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Yang J, Zeren Y, Guo H, Wang Y, Lyu X, Zhou B, Gao H, Yao D, Wang Z, Zhao S, Li J, Zhang G. Wintertime ozone surges: The critical role of alkene ozonolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 22:100477. [PMID: 39280590 PMCID: PMC11402162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is usually linked to warm weather and strong solar radiation, making it uncommon in cold winters. However, an unusual occurrence of four high O3 episode days (with maximum hourly concentrations exceeding 100 ppbv and peaking at 121 ppbv) was recorded in January 2018 in Lanzhou city, China. During these episodes, the average daytime concentration of total non-methane volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) reached 153.4 ± 19.0 ppbv, with alkenes-largely emitted from the local petrochemical industry-comprising 82.3 ± 13.1 ppbv. Here we show a photochemical box model coupled with a Master Chemical Mechanism to elucidate the mechanisms behind this unusual wintertime O3 pollution. We find that the typically low temperatures (-1.7 ± 1.3 °C) and weak solar radiation (263.6 ± 60.7 W m- 2) of those winter episode days had a minimal effect on the reactivity of VOCs with OH radicals. Instead, the ozonolysis of alkenes generated Criegee intermediates, which rapidly decomposed into substantial RO x radicals (OH, HO2, and RO2) without sunlight. This radical production led to the oxidation of VOCs, with alkene ozonolysis ultimately contributing to 89.6 ± 8.7% of the O3 formation during these episodes. This mechanism did not activate at night due to the depletion of O3 by the NO titration effect. Furthermore, the findings indicate that a reduction of alkenes by 28.6% or NO x by 27.7% in the early afternoon could significantly mitigate wintertime O3 pollution. Overall, this study unravels the unique mechanism of alkene-induced winter O3 pollution and offers a reference for winter O3 reduction strategies in the petrochemical industrial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kowloon, 999077, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kowloon, 999077, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kowloon, 999077, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kowloon, 999077, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Geography & Smart Society Lab, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kowloon, 999077, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kowloon, 999077, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Chen L, Pang X, Wu Z, Huang R, Hu J, Liu Y, Zhou L, Zhou J, Wang Z. Unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensor packages to study spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants in industry parks. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230314. [PMID: 39246079 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a miniaturized sensor package were developed for aerial observations, which realizes aerial observations affordable to scientists in atmospheric science and achieves aerial measurements in high spatial resolution. UAVs are deployed to a variety of aerial detecting tasks in different scientific scenarios including chemical industry parks (CIPs) with hazardous gases emissions, and some places difficult for humans to reach. In this study, UAV sensing technology was deployed to detect air pollutants in a suburb, a CIP and a natural gas plant, respectively. The effects of atmospheric conditions such as the atmospheric boundary layer height, long-distance transport and atmospheric stability on the spatiotemporal variations of the air pollutants vertical profiles were investigated by the UAV. The UAV with the sensor package was deployed to capture the methane (CH4) leakages in a natural gas plant. The spatiotemporal variations of CH4 in both vertical and horizontal directions studied by UAV were employed to calculate accurate CH4 emissions, which is crucial to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. The low-cost UAV sensing technology for air pollutants was developed by Dr. Xiaobing Pang, who was funded by the Newton Fellowship in 2009 and worked in the University of York. This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentao Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Riyang Huang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Safety, Environment and Technology Supervision Research Institute of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company , Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
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Wang W, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Xu B, Yang W, Wang X, Geng C, Bai Z. Quantification for photochemical loss of volatile organic compounds upon ozone formation chemistry at an industrial city (Zibo) in North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119088. [PMID: 38768881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are consumed by photochemical reactions during transport, leading to inaccuracies in estimating the local ozone (O3) formation mechanism and its subsequent strategy for O3 attainment. To comprehensively quantify the deviations in O3 formation mechanism by consumed VOCs (C-VOCs), a 5-month field campaign was conducted in a typical industrial city in Northern China over incorporating a 0-D box model (implemented with MCMv3.3.1). The averaged C-VOCs concentration was 6.8 ppbv during entire period, and Alkenes accounted for 62% dominantly. Without considering C-VOCs, the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOC, overestimated by 68%-75%) and NOx (underestimated by 137%-527%) demonstrated deviations at multiple scenarios, and the RIR deviations for precursors in High-O3-periods (HOP) were lower than Low-O3-periods (LOP). The RIR deviations from individual species involved C-VOCs calculation did not impact the identification for the high-ranking-RIR AVOC species but non-negligible. Monthly comparisons showed that higher C-VOCs concentrations would lead to higher RIR deviations. The daily maximum of net Ox production rate (P(Ox)) and the regional transport Ox (Trans(Ox)) without C-VOCs were underestimated by 56%-194% and 81%-243%, respectively. After considering C-VOCs, the contribution of HO2+NO for Ox gross production (G(Ox)) decreased by 7% (LOP) and 7% (HOP), but OH + NO2 for Ox destruction (D(Ox)) decreased by 16% (LOP) and 23% (HOP), and alkenes + O3 increased for D(Ox) by 12% (LOP) and 22% (HOP). This implies that VOCs-NOx-O3 sensitivity was deviated between with/without C-VOCs, and severe O3 pollution rendered deviations in O3 formation, especially via NOx-driving chemistry. Based on RIR(NOx)/RIR(AVOC) with/without C-VOCs, the sensitivity regime shifted from VOCs-limited (-0.93) to transition (1.38) at LOP, and from VOCs-limited (0.19) to NOx-limited (3.79) at HOP. Our results reflected that the NOx limitation degree was underestimated without constraint C-VOCs, especially HOP, and provided implication to more precise O3 pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science & Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhensen Zheng
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Zibo Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Wang R, Wang L, Yang Y, Zhan J, Ji D, Hu B, Ling Z, Xue M, Zhao S, Yao D, Liu Y, Wang Y. Comparative analysis for the impacts of VOC subgroups and atmospheric oxidation capacity on O 3 based on different observation-based methods at a suburban site in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118250. [PMID: 38244964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The persistent O3 pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region remains unresolved, largely due to limited comprehension of O3-precursor relationship and photochemistry drivers. In this work, intraday O3 sensitivity evolution from VOC-limited (volatile organic compound) regime in the forenoon to transition regime in the late afternoon was inferred by relative incremental reactivity (RIR) in summer 2019 at Xianghe, a suburban site in BTH region, suggesting that VOC-focused control policy could combine with stringent afternoon NOx control. Then detailed impacts of VOC subgroups on O3 formation were further comprehensively quantified by parametric OH reactivity (KOH), O3 formation potential (OFP), as well as RIR weighted value and O3 formation path tracing (OFPT) approach based on photochemical box model. O3 episode days corresponded to stronger O3 formation, depicted by higher KOH (10.4 s-1), OFP (331.7 μg m-3), RIR weighted value (1.2), and F(O3)-OFPT (15.5 ppbv h-1). High proportions of isoprene and OVOCs (oxygenated VOCs) to the total KOH and the OFPT method were demonstrated whereas results of OFP and RIR-weighted presented extra great impacts of aromatics on O3 formation. The OFPT approach captured the process that has already happened and included final O3 response to the original VOC, thus reliable for replicating VOC impacts. The comparison results of the four methods showed similarities when utilizing KOH and OFPT methods, which reveals that the potential applicability of simple KOH for contingency VOC control and more complex OFPT method for detailed VOC- and source-oriented control during policy-making. To investigate propulsion of VOC-involved O3 photochemistry, atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) was quantified by two atmospheric oxidation indexes (AOI). Both AOIp_G (7.0 × 107 molec cm-3 s-1, potential AOC calculated by oxidation reaction rates) and AOIe_G (8.5 μmol m-3, estimated AOC given redox electron transfer for oxidation products) were stronger on O3 episode days, indicating that AOC promoted the radical cycling initiated from VOC oxidation and subsequent O3 production. Result-oriented AOIe_G reasonably characterized actual AOC inferred by good linear correlation between AOIe_G and O3 concentrations compared to process-oriented AOIp_G. Therefore, with continuous NOx abatement, AOIe_G should be considered to represent actual AOC, also O3-inducing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Min Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Dan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Chen ZY, Petetin H, Méndez Turrubiates RF, Achebak H, Pérez García-Pando C, Ballester J. Population exposure to multiple air pollutants and its compound episodes in Europe. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2094. [PMID: 38480711 PMCID: PMC10937992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Air pollution remains as a substantial health problem, particularly regarding the combined health risks arising from simultaneous exposure to multiple air pollutants. However, understanding these combined exposure events over long periods has been hindered by sparse and temporally inconsistent monitoring data. Here we analyze daily ambient PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 concentrations at a 0.1-degree resolution during 2003-2019 across 1426 contiguous regions in 35 European countries, representing 543 million people. We find that PM10 levels decline by 2.72% annually, followed by NO2 (2.45%) and PM2.5 (1.72%). In contrast, O3 increase by 0.58% in southern Europe, leading to a surge in unclean air days. Despite air quality advances, 86.3% of Europeans experience at least one compound event day per year, especially for PM2.5-NO2 and PM2.5-O3. We highlight the improvements in air quality control but emphasize the need for targeted measures addressing specific pollutants and their compound events, particularly amidst rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yue Chen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Hicham Achebak
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Inserm, France Cohortes, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
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Gao Z, Zhou X. A review of the CAMx, CMAQ, WRF-Chem and NAQPMS models: Application, evaluation and uncertainty factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123183. [PMID: 38110047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual deepening of the research and governance of air pollution, chemical transport models (CTMs), especially the third-generation CTMs based on the "1 atm" theory, have been recognized as important tools for atmospheric environment research and air quality management. In this review article, we screened 2396 peer-reviewed manuscripts on the application of four pre-selected regional CTMs in the past five years. CAMx, CMAQ, WRF-Chem and NAQPMS models are well used in the simulation of atmospheric pollutants. In the simulation study of secondary pollutants such as O3, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium (SNA), the CMAQ model has been widely applied. Secondly, model evaluation indicators are diverse, and the establishment of evaluation criteria has gone through the long-term efforts of predecessors. However, the model performance evaluation system still needs further specification. Furthermore, temporal-spatial resolution, emission inventory, meteorological field and atmospheric chemical mechanism are the main sources of uncertainty, and have certain interference with the simulation results. Among them, the inventory and mechanism are particularly important, and are also the top priorities in future simulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China.
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Zhan J, Zheng F, Xie R, Liu J, Chu B, Ma J, Xie D, Meng X, Huang Q, He H, Liu Y. The role of NO x in Co-occurrence of O 3 and PM 2.5 pollution driven by wintertime east Asian monsoon in Hainan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118645. [PMID: 37499414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the driving forces of O3 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) co-pollution is important to perform their synergistic control. This work investigated the co-pollution of O3 and PM2.5 in Hainan Province using an observation-based model and explainable machine learning. The O3 and PM2.5 pollution that occurs in winter is affected by the wintertime East Asian Monsoon. The O3 formation shifts from a NOx-limited regime with a low O3 production rate (PO3) in the non-pollution season to a transition regime with a high PO3 in the pollution season due to an increase in NOx concentrations. Increased O3 and atmospheric oxidation capacity promote the conversion from gas-phase precursors to aerosols. Meanwhile, the high concentration of particulate nitrate favors HONO formation via photolysis, in turn facilitating O3 production. Machine learning reveals that NOx promotes O3 and PM2.5 co-pollution during the pollution period. The PO3 shows an upward trend at the observation site from 2018 to 2022 due to the inappropriate reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the upwind areas. Our results suggest that a deep reduction of NOx should benefit both O3 and PM2.5 pollution control in Hainan and bring new insights into improving air quality in other regions of China in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rongfu Xie
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Donghai Xie
- Hainan Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China; Hainan Radiation Environmental Monitoring Station, Haikou, 571138, China
| | - Xinxin Meng
- Hainan Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Qing Huang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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