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Chen J, Yang X, Li W, Lin Y, Lin R, Cai X, Yan B, Xie B, Li J. Potential molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effects of cuproptosis-related genes in the cardiomyocytes of patients with diabetic heart failure: a bioinformatics analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1370387. [PMID: 38883603 PMCID: PMC11176466 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1370387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for heart failure, and diabetes-induced heart failure severely affects patients' health and quality of life. Cuproptosis is a newly defined type of programmed cell death that is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease, but the molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to identify biomarkers associated with cuproptosis in diabetes mellitus-associated heart failure and the potential pathological mechanisms in cardiomyocytes. Materials Cuproptosis-associated genes were identified from the previous publication. The GSE26887 dataset was downloaded from the GEO database. Methods The consistency clustering was performed according to the cuproptosis gene expression. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the limma package, key genes were identified using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA) method, and these were subjected to immune infiltration analysis, enrichment analysis, and prediction of the key associated transcription factors. Consistency clustering identified three cuproptosis clusters. The differentially expressed genes for each were identified using limma and the most critical MEantiquewhite4 module was obtained using WGCNA. We then evaluated the intersection of the MEantiquewhite4 output with the three clusters, and obtained the key genes. Results There were four key genes: HSDL2, BCO2, CORIN, and SNORA80E. HSDL2, BCO2, and CORIN were negatively associated with multiple immune factors, while SNORA80E was positively associated, and T-cells accounted for a major proportion of this relationship with the immune system. Four enriched pathways were found to be associated: arachidonic acid metabolism, peroxisomes, fatty acid metabolism, and dorsoventral axis formation, which may be regulated by the transcription factor MECOM, through a change in protein structure. Conclusion HSDL2, BCO2, CORIN, and SNORA80E may regulate cardiomyocyte cuproptosis in patients with diabetes mellitus-associated heart failure through effects on the immune system. The product of the cuproptosis-associated gene LOXL2 is probably involved in myocardial fibrosis in patients with diabetes, which leads to the development of cardiac insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Run Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianzhen Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoxin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jilin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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da C. Pinaffi-Langley AC, Melia E, Hays FA. Exploring the Gut-Mitochondrial Axis: p66Shc Adapter Protein and Its Implications for Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3656. [PMID: 38612468 PMCID: PMC11011581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review investigates the multifaceted role of the p66Shc adaptor protein and the gut microbiota in regulating mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, and their collective impact on the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. The study delves into the molecular mechanisms by which p66Shc influences cellular stress responses through Rac1 activation, Forkhead-type transcription factors inactivation, and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, alongside modulatory effects of gut microbiota-derived metabolites and endotoxins. Employing an integrative approach, the review synthesizes findings from a broad array of studies, including molecular biology techniques and analyses of microbial metabolites' impacts on host cellular pathways. The results underscore a complex interplay between microbial metabolites, p66Shc activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting the significance of the gut microbiome in influencing disease outcomes through oxidative stress pathways. Conclusively, the review posits that targeting the gut microbiota-p66Shc-mitochondrial axis could offer novel therapeutic strategies for mitigating the development and progression of metabolic diseases. This underscores the potential of dietary interventions and microbiota modulation in managing oxidative stress and inflammation, pivotal factors in chronic disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara da C. Pinaffi-Langley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (E.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Melia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (E.M.)
| | - Franklin A. Hays
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (E.M.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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Brandt S, Bernhardt A, Häberer S, Wolters K, Gehringer F, Reichardt C, Krause A, Geffers R, Kahlfuß S, Jeron A, Bruder D, Lindquist JA, Isermann B, Mertens PR. Comparative Analysis of Acute Kidney Injury Models and Related Fibrogenic Responses: Convergence on Methylation Patterns Regulated by Cold Shock Protein. Cells 2024; 13:367. [PMID: 38474331 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix formation in solid organs, disrupting tissue architecture and function. The Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) regulates fibrosis-related genes (e.g., Col1a1, Mmp2, and Tgfβ1) and contributes significantly to disease progression. This study aims to identify fibrogenic signatures and the underlying signaling pathways modulated by YB-1. METHODS Transcriptomic changes associated with matrix gene patterns in human chronic kidney diseases and murine acute injury models were analyzed with a focus on known YB-1 targets. Ybx1-knockout mouse strains (Ybx1ΔRosaERT+TX and Ybx1ΔLysM) were subjected to various kidney injury models. Fibrosis patterns were characterized by histopathological staining, transcriptome analysis, qRT-PCR, methylation analysis, zymography, and Western blotting. RESULTS Integrative transcriptomic analyses revealed that YB-1 is involved in several fibrogenic signatures related to the matrisome, the WNT, YAP/TAZ, and TGFß pathways, and regulates Klotho expression. Changes in the methylation status of the Klotho promoter by specific methyltransferases (DNMT) are linked to YB-1 expression, extending to other fibrogenic genes. Notably, kidney-resident cells play a significant role in YB-1-modulated fibrogenic signaling, whereas infiltrating myeloid immune cells have a minimal impact. CONCLUSIONS YB-1 emerges as a master regulator of fibrogenesis, guiding DNMT1 to fibrosis-related genes. This highlights YB-1 as a potential target for epigenetic therapies interfering in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brandt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bernhardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Häberer
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolters
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Gehringer
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Reichardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Krause
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuß
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Biondi G, Marrano N, Borrelli A, Rella M, D’Oria R, Genchi VA, Caccioppoli C, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Natalicchio A. The p66 Shc Redox Protein and the Emerging Complications of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:108. [PMID: 38203279 PMCID: PMC10778847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, the prevalence of which is constantly increasing worldwide. It is often burdened by disabling comorbidities that reduce the quality and expectancy of life of the affected individuals. The traditional complications of diabetes are generally described as macrovascular complications (e.g., coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke), and microvascular complications (e.g., diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy). Recently, due to advances in diabetes management and the increased life expectancy of diabetic patients, a strong correlation between diabetes and other pathological conditions (such as liver diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairments, and sleep disorders) has emerged. Therefore, these comorbidities have been proposed as emerging complications of diabetes. P66Shc is a redox protein that plays a role in oxidative stress, apoptosis, glucose metabolism, and cellular aging. It can be regulated by various stressful stimuli typical of the diabetic milieu and is involved in various types of organ and tissue damage under diabetic conditions. Although its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes remains controversial, there is strong evidence regarding the involvement of p66Shc in the traditional complications of diabetes. In this review, we will summarize the evidence supporting the role of p66Shc in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, focusing for the first time on the emerging complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy (M.R.); (R.D.); (V.A.G.)
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Akhter MS, Goodwin JE. Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiorenal Conditions: Implications of Endothelial Glucocorticoid Receptor-Wnt Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14261. [PMID: 37762564 PMCID: PMC10531724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium constitutes the innermost lining of the blood vessels and controls blood fluidity, vessel permeability, platelet aggregation, and vascular tone. Endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in initiating a vascular inflammatory cascade and is the pivotal cause of various devastating diseases in multiple organs including the heart, lung, kidney, and brain. Glucocorticoids have traditionally been used to combat vascular inflammation. Endothelial cells express glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), and recent studies have demonstrated that endothelial GR negatively regulates vascular inflammation in different pathological conditions such as sepsis, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effects of GR are mediated, in part, through the suppression of Wnt signaling. Moreover, GR modulates the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway in endothelial cells and hence can influence FAO-mediated fibrosis in several organs including the kidneys. This review summarizes the relationship between GR and Wnt signaling in endothelial cells and the effects of the Wnt pathway in different cardiac and renal diseases. Available data suggest that GR plays a significant role in restoring endothelial integrity, and research on endothelial GR-Wnt interactions could facilitate the development of novel therapies for many cardiorenal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shohel Akhter
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Julie Elizabeth Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Gupta D, Elwakiel A, Ranjan S, Pandey MK, Krishnan S, Ambreen S, Henschler R, Rana R, Keller M, Ceglarek U, Shahzad K, Kohli S, Isermann B. Activated protein C modulates T-cell metabolism and epigenetic FOXP3 induction via α-ketoglutarate. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5055-5068. [PMID: 37315174 PMCID: PMC10471940 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A direct regulation of adaptive immunity by the coagulation protease activated protein C (aPC) has recently been established. Preincubation of T cells with aPC for 1 hour before transplantation increases FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and reduces acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Because cellular metabolism modulates epigenetic gene regulation and plasticity in T cells, we hypothesized that aPC promotes FOXP3+ expression by altering T-cell metabolism. To this end, T-cell differentiation was assessed in vitro using mixed lymphocyte reaction or plate-bound α-CD3/CD28 stimulation, and ex vivo using T cells isolated from mice with aGVHD without and with aPC preincubation, or analyses of mice with high plasma aPC levels. In stimulated CD4+CD25- cells, aPC induces FOXP3 expression while reducing expression of T helper type 1 cell markers. Increased FOXP3 expression is associated with altered epigenetic markers (reduced 5-methylcytosine and H3K27me3) and reduced Foxp3 promoter methylation and activity. These changes are linked to metabolic quiescence, decreased glucose and glutamine uptake, decreased mitochondrial metabolism (reduced tricarboxylic acid metabolites and mitochondrial membrane potential), and decreased intracellular glutamine and α-ketoglutarate levels. In mice with high aPC plasma levels, T-cell subpopulations in the thymus are not altered, reflecting normal T-cell development, whereas FOXP3 expression in splenic T cells is reduced. Glutamine and α-ketoglutarate substitution reverse aPC-mediated FOXP3+ induction and abolish aPC-mediated suppression of allogeneic T-cell stimulation. These findings show that aPC modulates cellular metabolism in T cells, reducing glutamine and α-ketoglutarate levels, which results in altered epigenetic markers, Foxp3 promoter demethylation and induction of FOXP3 expression, thus favoring a Treg-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Satish Ranjan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manish Kumar Pandey
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shruthi Krishnan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saira Ambreen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Keller
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Sum H, Brewer AC. Epigenetic modifications as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis: a focus on DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1183181. [PMID: 37304954 PMCID: PMC10248074 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1183181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been made in the past decade, yet it remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, claiming an estimated 17.9 million deaths per year. Although encompassing any condition that affects the circulatory system, including thrombotic blockage, stenosis, aneurysms, blood clots and arteriosclerosis (general hardening of the arteries), the most prevalent underlying hallmark of CVD is atherosclerosis; the plaque-associated arterial thickening. Further, distinct CVD conditions have overlapping dysregulated molecular and cellular characteristics which underlie their development and progression, suggesting some common aetiology. The identification of heritable genetic mutations associated with the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD), in particular resulting from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) studies has significantly improved the ability to identify individuals at risk. However, it is increasingly recognised that environmentally-acquired, epigenetic changes are key factors associated with atherosclerosis development. Increasing evidence suggests that these epigenetic changes, most notably DNA methylation and the misexpression of non-coding, microRNAs (miRNAs) are potentially both predictive and causal in AVD development. This, together with their reversible nature, makes them both useful biomarkers for disease and attractive therapeutic targets potentially to reverse AVD progression. We consider here the association of aberrant DNA methylation and dysregulated miRNA expression with the aetiology and progression of atherosclerosis, and the potential development of novel cell-based strategies to target these epigenetic changes therapeutically.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in protein C (PC) pathway research. RECENT FINDINGS The PC pathway is crucial for maintaining hemostasis to prevent venous thromboembolism. This is evident from genetic mutations that result in impaired PC pathway activity and contribute to increased venous thromboembolism risk in affected individuals. In addition to its anticoagulant role, activated PC (APC) also mediates a complex, pleiotropic role in the maintenance of vascular cell health, which it achieves via anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic cell signaling on endothelial cells. Emerging data have demonstrated that cell signaling by APC, mediated by multiple receptor interactions on different cell types, also confers cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits. Defects in both arms of the PC pathway are associated with increased susceptibility to thrombo-inflammatory disease in various preclinical thrombotic, proinflammatory and neurological disease models. Moreover, recent studies have identified attenuation of anticoagulant PC pathway activity as an exciting therapeutic opportunity to promote hemostasis in patients with inherited or acquired bleeding disorders. SUMMARY In this review, we provide an overview of some recent developments in our understanding of the PC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Leon
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Aisling M Rehill
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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Al-Dabet MM, Shahzad K, Elwakiel A, Sulaj A, Kopf S, Bock F, Gadi I, Zimmermann S, Rana R, Krishnan S, Gupta D, Manoharan J, Fatima S, Nazir S, Schwab C, Baber R, Scholz M, Geffers R, Mertens PR, Nawroth PP, Griffin JH, Keller M, Dockendorff C, Kohli S, Isermann B. Reversal of the renal hyperglycemic memory in diabetic kidney disease by targeting sustained tubular p21 expression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5062. [PMID: 36030260 PMCID: PMC9420151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in diabetes is the metabolic or hyperglycemic memory, which lacks specific therapies. Here we show that glucose-mediated changes in gene expression largely persist in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) despite reversing hyperglycemia. The senescence-associated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (Cdkn1a) was the top hit among genes persistently induced by hyperglycemia and was associated with induction of the p53-p21 pathway. Persistent p21 induction was confirmed in various animal models, human samples and in vitro models. Tubular and urinary p21-levels were associated with DKD severity and remained elevated despite improved blood glucose levels in humans. Mechanistically, sustained tubular p21 expression in DKD is linked to demethylation of its promoter and reduced DNMT1 expression. Two disease resolving agents, protease activated protein C (3K3A-aPC) and parmodulin-2, reversed sustained tubular p21 expression, tubular senescence, and DKD. Thus, p21-dependent tubular senescence is a pathway contributing to the hyperglycemic memory, which can be therapeutically targeted. Persistent diabetic complications despite controlled blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycemic memory, remain a poorly understood phenomenon in diabetic kidney disease. Here the authors identify senescence-associated gene p21 as a regulator of hyperglycemic memory, the suppression of which improves hyperglycemic memory and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh'd Mohanad Al-Dabet
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba (AUM), Amman, Jordan
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alba Sulaj
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Bock
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shruthi Krishnan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jayakumar Manoharan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sameen Fatima
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constantin Schwab
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Medical Biobank, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Rene Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Keller
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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10
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Rana R, Manoharan J, Gupta A, Gupta D, Elwakiel A, Khawaja H, Fatima S, Zimmermann S, Singh K, Ambreen S, Gadi I, Biemann R, Jiang S, Shahzad K, Kohli S, Isermann B. Activated Protein C Ameliorates Tubular Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153138. [PMID: 35956315 PMCID: PMC9370435 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is an emerging pandemic, paralleling the worldwide increase in obesity and diabetes mellitus. DKD is now the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease and is associated with an excessive risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. DKD is a consequence of systemic endothelial dysfunction. The endothelial-dependent cytoprotective coagulation protease activated protein C (aPC) ameliorates glomerular damage in DKD, in part by reducing mitochondrial ROS generation in glomerular cells. Whether aPC reduces mitochondrial ROS generation in the tubular compartment remains unknown. Here, we conducted expression profiling of kidneys in diabetic mice (wild-type and mice with increased plasma levels of aPC, APChigh mice). The top induced pathways were related to metabolism and in particular to oxidoreductase activity. In tubular cells, aPC maintained the expression of genes related to the electron transport chain, PGC1-α expression, and mitochondrial mass. These effects were associated with reduced mitochondrial ROS generation. Likewise, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and sterile inflammation, which are known to be linked to excess ROS generation in DKD, were reduced in diabetic APChigh mice. Thus, aPC reduces mitochondrial ROS generation in tubular cells and dampens the associated renal sterile inflammation. These studies support approaches harnessing the cytoprotective effects of aPC in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Berend Isermann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)341-972-2200; Fax: 49-(0)341-972-2379
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11
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ER-Stress and Senescence Coordinately Promote Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction in Diabetes-Induced Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142786. [PMID: 35889743 PMCID: PMC9323824 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is hallmarked by accelerated atherosclerosis, a major cause of mortality among patients with diabetes. Efficient therapies for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis are absent. Accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic patients is associated with reduced endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) expression and impaired activated protein C (aPC) generation. Here, we directly compared the effects of high glucose and oxidized LDL, revealing that high glucose induced more pronounced responses in regard to maladaptive unfolded protein response (UPR), senescence, and vascular endothelial cell barrier disruption. Ex vivo, diabetic ApoE−/− mice displayed increased levels of senescence and UPR markers within atherosclerotic lesions compared with nondiabetic ApoE−/− mice. Activated protein C pretreatment maintained barrier permeability and prevented glucose-induced expression of senescence and UPR markers in vitro. These data suggest that high glucose-induced maladaptive UPR and associated senescence promote vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, which—however—can be reversed by aPC. Taken together, current data suggest that reversal of glucose-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction is feasible.
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12
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Hypercoagulability Impairs Plaque Stability in Diabetes-Induced Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14101991. [PMID: 35631132 PMCID: PMC9143009 DOI: 10.3390/nu14101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, which is largely driven by nutritional and behavioral factors, is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis with impaired plaque stability. Atherosclerosis and associated complications are the major cause of mortality in diabetic patients. Efficient therapeutic concepts for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis are lacking. Atherosclerosis among diabetic patients is associated with reduced endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) expression and impaired activated protein C (aPC) generation. Here, we demonstrate that atherosclerotic plaque stability is reduced in hyperglycemic mice expressing dysfunctional TM (TMPro/Pro mice), which have a pro-coagulant phenotype due to impaired thrombin inhibition and markedly reduced aPC generation. The vessel lumen and plaque size of atherosclerotic lesions in the truncus brachiocephalic were decreased in diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice compared to diabetic ApoE-/- mice. While lipid accumulation in lesions of diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice was lower than that in diabetic ApoE-/- mice, morphometric analyses revealed more prominent signs of instable plaques, such as a larger necrotic core area and decreased fibrous cap thickness in diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice. Congruently, more macrophages and fewer smooth muscle cells were observed within lesions of diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice. Thus, impaired TM function reduces plaque stability, a characteristic of hyperglycemia-associated plaques, thus suggesting the crucial role of impaired TM function in mediating diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.
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13
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Gaul S, Shahzad K, Medert R, Gadi I, Mäder C, Schumacher D, Wirth A, Ambreen S, Fatima S, Boeckel JN, Khawaja H, Haas J, Brune M, Nawroth PP, Isermann B, Laufs U, Freichel M. Novel Nongenetic Murine Model of Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia-Associated Aggravated Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:813215. [PMID: 35350534 PMCID: PMC8957812 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.813215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Atherosclerosis, the main pathology underlying cardiovascular diseases is accelerated in diabetic patients. Genetic mouse models require breeding efforts which are time-consuming and costly. Our aim was to establish a new nongenetic model of inducible metabolic risk factors that mimics hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, or both and allows the detection of phenotypic differences dependent on the metabolic stressor(s). Methods and Results Wild-type mice were injected with gain-of-function PCSK9D377Y (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) mutant adeno-associated viral particles (AAV) and streptozotocin and fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 or 20 weeks or a high-cholesterol/high-fat diet (Paigen diet, PD) for 8 weeks. To evaluate atherosclerosis, two different vascular sites (aortic sinus and the truncus of the brachiocephalic artery) were examined in the mice. Combined hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic (HGHCi) mice fed a HFD or PD displayed characteristic features of aggravated atherosclerosis when compared to hyperlipidemia (HCi HFD or PD) mice alone. Atherosclerotic plaques of HGHCi HFD animals were larger, showed a less stable phenotype (measured by the increased necrotic core area, reduced fibrous cap thickness, and less α-SMA-positive area) and had more inflammation (increased plasma IL-1β level, aortic pro-inflammatory gene expression, and MOMA-2-positive cells in the BCA) after 20 weeks of HFD. Differences between the HGHCi and HCi HFD models were confirmed using RNA-seq analysis of aortic tissue, revealing that significantly more genes were dysregulated in mice with combined hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia than in the hyperlipidemia-only group. The HGHCi-associated genes were related to pathways regulating inflammation (increased Cd68, iNos, and Tnfa expression) and extracellular matrix degradation (Adamts4 and Mmp14). When comparing HFD with PD, the PD aggravated atherosclerosis to a greater extent in mice and showed plaque formation after 8 weeks. Hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic mice fed a PD (HGHCi PD) showed less collagen (Sirius red) and increased inflammation (CD68-positive cells) within aortic plaques than hyperlipidemic mice (HCi PD). HGHCi-PD mice represent a directly inducible hyperglycemic atherosclerosis model compared with HFD-fed mice, in which atherosclerosis is severe by 8 weeks. Conclusion We established a nongenetically inducible mouse model allowing comparative analyses of atherosclerosis in HCi and HGHCi conditions and its modification by diet, allowing analyses of multiple metabolic hits in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gaul
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Medert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Mäder
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angela Wirth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saira Ambreen
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sameen Fatima
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jes-Niels Boeckel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hamzah Khawaja
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Haas
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maik Brune
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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14
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Kohli S, Shahzad K, Jouppila A, Holthöfer H, Isermann B, Lassila R. Thrombosis and Inflammation—A Dynamic Interplay and the Role of Glycosaminoglycans and Activated Protein C. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:866751. [PMID: 35433860 PMCID: PMC9008778 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.866751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation are tightly interconnected processes which may give rise to thrombo-inflammation, involved in infectious and non-infectious acute and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Traditionally, due to its hemostatic role, blood coagulation is isolated from the inflammation, and its critical contribution in the progressing CVD is underrated, until the full occlusion of a critical vessel occurs. Underlying vascular injury exposes extracellular matrix to deposit platelets and inflammatory cells. Platelets being key effector cells, bridge all the three key processes (hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation) associated with thrombo-inflammation. Under physiological conditions, platelets remain in an inert state despite the proximity to the endothelium and other cells which are decorated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich glycocalyx (GAGs). A pathological insult to the endothelium results in an imbalanced blood coagulation system hallmarked by increased thrombin generation due to losses of anticoagulant and cytoprotective mechanisms, i.e., the endothelial GAGs enhancing antithrombin, tissue factor pathway-inhibitor (TFPI) and thrombomodulin-protein C system. Moreover, the loss of GAGs promotes the release of mediators, such as von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and P-selectin, both locally on vascular surfaces and to circulation, further enhancing the adhesion of platelets to the affected sites. Platelet-neutrophil interaction and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps foster thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms exacerbating the cardiovascular disease course. Therefore, therapies which not only target the clotting mechanisms but simultaneously or independently convey potent cytoprotective effects hemming the inflammatory mechanisms are expected to provide clinical benefits. In this regard, we review the cytoprotective protease activated protein C (aPC) and its strong anti-inflammatory effects thereby preventing the ensuing thrombotic complications in CVD. Furthermore, restoring GAG-like vasculo-protection, such as providing heparin-proteoglycan mimetics to improve regulation of platelet and coagulation activity and to suppress of endothelial perturbance and leukocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, may provide a path to alleviate thrombo-inflammatory disorders in the future. The vascular tissue-modeled heparin proteoglycan mimic, antiplatelet and anticoagulant compound (APAC), dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant, is an injury-targeting and locally acting arterial antithrombotic which downplays collagen- and thrombin-induced and complement-induced activation and protects from organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shrey Kohli,
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annukka Jouppila
- Clinical Research Institute HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Holthöfer
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riitta Lassila
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Coagulation Disorders Unit, Department of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aplagon Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Riitta Lassila,
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15
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Vasishta S, Umakanth S, Adiga P, Joshi MB. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing metabolic memory in type 2 diabetes. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 142:106933. [PMID: 34763098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Direct and indirect influence of pathological conditions in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) on vasculature manifests in micro and/or macro vascular complications that act as a major source of morbidity and mortality. Although preventive therapies exist to control hyperglycemia, diabetic subjects are always at risk to accrue vascular complications. One of the hypotheses explained is 'glycemic' or 'metabolic' memory, a process of permanent epigenetic change in different cell types whereby diabetes associated vascular complications continue despite glycemic control by antidiabetic drugs. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation possess a strong influence on the association between environment and gene expression, thus indicating its importance in the pathogenesis of a complex disease such as T2D. The vascular system is more prone to environmental influences and present high flexibility in response to physiological and pathological challenges. DNA methylation based epigenetic changes during metabolic memory are influenced by sustained hyperglycemia, inflammatory mediators, gut microbiome composition, lifestyle modifications and gene-nutrient interactions. Hence, understanding underlying mechanisms in manifesting vascular complications regulated by DNA methylation is of high clinical importance. The review provides an insight into various extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing the regulation of DNA methyltransferases contributing to the pathogenesis of vascular complications during T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampara Vasishta
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashikiran Umakanth
- Department of Medicine, Dr. T.M.A. Pai Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi 576101, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth Adiga
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery (MARC), Kasturba Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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16
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Canton M, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Spera I, Venegas FC, Favia M, Viola A, Castegna A. Reactive Oxygen Species in Macrophages: Sources and Targets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734229. [PMID: 34659222 PMCID: PMC8515906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental for macrophages to eliminate invasive microorganisms. However, as observed in nonphagocytic cells, ROS play essential roles in processes that are different from pathogen killing, as signal transduction, differentiation, and gene expression. The different outcomes of these events are likely to depend on the specific subcellular site of ROS formation, as well as the duration and extent of ROS production. While excessive accumulation of ROS has long been appreciated for its detrimental effects, there is now a deeper understanding of their roles as signaling molecules. This could explain the failure of the “all or none” pharmacologic approach with global antioxidants to treat several diseases. NADPH oxidase is the first source of ROS that has been identified in macrophages. However, growing evidence highlights mitochondria as a crucial site of ROS formation in these cells, mainly due to electron leakage of the respiratory chain or to enzymes, such as monoamine oxidases. Their role in redox signaling, together with their exact site of formation is only partially elucidated. Hence, it is essential to identify the specific intracellular sources of ROS and how they influence cellular processes in both physiological and pathological conditions to develop therapies targeting oxidative signaling networks. In this review, we will focus on the different sites of ROS formation in macrophages and how they impact on metabolic processes and inflammatory signaling, highlighting the role of mitochondrial as compared to non-mitochondrial ROS sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Canton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - Iolanda Spera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francisca C Venegas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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17
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Stojanović SD, Fiedler J, Bauersachs J, Thum T, Sedding DG. Senescence-induced inflammation: an important player and key therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2983-2996. [PMID: 31898722 PMCID: PMC7453834 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark and potent driver of pathological vascular remodelling in atherosclerosis. However, current anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies have shown mixed results. As an alternative perspective on the conundrum of chronic inflammation emerging evidence points towards a small subset of senescent cells as a critical player and central node driving atherosclerosis. Senescent cells belonging to various cell types are a dominant and chronic source of a large array of pro-inflammatory cytokines and various additional plaque destabilizing factors, being involved with various aspects of atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Antagonizing these key agitators of local chronic inflammation and plaque instability may provide a causative and multi-purpose therapeutic strategy to treat atherosclerosis. Anti-senescence treatment options with translational potential are currently in development. However, several questions and challenges remain to be addressed before these novel treatment approaches may enter the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan D Stojanović
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel G Sedding
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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18
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Gadi I, Fatima S, Elwakiel A, Nazir S, Mohanad Al-Dabet M, Rana R, Bock F, Manoharan J, Gupta D, Biemann R, Nieswandt B, Braun-Dullaeus R, Besler C, Scholz M, Geffers R, Griffin JH, Esmon CT, Kohli S, Isermann B, Shahzad K. Different DOACs Control Inflammation in Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Differently. Circ Res 2020; 128:513-529. [PMID: 33353373 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE While thrombin is the key protease in thrombus formation, other coagulation proteases, such as fXa (factor Xa) or aPC (activated protein C), independently modulate intracellular signaling via partially distinct receptors. OBJECTIVES To study the differential effects of fXa or fIIa (factor IIa) inhibition on gene expression and inflammation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were treated with a direct fIIa inhibitor (fIIai) or direct fXa inhibitor (fXai) at doses that induced comparable anticoagulant effects ex vivo and in vivo (tail-bleeding assay and FeCl3-induced thrombosis). Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced via left anterior descending ligation. We determined infarct size and in vivo aPC generation, analyzed gene expression by RNA sequencing, and performed immunoblotting and ELISA. The signaling-only 3K3A-aPC variant and inhibitory antibodies that blocked all or only the anticoagulant function of aPC were used to determine the role of aPC. Doses of fIIai and fXai that induced comparable anticoagulant effects resulted in a comparable reduction in infarct size. However, unbiased gene expression analyses revealed marked differences, including pathways related to sterile inflammation and inflammasome regulation. fXai but not fIIai inhibited sterile inflammation by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL [interleukin]-1β, IL-6, and TNFα [tumor necrosis factor alpha]), as well as NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) and inflammasome activation. This anti-inflammatory effect was associated with reduced myocardial fibrosis 28 days post-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mechanistically, in vivo aPC generation was higher with fXai than with fIIai. Inhibition of the anticoagulant and signaling properties of aPC abolished the anti-inflammatory effect associated with fXai, while inhibiting only the anticoagulant function of aPC had no effect. Combining 3K3A-aPC with fIIai reduced the inflammatory response, mimicking the fXai-associated effect. CONCLUSIONS We showed that specific inhibition of coagulation via direct oral anticoagulants had differential effects on gene expression and inflammation, despite comparable anticoagulant effects and infarct sizes. Targeting individual coagulation proteases induces specific cellular responses unrelated to their anticoagulant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Sameen Fatima
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Moh'd Mohanad Al-Dabet
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.).,Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Fabian Bock
- Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (F.B.)
| | - Jayakumar Manoharan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Centre, University of Würzburg, Germany (B.N.)
| | - Ruediger Braun-Dullaeus
- Clinics of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany (R.B.-D.)
| | - Christian Besler
- Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Center (C.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (M.S.), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- RG Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany (R.G.)
| | - John H Griffin
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G.)
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 (C.T.E.)
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany (I.G., S.F., A.E., S.N., M.M.A.-D., R.R., J.M., D.G., R.B., S.K., B.I., K.S.)
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Mir HA, Ali R, Mushtaq U, Khanday FA. Structure-functional implications of longevity protein p66Shc in health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101139. [PMID: 32795504 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ShcA (Src homologous- collagen homologue), family of adapter proteins, consists of three isoforms which integrate and transduce external stimuli to different signaling networks. ShcA family consists of p46Shc, p52Shc and p66Shc isoforms, characterized by having multiple protein-lipid and protein-protein interaction domains implying their functional diversity. Among the three isoforms p66Shc is structurally different containing an additional CH2 domain which attributes to its dual functionality in cell growth, mediating both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Besides, p66Shc is also involved in different biological processes including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell migration, ageing, cytoskeletal reorganization and cell adhesion. Moreover, the interplay between p66Shc and ROS is implicated in the pathology of various dreadful diseases. Accordingly, here we discuss the recent structural aspects of all ShcA adaptor proteins but are highlighting the case of p66Shc as model isoform. Furthermore, this review insights the role of p66Shc in progression of chronic age-related diseases like neuro diseases, metabolic disorders (non-alcoholic fatty liver, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vascular endothelial dysfunction) and cancer in relation to ROS. We finally conclude that p66Shc might act as a valuable biomarker for the prognosis of these diseases and could be used as a potential therapeutic target.
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Liberale L, Camici GG. The Role of Vascular Aging in Atherosclerotic Plaque Development and Vulnerability. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3098-3111. [PMID: 31470777 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830175424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing demographical shift is leading to an unprecedented aging of the population. As a consequence, the prevalence of age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications is set to increase in the near future. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffening characterize arterial aging and set the stage for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic plaques evolve over time, the extent to which these changes might affect their stability and predispose to sudden complications remains to be determined. Recent advances in imaging technology will allow for longitudinal prospective studies following the progression of plaque burden aimed at better characterizing changes over time associated with plaque stability or rupture. Oxidative stress and inflammation, firmly established driving forces of age-related CV dysfunction, also play an important role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and rupture. Several genes involved in lifespan determination are known regulator of redox cellular balance and pre-clinical evidence underlines their pathophysiological roles in age-related cardiovascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this narrative review is to examine the impact of aging on arterial function and atherosclerotic plaque development. Furthermore, we report how molecular mechanisms of vascular aging might regulate age-related plaque modifications and how this may help to identify novel therapeutic targets to attenuate the increased risk of CV disease in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Activated protein C (APC) is a homeostatic coagulation protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. Focusing on APC's effects in the brain, this review discusses three different scenarios that illustrate how APC functions are intimately affecting the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain. RECENT FINDINGS Cytoprotective APC therapy holds promise for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and a recently completed trial suggested that cytoprotective-selective 3K3A-APC reduced bleeding in ischemic stroke patients. In contrast, APC's anticoagulant activity contributes to brain bleeding as shown by the disproportional upregulation of APC generation in cerebral cavernous malformations lesions in mice. However, too little APC generation also contributes to maladies of the brain, such as in case of cerebral malaria where the binding of infected erythrocytes to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) may interfere with the EPCR-dependent functions of the protein C pathway. Furthermore, discoveries of new activities of APC such as the inhibition of the NLRP3-mediated inflammasome and of new applications of APC therapy such as in Alzheimer's disease and graft-versus-host disease continue to advance our knowledge of this important proteolytic regulatory system. SUMMARY APC's many activities or lack thereof are intimately involved in multiple neuropathologies, providing abundant opportunities for translational research.
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Boengler K, Bornbaum J, Schlüter KD, Schulz R. P66shc and its role in ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:29. [PMID: 31165272 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in the formation and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases. ROS originate from various cellular origins; however, the highest amount of ROS is produced by mitochondria. One of the proteins contributing to mitochondrial ROS formation is the adaptor protein p66shc, which upon cellular stresses translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria. In the present review, we focus on the role of p66shc in longevity, in the development of cardiovascular diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis and its risk factors, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the protection from it by ischemic preconditioning. Also, the contribution of p66shc towards cerebral pathologies and the potential of the protein as a therapeutic target for the treatment of the aforementioned diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institut für Physiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Bornbaum
- Institut für Physiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institut für Physiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institut für Physiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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P66Shc and vascular endothelial function. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182134. [PMID: 30918103 PMCID: PMC6488855 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional endothelium is an early change in vasculature known to be associated with atherosclerosis. Among many regulators of vascular endothelial function, p66Shc has consistently been shown to mediate endothelial dysfunction. Over more than three decades of active research in the field of the physiological function of p66Shc, regulation of vascular endothelial functions has emerged as one of the most robust effects in a broad range of pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and aging. A significant understanding has been developed with respect to the molecular signaling regulating the oxidative function of p66Shc in endothelial cells and its targets and regulators. In addition, novel regulatory modifications of p66Shc controlling its oxidative function, subcellular distribution, and stability have also been reported. This review will focus on summarizing the molecular signaling regulating the oxidative function of p66Shc and its role in vascular endothelium.
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