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Luo Y, Wang Y, Qiu F, Hou G, Liu J, Yang H, Wu M, Dong X, Guo D, Zhong Z, Zhang X, Ge J, Meng P. Ablated Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in the Dentate Gyrus of the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Impairs Hippocampal-Dependent Memory Tasks and Emotion in a Rat Model of Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4352-4368. [PMID: 38087166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Specific memory processes and emotional aberrations in depression can be attributed to the different dorsal-ventral regions of the hippocampus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential functions of the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and ventral hippocampus (vHip) remain unclear. As Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is involved in the dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube and its signaling is dysregulated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), we investigated its role in influencing the differential functions of the dHip and vHip. Here, CUMS downregulated the expression of Shh signaling markers, including Shh and its downstream effectors GLI family zinc finger 12 (Gli1/2), Patched (Ptch), and smoothened (Smo), in both the dHip and vHip of rats, though more so in the vHip. Additionally, Shh knockdown in the dorsal or ventral dentate gyrus (DG) resulted in restrained neurogenic activity in newborn neurons, especially in immature neurons through decreased expression of Shh signaling markers. Furthermore, Shh knockdown in the DG of the dHip led to memory impairment by inhibiting experience-dependent activation of immature neurons, whereas its knockdown in the DG of the vHip led to an emotional handicap by delaying the maturation of immature neurons. Finally, Shh knockdown in either the dDG or vDG of hippocampus abolished the corresponding cognitive enhancement and emotional recovery of fluoxetine. In conclusion, Shh is essential to maintain the functional heterogeneity of dHip and vHip in depressed rat, which was mainly mediating by local changes of dependent activation and maturity of immature neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, 413000, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Guanghan Hou
- Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xuanqi Dong
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyan Zhong
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410300, Hunan, China.
| | - Pan Meng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
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2
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Hayes AMR, Kao AE, Ahuja A, Subramanian KS, Klug ME, Rea JJ, Nourbash AC, Tsan L, Kanoski SE. Early- but not late-adolescent Western diet consumption programs for long-lasting memory impairments in male but not female rats. Appetite 2024; 194:107150. [PMID: 38049033 PMCID: PMC11033621 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life Western diet (WD) consumption leads to impaired memory function, particularly for processes mediated by the hippocampus. However, the precise critical developmental window(s) during which WD exposure negatively impacts hippocampal function are unknown. Here, we exposed male and female rats to a WD model involving free access to a variety of high-fat and/or high-sugar food and drink items during either the early-adolescent period (postnatal days [PN] 26-41; WD-EA) or late-adolescent period (PN 41-56; WD-LA). Control (CTL) rats were given healthy standard chow throughout both periods. To evaluate long-lasting memory capacity well beyond the early life WD exposure periods, we performed behavioral assessments after both a short (4 weeks for WD-EA, 2 weeks for WD-LA) and long (12 weeks for WD-EA, 10 weeks for WD-LA) period of healthy diet intervention. Results revealed no differences in body weight or body composition between diet groups, regardless of sex. Following the shorter period of healthy diet intervention, both male and female WD-EA and WD-LA rats showed deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory compared to CTL rats. Following the longer healthy diet intervention period, memory impairments persisted in male WD-EA but not WD-LA rats. In contrast, in female rats the longer healthy diet intervention reversed the initial memory impairments in both WD-EA and WD-LA rats. Collectively, these findings reveal that early-adolescence is a critical period of long-lasting hippocampal vulnerability to dietary insults in male but not female rats, thus highlighting developmental- and sex-specific effects mediating the relationship between the early life nutritional environment and long-term cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M R Hayes
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alicia E Kao
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arun Ahuja
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keshav S Subramanian
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Molly E Klug
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica J Rea
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna C Nourbash
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Bertocchi I, Turroni S, Chiazza F. Editorial: Nutritional modulation of central nervous system development, maintenance, plasticity, and recovery. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1332191. [PMID: 38046658 PMCID: PMC10691758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1332191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bertocchi
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute - Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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4
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Hayes AMR, Kao AE, Ahuja A, Subramanian KS, Klug ME, Rea JJ, Nourbash AC, Tsan L, Kanoski SE. Early- but not late-adolescent Western diet consumption programs for long-lasting memory impairments in male but not female rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563808. [PMID: 37961703 PMCID: PMC10634796 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Early life Western diet (WD) consumption leads to impaired memory function, particularly for processes mediated by the hippocampus. However, the precise critical developmental window(s) during which WD exposure negatively impacts hippocampal function are unknown. Here, we exposed male and female rats to a WD model involving free access to a variety of high-fat and/or high-sugar food and drink items during either the early-adolescent period (postnatal days [PN] 26-41; WD-EA) or late-adolescent period (PN 41-56; WD-LA). Control (CTL) rats were given healthy standard chow throughout both periods. To evaluate long-lasting memory capacity well beyond the early life WD exposure periods, we performed behavioral assessments after both a short (4 weeks for WD-EA, 2 weeks for WD-LA) and long (12 weeks for WD-EA, 10 weeks for WD-LA) period of healthy diet intervention. Results revealed no differences in body weight or body composition between diet groups, regardless of sex. Following the shorter period of healthy diet intervention, both male and female WD-EA and WD-LA rats showed deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory compared to CTL rats. Following the longer healthy diet intervention period, memory impairments persisted in male WD-EA but not WD-LA rats. In contrast, in female rats the longer healthy diet intervention reversed the initial memory impairments in both WD-EA and WD-LA rats. Collectively, these findings reveal that early-adolescence is a critical period of long-lasting hippocampal vulnerability to dietary insults in male but not female rats, thus highlighting developmental- and sex-specific effects mediating the relationship between the early life nutritional environment and long-term cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. R. Hayes
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alicia E. Kao
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arun Ahuja
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keshav S. Subramanian
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Molly E. Klug
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica J. Rea
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna C. Nourbash
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Azbazdar Y, Poyraz YK, Ozalp O, Nazli D, Ipekgil D, Cucun G, Ozhan G. High-fat diet feeding triggers a regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2486-2506. [PMID: 36670270 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver conditions ranging from excess fat accumulation to liver failure. NAFLD is strongly associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption that constitutes a metabolic risk factor. While HFD has been elucidated concerning its several systemic effects, there is little information about its influence on the brain at the molecular level. Here, by using a high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding of adult zebrafish, we first reveal that excess fat uptake results in weight gain and fatty liver. Prolonged exposure to HFD induces a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation markers in the liver and brain tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses of the brain tissues disclose stimulation of apoptosis and widespread activation of glial cell response. Moreover, glial activation is accompanied by an initial decrease in the number of neurons and their subsequent replacement in the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. Long-term consumption of HFD causes activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the brain tissues. Finally, fish fed an HFD induces anxiety, and aggressiveness and increases locomotor activity. Thus, HFD feeding leads to a non-traumatic brain injury and stimulates a regenerative response. The activation mechanisms of a regeneration response in the brain can be exploited to fight obesity and recover from non-traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Nazli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dogac Ipekgil
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Postfach, Germany
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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Bondi H, Chiazza F, Masante I, Bortolotto V, Canonico PL, Grilli M. Heterogenous response to aging of astrocytes in murine Substantia Nigra pars compacta and pars reticulata. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:23-34. [PMID: 36630756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the impact of aging on astrocytes in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), where dopaminergic neurons degenerate both in physiological aging and in Parkinson's disease, an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. We performed a morphometric analysis of GFAP+ astrocytes in SNpc and, for comparison, in the pars reticulata (SNpr) of young (4-6 months), middle-aged (14-17 months) and old (20-24 months) C57BL/6J male mice. We demonstrated an age-dependent increase of structural complexity only in astrocytes localized in SNpc, and not in SNpr. Astrocytic structural remodelling was not accompanied by changes in GFAP expression, while GFAP increased in SNpr of old compared to young mice. In parallel, transcript levels of selected astrocyte-enriched genes were evaluated. With aging, decreased GLT1 expression occurred only in SNpc, while xCT transcript increased both in SNpc and SNpr, suggesting a potential loss of homeostatic control of extracellular glutamate only in the subregion where age-dependent neurodegeneration occurs. Altogether, our results support an heterogenous morphological and biomolecular response to aging of GFAP+ astrocytes in SNpc and SNpr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bondi
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Masante
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Canonico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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Fadó R, Molins A, Rojas R, Casals N. Feeding the Brain: Effect of Nutrients on Cognition, Synaptic Function, and AMPA Receptors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194137. [PMID: 36235789 PMCID: PMC9572450 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, traditional eating habits have been replaced by a more globalized diet, rich in saturated fatty acids and simple sugars. Extensive evidence shows that these dietary factors contribute to cognitive health impairment as well as increase the incidence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. However, how these nutrients modulate synaptic function and neuroplasticity is poorly understood. We review the Western, ketogenic, and paleolithic diets for their effects on cognition and correlations with synaptic changes, focusing mainly (but not exclusively) on animal model studies aimed at tracing molecular alterations that may contribute to impaired human cognition. We observe that memory and learning deficits mediated by high-fat/high-sugar diets, even over short exposure times, are associated with reduced arborization, widened synaptic cleft, narrowed post-synaptic zone, and decreased activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and also observe that these alterations correlate with deregulation of the AMPA-type glutamate ionotropic receptors (AMPARs) that are crucial to neuroplasticity. Furthermore, we explored which diet-mediated mechanisms modulate synaptic AMPARs and whether certain supplements or nutritional interventions could reverse deleterious effects, contributing to improved learning and memory in older people and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-504-20-00
| | - Anna Molins
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rocío Rojas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Casagrande BP, Ribeiro AM, Pisani LP, Estadella D. Hippocampal BDNF mediated anxiety-like behaviours induced by obesogenic diet withdrawal. Behav Brain Res 2022; 436:114077. [PMID: 36041572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesogenic diets (ODs) consumption is associated with anxiety-like behaviour and negative changes in hippocampal BDNF. At the same time, interrupting OD intake, OD withdrawal (WTD), can bring health benefits, but previous studies reported the development of anxiety-like behaviours. The present work aimed to assess the relationship between anxiety-like behaviour with hippocampal BDNF in a WTD rodent model. Male Wistar rats (60d old) were fed a high-sugar/high-fat (HSHF) diet for 30d (n=32), and half of them were transitioned to a control diet for 48h (n=16) afterwards. The control group (n=16) was fed a control diet across the whole experiment. Besides increasing anxiety-like behaviours and lowering sociability, the WTD led to an increase in BDNF in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 of the hippocampus. It also decreased locomotor activity in both OF and EPM, however, they did not significantly interfere with the other behavioural parameters analysed. Western blotting analysis revealed that the increase in BDNF likely occurred in the mature forms (14kD monomer and 28kD dimer). The mediation models analyses suggested that the effect of WTD on anxiety-like behaviour was driven by hippocampal BDNF, this mediation of effect was region-dependent. Our results also suggested that mature BDNF forms (14kD and 28kD) were responsible. The present work brought light to a possible new role for mature BDNF, although it is generally associated with beneficial features, it can also be part of the genesis of anxiety-like behaviours and sociability aspects on WTD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Picin Casagrande
- Biosciences Department, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, 1015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro
- Biosciences Department, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, 1015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Biosciences Department, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, 1015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Debora Estadella
- Biosciences Department, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, 1015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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