on the day that cat or dog samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by nasal, oral, body, or rectal samples. This study presents evidence that biting and nonbiting flies and cockroaches (Blattodea) are not likely to contribute to mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or be useful in xenosurveillance for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Italo B Zecca
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Edward B Davila
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lisa D Auckland
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wendy Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Haley Gavranovic
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sonja L Swiger
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rebecca S B Fischer
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory and Regional Reference Laboratory in the Americas (PAHO/WHO), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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7
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Rutherford C, Kafle P, Soos C, Epp T, Bradford L, Jenkins E. Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Animal Species: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221107786. [PMID: 35782319 PMCID: PMC9247998 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was imperative for researchers to rapidly determine what animal species may be susceptible to the virus, under low knowledge and high uncertainty conditions. In this scoping review, the animal species being evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, the methods used to evaluate susceptibility, and comparing the evaluations between different studies were conducted. Using the PRISMA-ScR methodology, publications and reports from peer-reviewed and gray literature sources were collected from databases, Google Scholar, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), snowballing, and recommendations from experts. Inclusion and relevance criteria were applied, and information was subsequently extracted, categorized, summarized, and analyzed. Ninety seven sources (publications and reports) were identified which investigated 649 animal species from eight different classes: Mammalia, Aves, Actinopterygii, Reptilia, Amphibia, Insecta, Chondrichthyes, and Coelacanthimorpha. Sources used four different methods to evaluate susceptibility, in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological analysis. Along with the different methods, how each source described "susceptibility" and evaluated the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 varied, with conflicting susceptibility evaluations evident between different sources. Early in the pandemic, in silico methods were used the most to predict animal species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and helped guide more costly and intensive studies using in vivo or epidemiological analyses. However, the limitations of all methods must be recognized, and evaluations made by in silico and in vitro should be re-evaluated when more information becomes available, such as demonstrated susceptibility through in vivo and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Rutherford
- School of Public Health, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Pratap Kafle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical
Sciences, Long Island University Post Campus, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health
Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical
Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lori Bradford
- Ron and Jane Graham School of
Professional Development, College of Engineering, and School of Environment and
Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
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8
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Higgs S, Huang YJS, Hettenbach SM, Vanlandingham DL. SARS-CoV-2 and Arthropods: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050985. [PMID: 35632727 PMCID: PMC9144246 DOI: 10.3390/v14050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that led to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic exemplifies how a lack of understanding and preparedness for emerging viruses can result in consequences on a global scale. Statements that SARS-CoV-2 could not be transmitted by arthropod vectors were made without experimental support. Here we review laboratory-based research, field studies, and environmental studies to evaluate the potential for the virus to be transmitted either biologically or mechanically by arthropods. Based on these data, we conclude that transmission by arthropods is highly unlikely to play a significant epidemiological role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.H.); (Y.-J.S.H.); (S.M.H.)
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.H.); (Y.-J.S.H.); (S.M.H.)
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Susan M. Hettenbach
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.H.); (Y.-J.S.H.); (S.M.H.)
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.H.); (Y.-J.S.H.); (S.M.H.)
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Cattaneo AM. Reviewing findings on the polypeptide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein to discuss the origins of the virus. Future Virol 2022; 0. [PMID: 35419073 PMCID: PMC8982992 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations suggested origins of SARS-CoV-2 from the recombination of coronaviruses of various animals, including the bat Rhinolophus affinis and the pangolin Manis javanica, despite the processes describing the adaptation from a reservoir of animals to human are still debated. In this perspective, I will remark two main inconsistencies on the origins of SARS-CoV-2: polypeptide sequence alignment of the S-proteins does not return the expected identity of the receptor-binding motif among most of pangolin-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2; accurate referencing for samplings and sequencing deposition of the ancestral bat coronavirus named RaTG13 was missing since the first reports on the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. This contribution aims to stimulate discussion about the origins of SARS-CoV-2 and considers other intermediate hosts as a reservoir for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Maria Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Chemical Ecology Group, Lomma, Box 190 234 22, Sweden
- University of Lausanne, Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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10
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Hatami H, Kolahi AA, Ghamari SH, Abbasi-Kangevari M. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices About COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers in Iran During the First Wave of the Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:827817. [PMID: 35372184 PMCID: PMC8965810 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.827817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Investigating the knowledge, attitudes, and practices about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare workers (HCWs) could be an early step toward identifying their potential educational needs and possible factors involved in misinformation. The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices about COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Iran during the first wave of the pandemic. Materials and Methods The current descriptive-correlational study was conducted during the 1st days of the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran from March 24th to April 3rd, 2020. Participants included all healthcare workers at hospitals, including physicians, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, laboratory and radiology assistants, and other hospital professionals during the study period. Data were collected through an online self-administrative questionnaire. Results The responses of 1,310 participants were analyzed, of which 900 (68.7%) were female. The mean (SD) knowledge score was 25.4 (3.3), 84.7% out of 30. More than 90% of participants correctly recognized the main symptoms, transmission route, and preventive measures for COVID-19. The mean (SD) attitude score was 16.9 (1.1), 93.9% out of 18. Most participants agreed with keeping safe physical distancing, self-isolation upon symptom onset, and city lockdowns. The mean (SD) score for general practices about COVID-19 was 20.8 (2.0), 86.7% of 24. Conclusion The knowledge and practice of HCWs were appropriate, and their attitudes were mainly positive. However, there is still room for improvement regarding concerning misinformation and quackeries about COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hatami
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ali-Asghar Kolahi
| | - Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Kramer P. Mitochondria-Microbiota Interaction in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:776936. [PMID: 35002678 PMCID: PMC8733591 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.776936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are the two best-known neurodegenerative diseases. Each is associated with the excessive aggregation in the brain and elsewhere of its own characteristic amyloid proteins. Yet the two afflictions have much in common and often the same amyloids play a role in both. These amyloids need not be toxic and can help regulate bile secretion, synaptic plasticity, and immune defense. Moreover, when they do form toxic aggregates, amyloids typically harm not just patients but their pathogens too. A major port of entry for pathogens is the gut. Keeping the gut’s microbe community (microbiota) healthy and under control requires that our cells’ main energy producers (mitochondria) support the gut-blood barrier and immune system. As we age, these mitochondria eventually succumb to the corrosive byproducts they themselves release, our defenses break down, pathogens or their toxins break through, and the side effects of inflammation and amyloid aggregation become problematic. Although it gets most of the attention, local amyloid aggregation in the brain merely points to a bigger problem: the systemic breakdown of the entire human superorganism, exemplified by an interaction turning bad between mitochondria and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kramer
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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12
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Cahyaningsih U, Sadiah S, Syafii W, Sari RK. Effectiveness combination of Strychnos ligustrina Blum wood extract and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquin phosphate (DHP) as antimalarial in mice infected with P. berghei. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Huang YJS, Bilyeu AN, Hsu WW, Hettenbach SM, Willix JL, Stewart SC, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Treatment with dry hydrogen peroxide accelerates the decay of severe acute syndrome coronavirus-2 on non-porous hard surfaces. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1252-1255. [PMID: 34273464 PMCID: PMC8279916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection of contaminated or potentially contaminated surfaces has become an integral part of the mitigation strategies for controlling coronavirus disease 2019. Whilst a broad range of disinfectants are effective in inactivating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), application of disinfectants has a low throughput in areas that receive treatments. Disinfection of large surface areas often involves the use of reactive microbiocidal materials, including ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide vapor. Albeit these methods are highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2, the deployment of these approaches creates unacceptable health hazards and precludes the treatment of occupied indoor spaces using existing disinfection technologies. In this study, the feasibility of using dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated surfaces in large indoor spaces was evaluated. METHODS Glass slides were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with DHP between 5 and 25 ppb for up to 24 hours. Residual infectious virus samples were eluted from three replicates at each time point and titrated in African green monkey VeroE6 cells. RESULTS In comparison with the observed relatively high stability of SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated glass slides (control group), residual infectious titers of glass slides inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 were significantly reduced after receiving 120 minutes of DHP treatment. CONCLUSIONS The accelerated decay of SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated glass slides suggests that treatment with DHP can be an effective surface disinfection method for occupied indoor spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Ashley N Bilyeu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Joshua L Willix
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Savannah C Stewart
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
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14
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Sanchez-Vargas I, Williams AE, Franz AWE, Olson KE. Intrathoracic Inoculation of Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4165. [PMID: 34692914 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vectors of many medically relevant arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses, including Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and yellow fever (YFV). Vector competence studies with Ae. aegypti often involve challenging mosquitoes with an artificial bloodmeal containing virus and later quantifying viral titer or infectious plaque-forming units (PFU) in various mosquito tissues at relevant time points post-infection. However, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are known to exhibit midgut infection and escape barriers (MIB and MEB, respectively), which influence the prevalence and titer of a disseminated infection and can introduce unwanted variability into studies analyzing tissues such as the salivary glands. To surmount this challenge, we describe herein a protocol for the intrathoracic inoculation of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti. This method bypasses the midgut, which leads to a more rapid and higher proportion of disseminated infections in comparison to oral challenge, and mosquitoes become infected with a consistent dose of virus. Our protocol is advantageous for studies that need a large sample size of infected mosquitoes, need to bypass the midgut, or are analyzing salivary gland infection or escape barriers. Graphic abstract: Cartoon depiction of Aedes aegypti intrathoracic inoculation. Figure made with Biorender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Sanchez-Vargas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Adeline E Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Alexander W E Franz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ken E Olson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
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15
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Hatami H, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Malekpour MR, Kolahi AA. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Safety Practices About COVID-19 Among High School Students in Iran During the First Wave of the Pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:680514. [PMID: 34422743 PMCID: PMC8371395 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.680514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: School closures have inevitably deprived students of their traditional source of information. The objective of this study was to determine knowledge, attitudes, and safety practices about COVID-19 among high school students in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted from March 24th-April 3rd, 2020. Data were collected via an online-parent-administrative questionnaire. Results: Responses of 704 students were analyzed. Students' mean (SD) knowledge score was 21.5 (4.6) of 30. More than 90% of students knew about the cause of the disease, the routes of transmission, and the most renowned symptoms: dyspnea and cough. Social-and- audiovisual-media were the leading information source. Most students believed that people need to keep safe physical distancing, everyone should isolate themselves upon symptoms onset, people should avoid unnecessary in-person contact with family and friends, and that cities need to go under lockdowns if needed. Students' mean (SD) practice score was 20.2 (2.5) of 24. Most students did not go on a trip, and more than 80% said they would wear facemasks when going outside. Conclusions: High school students' knowledge and safety practices about COVID-19 were somewhat satisfactory, and their attitudes toward the disease were mainly positive. Nevertheless, some witnessed knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, and unsafe practices in the study highlighted the need for targeted education on the pandemic. Social and mass media's significant role and potential could be utilized to battle misinformation and deliver proper knowledge to young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hatami
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety and Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Balaraman V, Drolet BS, Gaudreault NN, Wilson WC, Owens J, Bold D, Swanson DA, Jasperson DC, Noronha LE, Richt JA, Mitzel DN. Susceptibility of Midge and Mosquito Vectors to SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1948-1951. [PMID: 33686400 PMCID: PMC7989399 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged, highly contagious virus and the cause of the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is a zoonotic virus, although its animal origin is not clear yet. Person-to-person transmission occurs by inhalation of infected droplets and aerosols, or by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Arthropods transmit numerous viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases; however, the potential role of arthropods in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not fully understood. Thus far, a few studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 replication is not supported in cells from certain insect species nor in certain species of mosquitoes after intrathoracic inoculation. In this study, we expanded the work of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility to biting insects after ingesting a SARS-CoV-2-infected bloodmeal. Species tested included Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, as well as Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), all known biological vectors for numerous RNA viruses. Arthropods were allowed to feed on SARS-CoV-2-spiked blood and at a time point postinfection analyzed for the presence of viral RNA and infectious virus. Additionally, cell lines derived from C. sonorensis (W8a), Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (C6/36), Cx. quinquefasciatus (HSU), and Cx. tarsalis (CxTrR2) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Our results indicate that none of the biting insects, nor the insect cell lines evaluated support SARS-CoV-2 replication, suggesting that these species are unable to be biological vectors of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Jeana Owens
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Dustin A Swanson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Dane C Jasperson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Leela E Noronha
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Dana N Mitzel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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17
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Jansen CC, Darbro JM, Birrell FA, Shivas MA, van den Hurk AF. Impact of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mosquito-Borne Diseases in 2020 in Queensland, Australia. Viruses 2021; 13:1150. [PMID: 34208620 PMCID: PMC8235246 DOI: 10.3390/v13061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on mosquito-borne diseases in Queensland, Australia, during the first half of 2020. Implementation of restrictions coincided with an atypical late season outbreak of Ross River virus (RRV) characterized by a peak in notifications in April (1173) and May (955) which were greater than 3-fold the mean observed for the previous four years. We propose that limitations on human movement likely resulted in the majority of RRV infections being acquired at or near the place of residence, and that an increase in outdoor activities, such as gardening and bushwalking in the local household vicinity, increased risk of exposure to RRV-infected mosquitoes. In contrast, the precipitous decline in international passenger flights led to a reduction in the number of imported dengue and malaria cases of over 70% and 60%, respectively, compared with the previous five years. This substantial reduction in flights also reduced a risk pathway for importation of exotic mosquitoes, but the risk posed by importation via sea cargo was not affected. Overall, the emergence of COVID-19 has had a varied impact on mosquito-borne disease epidemiology in Queensland, but the need for mosquito surveillance and control, together with encouragement of personal protective measures, remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie C. Jansen
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Jonathan M. Darbro
- Metro North Public Health Unit, Queensland Health, Windsor, Brisbane, QLD 4030, Australia;
| | - Frances A. Birrell
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Martin A. Shivas
- Field Services, Brisbane City Council, Eagle Farm, Brisbane, QLD 4009, Australia;
| | - Andrew F. van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
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18
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Goraichuk IV, Arefiev V, Stegniy BT, Gerilovych AP. Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2021; 302:198473. [PMID: 34118360 PMCID: PMC8188804 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus. Its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appears to be capable of infecting different mammalian species. Recent detections of this virus in pet, zoo, wild, and farm animals have compelled inquiry regarding the zoonotic (animal-to-human) and reverse zoonotic (human-to-animal) transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 with the potential of COVID-19 pandemic evolving into a panzootic. It is important to monitor the global spread of disease and to assess the significance of genomic changes to support prevention and control efforts during a pandemic. An understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology provides opportunities to prevent the risk of repeated re-infection of humans and requires a robust One Health-based investigation. This review paper describes the known properties and the existing gaps in scientific knowledge about the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmissibility of the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna V Goraichuk
- National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine", 83 Pushkinska street, Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine.
| | - Vasiliy Arefiev
- National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine", 83 Pushkinska street, Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine.
| | - Borys T Stegniy
- National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine", 83 Pushkinska street, Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine.
| | - Anton P Gerilovych
- National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine", 83 Pushkinska street, Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine.
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19
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Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL, Huang YJS, Thangamani S. The Use of Arthropod-Borne Challenge Models in BSL-3Ag and BSL-4 Biocontainment. ILAR J 2021; 61:18-31. [PMID: 33951733 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of many arthropod-borne pathogens requires high biosafety considerations, including the use of specialized facilities and equipment for arthropod containment. Mosquito- and tick-borne viruses such as yellow fever, West Nile, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses require facilities that are suitable for housing vertebrates. Multidisciplinary studies that incorporate the vector, vertebrate, and pathogens are essential for a complete understanding of the interactions between these transmission cycle components, especially if they aim to evaluate and model relative susceptibilities of different arthropods and vertebrates to infection and transmission between these. Under laboratory conditions, these studies can be relatively simple, for example, involving colonized arthropods, small animals, and attenuated viruses. Other studies are complex with large animals, high-biocontainment pathogens, and field-collected arthropods. These require a higher level of containment and special design considerations. Both of these types of experiments have their relative merits. A thorough understanding of the issues related to these types of studies and the benefits and drawbacks to using various challenge models will enable the researcher to develop realistic goals for various experiments. This review examines the varied issues that should be considered prior to starting these experiments and covers the basics from the procurement of various arthropods, rearing, high-containment facilities and operational issues specific to work with arthropods, types of infection experiments, and specific issues with arthropod and animal experiments in biosafety levels 3 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- Director of the Biosecurity Research Institute and Associate Vice President for Research at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Director of the SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, and Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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20
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Lam SD, Ashford P, Díaz-Sánchez S, Villar M, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J, Orengo C. Arthropod Ectoparasites Have Potential to Bind SARS-CoV-2 via ACE. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040708. [PMID: 33921873 PMCID: PMC8073597 DOI: 10.3390/v13040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus-like organisms have been previously identified in Arthropod ectoparasites (such as ticks and unfed cat flea). Yet, the question regarding the possible role of these arthropods as SARS-CoV-2 passive/biological transmission vectors is still poorly explored. In this study, we performed in silico structural and binding energy calculations to assess the risks associated with possible ectoparasite transmission. We found sufficient similarity between ectoparasite ACE and human ACE2 protein sequences to build good quality 3D-models of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:ACE complex to assess the impacts of ectoparasite mutations on complex stability. For several species (e.g., water flea, deer tick, body louse), our analyses showed no significant destabilisation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:ACE complex, suggesting these species would bind the viral Spike protein. Our structural analyses also provide structural rationale for interactions between the viral Spike and the ectoparasite ACE proteins. Although we do not have experimental evidence of infection in these ectoparasites, the predicted stability of the complex suggests this is possible, raising concerns of a possible role in passive transmission of the virus to their human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Datt Lam
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.D.L.); (J.d.l.F.); (C.O.)
| | - Paul Ashford
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Sandra Díaz-Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
- Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: (S.D.L.); (J.d.l.F.); (C.O.)
| | - Christine Orengo
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.D.L.); (J.d.l.F.); (C.O.)
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21
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Prince T, Smith SL, Radford AD, Solomon T, Hughes GL, Patterson EI. SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Animals: Reservoirs for Reverse Zoonosis and Models for Study. Viruses 2021; 13:494. [PMID: 33802857 PMCID: PMC8002747 DOI: 10.3390/v13030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought many questions over the origin of the virus, the threat it poses to animals both in the wild and captivity, and the risks of a permanent viral reservoir developing in animals. Animal experiments have shown that a variety of animals can become infected with the virus. While coronaviruses have been known to infect animals for decades, the true intermediate host of the virus has not been identified, with no cases of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The screening of wild, farmed, and domesticated animals is necessary to help us understand the virus and its origins and prevent future outbreaks of both COVID-19 and other diseases. There is intriguing evidence that farmed mink infections (acquired from humans) have led to infection of other farm workers in turn, with a recent outbreak of a mink variant in humans in Denmark. A thorough examination of the current knowledge and evidence of the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect different animal species is therefore vital to evaluate the threat of animal to human transmission and reverse zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK; (T.S.); (G.L.H.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Shirley L. Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Tom Solomon
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK; (T.S.); (G.L.H.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK; (T.S.); (G.L.H.)
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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22
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Boklund A, Gortázar C, Pasquali P, Roberts H, Nielsen SS, Stahl K, Stegeman A, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Van Der Stede Y, Adlhoch C, Alm E, Melidou A, Mirinaviciute G. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mustelids. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06459. [PMID: 33717355 PMCID: PMC7926496 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
American mink and ferret are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but no information is available for other mustelid species. SARS-CoV-2 spreads very efficiently within mink farms once introduced, by direct and indirect contact, high within-farm animal density increases the chance for transmission. Between-farm spread is likely to occur once SARS-CoV-2 is introduced, short distance between SARS-CoV-2 positive farms is a risk factor. As of 29 January 2021, SARS-CoV-2 virus has been reported in 400 mink farms in eight countries in the European Union. In most cases, the likely introduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection into farms was infected humans. Human health can be at risk by mink-related variant viruses, which can establish circulation in the community, but so far these have not shown to be more transmissible or causing more severe impact compared with other circulating SARS-CoV-2. Concerning animal health risk posed by SARS-CoV-2 infection the animal species that may be included in monitoring plans are American mink, ferrets, cats, raccoon dogs, white-tailed deer and Rhinolophidae bats. All mink farms should be considered at risk of infection; therefore, the monitoring objective should be early detection. This includes passive monitoring (in place in the whole territory of all countries where animals susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 are bred) but also active monitoring by regular testing. First, frequent testing of farm personnel and all people in contact with the animals is recommended. Furthermore randomly selected animals (dead or sick animals should be included) should be tested using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ideally at weekly intervals (i.e. design prevalence approximately 5% in each epidemiological unit, to be assessed case by case). Suspected animals (dead or with clinical signs and a minimum five animals) should be tested for confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Positive samples from each farm should be sequenced to monitor virus evolution and results publicly shared.
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Janik E, Bartos M, Niemcewicz M, Gorniak L, Bijak M. SARS-CoV-2: Outline, Prevention, and Decontamination. Pathogens 2021; 10:114. [PMID: 33498679 PMCID: PMC7911301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus began to spread around the world in late 2019. Initially, it was found only in China, but in the following days there were reported cases of infections in other countries. Subsequently, based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and accepted practice, the virus was officially designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As a result of the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in different countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a status change in the disease caused by this coronavirus-from an epidemic to a pandemic disease. Although the world is taking unprecedented efforts to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the number of confirmed cases is rising. Therefore, effective preventive measures are needed in order to limit the spread of illness. The prevention measures are mainly based on information on the virus transmission routes, its environmental stability, and persistence on commonly touched surfaces. Social distancing, mask usage, and good hygiene practice are the most important recommendations for general public. Healthcare professionals who are directly involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients care are more exposed to virus infection and additional protection measures are necessary, including protective suits, aprons, face shields, goggles, and gloves. Due to the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces, such as glass, paper, or wood, proper disinfection is crucial. Several studies have shown that despite the virus's stability, it is sensitive to various disinfectants, such as ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite, or hydrogen peroxide. These findings underline the importance of having comprehensive knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and multidirectional strategies in order to limit the spread of the virus. This review is a summary of the most important information about SARS-CoV-2, such as its stability on different surfaces, protection strategies, and decontamination options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. (E.J.); (M.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Maciej Bartos
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 1/3, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. (E.J.); (M.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Leslaw Gorniak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. (E.J.); (M.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. (E.J.); (M.N.); (L.G.)
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Fortuna C, Montarsi F, Severini F, Marsili G, Toma L, Amendola A, Bertola M, Michelutti A, Ravagnan S, Capelli G, Rezza G, Di Luca M. The common European mosquitoes Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus are unable to transmit SARS-CoV-2 after a natural-mimicking challenge with infected blood. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:76. [PMID: 33482887 PMCID: PMC7821838 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak to be a pandemic. As the mosquito season progressed, the understandable concern that mosquitoes could transmit the virus began to increase among the general public and public health organisations. We have investigated the vector competence of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus, the two most common species of vector mosquitoes in Europe, for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the very unusual feeding behaviour of Ae. albopictus, we also evaluated the role of this mosquito in a potential mechanical transmission of the virus. Methods For the vector competence study, mosquitoes were allowed to take several infectious blood meals. The mosquitoes were then collected and analysed at 0, 3, 7 and 10 days post-feeding. For the mechanical transmission test, Ae. albopictus females were allowed to feed for a short time on a feeder containing infectious blood and then on a feeder containing virus-free blood. Both mosquitoes and blood were tested for viral presence. Results Culex pipiens and Ae. albopictus were found not be competent vectors for SARS-CoV-2, and Ae. albopictus was unable to mechanically transmit the virus. Conclusions This is the first study to show that the most common species of vector mosquitoes in Europe do not transmit SARS-CoV-2 and that Ae. albopictus is unable to mechanically transmit the virus from a positive host to a healthy host through host-feeding.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fortuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Toma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alice Michelutti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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