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Kalita B, Kumar CJ, Hazarika N, Baruah KK, Borah L. Exploring Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Agricultural Livelihoods among Rice Farmers of the Brahmaputra Valley in Northeast India. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 73:1180-1200. [PMID: 38489036 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change has seriously threatened agriculture and connected sectors, especially in developing countries like India. The Brahmaputra Valley in Assam, Northeast India, is vulnerable to climate change due to its agrarian economy, fragile geo-ecological setting, recurrent floods and droughts, and poor socioeconomic conditions of the farmers. The climate-induced hindrances faced by the rice farming community of this region and the local adaptation practices they employ have not been adequately studied. Therefore, we carried out a survey among 635 rice farmers across four agro-climatic zones of Assam, namely the Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone, North Bank Plain Zone, Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone, and Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone, to understand how they perceive and respond to climatic changes. The survey revealed that all the respondents have perceived an increase in ambient temperature, and 65% of the respondents have perceived a slight change in rainfall characteristics over the years. Most farmers reported adjusting the existing farming practices and livelihood choices to adapt to the changing climate. Farming adjustments were made mainly in terms of field preparation and management of water, rice variety, nutrients, and pests. Environmental variables like rainfall, flood, drought, and pest level, and socioeconomic variables like family size, education, farming experience, training, digital media exposure, and land area were found to influence farmers' adaptation choices. The findings imply that policies to strengthen flood, drought, pest management, education, land-use planning, agricultural training, and digital media applications in agriculture are needed for effective climate change adaptation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedabati Kalita
- Department of Environmental Biology and Wildlife Sciences, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Chandan Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and IT, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Nabajit Hazarika
- Department of Environmental Biology and Wildlife Sciences, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Kushal Kumar Baruah
- School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Leena Borah
- Department of Environmental Biology and Wildlife Sciences, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India.
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Danielewicz J, Grzanka M, Sobiech Ł, Jajor E, Horoszkiewicz J, Korbas M, Blecharczyk A, Stuper-Szablewska K, Matysiak K. Impact of Various Essential Oils on the Development of Pathogens of the Fusarium Genus and on Health and Germination Parameters of Winter Wheat and Maize. Molecules 2024; 29:2376. [PMID: 38792237 PMCID: PMC11123840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, researchers are looking for ways to replace synthetic pesticides with substances of natural origin. Essential oils are produced by plants, among other things, to protect against pathogens, which is why there is interest in their use as fungicides. This experiment assessed the composition of essential oils from a commercial source, their impact on the development of mycelium of pathogens of the Fusarium genus, and the possibility of using them as a pre-sowing treatment. Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were inoculated with a suspension of mycelium and spores of fungi of the Fusarium genus and then soaked in solutions containing oils of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). The obtained results indicate that thyme essential oil had the strongest effect on limiting the development of Fusarium pathogens and seedling infection, but at the same time it had an adverse effect on the level of germination and seedling development of the tested plants. The remaining essential oils influenced the mentioned parameters to varying degrees. Selected essential oils can be an alternative to synthetic fungicides, but they must be selected appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Danielewicz
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Grzanka
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Łukasz Sobiech
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Ewa Jajor
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Joanna Horoszkiewicz
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Korbas
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Andrzej Blecharczyk
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Kinga Matysiak
- Department of Herbology and Plant Protection Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland;
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Aloui L, Greene ES, Tabler T, Lassiter K, Thompson K, Bottje WG, Orlowski S, Dridi S. Effect of heat stress on the hypothalamic expression profile of water homeostasis-associated genes in low- and high-water efficient chicken lines. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15972. [PMID: 38467563 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
With climate change, selection for water efficiency and heat resilience are vitally important. We undertook this study to determine the effect of chronic cyclic heat stress (HS) on the hypothalamic expression profile of water homeostasis-associated markers in high (HWE)- and low (LWE)-water efficient chicken lines. HS significantly elevated core body temperatures of both lines. However, the amplitude was higher by 0.5-1°C in HWE compared to their LWE counterparts. HWE line drank significantly less water than LWE during both thermoneutral (TN) and HS conditions, and HS increased water intake in both lines with pronounced magnitude in LWE birds. HWE had better feed conversion ratio (FCR), water conversion ratio (WCR), and water to feed intake ratio. At the molecular level, the overall hypothalamic expression of aquaporins (AQP8 and AQP12), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and its related receptor AVP2R, angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and calbindin 2 (CALB2) were significantly lower; however, CALB1 mRNA and AQP2 protein levels were higher in HWE compared to LWE line. Compared to TN conditions, HS exposure significantly increased mRNA abundances of AQPs (8, 12), AVPR1a, natriuretic peptide A (NPPA), angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), CALB1 and 2, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 and 4 (TRPV1 and TRPV4) as well as the protein levels of AQP2, however it decreased that of AQP4 gene expression. A significant line by environment interaction was observed in several hypothalamic genes. Heat stress significantly upregulated AQP2 and SCT at mRNA levels and AQP1 and AQP3 at both mRNA and protein levels, but it downregulated that of AQP4 protein only in LWE birds. In HWE broilers, however, HS upregulated the hypothalamic expression of renin (REN) and AVPR1b genes and AQP5 proteins, but it downregulated that of AQP3 protein. The hypothalamic expression of AQP (5, 7, 10, and 11) genes was increased by HS in both chicken lines. In summary, this is the first report showing improvement of growth performances in HWE birds. The hypothalamic expression of several genes was affected in a line- and/or environment-dependent manner, revealing potential molecular signatures for water efficiency and/or heat tolerance in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loujain Aloui
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Higher School of Agriculture of Mograne, University of Carthage, Zaghouan, Tunisia
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Travis Tabler
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kentu Lassiter
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kevin Thompson
- Center for Agricultural Data Analyses, Divion of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Walter G Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sara Orlowski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Sharma RK, Dhillon J, Kumar P, Mulvaney MJ, Reed V, Bheemanahalli R, Cox MS, Kukal MS, Reddy KN. Climate trends and soybean production since 1970 in Mississippi: Empirical evidence from ARDL model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167046. [PMID: 37714355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Studying historical response of crops to weather conditions at a finer scale is essential for devising agricultural strategies tailored to expected climate changes. However, determining the relationship between crop and climate in Mississippi (MS) remains elusive. Therefore, this research attempted to i) estimate climate trends between 1970 and 2020 in MS during the soybean growing season (SGS) using the Mann-Kendall and Sen slope method, ii) calculate the impact of climate change on soybean yield using an auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) econometric model, and iii) identify the most critical months from a crop-climate perspective by generating a correlation between the detrended yield and the monthly average for each climatic variable. Specific variables considered were maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), diurnal temperature range (DTR), precipitation (PT), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), and relative humidity (RH). All required diagnostic-tests i.e., pre-analysis, post-analysis, model-sensitivity, and assessing the models' goodness-of-fit were performed and statistical standards were met. A positive trend in Tmin (+0.25 °C/decade), and a negative trend in DTR (-0.18 °C/decade) was found. Although Tmax, PT, and RH showed non-significant trends, numerical changes were noted as +0.11 °C/decade, +3.03 mm/decade, and -0.06 %/decade, respectively. Furthermore, soybean yield was positively correlated with Tmin (in June and September), PT (in July and August), and RH (in July), but negatively correlated with Tmax (in July and August) and DTR (in June, July, and August). Soybean yield was observed to be significantly reduced by 18.11 % over the long-term and by 5.51 % over the short-term for every 1 °C increase in Tmax. With every unit increase in Tmin and CO2 emissions, the yield of soybeans increased significantly by 7.76 % and 3.04 %, respectively. Altogether, soybeans in MS exhibited variable sensitivity to short- and long-terms climatic changes. The results highlight the importance of testing climate-resilient agronomic practices and cultivars that encompass asymmetric sensitivities in response to climatic conditions of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagmandeep Dhillon
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.
| | - Pushp Kumar
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Odisha, India
| | - Michael J Mulvaney
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Vaughn Reed
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Raju Bheemanahalli
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Michael S Cox
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Meetpal S Kukal
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Krishna N Reddy
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, USA
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Rzymski P. Avian influenza outbreaks in domestic cats: another reason to consider slaughter-free cell-cultured poultry? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1283361. [PMID: 38163084 PMCID: PMC10754994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza causes substantial economic loss in the poultry industry and potentially threatens human health. Over recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus has led to devastating losses in poultry flocks and wild birds. At the same time, the number of mammalian species identified to be infected with A/H5N1 is increasing, with recent outbreaks in domestic cats, including household individuals, evidenced in July 2023 in Poland, ultimately creating opportunities for the virus to adapt better to mammalian hosts, including humans. Overall, between 2003 and 2023, over 10 outbreaks in felids have been documented globally, and in six of them, feed based on raw chicken was suspected as a potential source of A/H5N1, fuelling a debate on threats posed by A/H5N1 and methods to decrease the associated risks. This article debates that technology allowing the production of slaughter-free meat, including poultry, from cell and tissue cultures could be considered as a part of a mitigation strategy to decrease the overall burden and threat of adaptation of avian influenza viruses to human hosts. By shifting poultry production to the cultured meat industry, the frequency of A/H5N1 outbreaks in farmed birds may be decreased, leading to a reduced risk of virus acquisition by wild and domesticated mammals that have direct contact with birds or eat raw poultry and have close contact with human (including domestic cats), ultimately minimizing the potential of A/H5N1 to adapt better to mammalian host, including humans. This adds to the list of other benefits of cultured meat that are also reviewed in this paper, including decreased antibiotic use, risk of microbial contamination and parasite transmission, and environmental and ethical advantages over conventional slaughtered meat. In conclusion, further development and implementation of this technology, also in the context of poultry production, is strongly advocated. Although cultured poultry is unlikely to replace the conventional process in the near future due to challenges with scaling up the production and meeting the continuously increased demand for poultry meat, it may still decrease the pressures and threats related to the transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza in selected world regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Sharma RK, Dhillon J, Kumar P, Bheemanahalli R, Li X, Cox MS, Reddy KN. Climate trends and maize production nexus in Mississippi: empirical evidence from ARDL modelling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16641. [PMID: 37789065 PMCID: PMC10547789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change poses a significant threat to agriculture. However, climatic trends and their impact on Mississippi (MS) maize (Zea mays L.) are unknown. The objectives were to: (i) analyze trends in climatic variables (1970 to 2020) using Mann-Kendall and Sen slope method, (ii) quantify the impact of climate change on maize yield in short and long run using the auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) model, and (iii) categorize the critical months for maize-climate link using Pearson's correlation matrix. The climatic variables considered were maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), diurnal temperature range (DTR), precipitation (PT), relative humidity (RH), and carbon emissions (CO2). The pre-analysis, post-analysis, and model robustness statistical tests were verified, and all conditions were met. A significant upward trend in Tmax (0.13 °C/decade), Tmin (0.27 °C/decade), and CO2 (5.1 units/decade), and a downward trend in DTR ( - 0.15 °C/decade) were noted. The PT and RH insignificantly increased by 4.32 mm and 0.11% per decade, respectively. The ARDL model explained 76.6% of the total variations in maize yield. Notably, the maize yield had a negative correlation with Tmax for June, and July, with PT in August, and with DTR for June, July, and August, whereas a positive correlation was noted with Tmin in June, July, and August. Overall, a unit change in Tmax reduced the maize yield by 7.39% and 26.33%, and a unit change in PT reduced it by 0.65% and 2.69% in the short and long run, respectively. However, a unit change in Tmin, and CO2 emissions increased maize yield by 20.68% and 0.63% in the long run with no short run effect. Overall, it is imperative to reassess the agronomic management strategies, developing and testing cultivars adaptable to the revealed climatic trend, with ability to withstand severe weather conditions in ensuring sustainable maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagmandeep Dhillon
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA.
| | - Pushp Kumar
- Department of Economics, Manipal University Jaipur, Dhami Kalan, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raju Bheemanahalli
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael S Cox
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Krishna N Reddy
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Stoneville, MS, USA
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Usman M, Ali A, Bashir MK, Mushtaq K, Ghafoor A, Amjad F, Hashim M, Baig SA. Pathway analysis of food security by employing climate change, water, and agriculture nexus in Pakistan: partial least square structural equation modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88577-88597. [PMID: 37436630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing population and augmented demand for food have put burden on water resources, crops, and livestock for future sustainability. Pakistan is facing difficulties of water shortage, low crops and livestock productivity, meagre livelihood, and intensive food insecurity. Hence, this study was conducted in Pakistan to explore the nexus of climate change, irrigation water, agriculture, rural livelihoods, and food security. The study is based on primary data of 1080 farmers gathered from 12 districts of the rice-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping systems. A partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to compute the nexus. Findings of path analysis indicated that climate change had a significant negative impact on irrigation water, crops, livestock, rural livelihood, and food security in both cropping systems. There was positive relationship between surface water and crops. In addition, groundwater and crops were also positively and significantly correlated. The impact of crop was positive and significant on rural livelihood and food security. Furthermore, rural livelihood and food security were positively and significantly influenced by livestock. Moreover, there was positive relationship between rural livelihood and food security. The cotton-wheat cropping system was more affected by climatic and natural hazards than rice-wheat cropping system. Interconnectivity among nexus components and their contribution to rural livelihood and food security indicate that government, policymakers, and other concerned stakeholders should effectively improve food security policies under climatic and natural hazards. Moreover, it helps in examining adverse impacts of hazards induced by climate change on nexus components, leading to the designing and adoption of sustainable climate change policies. The study's originality lies in its ability to provide a inclusive and integrated pathway of the interconnections and interdependencies among these variables, identifying key drivers of food insecurity in Pakistan. Moreover, outcome of the study has policy implications for developing sustainable policies and strategies to improve sustainable food security in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Ali
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid Bashir
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mushtaq
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghafoor
- Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fiza Amjad
- Department of Business Administration, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hashim
- Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad Baig
- Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Neupane D. Biofuels from Renewable Sources, a Potential Option for Biodiesel Production. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010029. [PMID: 36671601 PMCID: PMC9855116 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ever-increasing population growth that demands more energy produces tremendous pressure on natural energy reserves such as coal and petroleum, causing their depletion. Climate prediction models predict that drought events will be more intense during the 21st century affecting agricultural productivity. The renewable energy needs in the global energy supply must stabilize surface temperature rise to 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial values. To address the global climate issue and higher energy demand without depleting fossil reserves, growing bioenergy feedstock as the potential resource for biodiesel production could be a viable alternative. The interest in growing biofuels for biodiesel production has increased due to its potential benefits over fossil fuels and the flexibility of feedstocks. Therefore, this review article focuses on different biofuels and biomass resources for biodiesel production, their properties, procedure, factors affecting biodiesel production, different catalysts used, and greenhouse gas emissions from biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhurba Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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