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Mazibuko M, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon A. Patulin alters alpha-adrenergic receptor signalling and induces epigenetic modifications in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2143-2152. [PMID: 38806716 PMCID: PMC11168996 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a food-borne mycotoxin produced by Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. It is widely known for its mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic effects and has been associated with kidney injury; however, the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a study to explore the changes in α-adrenergic receptor signalling pathways and epigenetic modifications induced by PAT in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice during acute (1 day) and prolonged (10 days) exposure. The mice (20-22 g) were orally administered PAT (2.5 mg/kg; at 1 and 10 days), and post-treatment, the kidneys were harvested, homogenised and extracted for RNA, DNA, and protein. The relative gene expression of the α-adrenergic receptors (ADRA1, ADRA2A, ADRA2B) and associated signalling pathways (MAPK, MAPK14, ERK, PI3K, and AKT) was assessed by qPCR. The protein expression of ERK1/2 and MAPK was determined by western blot. The impact of PAT on DNA methylation was evaluated by quantifying global DNA methylation; qPCR was used to determine gene expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) and demethylase (MBD2). PAT downregulated the expression of ADRA1, ADRA2A, ADRA2B, PI3K, and AKT and upregulated ERK1/2 and MAPK protein expression. Furthermore, PAT induced alterations in DNA methylation patterns by upregulating DNMT1 and MBD2 expressions and downregulating DNMT3A and DNMT3B expressions, resulting in global DNA hypomethylation. In conclusion, PAT disrupts α-1 and α-2 adrenergic receptor signalling pathways and induces epigenetic modifications, that can lead to kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makabongwe Mazibuko
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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Li C, Wu X, Zheng C, Xu S, Liu Y, Qin J, Fan X, Ye Y, Fei W. Nanotechnology-integrated ferroptosis inducers: a sharp sword against tumor drug resistance. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7671-7693. [PMID: 36043505 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Presently, the biggest hurdle to cancer therapy is the inevitable emergence of drug resistance. Since conventional therapeutic schedules fall short of the expectations in curbing drug resistance, the development of novel drug resistance management strategies is critical. Extensive research over the last decade has revealed that the process of ferroptosis is correlated with cancer resistance; moreover, it has been demonstrated that ferroptosis inducers reverse drug resistance. To elucidate the development and promote the clinical transformation of ferroptosis strategies in cancer therapy, we first analyzed the roles of key ferroptosis-regulating molecules in the progression of drug resistance in-depth and then reviewed the design of ferroptosis-inducing strategies based on nanotechnology for overcoming drug resistance, including glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species generation, iron donation, lipid peroxidation aggregation, and multiple-drug resistance-associated tumor cell destruction. Finally, the prospects and challenges of regulating ferroptosis as a therapeutic strategy for reversing cancer therapy resistance were evaluated. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding for researchers to develop ferroptosis-inducing nanoplatforms that can overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yunxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Yiqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Han JJW, Nguyen CD, Thrasher JP, DeGuzman A, Chan JY. The Nrf1 transcription factor is induced by patulin and protects against patulin cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2022; 471:153173. [PMID: 35367319 PMCID: PMC9522914 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds that is found in various food products. The adverse health effects associated with exposure to patulin has led to many investigations into the biological basis driving the toxicity of patulin. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which mammalian cells resists patulin-mediated toxicity is poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of the Nrf1 transcription factor renders cells sensitive to the acute cytotoxic effects of patulin. Nrf1 deficiency leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and protein aggregates in response to patulin exposure. Nrf1 expression is induced by patulin, and activation of proteasome genes by patulin is Nrf1-dependent. These findings suggest the Nrf1 transcription factor plays a crucial role in modulating cellular stress response against patulin cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J W Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Carolyn D Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julianna P Thrasher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anna DeGuzman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Statistical Analysis and Machine Learning Used in the Case of Two Behavioral Tests Applied in Zebrafish Exposed to Mycotoxins. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computer systems to learn directly from examples, data, and experience. Statistical modeling is more about finding connections between variables and consequently the impact of these relationships, while also catering for prediction. It should be clear that these two methodologies are different in terms of their purpose, despite the fact that they use similar means to get there. The evaluation of the machine learning algorithm uses a set of tests to validate its accuracy. Although, for a statistical model, the analysis of regression parameters by confidence intervals, significance tests and other tests can be used to assess the legitimacy of the model. To demonstrate the applications and usefulness of this theory, an experimental study was conducted on zebrafish exposed to mycotoxin. Methods: Patulin (70 µg/L) and kojic acid (100 mg/L, 204 mg/L, and 284 mg/L) were administered by immersion to zebrafish once daily for a period of 7 days before the behavior testing. The following behavioral tests were performed: a novel tank test (NTT) (to assess the explorative behavior and anxiety); and a Y-maze test (which measures the spontaneous explorative behavior). Behavioral tests were performed on separate days. For the behavior tests, the statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA variation analysis (two-way ANOVA). All results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. The values of the general index F for which p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Y-maze—patulin exposure led to an intensification of the locomotor activity and an increased traveled distance and number of arm entries. By increasing the spontaneous alternation between the aquarium’s arms, patulin has shown a stimulating effect on spatial memory. In the case of zebrafish exposed to 100 mg/L kojic acid, the traveled distance was shorter by 27% than the distance attained by those in the control group. The higher doses of kojic acid (204 mg/L and 284 mg/L) led to an increased locomotor activity, distance traveled, number of arm entries, and the spontaneous alternation. The increase in spontaneous alternation demonstrates that 204 mg/L and 284 mg/L kojic acid doses had a stimulating effect on spatial memory. Novel tank test—compared to the control group, the traveled distance of the patulin-exposed fish is slightly reduced. Compared to the control group, the traveled distance of the kojic acid-exposed fish is reduced, due to a shorter mobile time (by 25–27% in the case of fish exposed to 204 mg/L and 284 mg/L kojic acid). Patulin and kojic acid exhibit toxic effects on zebrafish liver, kidney, and myocardium and leads to severe alteration. We continued the analysis by trying some machine learning algorithms on the classification problems in the case of the two behavioral tests MAZE and NTT, after which we concluded that the results were better in the case of the NTT test relative to the MAZE test and that the use of decision tree algorithms leads to amazing results, knowing that their hierarchical structure allows them to learn signals from both classes. Conclusions: The groups exposed to patulin and kojic acid show histological changes in the liver, kidneys, and myocardial muscle tissue. The novel tank test, which assesses exploratory behavior, has been shown to be conclusive in the behavioral analysis of fish that have been given toxins, demonstrating that the intoxicated fish had a decreased explorative behavior and increased anxiety. We were able to detect a machine learning algorithm in the category of decision trees, which can be trained to classify the behavior of fish that were given a toxin in the category of those used in the experiment, only by analyzing the characteristic features of the NTT Behavior Test.
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Yuan X, Shayiranbieke A, Xu R, Jiang H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yin G, Zhao X. Site-selective covalently immobilized alpha 1A adrenergic receptor for thermodynamic and extra-thermodynamic study of four ligands binding to the receptor by chromatographic methods. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pal S, Singh N, Dev I, Sharma V, Jagdale PR, Ayanur A, Ansari KM. TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays a crucial role in patulin-induced pro-fibrotic changes in rat kidney via modulation of slug and snail expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115819. [PMID: 34896196 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that contaminates a variety of food and foodstuffs. Earlier in vitro and in vivo findings have indicated that kidney is one of the target organs for PAT-induced toxicity. However, no study has evaluated the chronic effects of PAT exposure at environmentally relevant doses or elucidated the detailed mechanism(s) involved. Here, using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches, we delineated the mechanism/s involved in pro-fibrotic changes in the kidney after low-dose chronic exposure to PAT. We found that non-toxic concentrations (50 nM and 100 nM) of PAT to normal rat kidney cells (NRK52E) caused a higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (mainly hydroxyl (•OH), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and hypochlorite radical (ClO-). PAT exposure caused the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and its downstream c-Jun/Fos signaling pathways. Moreover, our chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis suggested that c-Jun/Fos binds to the promoter region of Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and possibly induces its expression. Results showed that PAT-induced TGF-β1 further activates the TGF-β1/smad signaling pathways. Higher activation of slug and snail transcription factors further modulates the regulation of pro-fibrotic molecules. Similarly, in vivo results showed that PAT exposure to rats through gavage at 25 and 100 μg/kg b. wt had higher levels of kidney injury/toxicity markers namely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), kidney Injury Molecule-1 (Kim-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (Timp-1), and clusterin (CLU). Additionally, histopathological analysis indicated significant alterations in renal tubules and glomeruli along with collagen deposition in PAT-treated rat kidneys. Overall, our data provide evidence of the involvement of ROS mediated MAPKs and TGF-β1/smad pathways in PAT-induced pro-fibrotic changes in the kidney via modulation of slug and snail expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indra Dev
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Sharma
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Ramji Jagdale
- Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Du H, Xiao G, Xue Z, Li Z, He S, Du X, Zhou Z, Cao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Wang X, Zhu Y. QiShenYiQi ameliorates salt-induced hypertensive nephropathy by balancing ADRA1D and SIK1 expression in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111941. [PMID: 34328102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a leading risk factor for developing kidney disease. Current single-target antihypertensive drugs are not effective for hypertensive nephropathy, in part due to its less understood mechanism of pathogenesis. We recently showed that QiShenYiQi (QSYQ), a component-based cardiovascular Chinese medicine, is also effective for ischemic stroke. Given the important role of the brain-heart-kidney axis in blood pressure control, we hypothesized that QSYQ may contribute to blood pressure regulation and kidney protection in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. METHODS The therapeutic effects of QSYQ on blood pressure and kidney injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed with high salt for 9 weeks were evaluated by tail-cuff blood pressure monitoring, renal histopathological examination and biochemical indicators in urine and serum. RNA-seq was conducted to identify QSYQ regulated genes in hypertensive kidney, and RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting analysis were performed to verify the transcriptomics results and validate the purposed mechanisms. RESULTS QSYQ treatment significantly decreased blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats, alleviated renal tissue damage, reduced renal interstitial fibrosis and collagen deposition, and improved renal physiological function. RNA-seq and subsequent bioinformatic analysis showed that the expression of ADRA1D and SIK1 genes were among the most prominently altered by QSYQ in salt-sensitive hypertensive rat kidney. RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results confirmed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of alpha-1D adrenergic receptor (ADRA1D) in the kidney tissue of the QSYQ-treated rats were markedly down-regulated, while the mRNA and protein levels of salt inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) were significantly increased. CONCLUSION QSYQ not only lowered blood pressure, but also alleviated renal damage via reducing the expression of ADRA1D and increasing the expression of SIK1 in the kidney of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guangxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuang He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Zhengchan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Linghua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
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