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Wei CT, You JL, Weng SK, Jian SY, Lee JCL, Chiang TL. Enhancing forensic investigations: Identifying bloodstains on various substrates through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123755. [PMID: 38101254 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The forensic analysis of bloodstains on various substrates plays a crucial role in criminal investigations. This study presents a novel approach for analyzing bloodstains using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) in combination with machine learning. ATR-FTIR offers non-destructive and non-invasive advantages, requiring minimal sample preparation. By detecting specific chemical bonds in blood components, it enables the differentiation of various body fluids. However, the subjective interpretation of the spectra poses challenges in distinguishing different fluids. To address this, we employ machine learning techniques. Machine learning is extensively used in chemometrics to analyze chemical data, build models, and extract useful information. This includes both unsupervised learning and supervised learning methods, which provide objective characterization and differentiation. The focus of this study was to identify human and porcine blood on substrates using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The substrates included paper, plastic, cloth, and wood. Data preprocessing was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality and analyze latent variables. Subsequently, six machine learning algorithms were used to build classification models and compare their performance. These algorithms comprise Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Decision Trees (DT), Logistic Regression (LR), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Neural Network (NN). The results indicate that the PCA-NN model provides the optimal solution on most substrates. Although ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning effectively identifies bloodstains on substrates, the performance of different identification models still varies based on the type of substrate. The integration of these disciplines enables researchers to harness the power of data-driven approaches for solving complex forensic problems. The objective differentiation of bloodstains using machine learning holds significant implications for criminal investigations. This technique offers a non-destructive, simple, selective, and rapid approach for forensic analysis, thereby assisting forensic scientists and investigators in determining crucial evidence related to bloodstains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ta Wei
- School of Defense Science, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335009, Taiwan
| | - Jhu-Lin You
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335009, Taiwan; System Engineering and Technology Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Ku Weng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chien Hsin University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 320678, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Yi Jian
- Department of Material Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243303, Taiwan; Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243303, Taiwan.
| | - Jeff Cheng-Lung Lee
- Department of Criminal Investigation, Taiwan Police College, Taipei 116078, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Lun Chiang
- School of Defense Science, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335009, Taiwan
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Campanella B, Legnaioli S, Onor M, Benedetti E, Bramanti E. The Role of the Preanalytical Step for Human Saliva Analysis via Vibrational Spectroscopy. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030393. [PMID: 36984834 PMCID: PMC10055013 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an easily sampled matrix containing a variety of biochemical information, which can be correlated with the individual health status. The fast, straightforward analysis of saliva by vibrational (ATR-FTIR and Raman) spectroscopy is a good premise for large-scale preclinical studies to aid translation into clinics. In this work, the effects of saliva collection (spitting/swab) and processing (two different deproteinization procedures) were explored by principal component analysis (PCA) of ATR-FTIR and Raman data and by investigating the effects on the main saliva metabolites by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC-HPLC-DAD). Our results show that, depending on the bioanalytical information needed, special care must be taken when saliva is collected with swabs because the polymeric material significantly interacts with some saliva components. Moreover, the analysis of saliva before and after deproteinization by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy allows to obtain complementary biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campanella
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Legnaioli
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- Hematology Unit of Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-315-2293
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Weber A, Hoplight B, Ogilvie R, Muro C, Khandasammy SR, Pérez-Almodóvar L, Sears S, Lednev IK. Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application. Anal Chem 2023; 95:167-205. [PMID: 36625116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,SupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Bailey Hoplight
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rhilynn Ogilvie
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Claire Muro
- New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, Building #30, Campus Access Rd., Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Shelby R Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Luis Pérez-Almodóvar
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Samuel Sears
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,SupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
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Aparna R, Iyer R, Das T, Sharma K, Sharma A, Srivastava A. Detection,discrimination and aging of human tears stains using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for forensic purposes. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2022.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wang G, Wu H, Yang C, Li Z, Chen R, Liang X, Yu K, Li H, Shen C, Liu R, Wei X, Sun Q, Zhang K, Wang Z. An Emerging Strategy for Muscle Evanescent Trauma Discrimination by Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113489. [PMID: 36362276 PMCID: PMC9658611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma is one of the most common conditions in the biomedical field. It is important to identify it quickly and accurately. However, when evanescent trauma occurs, it presents a great challenge to professionals. There are few reports on the establishment of a rapid and accurate trauma identification and prediction model. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microscopic spectroscopy (micro-IR) combined with chemometrics were used to establish prediction models for the rapid identification of muscle trauma in humans and rats. The results of the average spectrum, principal component analysis (PCA) and loading maps showed that the differences between the rat muscle trauma group and the rat control group were mainly related to biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. The differences between the human muscle trauma group and the human control group were mainly related to proteins, polysaccharides, phospholipids and phosphates. Then, a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to evaluate the classification ability of the training and test datasets. The classification accuracies were 99.10% and 93.69%, respectively. Moreover, a trauma classification and recognition model of human muscle tissue was constructed, and a good classification effect was obtained. The classification accuracies were 99.52% and 91.95%. In conclusion, spectroscopy and stoichiometry have the advantages of being rapid, accurate and objective and of having high resolution and a strong recognition ability, and they are emerging strategies for the identification of evanescent trauma. In addition, the combination of spectroscopy and stoichiometry has great potential in the application of medicine and criminal law under practical conditions.
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Alkhuder K. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: a universal analytical technique with promising applications in forensic analyses. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:1717-1736. [PMID: 36050421 PMCID: PMC9436726 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary criminal investigations are based on the statements made by the victim and the eyewitnesses. They also rely on the physical evidences found in the crime scene. These evidences, and more particularly biological ones, have a great judicial value in the courtroom. They are usually used to revoke the suspect’s allegations and confirm or refute the statements made by the victim and the witnesses. Stains of body fluids are biological evidences highly sought by forensic investigators. In many criminal cases, the success of the investigation relies on the correct identification and classification of these stains. Therefore, the adoption of reliable and accurate forensic analytical methods seems to be of vital importance to attain this objective. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is a modern and universal analytical technique capable of fingerprint recognition of the analyte using minimal amount of the test sample. The current systematic review aims to through light on the fundamentals of this technique and to illustrate its wide range of applications in forensic investigations. ATR-FTIR is a nondestructive technique which has demonstrated an exceptional efficiency in detecting, identifying and discriminating between stains of various types of body fluids usually encountered in crime scenes. The ATR-FTIR spectral data generated from bloodstains can be used to deduce a wealth of information related to the donor species, age, gender, and race. These data can also be exploited to discriminate between stains of different types of bloods including menstrual and peripheral bloods. In addition, ATR-FTIR has a great utility in the postmortem investigations. More particularly, in estimating the postmortem interval and diagnosing death caused by extreme weather conditions. It is also useful in diagnosing some ambiguous death causes such as fatal anaphylactic shock and diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alkhuder
- Division of Microbial Disease, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
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Ortega-Hernández N, Ortega-Romero M, Medeiros-Domingo M, Barbier OC, Rojas-López M. Detection of Biomarkers Associated with Acute Kidney Injury by a Gold Nanoparticle Based Colloidal Nano-Immunosensor by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Principal Component Analysis. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2053982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ortega-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Ex Hacienda de San Juan Molino, Tepetitla, Tlaxcala 90700, México
| | - Manolo Ortega-Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología, Cinvestav, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mara Medeiros-Domingo
- Unidad de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olivier Christophe Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Cinvestav, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marlon Rojas-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Ex Hacienda de San Juan Molino, Tepetitla, Tlaxcala 90700, México
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Takamura A, Ozawa T. Recent advances of vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics for forensic biological analysis. Analyst 2021; 146:7431-7449. [PMID: 34813634 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological materials found at a crime scene are crucially important evidence for forensic investigation because they provide contextual information about a crime and can be linked to the donor-individuals through combination with DNA analysis. Applications of vibrational spectroscopy to forensic biological analysis have been emerging because of its advantageous characteristics such as the non-destructivity, rapid measurement, and quantitative evaluation, compared to most current methods based on histological observation or biochemical techniques. This review presents an overview of recent developments in vibrational spectroscopy for forensic biological analysis. We also emphasize chemometric techniques, which can elicit reliable and advanced analytical outputs from highly complex spectral data from forensic biological materials. The analytical subjects addressed herein include body fluids, hair, soft tissue, bones, and bioagents. Promising applications for various analytical purposes in forensic biology are presented. Simultaneously, future avenues of study requiring further investigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayari Takamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Vibrational spectroscopic approaches for semen analysis in forensic investigation: State of the art and way forward. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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