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Jiang C, Kong D, Li Y, Sun J, Chen Z, Yang M, Cao S, Yu C, Wang Z, Jiang J, Zhu C, Zhang N, Sun G, Zhang Q. Degradation and mechanism analysis of protein macromolecules by functional bacteria in tobacco leaves. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1416734. [PMID: 39035444 PMCID: PMC11258012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1416734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco, a crop of significant economic importance, was greatly influenced in leaf quality by protein content. However, current processing parameters fail to adequately meet the requirements for protein degradation. Microorganisms possess potential advantages for degrading proteins and enhancing the quality of tobacco leaves, and hold substantial potential in the process of curing. To effectively reduce the protein content in tobacco leaves, thereby improving the quality and safety of the tobacco leaves. In this study, tobacco leaf were used as experimental material. From these, the BSP1 strain capable of effectively degrading proteins was isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16S rDNA analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms were analyzed by integrating microbiome, transcriptome, and metabolome. Before curing, BSP1 was applied to the surface of tobacco leaves. The results indicated that BSP1 effectively improves the activity of key enzymes and the content of related substances, thereby enhancing protein degradation. Additionally, protein degradation was achieved by regulating the diversity of the microbial community on the surface of the tobacco leaves and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This study provided new strategies for extracting and utilizing functional strains from tobacco leaves, opening new avenues for enhancing the quality of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Decai Kong
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jingguo Sun
- Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Shoutao Cao
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Cunfeng Yu
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Zengyu Wang
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Jiazhu Jiang
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | | | - Nan Zhang
- Shandong China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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2
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Zhao S, Li Y, Liu F, Song Z, Yang W, Lei Y, Tian P, Zhao M. Dynamic changes in fungal communities and functions in different air-curing stages of cigar tobacco leaves. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1361649. [PMID: 38567079 PMCID: PMC10985334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1361649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Air curing (AC) plays a crucial role in cigar tobacco leaf production. The AC environment is relatively mild, contributing to a diverse microbiome. Fungi are important components of the tobacco and environmental microbiota. However, our understanding of the composition and function of fungal communities in AC remains limited. Methods In this study, changes in the chemical constituents and fungal community composition of cigar tobacco leaves during AC were evaluated using flow analysis and high-throughput sequencing. Results The moisture, water-soluble sugar, starch, total nitrogen, and protein contents of tobacco leaves exhibited decreasing trends, whereas nicotine showed an initial increase, followed by a decline. As determined by high-throughput sequencing, fungal taxa differed among all stages of AC. Functional prediction showed that saprophytic fungi were the most prevalent type during the AC process and that the chemical composition of tobacco leaves is significantly correlated with saprophytic fungi. Conclusion This study provides a deeper understanding of the dynamic changes in fungal communities during the AC process in cigar tobacco leaves and offers theoretical guidance for the application of microorganisms during the AC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songchao Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaopeng Song
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Dazhou City Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunkang Lei
- Deyang City Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Deyang, Sichaun, China
| | - Pei Tian
- China Tobacco Jiangshu Industry Co., Ltd., Xuzhou Cigarette Factory, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Jiang C, Li Y, Sun J, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Sun G. Screening, identification, and mechanism analysis of starch-degrading bacteria during curing process in tobacco leaf. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1332113. [PMID: 38567082 PMCID: PMC10985783 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1332113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco, a vital economic crop, had its quality post-curing significantly influenced by starch content. Nonetheless, the existing process parameters during curing were inadequate to satisfy the starch degradation requirements. Microorganisms exhibit inherent advantages in starch degradation, offering significant potential in the tobacco curing process. Our study concentrated on the microbial populations on the surface of tobacco leaves and in the rhizosphere soil. A strain capable of starch degradation, designated as BS3, was successfully isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis by phylogenetic tree analysis based on 16SrDNA sequence. The application of BS3 on tobacco significantly enhanced enzyme activity and accelerated starch degradation during the curing process. Furthermore, analyses of the metagenome, transcriptome, and metabolome indicated that the BS3 strain facilitated starch degradation by regulating surface microbiota composition and affecting genes related to starch hydrolyzed protein and key metabolites in tobacco leaves. This study offered new strategies for efficiently improving the quality of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Chuandong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jingguo Sun
- Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Wuhan, China
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4
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Weng S, Deng M, Chen S, Yang R, Li J, Zhao X, Ji S, Wu L, Ni L, Zhang E, Wang C, Qi L, Liao K, Chen Y, Zhang W. Application of pectin hydrolyzing bacteria in tobacco to improve flue-cured tobacco quality. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1340160. [PMID: 38515623 PMCID: PMC10955059 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1340160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To study the relationship between the diversity of the surface microbial community and tobacco flavor, and to improve tobacco quality using microorganisms. The microbial community composition and diversity of 14 samples of flue-cured tobacco from tobacco-producing areas in Yunnan with varying grades were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. PICRUSt was used for predicting microbial functions. A strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W6-2 with the ability to degrade pectin was screened from the surface of flued-cured tobacco leaves from Yunnan reroasted tobacco leave. The enzyme preparation was prepared through fermentation and then applied for treating flue-cured tobacco. The improvement effect was evaluated by measuring the content of macromolecule and the changes in volatile components, combined with sensory evaluations. The bacterial communities on the surface of flue-cured tobacco exhibited functional diversity, consisting primarily of Variovorax, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Burkholderia, and Bacillus. These bacterial strains played a role in the aging process of flue-cured tobacco leaves by participating in amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. These metabolic activity converted complex macromolecules into smaller molecular compounds, ultimately influence the smoking quality and burning characteristics of flue-cured tobacco. The pectinase preparation produced through fermentation using W6-2 has been found to enhance the aroma and sweetness of flue-cured tobacco, leading to improved aroma, reduced impurities, and enhanced smoothness. Additionally, the levels of pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose decreased, while the levels of water-soluble sugar and reducing sugar increased, and the contents of esters, ketones, and aldehydes increased, and the contents of benzoic acid decreased. The study revealed the correlation between surface microorganisms and volatile components of Yunnan tobacco leaves, and the enzyme produced by the pectin-degrading bacteria W6-2 effectively improved the quality of flue-cured tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Weng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meizhong Deng
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shanyi Chen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xianbo Zhao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shunhua Ji
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lixiang Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Enren Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chaochao Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lingfeng Qi
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kuanqi Liao
- Xiamen Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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5
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Ma L, Wang Y, Wang X, Lü X. Solid-State Fermentation Improves Tobacco Leaves Quality via the Screened Bacillus subtilis of Simultaneously Degrading Starch and Protein Ability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:506-521. [PMID: 37148443 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of tobacco aging plays a significant role in enhancing the smoking experience by improving the flavor and quality of tobacco leaves. During natural aging, the metabolic activity of the microbes on the surface of tobacco leaves will be greatly changed. Besides, starch and protein are two of the main macromolecular compounds causing the poor smoking quality of tobacco leaves which to be degraded for better tobacco quality. In this study, a bacterium with the simultaneously degrading ability of starch (degradation rate of 33.87%) and protein (degradation rate of 20%) has been screened out from high-class tobacco leaf and then inoculated into low-class tobacco leaf by solid-state fermentation for quality improvement. The changes in components related to carbon and nitrogen showed that the strain had an obvious effect on the quality improvement of tobacco leaves. After that, GC-MS analyses displayed the volatile flavor compounds which become rich and the flavor has been improved. It has been proved that inoculation solid-state fermentation by dominant strain could improve tobacco quality, as well as instead of the traditional natural aging process which greatly shortens the aging process. The work also offers a helpful strategy for solid-state products for deep fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ma
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Baoji, 721013, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Lü
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China.
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6
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Sun CL, Zhang HL, Zhou DB, Cheng ZJ, Xie Y, Rang ZW, Dai LJ. Based on metabolomics, the optimum wind speed process parameters of flue-cured tobacco in heat pump bulk curing barn were explored. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21558. [PMID: 38057437 PMCID: PMC10700593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the influence of wind speed on the quality of tobacco in this study, we employed a heat pump-powered intensive curing barn and a three-stage curing process. By evaluating the influence of fan parameters on the quality of tobacco leaves at different curing stages, the optimal wind speed was determined. After adopting the optimized wind speed process, the degradation of macromolecular substances was faster, the accumulation of aroma substances was delayed to 55 °C, and the accumulation was more complete. Among them, the contents of reducing sugar and total sugar in flue-cured tobacco leaves were 22.25% and 29.2%, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group. The sugar was converted into more aroma substances, and the total amount of neutral aroma substances was 48.82% higher than that of the control group. The content of related aroma substances increased significantly. The content of petroleum ether extract related to aroma substances increased by 0.93% compared with the control group. The macromolecular substances were degraded more fully than the control group, such as the starch content decreased to 1.56%. The results of metabolomics showed that the contents of aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, alcohols, ketones and esters increased significantly in different degrees after this process. These results show that the optimization of wind speed parameters can significantly improve the baking quality of tobacco leaves. This study provides a reference for the optimization of the flue-cured tobacco baking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin Sun
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hui Lin Zhang
- Raw Material Procurement Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Dong Bo Zhou
- Technical Centre, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Zhi Jun Cheng
- Raw Material Procurement Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410000, China
| | - You Xie
- Tongren City Company Jiangkou Branch, China Tobacco Corporation Guizhou Province Company, Tongren, 554300, China
| | - Zhong Wen Rang
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Jian Dai
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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7
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Maoloni A, Cardinali F, Milanović V, Reale A, Boscaino F, Di Renzo T, Ferrocino I, Rampanti G, Garofalo C, Osimani A, Aquilanti L. Impact of Different Drying Methods on the Microbiota, Volatilome, Color, and Sensory Traits of Sea Fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:7207. [PMID: 37894688 PMCID: PMC10609079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a strongly aromatic herb of the Apiaceae family, whose full exploitation by the modern food industry is of growing interest. This study aimed at investigating the microbiological quality, volatile profile, and sensory traits of sea fennel spices produced using room-temperature drying, oven drying, microwave drying, and freeze drying. All the assayed methods were able to remove moisture up until water activity values below 0.6 were reached; however, except for microwave drying, none of the assayed methods were effective in reducing the loads of contaminating microorganisms. The metataxonomic analysis highlighted the presence of phytopathogens and even human pathogens, including members of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Alternaria, and Cryptococcus. When compared to fresh leaves, dried leaves showed increased L* (lightness) and c* (chroma, saturation) values and reduced hue angle. Dried leaves were also characterized by decreased levels of terpene hydrocarbons and increased levels of aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. For the sensory test, the microwave-dried samples obtained the highest appreciation by the trained panel. Overall, the collected data indicated microwave drying as the best option for producing sea fennel spices with low microbial loads, brilliant green color, and high-quality sensory traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Maoloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Reale
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Floriana Boscaino
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Tiziana Di Renzo
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Rampanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
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8
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Ning Y, Mai J, Hu BB, Lin ZL, Chen Y, Jiang YL, Wei MY, Zhu MJ. Study on the effect of enzymatic treatment of tobacco on HnB cigarettes and microbial succession during fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12577-2. [PMID: 37209161 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Starch and cellulose are the fundamental components of tobacco, while their excessive content will affect the quality of tobacco. Enzymatic treatment with different enzymes is a promising method to modulate the chemical composition and improve the sensory quality of tobacco leaves. In this study, enzymatic treatments, such as amylase, cellulase, and their mixed enzymes, were used to improve tobacco quality, which could alter the content of total sugar, reducing sugar, starch, and cellulose in tobacco leaves. The amylase treatment changed surface structure of tobacco leaves, increased the content of neophytadiene in tobacco by 16.48%, and improved the total smoking score of heat-not-burn (HnB) cigarette products by 5.0 points compared with the control. The Bacillus, Rubrobacter, Brevundimonas, Methylobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudosagedia-chlorotica, and Sclerophora-peronella were found to be significant biomarkers in the fermentation process by LEfSe analysis. The Basidiomycota and Agaricomycetes were significantly correlated with aroma and flavor, taste, and total score of HnB. The results showed that microbial community succession occurred due to amylase treatment, which promoted the formation of aroma compounds, and regulated the chemical composition of tobacco, and improved tobacco quality during tobacco fermentation. This study provides a method for enzymatic treatment to upgrade the quality of tobacco raw materials, thereby improving the quality of HnB cigarettes, and the potential mechanism is also revealed by chemical composition and microbial community analysis. KEY POINTS: Enzymatic treatment can change the chemical composition of tobacco leaves. The microbial community was significantly affected by enzymatic treatment. The quality of HnB cigarettes was significantly improved by amylase treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ning
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Mai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Hu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Long Lin
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Lei Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yang Wei
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ming-Jun Zhu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis at Colleges & Universities Under the Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi University, Kashi, 844006, People's Republic of China.
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Shang Y, Wu X, Wang X, Dou H, Wei Q, Ma S, Sun G, Wang L, Sha W, Zhang H. Environmental factors and stochasticity affect the fungal community structures in the water and sediments of Hulun Lake, China. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9510. [PMID: 36415879 PMCID: PMC9674472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic fungi form both morphologically and ecologically diverse communities. However, lake ecosystems are frequently overlooked as fungal habitats, despite the potentially important role of fungi in matter cycling and energy flow. Hulun Lake is a typical example of a seasonal glacial lake; however, previous studies have only focused on bacteria in this ecosystem. Therefore, in the current study, internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA (ITS rRNA) gene high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the fungal communities in paired water and sediment samples from the Hulun Lake Basin in China. A significant difference was found between the fungal communities of the two sample types. Across all samples, we identified nine phyla, 30 classes, 78 orders, 177 families, and 307 genera. The dominant phyla in the lake were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Chytridiomycota. Our results show that both water and sediments have very high connectivity, are dominated by positive interactions, and have similar interaction patterns. The fungal community structures were found to be significantly affected by environmental factors (temperature, chemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, and pH). In addition, the dispersal limitations of the fungi affected the structure of the fungal communities, and it was revealed that stochasticity is more important than deterministic mechanisms in influencing the structure and function of fungal communities. This study provides unique theoretical support for the study of seasonally frozen lake fungal communities and a scientific basis for the future management and protection of Hulun Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Xibao Wang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Huashan Dou
- Hulunbuir Academy of Inland Lakes in Northern Cold & Arid AreasHulunbuirChina
| | - Qinguo Wei
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Shengchao Ma
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Guolei Sun
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Lidong Wang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Weilai Sha
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
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10
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Tao J, Chen Q, Chen S, Lu P, Chen Y, Jin J, Li J, Xu Y, He W, Long T, Deng X, Yin H, Li Z, Fan J, Cao P. Metagenomic insight into the microbial degradation of organic compounds in fermented plant leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113902. [PMID: 35839908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of organic compounds is an environmentally benign and energy efficient part in product processing. Fermentation of plant leaves involves enzymatic actions of many microorganisms. However, microbes and enzymes discovered from natural degradation communities were still limited by cultural methods. In this study, we used a metagenomics sequence-guided strategy to identify the microbes and enzymes involved in compound degradation and explore the potential synergy among community members in fermented tobacco leaves. The results showed that contents of protein, starch, pectin, lignin, and cellulose varied in fermented leaves from different growing sites. The different compound contents were closely related to taxonomic composition and functional profiles of foliar microbial communities. Microbial communities showed significant correlations with protein, lignin, and cellulose. Vital species for degradations of protein (Bacillus cereus and Terribacillus aidingensis), lignin (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pantoea ananatis) and cellulose (Pseudomonas putida and Sphingomonas sp. Leaf20) were identified and relating hydrolytic enzymes were annotated. Further, twenty-two metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were assembled from metagenomes and six potential cellulolytic genomes were used to reconstruct the cellulose-degrading process, revealing the potential metabolic cooperation related to cellulose degradation. Our work should deepen the understanding of microbial roles in plant fermentation and provide a new viewpoint for applying microbial consortia to convert plant organic components to small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemeng Tao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shanyi Chen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Peng Lu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yalong Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wei He
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Teng Long
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xiaohua Deng
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianqiang Fan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China.
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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11
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LI TX, SHI FC, LI PH, LUO C, LI DL. A roasting method with sugar supplement to make better use of discarded tobacco leaves. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.36521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiao LI
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., China; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
| | - Feng-Cheng SHI
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., China
| | - Pin-He LI
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., China
| | - Cheng LUO
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., China
| | - Dong-Liang LI
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., China
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12
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Zhou J, Cheng Y, Yu L, Zhang J, Zou X. Characteristics of fungal communities and the sources of mold contamination in mildewed tobacco leaves stored under different climatic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:131-144. [PMID: 34850278 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mildew is a common postharvest problem caused by fungal growth. It can directly decrease product quality and cause serious economic loss in the tobacco industry. However, the fungal community characteristics of mildewed tobacco leaves and the related influencing factors remain unknown. Here, next-generation sequencing was used to characterize the fungal communities present in mildewed and healthy tobacco leaves stored under three different climatic conditions. Mildewed leaves showed a higher pH and total nitrogen content as well as a lower carbon nitrogen ratio than healthy leaves. Fungal diversity and richness were significantly lower in the mildewed tobacco leaves than in healthy tobacco leaves, with saprophytic fungi such as Xeromyces, Aspergillus, and Wallemia being the dominant molds. Network analysis showed that the complexity, connectivity, and stability of the fungal network were significantly poorer in heavy mildew tobacco leaves than in healthy leaves. NMDS and PERMANOVA analysis showed that the distribution of fungal communities in warehoused tobacco leaves differed significantly across different regions, and temperature and humidity were the key factors affecting these differences. Mildew-causing fungi were significantly enriched in tobacco leaf samples collected in the period between the completion of flue-curing and the start of pre-re-curing. This study demonstrated that mildew is an irreversible process that destroys the balance of the tobacco ecosystem, and that environmental factors play important roles in shaping fungal communities in tobacco leaves.Key points• The diversity and composition of the fungal communities in mildewed tobacco leaves were significantly different from those in healthy tobacco leaves.• Climatic factors may play an important role in shaping fungal communities in tobacco leaves.• Tobacco leaves were most vulnerable to mold contamination between the post-flue-curing and pre-re-curing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhou
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lifei Yu
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
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