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Singh A, Pratap SG, Raj A. Occurrence and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment and its ecological implications: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:47505-47529. [PMID: 39028459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in aquatic systems is growing global public health concern. These emerging micropollutants, stemming from improper wastewater treatment and disposal, highlight the complex and evolving nature of environmental pollution. Current literature reveals potential biases, such as a geographical focus on specific regions, leading to an insufficient understanding of the global distribution and dynamics of antibiotic resistance in aquatic systems. There is methodological inconsistency across studies, making it challenging to compare findings. Potential biases include sample collection inconsistencies, detection sensitivity variances, and data interpretation variability. Gaps in understanding include the need for comprehensive, standardized long-term monitoring programs, elucidating the environmental fate and transformation of antibiotics and resistance genes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the occurrence and dissemination of emerging micropollutants, their ecological impacts, and the global health implications of antimicrobial resistance. It highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders to address the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance in aquatic resistance in aquatic systems effectively. This review highlights widespread antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment, driven by human and agricultural activities. It underscores the ecological consequences, including disrupted microbial communities and altered ecosystem functions. The findings call for urgent measures to mitigate antibiotics pollution and manage antibiotic resistance spread in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Environmental Science, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow, 227015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini G Pratap
- School of Environmental Science, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow, 227015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay Raj
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Tomeh R, Nemati A, Hashemi Tabar G, Tozzoli R, Badouei MA. Antimicrobial resistance, β-lactamase genotypes, and plasmid replicon types of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different animal hosts. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae059. [PMID: 38467395 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The primary objective of this study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a particular focus on β-lactamase genotypes and plasmid replicon types of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains originating from various animal hosts. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 84 STEC strains were isolated from cattle (n = 32), sheep/goats (n = 26), pigeons (n = 20), and wild animals (n = 6) between 2010 and 2018 in various regions of Iran. The Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test and multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels were employed to elucidate the correlation between AMR and plasmid replicon types in STEC isolates. The predominant replicon types were IncFIC and IncFIB in cattle (46.8%), IncFIC in sheep/goats (46.1%), IncA/C in pigeons (90%), and IncP in wild animals (50%). STEC of serogroups O113, O26, and O111 harbored the IncFIB (100%), IncI1 (80%), and IncFIC + IncA/C (100%) plasmids, respectively. A remarkable AMR association was found between ciprofloxacin (100%), neomycin (68.7%), and tetracycline (61.7%) resistance with IncFIC; amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (88.8%) and tetracycline (61.7%) with IncA/C; ciprofloxacin (100%) with IncFIB; fosfomycin (85.7%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (80%) with IncI1. IncI1 appeared in 83.3%, 50%, and 100% of the isolates harboring blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaOXA β-lactamase genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of O26/IncI1/blaCTX-M STEC in cattle farms poses a potential risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwida Tomeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Ali Nemati
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemi Tabar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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Shen Y, Luo J, Di Cesare A, Guo N, Zou S, Yang Y. Performance evaluation for the inactivation of multidrug-resistant bacteria in wastewater effluent by different disinfection technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123427. [PMID: 38286262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The escalating presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in aquatic ecosystems underscores the critical role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in mitigating antibiotic resistance. Disinfection is the final, pivotal step in WWTPs, and it is essential to control the dissemination of ARB before water discharge. This study utilized both phenotypic analysis and transcriptome (RNA-seq) approach to investigate the efficiency and mechanisms of disinfection using chlorination, ultraviolet (UV), and peracetic acid (PAA) on multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB). Our results demonstrated that the use of 100 mg min L-1 of chlorine, 8.19 mJ cm-2 of UV irradiation or 50 min mg L-1 of PAA significantly reduced the abundance of MRB. Intriguingly, RNA-seq clarified distinct mechanisms of chlorination and UV disinfection. UV radiation triggered the SOS response to cope with DNA damage, induced the expression of multi-drug resistance genes by increasing the expression of efflux pump transporters. UV radiation also promoted the absorption of iron through chelation and transportation to participate in various cell life processes. Chlorination, on the other hand, significantly up-regulated osmotic response elements, including the synthesis of glycine betaine, iron-sulfur clusters, and related transporters. Both chlorination and UV significantly down-regulated key metabolic pathways (P < 0.05), inhibiting the process of amino acid synthesis and energy metabolism. Imbalance in energy homeostasis was the most important factor leading to cytotoxicity. These results provide useful insights into optimizing the wastewater disinfection process in order to prevent the dissemination of ARB in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Shen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Jieling Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Andrea Di Cesare
- National Research Council of Italy - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA) Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Verbania, 28922, Italy
| | - Nairong Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
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Mitra SD, Shome R, Bandopadhyay S, Geddam S, Kumar AMP, Murugesan D, Shome A, Shome BR. Genetic insights of antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity (virulence) and phylogenetic relationship of Escherichia coli strains isolated from livestock, poultry and their handlers - a one health snapshot. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:404. [PMID: 38456953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli harbouring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from any source (clinical samples, animal settings, or environment) might be transmitted and contribute to the spread and increase of antibiotic resistance in the biosphere. The goal of this study was to investigate the genome to decipher the repertoire of ARGs, virulence genes carried by E. coli strains isolated from livestock, poultry, and their handlers (humans), and then unveil the genetic relatedness between the strains. METHODS Whole genome sequencing was done to investigate the genetic makeup of E. coli isolates (n = 20) [swine (n = 2), cattle (n = 2), sheep (n = 4), poultry (n = 7), and animal handlers (n = 5)] from southern India. The detection of resistome, virulome, biofilm forming genes, mobile genetic elements (MGE), followed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analyses, were performed. RESULTS E. coli strains were found to be multi drug resistant, with a resistome encompassing > 20 ARGs, the virulome-17-22 genes, and > 20 key biofilm genes. MGE analysis showed four E. coli isolates (host: poultry, swine and cattle) harbouring composite transposons with ARGs/virulence genes (blaTEM, dfr, qnr/nleB, tir, eae,and esp) with the potential for horizontal transfer. MLST analyses revealed the presence of ST937 and ST3107 in both livestock/poultry and their handlers. Phylogenomic analyses with global E. coli isolates (human/livestock/poultry hosts) showed close relatedness with strains originating from different parts of the world (the United States, China, etc.). CONCLUSION The current study emphasizes the circulation of strains of pathogenic sequence types of clinical importance, carrying a diverse repertoire of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence properties in animal settings, necessitating immediate mitigation measures to reduce the risk of spread across the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susweta Das Mitra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
- Department of Biotechnology School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560078, India
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - Satarupa Bandopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560078, India
| | - Sujatha Geddam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - A M Praveen Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - Devi Murugesan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - Arijit Shome
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 781022, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India.
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Li P, Hong J, Wu M, Yuan Z, Li D, Wu Z, Sun X, Lin D. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Variations in Gut Microbiomes of the Schistosoma mansoni-Transmitting Snails Biomphalaria straminea and Biomphalaria glabrata. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2419. [PMID: 37894077 PMCID: PMC10609589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomphalaria snails play a crucial role in the transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. The gut microbiota of intermediate hosts is known to influence their physiological functions, but little is known about its composition and role in Biomphalaria snails. To gain insights into the biological characteristics of these freshwater intermediate hosts, we conducted metagenomic sequencing on Biomphalaria straminea and B. glabrata to investigate variations in their gut microbiota. This study revealed that the dominant members of the gut microbiota in B. glabrata belong to the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, which were also found to be the top two most abundant gut bacteria in B. straminea. We identified Firmicutes, Acidovorax and Bosea as distinctive gut microbes in B. straminea, while Aeromonas, Cloacibacterium and Chryseobacterium were found to be dependent features of the B. glabrata gut microbiota. We observed significant differences in the community structures and bacterial functions of the gut microbiota between the two host species. Notably, we found a distinctive richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with various classes of antibiotics, including bacitracin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamide, penicillin, cephalosporin_ii and cephalosporin_i, fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, multidrug and trimethoprim, in the digestive tracts of the snails. Furthermore, this study revealed the potential correlations between snail gut microbiota and the infection rate of S. mansoni using Spearman correlation analysis. Through metagenomic analysis, our study provided new insights into the gut microbiota of Biomphalaria snails and how it is influenced by host species, thereby enhancing our understanding of variant patterns of gut microbial communities in intermediate hosts. Our findings may contribute to future studies on gastropod-microbe interactions and may provide valuable knowledge for developing snail control strategies to combat schistosomiasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinni Hong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Mingrou Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhanhong Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dinghao Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Datao Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-Vectors Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Gemeda BA, Wieland B, Alemayehu G, Knight-Jones TJD, Wodajo HD, Tefera M, Kumbe A, Olani A, Abera S, Amenu K. Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates from Livestock and the Environment in Extensive Smallholder Livestock Production Systems in Ethiopia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050941. [PMID: 37237844 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from livestock feces and soil in smallholder livestock systems. A cross-sectional study was carried out sampling 77 randomly selected households in four districts representing two agroecologies and production systems. E. coli was isolated and the susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials was assessed. Of 462 E. coli isolates tested, resistance to at least one antimicrobial was detected in 52% (43.7-60.8) of isolates from cattle fecal samples, 34% (95% CI, 26.2-41.8) from sheep samples, 58% (95% CI, 47.9-68.2) from goat samples and 53% (95% CI, 43.2-62.4) from soil samples. AMR patterns for E. coli from livestock and soil showed some similarities, with the highest prevalence of resistance detected against streptomycin (33%), followed by amoxycillin/clavulanate (23%) and tetracycline (8%). The odds of detecting E. coli resistance to ≥2 antimicrobials in livestock fecal samples were nearly three times (Odd Ratio-OR: 2.9; 95% CI, 1.72-5.17; p = 0.000) higher in lowland pastoral than in highland mixed crop-livestock production systems. These findings provide insights into the status of resistance in livestock and soil, and associated risk factors in low-resource settings in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Alemu Gemeda
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gezahegn Alemayehu
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Theodore J D Knight-Jones
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Desta Wodajo
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Misgana Tefera
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Kumbe
- Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agriculture Research Center, Yabello P.O. Box 85, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
| | - Shubisa Abera
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
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Upadhyaya N, Karki S, Rana S, Elsohaby I, Tiwari R, Oli M, Paudel S. Trend of Antimicrobial Use in Food-Producing Animals from 2018 to 2020 in Nepal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081377. [PMID: 37106940 PMCID: PMC10135152 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem and is primarily driven by the widespread overuse of antibiotics. However, antimicrobial use data in animals are not readily available due to the absence of a national database in many developing countries, including Nepal. This study was conducted to estimate the quantities of antimicrobials available in Nepal as an indicator of their use in food-producing animals between 2018 and 2020. Data were collected through surveys targeting major stakeholders: (i) the Department of Drug Administration (DDA), the Government of Nepal (GoN) for the authorized antimicrobials for veterinary use in Nepal, (ii) veterinary pharmaceuticals for antimicrobials produced in Nepal, (iii) the DDA and Veterinary Importers Association for antimicrobials bought by veterinary drug importers, and (iv) the Department of Customs, GoN, for antibiotics sourced through customs. Data showed that in the 3 years, a total of 96 trade names, comprising 35 genera of antibiotics representing 10 classes, were either produced or imported in Nepal. In total, 91,088 kg, 47,694 kg, and 45,671 kg of active ingredients of antimicrobials were available in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. None of the antibiotics were intended for growth promotion, but were primarily for therapeutic purposes. Oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and sulfadimidine were among the most-used antibiotics in Nepal in 2020. Oxytetracycline was primarily intended for parenteral application, whereas tilmicosin was solely for oral use. Sulfadimidine was available for oral use, except for a small proportion for injection purposes. Aminoglycosides, fluroquinolones, nitrofurans, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines were mostly produced locally, whereas cephalosporins, macrolides and "other" classes of antimicrobials were imported. Amphenicols and penicillins were exclusively imported and nitrofurans were produced locally only. In general, except for tetracyclines, the volume of antimicrobials produced locally and/or imported in 2020 was lower than that in 2018, which corresponded to a decreasing trend in total antimicrobials available. Furthermore, the subsequent years have seen a decrease in the use of critically important antibiotics, particularly class I antibiotics. Finally, this study has firstly established a benchmark for future monitoring of antimicrobial usage in food-producing animals in Nepal. These data are useful for risk analysis, planning, interpreting resistance surveillance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of prudent use, efforts, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Upadhyaya
- Veterinary Standards and Drug Regulatory Laboratory, Budhanilakantha, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Surendra Karki
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Sujan Rana
- Department of Livestock Services, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ramanandan Tiwari
- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development Nepal, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Manoj Oli
- Tulsipur Municipality, Tulsipur, Dang 22412, Nepal
| | - Surya Paudel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Javvadi Y, Mohan SV. Understanding the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in an urban community using wastewater-based epidemiological approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161419. [PMID: 36623646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the community-wide antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of an urban setting using the culture-independent wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance (WBE) approach. The domestic wastewater sample was collected at the converging point of the drain connecting the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The collected water sample was evaluated for the presence of 125 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 13 mobile genetic elements (MGEs, 5 integrons and 8 transposons). Antibiotic residues and the composition of bacterial communities were also examined. Community's sewage showed a diverse resistance pattern, with the positive detection of targeted ARGs, notably aph, aadA1, and strB being particularly abundant. Resistance to aminoglycoside and trimethoprim classes was prevalent, followed by chloramphenicol, sulfonamide, and β-lactams. According to the microbial diversity assessment, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were abundant phyla observed, while Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Moraxellaceae were prevalent families. The study provided comprehensive baseline information of ARGs on a community scale and will be of use for ARG prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Javvadi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Science Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Science Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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