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Islam MM, Saha A, Trisha FA, Gonzalez-Andrades M, Patra HK, Griffith M, Chodosh J, Rajaiya J. An in vitro 3-dimensional Collagen-based Corneal Construct with Innervation Using Human Corneal Cell Lines. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100544. [PMID: 39139547 PMCID: PMC11321308 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a 3-dimensional corneal construct suitable for in vitro studies of disease conditions and therapies. Design In vitro human corneal constructs were created using chemically crosslinked collagen and chondroitin sulfate extracellular matrix and seeded with 3 human corneal cell types (epithelial, stromal, and endothelial) together with neural cells. The neural cells were derived from hybrid neuroblastoma cells and the other cells used from immortalized human corneal cell lines. To check the feasibility and characterize the constructs, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, histology, and protein expression studies were performed. Results Optimized culture condition permitted synchronized viability across the cell types within the construct. The construct showed a typical appearance for different cellular layers, including healthy appearing, phenotypically differentiated neurons. The expected protein expression profiles for specific cell types within the construct were confirmed with western blotting. Conclusions An in vitro corneal construct was successfully developed with maintenance of individual cell phenotypes with anatomically correct cellular loci. The construct may be useful in evaluation of specific corneal disorders and in developing different corneal disease models. Additionally, the construct can be used in evaluating drug targeting and/or penetration to individual corneal layers, testing novel therapeutics for corneal diseases, and potentially reducing the necessity for animals in corneal research at the early stages of investigation. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirazul Islam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Amrita Saha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Farzana Afrose Trisha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Andrades
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital and University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Hirak K. Patra
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - May Griffith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Wu KY, Khan S, Liao Z, Marchand M, Tran SD. Biopolymeric Innovations in Ophthalmic Surgery: Enhancing Devices and Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1717. [PMID: 38932068 PMCID: PMC11207407 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The interface between material science and ophthalmic medicine is witnessing significant advances with the introduction of biopolymers in medical device fabrication. This review discusses the impact of biopolymers on the development of ophthalmic devices, such as intraocular lenses, stents, and various prosthetics. Biopolymers are emerging as superior alternatives due to their biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and biodegradability, presenting an advance over traditional materials with respect to patient comfort and environmental considerations. We explore the spectrum of biopolymers used in ophthalmic devices and evaluate their physical properties, compatibility with biological tissues, and clinical performances. Specific applications in oculoplastic and orbital surgeries, hydrogel applications in ocular therapeutics, and polymeric drug delivery systems for a range of ophthalmic conditions were reviewed. We also anticipate future directions and identify challenges in the field, advocating for a collaborative approach between material science and ophthalmic practice to foster innovative, patient-focused treatments. This synthesis aims to reinforce the potential of biopolymers to improve ophthalmic device technology and enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrook, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Sameer Khan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Zhuoying Liao
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Marchand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrook, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Bhutani U, Dey N, Chowdhury SK, Waghmare N, Mahapatra RD, Selvakumar K, Chandru A, Bhowmick T, Agrawal P. Biopolymeric corneal lenticules by digital light processing based bioprinting: a dynamic substitute for corneal transplant. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:035017. [PMID: 38471165 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) technology has gained significant attention for its ability to construct intricate structures for various applications in tissue modeling and regeneration. In this study, we aimed to design corneal lenticules using DLP bioprinting technology, utilizing dual network bioinks to mimic the characteristics of the human cornea. The bioink was prepared using methacrylated hyaluronic acid and methacrylated gelatin, where ruthenium salt and sodium persulfate were included for mediating photo-crosslinking while tartrazine was used as a photoabsorber. The bioprinted lenticules were optically transparent (85.45% ± 0.14%), exhibited adhesive strength (58.67 ± 17.5 kPa), and compressive modulus (535.42 ± 29.05 kPa) sufficient for supporting corneal tissue integration and regeneration. Puncture resistance tests and drag force analysis further confirmed the excellent mechanical performance of the lenticules enabling their application as potential corneal implants. Additionally, the lenticules demonstrated outstanding support for re-epithelialization and stromal regeneration when assessed with human corneal stromal cells. We generated implant ready corneal lenticules while optimizing bioink and bioprinting parameters, providing valuable solution for individuals suffering from various corneal defects and waiting for corneal transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Bhutani
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Namit Dey
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Suvro Kanti Chowdhury
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Neha Waghmare
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Rita Das Mahapatra
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Kamalnath Selvakumar
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Arun Chandru
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
- Pandorum International Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Parinita Agrawal
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
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4
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Pramanik B, Islam MM, Patra HK. Rational design of peptide-based implants for corneal bioengineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102947. [PMID: 37163824 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of damaged cornea can save vision for millions of patients. Most of these patients are waiting for transplantation of a donor cornea or suitable substitute to restore vision. Although donor cornea transplantation is the most clinically accepted treatment, shortage of donor cornea results in almost 69 out of every 70 patients untreated with the waiting list for transplantation drastically increasing every year according to a prepandemic estimation. Therefore, corneal replacements are coming up as a cutting-edge alternative strategy. In view of the peptides, especially collagen-like peptides and peptide amphiphiles with bioactive functional motifs demonstrate promising avenue for the corneal tissue engineering and promoting regeneration, by their hierarchical self-assembling propensity to acquire desired nano- to macroscale 3D architecture. Here, we analyze rational peptide designing, self-assembly, and strategies of peptide/peptide-based nanoscale building blocks to create the extracellular matrix mimetic implants for functional regeneration of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad M Islam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hirak K Patra
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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Adhikari B, Stager MA, Krebs MD. Cell-instructive biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:660-681. [PMID: 36779265 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of biomaterials aims to improve regenerative outcomes or scientific understanding for a wide range of tissue types and ailments. Biomaterials can be fabricated from natural or synthetic sources and display a plethora of mechanical, electrical, and geometrical properties dependent on their desired application. To date, most biomaterial systems designed for eventual translation to the clinic rely on soluble signaling moieties, such as growth factors, to elicit a specific cellular response. However, these soluble factors are often limited by high cost, convoluted synthesis, low stability, and difficulty in regulation, making the translation of these biomaterials systems to clinical or commercial applications a long and arduous process. In response to this, significant effort has been dedicated to researching cell-directive biomaterials which can signal for specific cell behavior in the absence of soluble factors. Cells of all tissue types have been shown to be innately in tune with their microenvironment, which is a biological phenomenon that can be exploited by researchers to design materials that direct cell behavior based on their intrinsic characteristics. This review will focus on recent developments in biomaterials that direct cell behavior using biomaterial properties such as charge, peptide presentation, and micro- or nano-geometry. These next generation biomaterials could offer significant strides in the development of clinically relevant medical devices which improve our understanding of the cellular microenvironment and enhance patient care in a variety of ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Adhikari
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael A Stager
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa D Krebs
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
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6
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Ra’oh NA, Man RC, Fauzi MB, Ghafar NA, Buyong MR, Hwei NM, Halim WHWA. Recent Approaches to the Modification of Collagen Biomatrix as a Corneal Biomatrix and Its Cellular Interaction. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071766. [PMID: 37050380 PMCID: PMC10097332 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, numerous modifications and advancements have been made to design the optimal corneal biomatrix for corneal epithelial cell (CECs) or limbal epithelial stem cell (LESC) carriers. However, researchers have yet to discover the ideal optimization strategies for corneal biomatrix design and its effects on cultured CECs or LESCs. This review discusses and summarizes recent optimization strategies for developing an ideal collagen biomatrix and its interactions with CECs and LESCs. Using PRISMA guidelines, articles published from June 2012 to June 2022 were systematically searched using Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, PubMed, Wiley, and EBSCOhost databases. The literature search identified 444 potential relevant published articles, with 29 relevant articles selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria following screening and appraising processes. Physicochemical and biocompatibility (in vitro and in vivo) characterization methods are highlighted, which are inconsistent throughout various studies. Despite the variability in the methodology approach, it is postulated that the modification of the collagen biomatrix improves its mechanical and biocompatibility properties toward CECs and LESCs. All findings are discussed in this review, which provides a general view of recent trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amalia Ra’oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Rohaina Che Man
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norzana Abd Ghafar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ng Min Hwei
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Wan Haslina Wan Abdul Halim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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7
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Urbánek P, Šuly P, Ševčík J, Hanulíková B, Kuřitka I, Šopík T, Stodůlka P. Controlled Drug Delivery Device for Cornea Treatment and Novel Method for Its Testing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040505. [PMID: 37111260 PMCID: PMC10143253 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new solution for local anesthetic and antibiotic delivery after eye surgery is presented. A contact lens-shaped collagen drug carrier was created and loaded by Levofloxacin and Tetracaine with a riboflavin crosslinked surface layer, thus impeding diffusion. The crosslinking was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, whereas the drug release was investigated using UV-Vis spectrometry. Due to the surface barrier, the drug gradually releases into the corneal tissue. To test the function of the carrier, a 3D printed device and a new test method for a controlled drug release, which mimics the geometry and physiological lacrimation rate of the human eye, were developed. The experimental setup with simple geometry revealed that the prepared drug delivery device can provide the prolonged release profile of the pseudo-first-order for up to 72 h. The efficiency of the drug delivery was further demonstrated using a dead porcine cornea as a drug recipient, without the need to use live animals for testing. Our drug delivery system significantly surpasses the efficiency of antibiotic and anesthetic eyedrops that would have to be applied approximately 30 times per hour to achieve the same dose as that delivered continuously by our device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Urbánek
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, trida Tomase Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Pavol Šuly
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, trida Tomase Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ševčík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, trida Tomase Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hanulíková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, trida Tomase Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Kuřitka
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, trida Tomase Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šopík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, trida Tomase Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stodůlka
- Gemini Eye Clinic, U Gemini 360, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
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Chowdhuri S, Das S, Kushwaha R, Das T, Das BK, Das D. Cumulative Effect of pH and Redox Triggers on Highly Adaptive Transient Coacervates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203820. [PMID: 36786201 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
An intricate synergism between multiple biochemical processes and physical conditions determines the formation and function of various biological self-assemblies. Thus, a complex set of variables dictate the far-from-equilibrium nature of these biological assemblies. Mimicking such systems synthetically is a challenging task. We report multi-stimuli responsive transient coacervation of an aldehyde-appended polymer and a short peptide. The coacervates are formed by the disulphide linkages between the peptide molecules and the imine bond between the polymer and the peptide. Imines are susceptible to pH changes and the disulphide bonds can be tuned by oxidation/reduction processes. Thus, the coacervation is operational only under the combined effect of appropriate pH and oxidative conditions. Taking advantage of these facts, the coacervates are transiently formed under a pH cycle (urea-urease/gluconolactone) and a non-equilibrium redox cycle (TCEP/H2 O2 ). Importantly, the system showed high adaptability toward environmental changes. The transient existence of the coacervates can be generated without any apparent change in size and shape within the same system through the sequential application of the above-mentioned nonequilibrium reaction cycles. Additionally, the coacervation allows for efficient encapsulation/stabilisation of proteins. Thus, the system has the potential to be used for protein/drug delivery purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chowdhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Saurav Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ritvika Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Tanushree Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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Hybrid nanostructured gadolinium oxide-collagen-dextran polymeric hydrogel for corneal repair and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:1423-1438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Dowari P, Roy S, Das S, Chowdhuri S, Kushwaha R, Das BK, Ukil A, Das D. Mannose‐decorated composite peptide hydrogel with thixotropic and syneresis properties and its application in treatment of Leishmaniasis. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200550. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Dowari
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Shalini Roy
- University of Calcutta Biochemistry 35, Ballygunge Circular Road 700019 Kolkata INDIA
| | - Saurav Das
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry IIT GUWAHATI 781039 KAMRUP INDIA
| | - Sumit Chowdhuri
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Ritvika Kushwaha
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Anindita Ukil
- University of Calcutta Biochemistry 35, Ballygunge Circular Road 700019 Kolkata INDIA
| | - Debapratim Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Chemistry IIT Guwahati 781039 Guwahati INDIA
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