1
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Kitano M, Ohnishi H, Makino A, Miyamoto T, Hayashi Y, Mizuno K, Kaba S, Kawai Y, Kojima T, Kishimoto Y, Yamamoto N, Tomonaga K, Omori K. An Infection Model for SARS-CoV-2 Using Rat Transplanted with hiPSC-Airway Epithelial Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2024. [PMID: 38832872 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2024.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating the infection mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the airway epithelium and developing effective defense strategies against infection are important. To achieve this, establishing appropriate infection models is crucial. Therefore, various in vitro models, such as cell lines and primary cultures, and in vivo models involving animals that exhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and genetically humanized animals have been used as animal models. However, no animal model has been established that allows infection experiments with human cells under the physiological environment of airway epithelia. Therefore, we aimed to establish a novel animal model that enables infection experiments using human cells. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelial cell-transplanted nude rats (hiPSC-AEC rats) were used, and infection studies were performed by spraying lentiviral pseudoviruses containing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the GFP gene on the tracheae. After infection, immunohistochemical analyses revealed the existence of GFP-positive-infected transplanted cells in the epithelial and submucosal layers. In this study, a SARS-CoV-2 infection animal model including human cells was established mimicking infection through respiration, and we demonstrated that the hiPSC-AEC rat could be used as an animal model for basic research and the development of therapeutic methods for human-specific respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kitano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ohnishi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube City, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mizuno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Shinji Kaba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kawai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kojima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe city, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
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2
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Fürst-Ladani S, Bührer A, Fürst W, Schober-Ladani N. Regulatory Aspects for Approval of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in the EU. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:367-387. [PMID: 37017789 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) undergo evaluation by the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT) to obtain marketing authorization under the centralized procedure. Because of the diversity and complexity of ATMPs, a tailored approach to the regulatory process is required that needs to ensure the safety and efficacy of each product. Since ATMPs often target serious diseases with unmet medical need, the industry and authorities are interested in providing treatment to patients in a timely manner through optimized and expedited regulatory pathways. EU legislators and regulators have implemented various instruments to support the development and authorization of innovative medicines by offering scientific guidance at early stages, incentives for small developers and products for rare diseases, accelerated evaluation of marketing authorization applications, different types of marketing authorizations, and tailored programs for medicinal products with the orphan drug designation (ODD) and the Priority Medicines (PRIME) scheme. Since the regulatory framework for ATMPs was established, 20 products have been licenced, 15 with orphan drug designation, and 7 supported by PRIME. This chapter discusses the specific regulatory framework for ATMPs in the EU and highlights previous successes and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Bührer
- SFL Regulatory Affairs and Scientific Communication GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Fürst
- SFL Regulatory Affairs and Scientific Communication GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Zheng P, Liu F, Long J, Jin Y, Chen S, Duan G, Yang H. Latest Advances in the Application of Humanized Mouse Model for Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:800-809. [PMID: 37392466 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen for humans and can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild skin infections, severe osteomyelitis to fatal pneumonia, sepsis, and septicemia. The mouse models have greatly facilitated the development of S. aureus studies. However, due to the substantial differences in immune system between mice and humans, the conventional mouse studies are not predictive of success in humans, in which case humanized mice may overcome this limitation to some extent. Humanized mice can be used to study the human-specific virulence factors produced by S. aureus and the mechanisms by which S. aureus interacts with humans. This review outlined the latest advances in humanized mouse models used in S. aureus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinzhao Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Cherkashina OL, Morgun EI, Rippa AL, Kosykh AV, Alekhnovich AV, Stoliarzh AB, Terskikh VV, Vorotelyak EA, Kalabusheva EP. Blank Spots in the Map of Human Skin: The Challenge for Xenotransplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12769. [PMID: 37628950 PMCID: PMC10454653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the knowledge about human skin homeostasis, development, wound healing, and diseases has been accumulated from human skin biopsy analysis by transferring from animal models and using different culture systems. Human-to-mouse xenografting is one of the fundamental approaches that allows the skin to be studied in vivo and evaluate the ongoing physiological processes in real time. Humanized animals permit the actual techniques for tracing cell fate, clonal analysis, genetic modifications, and drug discovery that could never be employed in humans. This review recapitulates the novel facts about mouse skin self-renewing, regeneration, and pathology, raises issues regarding the gaps in our understanding of the same options in human skin, and postulates the challenges for human skin xenografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Cherkashina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra L. Rippa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Alekhnovich
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey B. Stoliarzh
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V. Terskikh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Balderas-Cordero D, Canales-Alvarez O, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Cabrera-Wrooman A, Canales-Martinez MM, Rodriguez-Monroy MA. Anti-Inflammatory and Histological Analysis of Skin Wound Healing through Topical Application of Mexican Propolis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11831. [PMID: 37511590 PMCID: PMC10380968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex biochemical process of tissue repair and remodeling in response to injury. Currently, the drugs used to improve the healing process are inaccessible to the population, are costly, and have side effects, making the search for new treatment alternatives necessary. Propolis is a natural product produced by bees that is widely recognized and used in folk medicine for its multiple biomedical activities. However, therapeutic information regarding Mexican propolis is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the wound-healing effect of the Chihuahua ethanolic extract of propolis (ChEEP). Macroscopic and histological analyses were performed using a mouse wound-healing model. The topic acute toxicity assay showed that propolis at 10% w/v had no toxic effects. ChEEP has antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Moreover, it exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity evaluated through mouse ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradeca-noylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). A full-thickness incision lesion was created in mice and treated topically with 10% ChEEP. At Day 14 post-treatment, it was observed that propolis increased wound contraction and reduced healing time and wound length; furthermore, propolis increased the tensile strength of the wound, as determined with the tensiometric method, and promoted the formation of type I collagen at the site of injury, as evaluated with Herovici stain. These findings suggest that the topical administration of ChEEP can improve skin wound healing, probably due to the synergistic effect of its components, mainly polyphenols, in different steps of the wound-healing process. It should be noted this is the first time that the wound-healing activity of a Mexican propolis has been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Balderas-Cordero
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica en Productos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina, UNAM, FES-Iztacala, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Canales-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica en Productos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina, UNAM, FES-Iztacala, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Génetica Toxicológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman
- Laboratorio de Tejido Conjuntivo, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Maria Margarita Canales-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, UBIPRO, UNAM, FES-Iztacala, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marco Aurelio Rodriguez-Monroy
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica en Productos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina, UNAM, FES-Iztacala, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
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6
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Pullicino P, Richard EJ, Burke WJ. Human-Animal Chimera Formation for Organ Transplantation: Subjugating Human Embryonic Development to Animal Control. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2023; 90:112-115. [PMID: 37325436 PMCID: PMC10265379 DOI: 10.1177/00243639231162438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pullicino
- Neurology, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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7
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Schönherr-Hellec S, Chatzopoulou E, Barnier JP, Atlas Y, Dupichaud S, Guilbert T, Dupraz Y, Meyer J, Chaussain C, Gorin C, Nassif X, Germain S, Muller L, Coureuil M. Implantation of engineered human microvasculature to study human infectious diseases in mouse models. iScience 2023; 26:106286. [PMID: 36942053 PMCID: PMC10024136 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for studying human pathogens are crucially lacking. We describe the implantation in mice of engineered human mature microvasculature consisting of endothelial and perivascular cells embedded in collagen hydrogel that allows investigation of pathogen interactions with the endothelium, including in vivo functional studies. Using Neisseria meningitidis as a paradigm of human-restricted infection, we demonstrated the strength and opportunities associated with the use of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schönherr-Hellec
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Chatzopoulou
- Université Paris Cité, UPR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Barnier
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Atlas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Dupichaud
- Cell Imaging Platform, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yves Dupraz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Julie Meyer
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université Paris Cité, UPR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Services Médecines bucco-dentaire (GH Paris Sud-Sorbonne Université, Paris Nord-Université Paris Cité), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Gorin
- Université Paris Cité, UPR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Services Médecines bucco-dentaire (GH Paris Sud-Sorbonne Université, Paris Nord-Université Paris Cité), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Corresponding author
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
- Corresponding author
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8
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Trompette A, Ubags ND. Skin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:194-207. [PMID: 36868478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Our skin has a unique barrier function, which is imperative for the body's protection against external pathogens and environmental insults. Although interacting closely and sharing many similarities with key mucosal barrier sites, such as the gut and the lung, the skin also provides protection for internal tissues and organs and has a distinct lipid and chemical composition. Skin immunity develops over time and is influenced by a multiplicity of different factors, including lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Alterations in early life skin immune and structural development may have long-term consequences for skin health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cutaneous barrier and immune development from early life to adulthood, with an overview of skin physiology and immune responses. We specifically highlight the influence of the skin microenvironment and other host intrinsic, host extrinsic (e.g. skin microbiome), and environmental factors on early life cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trompette
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niki D Ubags
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Sarmah H, Sawada A, Hwang Y, Miura A, Shimamura Y, Tanaka J, Yamada K, Mori M. Towards human organ generation using interspecies blastocyst complementation: Challenges and perspectives for therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1070560. [PMID: 36743411 PMCID: PMC9893295 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1070560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people suffer from end-stage refractory diseases. The ideal treatment option for terminally ill patients is organ transplantation. However, donor organs are in absolute shortage, and sadly, most patients die while waiting for a donor organ. To date, no technology has achieved long-term sustainable patient-derived organ generation. In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Sarmah
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anri Sawada
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Youngmin Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akihiro Miura
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuko Shimamura
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Lee J, van der Valk WH, Serdy SA, Deakin C, Kim J, Le AP, Koehler KR. Generation and characterization of hair-bearing skin organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1266-1305. [PMID: 35322210 PMCID: PMC10461778 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human skin uses millions of hairs and glands distributed across the body surface to function as an external barrier, thermoregulator and stimuli sensor. The large-scale generation of human skin with these appendages would be beneficial, but is challenging. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for generating hair-bearing skin tissue entirely from a homogeneous population of human pluripotent stem cells in a three-dimensional in vitro culture system. Defined culture conditions are used over a 2-week period to induce differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to surface ectoderm and cranial neural crest cells, which give rise to the epidermis and dermis, respectively, in each organoid unit. After 60 d of incubation, the skin organoids produce hair follicles. By day ~130, the skin organoids reach full complexity and contain stratified skin layers, pigmented hair follicles, sebaceous glands, Merkel cells and sensory neurons, recapitulating the cell composition and architecture of fetal skin tissue at week 18 of gestation. Skin organoids can be maintained in culture using this protocol for up to 150 d, enabling the organoids to be used to investigate basic skin biology, model disease and, further, reconstruct or regenerate skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wouter H van der Valk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sara A Serdy
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - CiCi Deakin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anh Phuong Le
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Kenny SE, Antaw F, Locke WJ, Howard CB, Korbie D, Trau M. Next-Generation Molecular Discovery: From Bottom-Up In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to In Silico Top-Down Approaches for Therapeutics Neogenesis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030363. [PMID: 35330114 PMCID: PMC8950575 DOI: 10.3390/life12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and drug engineering comprises a major part of the medical and research industries, and yet approaches to discovering and understanding therapeutic molecular interactions in biological systems rely on trial and error. The general approach to molecular discovery involves screening large libraries of compounds, proteins, or antibodies, or in vivo antibody generation, which could be considered “bottom-up” approaches to therapeutic discovery. In these bottom-up approaches, a minimal amount is known about the therapeutics at the start of the process, but through meticulous and exhaustive laboratory work, the molecule is characterised in detail. In contrast, the advent of “big data” and access to extensive online databases and machine learning technologies offers promising new avenues to understanding molecular interactions. Artificial intelligence (AI) now has the potential to predict protein structure at an unprecedented accuracy using only the genetic sequence. This predictive approach to characterising molecular structure—when accompanied by high-quality experimental data for model training—has the capacity to invert the process of molecular discovery and characterisation. The process has potential to be transformed into a top-down approach, where new molecules can be designed directly based on the structure of a target and the desired function, rather than performing screening of large libraries of molecular variants. This paper will provide a brief evaluation of bottom-up approaches to discovering and characterising biological molecules and will discuss recent advances towards developing top-down approaches and the prospects of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Kenny
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Fiach Antaw
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Warwick J. Locke
- Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Building 101, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
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Coburn PT, Li X, Li JY, Kishimoto Y, Li-Jessen NY. Progress in Vocal Fold Regenerative Biomaterials: An Immunological Perspective. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2:2100119. [PMID: 35434718 PMCID: PMC9007544 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocal folds, housed in the upper respiratory tract, are important to daily breathing, speech and swallowing functions. Irreversible changes to the vocal fold mucosae, such as scarring and atrophy, require a regenerative medicine approach to promote a controlled regrowth of the extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich mucosa. Various biomaterial systems have been engineered with an emphasis on stimulating local vocal fold fibroblasts to produce new ECM. At the same time, it is imperative to limit the foreign body reaction and associated immune components that can hinder the integration of the biomaterial into the host tissue. Modern biomaterial designs have become increasingly focused on actively harnessing the immune system to accelerate and optimize the process of tissue regeneration. An array of physical and chemical biomaterial parameters have been reported to effectively modulate local immune cells, such as macrophages, to initiate tissue repair, stimulate ECM production, promote biomaterial-tissue integration, and restore the function of the vocal folds. In this perspective paper, the unique immunological profile of the vocal folds will first be reviewed. Key physical and chemical biomaterial properties relevant to immunomodulation will then be highlighted and discussed. A further examination of the physicochemical properties of recent vocal fold biomaterials will follow to generate deeper insights into corresponding immune-related outcomes. Lastly, a perspective will be offered on the opportunity of integrating material-led immunomodulatory strategies into future vocal fold tissue engineering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Coburn
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Canada
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - Jianyu. Y. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicole Y.K. Li-Jessen
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, McGill University, Canada
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Ko Y, Jeong YH, Seo JH, Lee JA. Development of a Bioluminescent Human Osteosarcoma Model in Humanized NSG Mice: A Pilot Study. In Vivo 2021; 35:2151-2157. [PMID: 34182491 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer, but current therapeutic interventions remain largely insufficient. The development of new treatment strategies is needed, and moreover, optimal rodent models are necessary for testing the efficacy of new treatment modalities of osteosarcoma. Humanized mice carry human hematopoietic and immune systems, and are considered an ideal tool to study human diseases including cancer immunology. Herein, we performed a preliminary study toward developing an in vivo bioluminescent osteosarcoma model using humanized immunodeficient (NSG) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS To establish the xenograft and orthotopic mouse model, NSG mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells were injected with luciferase-expressing KHOS/NP cells at two different time points. Bioluminescence images were obtained to monitor in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Influence of the degree of human cell engraftment on tumor growth and metastatic behavior was analyzed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS KHOS/NP-luc cells injected in humanized NSG mice formed macroscopic tumors. The percentage of human CD45+ cells in these models was similar, but the percentage of human CD45+CD3+ and their subset was higher in the late-injection group compared to that of the early-injection group. The rate of KHOS/NP tumor growth was higher in the early-injection group than in the late-injection group. In the present study, human hematopoietic cell engraftment was not influenced by KHOS/NP cell injection, but KHOS/NP osteosarcoma showed more aggressive behavior in the early-injection group than that in the late-injection group, forming larger tumor volumes and earlier metastases. CONCLUSION The results indicated that tumor growth and progression in humanized NSG mice may have been influenced by higher levels of human cell engraftment, especially T cells. Although there exist some limitations to our study, our preliminary results can provide the basis for the development of a humanized osteosarcoma mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmi Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Jeong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Seo
- Laboratory Animal Team, Radiation Medicine Support Center, Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea;
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