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Karunaratne UW, Dassanayake TL. Effect of L-theanine on selective attention in a traffic-related reaction task in sleep-deprived young adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39052627 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2383080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-theanine is a non-protein-forming amino acid found in tea. Limited evidence suggests that it improves selective attention. Sleep deprivation impairs attention and psychomotor reactions, affecting automobile driving. We aimed to determine whether L-theanine improves neurobehavioral measures of visual attention in acutely sleep-deprived healthy adults in a traffic-scene-based attention task. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, two-way crossover study, we compared the effects of a 200-mg dose of L-theanine with a placebo (150 ml of distilled water) on a computerised, traffic-scene-based visual recognition reaction task in 24 healthy volunteers (age 20-25 years; 13 males) sleep-deprived overnight. The participants made speeded button-presses to imminent accident scenes (i.e. hits), while ignoring safe scenes. They were tested pre-dose and 45 min post-dose, each treatment administered one week apart. RESULTS Hit rates were more than 90% in all sessions, and were similar in two treatments, pre- vs post-dose. L-theanine significantly reduced false alarms (i.e. responses to safe scenes) (p = 0.014) and increased A' (i.e. target-distractor discriminability) (p = 0.009), whereas placebo did not (p > 0.05). L-theanine reduced hit reaction time by 38.65 ms (p = 0.007), and placebo by 19.08 ms (p = 0.016), however reaction time changes from baseline were not significantly different between treatments (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS L-theanine in high doses appears to improve selective visual attention by concurrently improving information processing speed and target-distractor discriminability in acutely sleep-deprived individuals. This is consistent with previous functional neuroimaging findings, where L-theanine suppressed distractor-processing and default-mode-network activity in visual selective attention tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umangi W Karunaratne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Tharaka L Dassanayake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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2
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Matsuzaki K, Sugimoto N, Hossain S, Islam R, Sumiyoshi E, Hashimoto M, Kishi H, Shido O. Theobromine improves hyperactivity, inattention, and working memory via modulation of dopaminergic neural function in the frontal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2024; 15:5579-5595. [PMID: 38713055 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder and dopaminergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may play a role. Our previous research indicated that theobromine (TB), a methylxanthine, enhances cognitive function in rodents via the PFC. This study investigates TB's effects on hyperactivity and cognitive function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an ADHD animal model. Male SHRs (6-week old) received a diet containing 0.05% TB for 40 days, while control rats received normal diets. Age-matched male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) served as genetic controls. During the TB administration period, we conducted open-field tests and Y-maze tasks to evaluate hyperactivity and cognitive function, then assessed dopamine concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine receptor D1-5 (DRD1-5), dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), synaptosome-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressions in the PFC. Additionally, the binding affinity of TB for the adenosine receptors (ARs) was evaluated. Compared to WKY, SHR exhibited hyperactivity, inattention and working memory deficits. However, chronic TB administration significantly improved these ADHD-like behaviors in SHR. TB administration also normalized dopamine concentrations and expression levels of TH, DRD2, DRD4, SNAP-25, and BDNF in the PFC of SHR. No changes were observed in DRD1, DRD3, DRD5, DAT, and VMAT-2 expression between SHR and WKY rats, and TB intake had minimal effects. TB was found to have affinity binding to ARs. These results indicate that long-term TB supplementation mitigates hyperactivity, inattention and cognitive deficits in SHR by modulating dopaminergic nervous function and BDNF levels in the PFC, representing a potential adjunctive treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
| | - Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Rafiad Islam
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA.
| | - Eri Sumiyoshi
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
- Department of Sports and Health Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Kishi
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
- Shimane Rehabilitation College, Oku-izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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3
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Blume J, Dhanasekara CS, Kahathuduwa CN, Mastergeorge AM. Central Executive and Default Mode Networks: An Appraisal of Executive Function and Social Skill Brain-Behavior Correlates in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1882-1896. [PMID: 36988766 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Atypical connectivity patterns have been observed for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), particularly across the triple-network model. The current study investigated brain-behavior relationships in the context of social skills and executive function profiles for ASD youth. We calculated connectivity measures from diffusion tensor imaging using Bayesian estimation and probabilistic tractography. We replicated prior structural equation modeling of behavioral measures with total default mode network (DMN) connectivity to include comparisons with central executive network (CEN) connectivity and CEN-DMN connectivity. Increased within-CEN connectivity was related to metacognitive strengths. Our findings indicate behavior regulation difficulties in youth with ASD may be attributable to impaired connectivity between the CEN and DMN and social skill difficulties may be exacerbated by impaired within-DMN connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blume
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1230, USA.
| | | | - Chanaka N Kahathuduwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Ann M Mastergeorge
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1230, USA
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Dassanayake TL, Wijesundara D, Kahathuduwa CN, Weerasinghe VS. Dose-response effect of L-theanine on psychomotor speed, sustained attention, and inhibitory control: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1138-1146. [PMID: 36263942 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-theanine is a non-protein-forming amino acid found in tea. Previous research shows high doses (100-400 mg) of L-theanine enhances attention, mainly by reducing mind wandering and distracter processing. We hypothesized that these indirect mechanisms could significantly improve the performance of low-level attentional tasks, whereas the relative contribution could be less in complex attentional tasks that require active, higher-order processing of target stimuli. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, four-way crossover study in 32 healthy young adults, where we compared the effects of three doses of L-theanine (100, 200 and 400 mg) with a placebo (distilled water), administered before and 50 min after dosing, on three attentional tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery [viz. Reaction Time (RTI)-visuomotor speed, Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP)-sustained attention, and Stop Signal Task (SST)-inhibitory control]. Results were analyzed in dose × time repeated measures ANOVA models, with subsequent pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Active doses significantly improved reaction times in the RTI (100-200 mg) and RVP (200-400 mg) tasks from baseline (p < 0.05), but once controlled for the change-from-baseline caused by placebo, only the RTI simple reaction times showed significant improvements, following 100 mg (Δ = 16.3 ms, p = 0.009) and 200 mg (Δ = 16.9 ms, p = 0.009) of L-theanine. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our hypothesis, these findings suggest that L-theanine significantly improves attention in simple visuomotor tasks, but not in more complex sustained attention tasks, or executive control tasks that require top-down inhibition of pre-active responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharaka L Dassanayake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Devasmitha Wijesundara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Chanaka N Kahathuduwa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Laboratory Science and Primary Care, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vajira S Weerasinghe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Perrotte G, Moreira MMG, de Vargas Junior A, Teixeira Filho A, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Effects of Caffeine on Main Symptoms in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1304. [PMID: 37759905 PMCID: PMC10526204 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically treated with stimulant medications, which may lead to several adverse effects. Recent animal studies have shown that caffeine can improve the symptoms of ADHD. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effect of caffeine on ADHD symptoms in children. (2) Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing caffeine with placebo in children, comparing overall symptoms of ADHD, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (3) Results: We included seven RCTs in the systematic review for qualitative assessment, with 104 patients aged 5 to 15 years. Four of these studies (n = 76) were included in the meta-analysis. After qualitative analysis, four studies indicated no improvement in any of the ADHD symptoms compared with placebo. One study showed improvement in ADHD symptoms based on 1 of 5 scales applied. One study indicated significant improvement in general symptoms, inattention, and hyperactivity. One study indicated improvement in sustained attention but a worsening of impulsivity. In contrast, when using a quantitative analysis of the general symptoms of ADHD, the data showed no significant difference when comparing placebo with caffeine (standardized mean difference -0.12; 95% CI -0.44 to 0.20; p = 0.45; I2 = 0%). (4) Conclusion: overall, the totality of the evidence suggests no significant benefit of caffeine over placebo in the treatment of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Perrotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil;
| | | | - Amauri de Vargas Junior
- Department of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil;
| | - Alvaro Teixeira Filho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil;
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil
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6
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Fan J, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Li W, Ma W, Wang W, Gu J, Zhou B. Association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and stroke in American adults: a cross-sectional study from the NHANES, 2009-2014. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11855. [PMID: 37481659 PMCID: PMC10363104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential correlation between urinary caffeine levels and the occurrence of stroke, a serious cerebrovascular disease that can lead to disability or death. The data used in this study was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2009 and 2014. The study analyzed a total of 5,339 individuals, divided into a control group (n = 5,135) and a stroke group (n = 162). The researchers utilized multiple logistic regression and smoothed curve fitting to examine the relationship between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and the incidence of stroke. The study found that higher urinary caffeine levels were associated with a lower risk of stroke in Mexican American participants (odds ratio [OR] = 0.886, 95% confidence interval [CI]: (0.791, 0.993), P = 0.037). After adjusting for certain participant characteristics, it was also found that higher urinary paraxanthine levels were associated with a lower risk of stroke incidence (OR = 0.991, 95% CI (0.984, 0.999), P = 0.027). Meanwhile, the highest urinary paraxanthine levels group had 43.7% fewer strokes than the lowest level group (OR = 0.563, 95% CI (0.341, 0.929), P = 0.025). In this study, we showed a negative link between urine paraxanthine levels and the risk of stroke. Meanwhile, urinary caffeine levels were negatively associated with the incidence of stroke in Mexican Americans, but no correlation in other populations. Our findings may have predictive and diagnostic implications in clinical practice. Further extensive prospective investigations are still needed to validate our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Fan
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yajun Yuan
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhan Li
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wuqin Ma
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
- Center of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
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7
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Eun Kim G, Jun Kim H, Jun Jin H. The association between Adenosine A 2A receptor gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children. Gene 2023; 876:147503. [PMID: 37220831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Particularly, ADHD is known to be related to the dopaminergic system. ADHD symptoms can appear when the dopamine binding affinity diminishes due to dopamine receptor abnormalities, such as the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). This receptor interacts with the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). The A2AR acts as an antagonist of D2R, that is, the increased binding of adenosine with A2AR inhibits the D2R activity. Furthermore, it is found that the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) revealed a significant relationship with ADHD in various populations. Therefore, we examined the genetic relationship between ADORA2A polymorphisms (rs2297838, rs5751876, and rs4822492) and Korean ADHD children. A case-control study was performed for 150 cases and 322 controls. Genotyping of ADORA2A polymorphisms was conducted by PCR-RFLP. The results demonstrated that the rs5751876 TC genotype was associated with children with ADHD (p = 0.018). The rs2298383 CC genotype was significantly associated with children with ADHD/HI (p = 0.026). However, when Bonferroni correction was used, the significance vanished (padjusted = 0.054 and padjusted = 0.078, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that TTC, TCC, and CTG demonstrated a significant difference between ADHD/C children and control groups (padjusted = 0.006, padjusted = 0.011, and padjusted = 0.028, respectively). In conclusion, we propose a possible association between ADORA2A polymorphisms with Korean children having ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Han Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
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8
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Garcia CP, Licht-Murava A, Orr AG. Effects of adenosine A 2A receptors on cognitive function in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 170:121-154. [PMID: 37741689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors have been studied extensively in the context of motor function and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. In addition to these roles, A2A receptors have also been increasingly implicated in cognitive function and cognitive impairments in diverse conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, acute brain injury, and stress. We review the roles of A2A receptors in cognitive processes in health and disease, focusing primarily on the effects of reducing or enhancing A2A expression levels or activities in animal models. Studies reveal that A2A receptors in neurons and astrocytes modulate multiple aspects of cognitive function, including memory and motivation. Converging evidence also indicates that A2A receptor levels and activities are aberrantly increased in aging, acute brain injury, and chronic disorders, and these increases contribute to neurocognitive impairments. Therapeutically targeting A2A receptors with selective modulators may alleviate cognitive deficits in diverse neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Further research on the exact neural mechanisms of these effects as well as the efficacy of selective A2A modulators on cognitive alterations in humans are important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia P Garcia
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Avital Licht-Murava
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna G Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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9
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Hu S, Hu C, Luo L, Zhang H, Zhao S, Liu Z, Zeng L. Pu-erh tea increases the metabolite Cinnabarinic acid to improve circadian rhythm disorder-induced obesity. Food Chem 2022; 394:133500. [PMID: 35749873 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the circadian rhythm disorders (CRD)-mediated metabolic disorder syndromes. Pu-erh tea is a viable dietary intervention for CRD, however its effect on CRD-induced obesity is unclear. Here, we found that Pu-erh tea improved obesity in CRD-induced mice, which stemmed from the production of Cinnabarinic acid (CA). CA promoted adipose tissue lipolysis and thermogenic response (HSL, ATGL, Pparα, CKB, UCP1) and increased adipocyte sensitivity to hormones and neurotransmitters by targeting the expression of adipose tissue receptor proteins (Q6KAT8, P51655, A2AKQ0, M0QWX7, Q6ZQ33, and mGluR4). This improved mitochondrial activity and facilitated adipose tissue metabolic processes, thereby accelerating glucolipid metabolism. Also, CA-induced alterations in gut microbes and short-chain fatty acids further improved CRD-mediated lipid accumulation. These results suggest that the increase of CA caused by Pu-erh tea, targeted to adipose tissue via the metabolite-blood circulation-adipose tissue axis, maybe a key mechanism for reducing the development of CRD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liyong Luo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sibo Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Liang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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10
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Kimura K, Saito N, Nakamura H, Takeda Y. The effect of casein hydrolysate intake on cerebral neural regulation during cognitive tasks in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2022; 165:111853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Li MY, Liu HY, Wu DT, Kenaan A, Geng F, Li HB, Gunaratne A, Li H, Gan RY. L-Theanine: A Unique Functional Amino Acid in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) With Multiple Health Benefits and Food Applications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853846. [PMID: 35445053 PMCID: PMC9014247 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a very popular health drink and has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its various bioactive substances. Among them, L-theanine, a unique free amino acid, is one of the most important substances in tea and endows tea with a special flavor. Moreover, L-theanine is also a bioactive compound with plenty of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, metabolic regulatory, cardiovascular protective, liver and kidney protective, immune regulatory, and anti-obesity effects. Due to the unique characteristics and beneficial functions, L-theanine has potential applications in the development of functional foods. This review summarized the influencing factors of L-theanine content in teas, the main health benefits and related molecular mechanisms of L-theanine, and its applications in food, understanding of which can provide updated information for the further research of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anil Gunaratne
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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12
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Hu S, Luo L, Zeng L. Tea combats circadian rhythm disorder syndrome via the gut-liver-brain axis: potential mechanisms speculated. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7126-7147. [PMID: 35187990 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2040945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an intrinsic mechanism developed by organisms to adapt to external environmental signals. Nowadays, owing to the job and after-work entertainment, staying up late - Circadian rhythm disorders (CRD) are common. CRD is linked to the development of fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, and chronic gastroenteritis, which affecting the body's metabolic and inflammatory responses via multi-organ crosstalk (gut-liver-brain axis, etc.). However, studies on the mechanisms of multi-organ interactions by CRD are still weak. Current studies on therapeutic agents for CRD remain inadequate, and phytochemicals have been shown to alleviate CRD-induced syndromes that may be used for CRD-therapy in the future. Tea, a popular phytochemical-rich beverage, reduces glucolipid metabolism and inflammation. But it is immature and unclear in the mechanisms of alleviation of CRD-mediated syndrome. Here, we have analyzed the threat of CRD to hosts and their offspring' health from the perspective of the "gut-liver-brain" axis. The potential mechanisms of tea in alleviating CRD were further explored. It might be by interfering with bile acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and G protein-coupled receptors, with FXR, AHR, and GPCR as potential targets. We hope to provide new perspectives on the role of tea in the prevention and mitigation of CRD.HighlightsThe review highlights the health challenges of CRD via the gut-liver-brain axis.CRD research should focus on the health effects on healthy models and its offspring.Tea may prevent CRD by regulating bile acid, tryptophan, and GPCR.Potential targets for tea prevention and mitigation of CRD include FXR, AHR and GPCR.A comprehensive assessment mechanism for tea in improving CRD should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyong Luo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Anas Sohail A, Ortiz F, Varghese T, Fabara SP, Batth AS, Sandesara DP, Sabir A, Khurana M, Datta S, Patel UK. The Cognitive-Enhancing Outcomes of Caffeine and L-theanine: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2021; 13:e20828. [PMID: 35111479 PMCID: PMC8794723 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects multiple cognitive domains, including impaired attention, hyperactivity, and increased impulsivity. According to the CDC, 9.4% of children between 2 and 17 years old have been diagnosed with ADHD. Neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and dopamine have been suggested as crucial players in the pathophysiology of ADHD and are often targets of modern medication. Adenosine receptors types A1 and A2a in the brain are inhibited by caffeine: a stimulant known to augment attention by increasing cholinergic and dopaminergic transmission. The cognitive function of attention is also enhanced by the amino acid: L-theanine. The mechanism of action is that it behaves like a glutamate reuptake inhibitor while also acting in the hippocampus as a competitive low-affinity glutamate receptor antagonist. It's also shown to have a neuroprotective effect by its action on the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors. Our systematic review investigates the literature and clinical trials on the cognitive-enhancing effects of caffeine and L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Varghese
- Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, IND
| | - Stephanie P Fabara
- General Medicine, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, ECU
| | | | | | - Ahtesham Sabir
- Internal Medicine, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, PAK
| | - Mahika Khurana
- Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Shae Datta
- Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, USA
| | - Urvish K Patel
- Public Health and Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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A Novel Knowledge Distillation-Based Feature Selection for the Classification of ADHD. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081093. [PMID: 34439759 PMCID: PMC8393979 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder with characteristics such as lack of concentration, excessive fidgeting, outbursts of emotions, lack of patience, difficulty in organizing tasks, increased forgetfulness, and interrupting conversation, and it is affecting millions of people worldwide. There is, until now, not a gold standard test using which an ADHD expert can differentiate between an individual with ADHD and a healthy subject, making accurate diagnosis of ADHD a challenging task. We are proposing a Knowledge Distillation-based approach to search for discriminating features between the ADHD and healthy subjects. Learned embeddings from a large neural network, trained on the functional connectivity features, were fed to one hidden layer Autoencoder for reproduction of the embeddings using the same connectivity features. Finally, a forward feature selection algorithm was used to select a combination of most discriminating features between the ADHD and the Healthy Controls. We achieved promising classification results for each of the five individual sites. A combined accuracy of 81% in KKI, 60% Peking, 56% in NYU, 64% NI, and 56% OHSU and individual site wise accuracy of 72% in KKI, 60% Peking, 73% in NYU, 70% NI, and 71% OHSU were obtained using our extracted features. Our results also outperformed state-of-the-art methods in literature which validates the efficacy of our proposed approach.
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Selected Literature Watch. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2021.29020.slw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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