1
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Fryer HA, Geers D, Gommers L, Zaeck LM, Tan NH, Jones-Freeman B, Goorhuis A, Postma DF, Visser LG, Hogarth PM, Koopmans MPG, GeurtsvanKessel CH, O'Hehir RE, van der Kuy PHM, de Vries RD, van Zelm MC. Fourth dose bivalent COVID-19 vaccines outperform monovalent boosters in eliciting cross-reactive memory B cells to Omicron subvariants. J Infect 2024; 89:106246. [PMID: 39127451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bivalent COVID-19 vaccines comprising ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 (WH1) and the Omicron BA.1 or BA.5 subvariant elicit enhanced serum antibody responses to emerging Omicron subvariants. Here, we characterized the RBD-specific memory B cell (Bmem) response following a fourth dose with a BA.1 or BA.5 bivalent vaccine, in direct comparison with a WH1 monovalent fourth dose. Healthcare workers previously immunized with mRNA or adenoviral vector monovalent vaccines were sampled before and one month after a fourth dose with a monovalent or a BA.1 or BA.5 bivalent vaccine. Serum neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were quantified, as well as RBD-specific Bmem with an in-depth spectral flow cytometry panel including recombinant RBD proteins of the WH1, BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5 variants. Both bivalent vaccines elicited higher NAb titers against Omicron subvariants compared to the monovalent vaccine. Following either vaccine type, recipients had slightly increased WH1 RBD-specific Bmem numbers. Both bivalent vaccines significantly increased WH1 RBD-specific Bmem binding of all Omicron subvariants tested by flow cytometry, while recognition of Omicron subvariants was not enhanced following monovalent vaccination. IgG1+ Bmem dominated the response, with substantial IgG4+ Bmem only detected in recipients of an mRNA vaccine for their primary dose. Thus, Omicron-based bivalent vaccines can significantly boost NAb and Bmem specific for ancestral WH1 and Omicron variants and improve recognition of descendent subvariants by pre-existing, WH1-specific Bmem beyond that of a monovalent vaccine. This provides new insights into the capacity of variant-based mRNA booster vaccines to improve immune memory against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially protect against severe disease. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 bivalent COVID-19 boosters, used as a fourth dose, increase RBD-specific Bmem cross-recognition of Omicron subvariants, both those encoded by the vaccines and antigenically distinct subvariants, further than a monovalent booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Fryer
- Dept. Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl Geers
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luca M Zaeck
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ngoc H Tan
- Dept. Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernadette Jones-Freeman
- Dept. Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Postma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Dept. Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Dept. Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Hugo M van der Kuy
- Dept. Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Dept. Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Dept. Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Selvavinayagam ST, Sankar S, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Suvaithenamudhan S, Hemashree K, Rajeshkumar M, Kumaresan A, Pandey RP, Shanmugam S, Arthydevi P, Kumar MS, Gopalan N, Kannan M, Cheedarla N, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Larsson M, Balakrishnan P, Velu V, Byrareddy SN, Shankar EM, Raju S. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant JN.1 in Tamil Nadu, India - Clinical characteristics and novel mutations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17476. [PMID: 39080396 PMCID: PMC11289243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In December 2023, we observed a notable shift in the COVID-19 landscape, when JN.1 omicron emerged as the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant with a 95% incidence. We characterized the clinical profile, and genetic changes in JN.1, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest. Whole genome sequencing was performed on SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical specimens, followed by sequence analysis. Mutations within the spike protein sequences were analysed and compared with the previously reported lineages and sub-lineages, to identify the potential impact of the unique mutations on protein structure and possible alterations in the functionality. Several unique and dynamic mutations were identified herein. Molecular docking analysis showed changes in the binding affinity, and key interacting residues of wild-type and mutated structures with key host cell receptors of SARS-CoV-2 entry viz., ACE2, CD147, CD209L and AXL. Our data provides key insights on the emergence of newer variants and highlights the necessity for robust and sustained global genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam T Selvavinayagam
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Kelip-kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, 625 512, India
| | - Suvaiyarasan Suvaithenamudhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Kannan Hemashree
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India
| | - Manivannan Rajeshkumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India
| | - Anandhazhvar Kumaresan
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India
| | - Ramendra P Pandey
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 007, India
| | - Saravanan Shanmugam
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
| | - Parthiban Arthydevi
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India
| | - Masilamani Senthil Kumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Hong Y Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Kelip-kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58 185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, 600 078, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India.
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 006, India.
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3
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Chung YS, Lam CY, Tan PH, Tsang HF, Wong SCC. Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Advancement in Diagnostic and Detection Techniques, and Post-Pandemic Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8155. [PMID: 39125722 PMCID: PMC11312261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, COVID-19 remains a public health concern due to the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its prevalence in particular countries. This paper provides an updated overview of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19, with a focus on the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the phenomenon known as 'long COVID'. Meanwhile, diagnostic and detection advances will be mentioned. Though many inventions have been made to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, some outstanding ones include multiplex RT-PCR, which can be used for accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ELISA-based antigen tests also appear to be potential diagnostic tools to be available in the future. This paper also discusses current treatments, vaccination strategies, as well as emerging cell-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 underscores the necessity for us to continuously update scientific understanding and treatments for it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sze-Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (P.-H.T.); (H.-F.T.)
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4
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Offersgaard A, Duarte Hernandez CR, Zhou Y, Duan Z, Gammeltoft KA, Hartmann KT, Fahnøe U, Marichal-Gallardo P, Alzua GP, Underwood AP, Sølund C, Weis N, Bonde JH, Christensen JP, Pedersen GK, Jensen HE, Holmbeck K, Bukh J, Gottwein JM. An inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on a Vero cell culture-adapted high-titer virus confers cross-protection in small animals. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17039. [PMID: 39048693 PMCID: PMC11269720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapidly waning immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires continued global access to affordable vaccines. Globally, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been widely used during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this proof-of-concept study we adapted an original-D614G SARS-CoV-2 virus to Vero cell culture as a strategy to enhance inactivated vaccine manufacturing productivity. A passage 60 (P60) virus showed enhanced fitness and 50-fold increased virus yield in a bioreactor compared to the original-D614G virus. It further remained susceptible to neutralization by plasma from SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated and convalescent individuals, suggesting exposure of relevant epitopes. Monovalent inactivated P60 and bivalent inactivated P60/omicron BA.1 vaccines induced neutralizing responses against original-D614G and BA.1 viruses in mice and hamsters, demonstrating that the P60 virus is a suitable vaccine antigen. Antibodies further cross-neutralized delta and BA.5 viruses. Importantly, the inactivated P60 vaccine protected hamsters against disease upon challenge with original-D614G or BA.1 virus, with minimal lung pathology and lower virus loads in the upper and lower airways. Antigenicity of the P60 virus was thus retained compared to the original virus despite the acquisition of cell culture adaptive mutations. Consequently, cell culture adaptation may be a useful approach to increase yields in inactivated vaccine antigen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Offersgaard
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carlos R Duarte Hernandez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuyong Zhou
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhe Duan
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Anbro Gammeltoft
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pavel Marichal-Gallardo
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Garazi Peña Alzua
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander P Underwood
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Sølund
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Nina Weis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hansen Bonde
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Margarete Gottwein
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Zheng HY, Song TZ, Zheng YT. Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models. Zool Res 2024; 45:747-766. [PMID: 38894519 PMCID: PMC11298684 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the immune system throughout the body complicates in vitro assessments of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunobiology, often resulting in a lack of reproducibility when extrapolated to the whole organism. Consequently, developing animal models is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of the pathology and immunology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This review summarizes current progress related to COVID-19 animal models, including non-human primates (NHPs), mice, and hamsters, with a focus on their roles in exploring the mechanisms of immunopathology, immune protection, and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as their application in immunoprevention and immunotherapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differences among these animal models and their specific applications are also highlighted, as no single model can fully encapsulate all aspects of COVID-19. To effectively address the challenges posed by COVID-19, it is essential to select appropriate animal models that can accurately replicate both fatal and non-fatal infections with varying courses and severities. Optimizing animal model libraries and associated research tools is key to resolving the global COVID-19 pandemic, serving as a robust resource for future emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
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6
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Chang HH, Lee YH, Huang KC, Chan DC, Lin YC, Sheng WH, Lee LT, Huang LM. COVID-19 vaccination: 2023 Taiwan Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (TAGG) consensus statements. J Formos Med Assoc 2024:S0929-6646(24)00303-6. [PMID: 38991898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2024.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remains challenging due to the rapid evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This article discusses recent findings on high-risk groups for COVID-19 mortality and morbidity, along with consensus statements from the 2023 Taiwan Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (TAGG) meeting. It examines evidence on viral mutation mechanisms, emerging variants, and their implications for vaccination strategies. The article underscores advanced age, immunocompromised status, chronic medical conditions, occupational exposure, and socioeconomic disparities as significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes. TAGG's consensus emphasizes robust vaccination promotion, prioritizing elderly, and immunocompromised groups, individualized multi-dose regimens for immunocompromised patients, and simplified clinical guidelines. Discussions on global and regional recommendations for regular, variant-adapted boosters highlight the non-seasonal nature of COVID-19. Key agreements include escalating domestic preparedness, implementing vigorous risk-based vaccination, and adapting global guidelines to local contexts. Given ongoing viral evolution, proactive adjustment of vaccination policies is essential. Scientific consensus, tailored recommendations, and rapid knowledge dissemination are vital for optimizing COVID-19 protection among vulnerable groups in Taiwan. This article seeks to inform clinical practice and public health policy by summarizing expert-driven vaccination perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Cheng Chan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Lin
- Geriatric Medicine Department, Taipei Medical University-Wanfang Hospital, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Huei Sheng
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Long-Teng Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Taipei Jen-Chi Relief Institution, Taipei, 108, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Min Huang
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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7
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da Costa HHM, Silva VO, Amorim GC, Guereschi MG, Sergio LM, Gomes CHR, Hong MA, de Oliveira EL, Brígido LFDM, Lindoso JAL, Prudencio CR. Assessment of an in-house IgG ELISA targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD: Applications in infected and vaccinated individuals. J Immunol Methods 2024; 530:113683. [PMID: 38759864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The study evoluated an in-house Spike Receptor Binding Domain Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (RBD-IgG-ELISA) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in infected and vaccinated individuals. The assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 99.25%, and accuracy of 95.13%. Precision and reproducibility were highly consistent. The RBD-IgG-ELISA was able to detect 96.25% of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed cases for SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating positive and negative predictive values of 99,18% and 91,69%, respectively. In an epidemiological survey, ELISA, lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA), and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) exhibited diagnostic sensitivities of 68.29%, 63.41%, and 70.73%, respectively, along with specificities of 82.93%, 80.49%, and 80.49%, respectively. Agreement between RBD-IgG-ELISA/PCR was moderate (k index 0.512). However, good agreement between different assays (RBD-IgG-ELISA/LFIA k index 0.875, RBD-IgG-ELISA/ECLIA k index 0.901). Test performance on individuals' samples were inferior due to seroconversion time and chronicity. The IgG-RBD-ELISA assay demonstrated its effectiveness in monitoring antibody levels among healthcare professionals, revealing significant differences both before and after the administration of the third vaccine dose, with heightened protection levels observed following the third dose in five Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine regimens. In conclusion, the RBD-IgG-ELISA exhibits high reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity, making it a suitable assay validated for serosurveillance and for obtaining information about COVID-19 infections or vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Hermes Monteiro da Costa
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Valeria Oliveira Silva
- Virology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Public Health Surveillance of the Disease Control Coordination, State Health Department, São Paulo 02146-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Carvalho Amorim
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marisa Ailin Hong
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Institute of Infectology Emilio Ribas, São Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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8
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Nguyenla XH, Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Wahedi M, Tafesse FG, Curlin ME. Evaluating Humoral Immunity Elicited by XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1282-1283. [PMID: 38669121 PMCID: PMC11138983 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.240051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Because novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, immunogenicity of XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines against live clinical isolates needs to be evaluated. We report boosting of IgG (2.1×), IgA (1.5×), and total IgG/A/M (1.7×) targeting the spike receptor-binding domain and neutralizing titers against WA1 (2.2×), XBB.1.5 (7.4×), EG.5.1 (10.5×), and JN.1 (4.7×) variants.
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9
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Qian G, Gao C, Zhang M, Chen Y, Xie L. A Review of Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: From Monovalent to Multivalent Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:579. [PMID: 38932308 PMCID: PMC11209593 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic, has profoundly impacted global healthcare systems and the trajectory of economic advancement. As nations grapple with the far-reaching consequences of this unprecedented health crisis, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines has proven to be a pivotal strategy in managing this crisis. Protein-based vaccines have garnered significant attention owing to their commendable safety profile and precise immune targeting advantages. Nonetheless, the unpredictable mutations and widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have posed challenges for vaccine developers and governments worldwide. Monovalent and multivalent vaccines represent two strategies in COVID-19 vaccine development, with ongoing controversy surrounding their efficacy. This review concentrates on the development of protein-based COVID-19 vaccines, specifically addressing the transition from monovalent to multivalent formulations, and synthesizes data on vaccine manufacturers, antigen composition, pivotal clinical study findings, and other features that shape their distinct profiles and overall effectiveness. Our hypothesis is that multivalent vaccine strategies for COVID-19 could offer enhanced capability with broad-spectrum protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Qian
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (G.Q.); (C.G.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Cuige Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (G.Q.); (C.G.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (G.Q.); (C.G.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (G.Q.); (C.G.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (G.Q.); (C.G.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
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10
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Selvavinayagam ST, Sankar S, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Suvaithenamudhan S, Hemashree K, Rajeshkumar M, Kumaresan A, Pandey RP, Shanmugam S, Arthydevi P, Kumar MS, Gopalan N, Kannan M, Cheedarla N, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Larsson M, Balakrishnan P, Velu V, Byrareddy SN, Shankar EM, Raju S. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant JN.1 in Tamil Nadu, India - Clinical Characteristics and Novel Mutations. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.16.24305882. [PMID: 38699322 PMCID: PMC11065016 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.24305882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In December 2023, we observed a notable shift in the COVID-19 landscape, when the JN.1 emerged as a predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant with a 95% incidence. We characterized the clinical profile, and genetic changes in JN.1, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest. Whole genome sequencing was performed on SARS-CoV-2 positive samples, followed by sequence analysis. Mutations within the spike protein sequences were analyzed and compared with the previous lineages and sublineages of SARS-CoV-2, to identify the potential impact of these unique mutations on protein structure and possible functionality. Several unique and dynamic mutations were identified herein. Our data provides key insights into the emergence of newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 in our region and highlights the need for robust and sustained genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam T. Selvavinayagam
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Kelip kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni-625 512, India
| | | | - Kannan Hemashree
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manivannan Rajeshkumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandhazhvar Kumaresan
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramendra P. Pandey
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Shanmugam
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Arthydevi
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani S. Kumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Hong Y. Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Kelip kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58 183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Wang W, Bhushan GL, Paz S, Stauft CB, Selvaraj P, Goguet E, Bishop-Lilly KA, Subramanian R, Vassell R, Lusvarghi S, Cong Y, Agan B, Richard SA, Epsi NJ, Fries A, Fung CK, Conte MA, Holbrook MR, Wang TT, Burgess TH, Mitre E, Pollett SD, Katzelnick LC, Weiss CD. Antigenic cartography using hamster sera identifies SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 evasion seen in human XBB.1.5 booster sera. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588359. [PMID: 38712124 PMCID: PMC11071293 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Antigenic assessments of SARS-CoV-2 variants inform decisions to update COVID-19 vaccines. Primary infection sera are often used for assessments, but such sera are rare due to population immunity from SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 vaccinations. Here, we show that neutralization titers and breadth of matched human and hamster pre-Omicron variant primary infection sera correlate well and generate similar antigenic maps. The hamster antigenic map shows modest antigenic drift among XBB sub-lineage variants, with JN.1 and BA.4/BA.5 variants within the XBB cluster, but with five to six-fold antigenic differences between these variants and XBB.1.5. Compared to sera following only ancestral or bivalent COVID-19 vaccinations, or with post-vaccination infections, XBB.1.5 booster sera had the broadest neutralization against XBB sub-lineage variants, although a five-fold titer difference was still observed between JN.1 and XBB.1.5 variants. These findings suggest that antibody coverage of antigenically divergent JN.1 could be improved with a matched vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gitanjali L. Bhushan
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Paz
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles B. Stauft
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Prabhu Selvaraj
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Emilie Goguet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Bishop-Lilly
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rahul Subramanian
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies, Office of Science Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Vassell
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Agan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Richard
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nusrat J. Epsi
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony Fries
- US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Christian K. Fung
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Matthew A. Conte
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy H. Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon D. Pollett
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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12
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Fix J, Christopher Mast T, Smith K, Baker N. Benefit-risk assessment for the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373). Vaccine 2024; 42:2161-2165. [PMID: 38494410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
A benefit-risk assessment of NVX-CoV2373, a vaccine to prevent COVID-19, was conducted to determine if the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks of myocarditis/pericarditis. This analysis used data on myocarditis/pericarditis cases observed in the NVX-CoV2373 clinical studies, real-world data of mRNA COVID vaccine effectiveness against predominant SARS-CoV-2 strains in early 2023, and recent COVID-19 burden of disease data from the United States. The benefits of NVX-CoV2373 vaccination were estimated as the number of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths prevented. The risks of myocarditis/pericarditis cases and related hospitalizations and deaths occurring within 7 days of vaccination were also estimated. In our analysis, vaccination with NVX-CoV2373, per 100,000 vaccinated, resulted in an estimated 1805 COVID-19 cases prevented compared with an estimated 5.3 excess myocarditis/pericarditis cases. The number of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths prevented were also greater than vaccine-associated myocarditis/pericarditis hospitalizations and deaths. Our analysis indicates a positive benefit-risk balance for NVX-CoV2373.
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13
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Nguyenla XH, Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Wahedi M, Tafesse FG, Curlin M. Humoral Immunity Elicited by the XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccine. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.25.24304857. [PMID: 38585892 PMCID: PMC10996738 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.24304857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, the updated XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines remain to be evaluated in terms of immunogenicity against live clinical isolates. We report boosting of IgG(2.1X), IgA(1.5X), and total IgG/A/M(1.7X) antibodies targeting the spike receptor-binding domain and neutralizing titers against WA1(2.2X), XBB.1.5(7.4X), EG.5.1(10.5X), and JN.1(4.7X) variants.
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14
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Liu Q, Jin M, Mei F, Fan H, Gu M, Zhang Y, Qian S, Tan X, Ji L, Zhang Z, Chen G, Yan H, Chen Y, Lan K, Geng Q, Cai K, Zhou L. A long-term cohort study: the immune evasion and decreasing neutralization dominated the SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1381877. [PMID: 38572316 PMCID: PMC10987703 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1381877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of vaccinees and COVID-19 convalescents can build effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity, which helps preventing infection and alleviating symptoms. However, breakthrough viral infections caused by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially Omicron subvariants, still pose a serious threat to global health. By monitoring the viral infections and the sera neutralization ability of a long-tracked cohort, we found out that the immune evasion of emerging Omicron subvariants and the decreasing neutralization led to the mini-wave of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Meanwhile, no significant difference had been found in the infectivity of tested SARS-CoV-2 variants, even though the affinity between human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and receptor-binding domain (RBDs) of tested variants showed an increasing trend. Notably, the immune imprinting of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine can be relieved by infections of BA.5.2 and XBB.1.5 variants sequentially. Our data reveal the rising reinfection risk of immune evasion variants like Omicron JN.1 in China, suggesting the importance of booster with updated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meihua Jin
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Mei
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Animal Biosafety Level (ABSL)-III Laboratory/Institute for Vaccine Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level (ABSL)-III Laboratory/Institute for Vaccine Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Wang Q, Guo Y, Bowen A, Mellis IA, Valdez R, Gherasim C, Gordon A, Liu L, Ho DD. XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against XBB subvariants and JN.1. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:315-321.e3. [PMID: 38377995 PMCID: PMC10948033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have recently been updated to specifically encode or contain the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 subvariant, but their immunogenicity in humans has yet to be fully evaluated and reported, particularly against emergent viruses that are rapidly expanding. We now report that administration of an updated monovalent mRNA vaccine booster (XBB.1.5 MV) to previously uninfected individuals boosted serum virus-neutralizing antibodies significantly against not only XBB.1.5 (27.0-fold increase) and EG.5.1 (27.6-fold increase) but also key emerging viruses such as HV.1, HK.3, JD.1.1, and JN.1 (13.3- to 27.4-fold increase). Individuals previously infected by an Omicron subvariant had the highest overall serum neutralizing titers (ID50 1,504-22,978) against all viral variants tested. While immunological imprinting was still evident with the updated vaccines, it was not nearly as severe as observed with the previously authorized bivalent BA.5 vaccine. Our findings strongly support the official recommendation to widely apply the updated COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony Bowen
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ian A Mellis
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Riccardo Valdez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carmen Gherasim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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16
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Boon J, Soudani N, Bricker T, Darling T, Seehra K, Patel N, Guebre-Xabier M, Smith G, Suthar M, Ellebedy A, Davis-Gardner M. Immunogenicity and efficacy of XBB.1.5 rS vaccine against EG.5.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3873514. [PMID: 38405749 PMCID: PMC10889075 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3873514/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants necessitates updating COVID-19 vaccines to match circulating strains. The immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccines must be tested in pre-clinical animal models. In Syrian hamsters, we measured the humoral and cellular immune response after immunization with the nanoparticle recombinant Spike (S) protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax, Inc.). We also compared the efficacy of the updated monovalent XBB.1.5 variant vaccine to previous COVID-19 vaccines for the induction of XBB.1.5 and EG.5.1 neutralizing antibodies and protection against a challenge with the EG.5.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Immunization induced high levels of spike-specific serum IgG and IgA antibodies, S-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells, and antigen specific CD4 + T-cells. The XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 vaccines, but not the Prototype vaccine, induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies against XBB.1.5 and EG.5.1 variants of SARS-CoV-2. Upon challenge with the Omicron EG.5.1 variant, the XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 vaccines reduced the virus load in the lungs, nasal turbinates, trachea and nasal washes. The bivalent vaccine continued to offer protection in the trachea and lungs, but protection was reduced in the upper airways. In contrast, the monovalent Prototype vaccine no longer offered good protection, and breakthrough infections were observed in all animals and tissues. Thus, the protein-based XBB.1.5 vaccine is immunogenic and can protect against the Omicron EG.5.1 variant in the Syrian hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco Boon
- Washington University School of Medicine
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17
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Varvel S, Galdzicka M, Nystrom S, Liu H, Chen G, Ragan I, Shabahang S. An omicron-specific neutralizing antibody test predicts neutralizing activity against XBB 1.5. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334250. [PMID: 38322270 PMCID: PMC10845052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the immune status of an individual using neutralizing antibody testing is complicated by the continued evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Previous work showed that assays developed against the wildtype strain of SARS-CoV-2 were insufficient predictors of neutralization of omicron variants, thus we developed an omicron-specific flow cytometry-based neutralizing antibody test and performed experiments to assess how well it compared to an omicron-specific PRNT assay (gold standard) and whether it could predict neutralizing activity to more recent omicron subvariants such as XBB.1.5. Methods Accuracy of a novel flow cytometry-based neutralizing antibody (FC-NAb) assay was determined by comparison with an omicron-specific PRNT assay. A series of samples were evaluated in both the omicron FC-NAb assay and a second test was designed to assess neutralization of XBB.1.5. Results Good concordance between the omicron FC-NAb test and the omicron PRNT was demonstrated (AUC = 0.97, p <0.001; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 100%, PPV = 100%, and NPV = 97%). A strong linear relationship between the omicron FC-NAb and neutralization of XBB1.5 was observed (r = 0.83, p<0.001). Additionally, the omicron FC-NAb test was a very strong predictor of positive XBB1.5 NAb activity (AUC = 0.96, p<0.001; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 90%, positive predictive value = 90%, and negative predictive values = 94%). Discussion Our data suggest that despite continued evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the omicron FC-NAb assay described here is a good predictor of XBB1.5 neutralizing activity, as evidenced by a strong correlation and good predictive performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Aditxt, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Ge Chen
- Aditxt, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Izabela Ragan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Chang HH, Lee YH, Huang LM. Adapting to change: Global and Taiwan's response to evolving COVID-19 variants and vaccine strategies. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:5-6. [PMID: 38163748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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