1
|
Gong D, Prusky D, Long D, Bi Y, Zhang Y. Moldy odors in food - a review. Food Chem 2024; 458:140210. [PMID: 38943948 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Food products are susceptible to mold contamination, releasing moldy odors. These moldy odors not only affect the flavor of food, but also pose a risk to human health. Moldy odors are a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by the fungi themselves, which are the main source of moldy odors in moldy foods. These VOCs are secondary metabolites of fungi and are synthesized through various biosynthetic pathways. Both the fungi themselves and environmental factors affect the release of moldy odors. This review summarized the main components of musty odors in moldy foods and their producing fungi. In addition, this review focused on the functions of moldy volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and the biosynthetic pathways of the major MVOCs, and summarized the factors affecting the release of MVOCs as well as the detection methods. It expected to provide a basis for ensuring food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Gong
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Danfeng Long
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lochmann F, Flatschacher D, Speckbacher V, Zeilinger S, Heuschneider V, Bereiter S, Schiller A, Ruzsanyi V. Demonstrating the Applicability of Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Volatiles Emitted by the Mycoparasitic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride in Real Time: Monitoring of Trichoderma-Based Biopesticides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1168-1177. [PMID: 38708575 PMCID: PMC11157538 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the potential application of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) for real-time monitoring of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). This investigation can be broadly divided into two parts. First, a selection of 14 MVOCs was made based on previous research that characterized the MVOC emissions of Trichoderma atroviride, which is a filamentous fungus widely used as a biocontrol agent. The analysis of gas-phase standards using PTR-ToF-MS allowed for the categorization of these 14 MVOCs into two groups: the first group primarily undergoes nondissociative proton transfer, resulting in the formation of protonated parent ions, while the second group mainly undergoes dissociative proton transfer, leading to the formation of fragment ions. In the second part of this investigation, the emission of MVOCs from samples of T. atroviride was continuously monitored over a period of five days using PTR-ToF-MS. This also included the first quantitative online analysis of 6-amyl-α-pyrone (6-PP), a key MVOC emitted by T. atroviride. The 6-PP emissions of T. atroviride cultures were characterized by a gradual increase over the first two days of cultivation, reaching a plateau-like maximum with volume mixing ratios exceeding 600 ppbv on days three and four. This was followed by a marked decrease, where the 6-PP volume mixing ratios plummeted to below 50 ppbv on day five. This observed sudden decrease in 6-PP emissions coincided with the start of sporulation of the T. atroviride cultures as well as increasing intensities of product ions associated with 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, whereas both these MVOCs were previously associated with sporulation in T. atroviride. The study also presents the observations and discussion of further MVOC emissions from the T. atroviride samples and concludes with a critical assessment of the possible applications and limitations of PTR-ToF-MS for the online monitoring of MVOCs from biological samples in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lochmann
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Flatschacher
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse
25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Speckbacher
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse
25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse
25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentina Heuschneider
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie Bereiter
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghosh SK, Ishangulyyeva G, Erbilgin N, Bonello P. Terpenoids are involved in the expression of systemic-induced resistance in Austrian pine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2206-2227. [PMID: 38481105 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are defense metabolites that are induced upon infection or wounding. However, their role in systemic-induced resistance (SIR) is not known. Here, we explored the role of terpenoids in this phenomenon at a very early stage in the interaction between Austrian pine and the tip blight and canker pathogen Diplodia pinea. We induced Austrian pine saplings by either wounding or inoculating the lower stems with D. pinea. The seedlings were then challenged after 12 h, 72 h, or 10 days with D. pinea on the stem 15 cm above the induction. Lesion lengths and terpenoids were quantified at both induction and challenge locations. Key terpenoids were assayed for antifungal activity in in vitro bioassays. SIR increased with time and was correlated with the inducibility of several compounds. α-Pinene and a cluster of β-pinene, limonene, benzaldehyde, dodecanol, and n-dodecyl acrylate were positively correlated with SIR and were fungistatic in vitro, while other compounds were negatively correlated with SIR and appeared to serve as a carbon source for D. pinea. This study shows that, overall, terpenoids are involved in SIR in this system, but their role is nuanced, depending on the type of induction and time of incubation. We hypothesize that some, such as α-pinene, could serve in SIR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K Ghosh
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Guncha Ishangulyyeva
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Voller F, Ardanuy A, Taylor AFS, Johnson D. Maintenance of host specialisation gradients in ectomycorrhizal symbionts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1426-1435. [PMID: 37984824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi that form ectomycorrhizas exhibit a degree of host specialisation, and individual trees are frequently colonised by communities of mycorrhizal fungi comprising species that fall on a gradient of specialisation along genetic, functional and taxonomic axes of variation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibit little specialisation. Here, we propose that host tree root morphology is a key factor that gives host plants fine-scale control over colonisation and therefore opportunities for driving specialisation and speciation of ectomycorrhizal fungi. A gradient in host specialisation is likely driven by four proximate mechanistic 'filters' comprising partner availability, signalling recognition, competition for colonisation, and symbiotic function (trade, rewards and sanctions), and the spatially restricted colonisation seen in heterorhizic roots enables these mechanisms, especially symbiotic function, to be more effective in driving the evolution of specialisation. We encourage manipulation experiments that integrate molecular genetics and isotope tracers to test these mechanisms, alongside mathematical simulations of eco-evolutionary dynamics in mycorrhizal symbioses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fay Voller
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Agnès Ardanuy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, 31320, France
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- Ecological Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Josselin L, Proctor RH, Lippolis V, Cervellieri S, Hoylaerts J, De Clerck C, Fauconnier ML, Moretti A. Does alteration of fumonisin production in Fusarium verticillioides lead to volatolome variation? Food Chem 2024; 438:138004. [PMID: 37983995 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, a major fungal pathogen of maize, produces fumonisins, mycotoxins of global food safety concern. Control practices are needed to reduce the negative health and economic impacts of fumonisins. Therefore, we investigated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fumonisin-producing (wild-type) and nonproducing (mutant) strains of F. verticillioides. VOC emissions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following inoculation of maize kernels, and fumonisin accumulation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mutants emitted VOCs, including ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, that the wild type did not emit. In particular, ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between mutants and wild type for 4 VOCs which emission was correlated with absence of fumonisins. Exogenous ethyl 3-methylbutanoate reduced growth and fumonisin production in wild-type F. verticillioides, showing its potential in biocontrol. Together, our findings offer valuable insights into how mycotoxin production can impact VOC emissions from F. verticillioides and reveal a potential biocontrol strategy to reduce fumonisin contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Josselin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St. Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cervellieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Jeffrey Hoylaerts
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Caroline De Clerck
- AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sillo F, Neri L, Calvo A, Zampieri E, Petruzzelli G, Ferraris I, Delledonne M, Zaldei A, Gioli B, Baraldi R, Balestrini R. Correlation between microbial communities and volatile organic compounds in an urban soil provides clues on soil quality towards sustainability of city flowerbeds. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23594. [PMID: 38205296 PMCID: PMC10776942 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil functionality is critical to the biosphere as it provides ecosystem services relevant for a healthy planet. The soil microbial composition is significantly impacted by anthropogenic activities, including urbanization. In this context, the study of soil microorganisms associated to urban green spaces has started to be crucial toward sustainable city development. Microbes living in the soil produce and degrade volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOC profiles may be used to distinguish between soils with various characteristics and management practices, reflecting variations in the activity of soil microbes that use a variety of metabolic pathways. Here, a combined approach based on DNA metabarcoding and GC-MS analysis was used to evaluate the soil quality from urban flowerbeds in Prato (Tuscany, Italy) in terms of microbial biodiversity and VOC emission profiles, with the final aim of evaluating the possible correlation between composition of microbial community and VOC patterns. Results showed that VOCs in the considered soil originated from anthropic and biological activity, and significant correlations between specific microbial taxa and VOCs were detected. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of the use of microbe-VOC correlation as a proxy for soil quality assessment in urban soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Neri
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna and Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alice Calvo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianniantonio Petruzzelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Ferraris
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zaldei
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna and Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna and Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Rita Baraldi
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna and Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Oliveira KB, Goes AC, Silva AD, Vieira PC, Rodrigues A. Fungal Cultivars of Higher Attine Ants Promote Escovopsis Chemotropism. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:37. [PMID: 38063979 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In varied environments, microorganisms search for partners or nutritional resources using chemical signals. Microbes are drawn (chemotaxis) or grow directionally (chemotropism) towards the chemical source, enabling them to establish and maintain symbiosis. The hypocrealean fungi Escovopsis enhance their growth towards the basidiomycete fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which is cultivated by leaf-cutting attine ants for food. Although directional growth is well documented in this symbiosis, it is unclear whether non-volatile or volatile organic compounds participate in the interaction between cultivar and Escovopsis, and which specific chemical compounds might attract and induce chemotropism. In this study, we examined the growth responses of Escovopsis isolates to non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by fungal cultivars of higher attine ants. We also isolated and identified molecules released by the ant-cultivar and assessed the chemotropism of Escovopsis towards them. Our results indicate that the growth of Escovopsis is stimulated in the presence of both non-volatile and volatile compounds from fungal cultivars. We also identified three isomeric diketopiperazines molecules from crude extracts of the ant cultivar, suggesting that these might play a role in Escovopsis chemotropism. Our findings provide insights into the complex chemical interactions that govern the association between Escovopsis and fungal cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina B de Oliveira
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryel C Goes
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Airton D Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Vieira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Razo-Belmán R, Ángeles-López YI, García-Ortega LF, León-Ramírez CG, Ortiz-Castellanos L, Yu H, Martínez-Soto D. Fungal volatile organic compounds: mechanisms involved in their sensing and dynamic communication with plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257098. [PMID: 37810383 PMCID: PMC10559904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are mixtures of gas-phase hydrophobic carbon-based molecules produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. They can act as airborne signals sensed by plants being crucial players in triggering signaling cascades influencing their secondary metabolism, development, and growth. The role of fungal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) from beneficial or detrimental species to influence the physiology and priming effect of plants has been well studied. However, the plants mechanisms to discern between FVOCs from friend or foe remains significantly understudied. Under this outlook, we present an overview of the VOCs produced by plant-associate fungal species, with a particular focus on the challenges faced in VOCs research: i) understanding how plants could perceive FVOCs, ii) investigating the differential responses of plants to VOCs from beneficial or detrimental fungal strains, and finally, iii) exploring practical aspects related to the collection of VOCs and their eco-friendly application in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Razo-Belmán
- Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Fernando García-Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia Geraldine León-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Lucila Ortiz-Castellanos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Houlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Domingo Martínez-Soto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rubio MB, Monti MM, Gualtieri L, Ruocco M, Hermosa R, Monte E. Trichoderma harzianum Volatile Organic Compounds Regulated by the THCTF1 Transcription Factor Are Involved in Antifungal Activity and Beneficial Plant Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:654. [PMID: 37367590 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor THCTF1 from Trichoderma harzianum, previously linked to the production of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP) derivatives and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, has been related in this study to conidiation, production of an array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and expression of methyltransferase genes. VOCs emitted by three T. harzianum strains (wild type T34, transformant ΔD1-38 that is disrupted in the Thctf1 gene encoding the transcription factor THCTF1, and ectopic integration transformant ΔJ3-16) were characterized by Proton Transfer Reaction-Quadrupole interface-Time-Of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-Qi-TOF-MS). Thctf1 disruption affected the production of numerous VOCs such as the antifungal volatiles 2-pentyl furan and benzaldehyde which were under-emitted, and acetoine, a plant systemic defense inductor, which was over-emitted. Biological assays show that VOCs regulated by THCTF1 are involved in the T. harzianum antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and in the beneficial effects leading to Arabidopsis plant development. The VOC blend from the disruptant ΔD1-38: (i) inhibited Arabidopsis seed germination for at least 26 days and (ii) when applied to Arabidopsis seedlings resulted in increased jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Rubio
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/Duero, 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Liberata Gualtieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/Duero, 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/Duero, 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan JY, Zhang Z, Izzah HJ, Fong YK, Lee D, Mutwil M, Hong Y. Volatile-Based Diagnosis for Pathogenic Wood-Rot Fungus Fulvifomes siamensis by Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094538. [PMID: 37177742 PMCID: PMC10181603 DOI: 10.3390/s23094538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wood rot fungus Fulvifomes siamensis infects multiple urban tree species commonly planted in Singapore. A commercial e-nose (Cyranose 320) was used to differentiate some plant and fungi volatiles. The e-nose distinctly clustered the volatiles at 0.25 ppm, and this sensitivity was further increased to 0.05 ppm with the use of nitrogen gas to purge the system and set up the baseline. Nitrogen gas baseline resulted in a higher magnitude of sensor responses and a higher number of responsive sensors. The specificity of the e-nose for F. siamensis was demonstrated by distinctive clustering of its pure culture, fruiting bodies collected from different tree species, and in diseased tissues infected by F. siamensis with a 15-min incubation time. This good specificity was supported by the unique volatile profiles revealed by SPME GC-MS analysis, which also identified the signature volatile for F. siamensis-1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3,6-dimethoxybenzene. In field conditions, the e-nose successfully identified F. siamensis fruiting bodies on different tree species. The findings of concentration-based clustering and host-tree-specific volatile profiles for fruiting bodies provide further insights into the complexity of volatile-based diagnosis that should be taken into consideration for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhing Yein Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ziteng Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Hazirah Junin Izzah
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yok King Fong
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Daryl Lee
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kreuzenbeck NB, Dhiman S, Roman D, Burkhardt I, Conlon BH, Fricke J, Guo H, Blume J, Görls H, Poulsen M, Dickschat JS, Köllner TG, Arndt HD, Beemelmanns C. Isolation, (bio)synthetic studies and evaluation of antimicrobial properties of drimenol-type sesquiterpenes of Termitomyces fungi. Commun Chem 2023; 6:79. [PMID: 37095327 PMCID: PMC10126200 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrotermitinae termites have farmed fungi in the genus Termitomyces as a food source for millions of years. However, the biochemical mechanisms orchestrating this mutualistic relationship are largely unknown. To deduce fungal signals and ecological patterns that relate to the stability of this symbiosis, we explored the volatile organic compound (VOC) repertoire of Termitomyces from Macrotermes natalensis colonies. Results show that mushrooms emit a VOC pattern that differs from mycelium grown in fungal gardens and laboratory cultures. The abundance of sesquiterpenoids from mushrooms allowed targeted isolation of five drimane sesquiterpenes from plate cultivations. The total synthesis of one of these, drimenol, and related drimanes assisted in structural and comparative analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and antimicrobial activity testing. Enzyme candidates putatively involved in terpene biosynthesis were heterologously expressed and while these were not involved in the biosynthesis of the complete drimane skeleton, they catalyzed the formation of two structurally related monocyclic sesquiterpenes named nectrianolins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina B Kreuzenbeck
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Seema Dhiman
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Dávid Roman
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin H Conlon
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janis Fricke
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Janis Blume
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, Humboldtstrasse 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Universität des Saarlandes, Campus E8, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petrén H, Köllner TG, Junker RR. Quantifying chemodiversity considering biochemical and structural properties of compounds with the R package chemodiv. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2478-2492. [PMID: 36527232 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce large numbers of phytochemical compounds affecting plant physiology and interactions with their biotic and abiotic environment. Recently, chemodiversity has attracted considerable attention as an ecologically and evolutionary meaningful way to characterize the phenotype of a mixture of phytochemical compounds. Currently used measures of phytochemical diversity, and related measures of phytochemical dissimilarity, generally do not take structural or biosynthetic properties of compounds into account. Such properties can be indicative of the compounds' function and inform about their biosynthetic (in)dependence, and should therefore be included in calculations of these measures. We introduce the R package chemodiv, which retrieves biochemical and structural properties of compounds from databases and provides functions for calculating and visualizing chemical diversity and dissimilarity for phytochemicals and other types of compounds. Our package enables calculations of diversity that takes the richness, relative abundance and - most importantly - structural and/or biosynthetic dissimilarity of compounds into account. We illustrate the use of the package with examples on simulated and real datasets. By providing the R package chemodiv for quantifying multiple aspects of chemodiversity, we hope to facilitate investigations of how chemodiversity varies across levels of biological organization, and its importance for the ecology and evolution of plants and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Petrén
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nosenko T, Zimmer I, Ghirardo A, Köllner TG, Weber B, Polle A, Rosenkranz M, Schnitzler JP. Predicting functions of putative fungal sesquiterpene synthase genes based on multiomics data analysis. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 165:103779. [PMID: 36706978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes (STs) are secondary metabolites, which mediate biotic interactions between different organisms. Predicting the species-specific ST repertoires can contribute to deciphering the language of communication between organisms of the same or different species. High biochemical plasticity and catalytic promiscuity of sesquiterpene synthases (STSs), however, challenge the homology-based prediction of the STS functions. Using integrated analyses of genomic, transcriptomic, volatilomic, and metabolomic data, we predict product profiles for 116 out of 146 putative STS genes identified in the genomes of 30 fungal species from different trophic groups. Our prediction method is based on the observation that STSs encoded by genes closely related phylogenetically are likely to share the initial enzymatic reactions of the ST biosynthesis pathways and, therefore, produce STs via the same reaction route. The classification by reaction routes allows to assign STs known to be emitted by a particular species to the putative STS genes from this species. Gene expression information helps to further specify these ST-to-STS assignments. Validation of the computational predictions of the STS functions using both in silico and experimental approaches shows that integrated multiomic analyses are able to correctly link cyclic STs of non-cadalane type to genes. In the process of the experimental validation, we characterized catalytic properties of several putative STS genes from the mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. We show that the STSs encoded by the L.bicolor mycorrhiza-induced genes emit either nerolidol or α-cuprenene and α-cuparene, and discuss the possible roles of these STs in the mycorrhiza formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Nosenko
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Probst M, Telagathoti A, Siewert B, Khomenko I, Betta E, Biasioli F, Peintner U. Co-cultivation of Mortierellaceae with Pseudomonas helmanticensis affects both their growth and volatilome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2213. [PMID: 36750680 PMCID: PMC9905594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) might mediate microbial interactions, especially in spatially structured environments, such as soil. However, the variety and specificity of VOC production are poorly understood. Here, we studied 25 Mortierellaceae strains belonging to the genera Linnemannia and Entomortierella in both pure and co-culture with Pseudomonas helmanticensis under laboratory conditions. We analysed both the fungal growth depending on co-cultivation and the cultures' volatilomes applying proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS). In a strain-specific manner, we found the fungi's radial growth rate and colony morphology affected by the presence of P. helmanticensis. The fungus seemed to generally reduce the bacterial growth. The volatilomes of the fungal and bacterial pure and co-cultures were diverse. While the fungi frequently consumed VOCs, P. helmanticensis produced a higher diversity and amount of VOCs than any fungal strain. Our results support that both the pure and co-culture volatilomes are taxonomically conserved. Taken together, our data supports the relevance of VOCs in Mortierellaceae-P. helmanticensis interaction. We also discuss individual VOCs that appear relevant in the interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maraike Probst
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Anusha Telagathoti
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Emanuela Betta
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferreira I, Dias T, Cruz C. The Potential of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi to Modulate below and Aboveground Communities May Be Mediated by 1-Octen-3-ol. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020180. [PMID: 36836295 PMCID: PMC9961352 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can modulate below and aboveground communities. They are a key part of belowground communication as they produce a vast array of metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as 1-octen-3-ol. Here, we tested if the VOC 1-octen-3-ol may be involved in the ECM fungal mechanisms that modulate below and aboveground communities. For that, we conducted three in vitro assays with ECM fungi and the 1-octen-3-ol volatile to (i) explore the effects of mycelium growth of three ECM species, (ii) investigate the impact on the germination of six host Cistaceae species, and (iii) study the impact on host plant traits. The effects of 1-octen-3-ol on mycelium growth of the three ECM species depended on the dose and species: Boletus reticulatus was the most sensitive species to the low (VOC) dose, while T. leptoderma was the most tolerant. In general, the presence of the ECM fungi resulted in higher seed germination, while 1-octen-3-ol resulted in lower seed germination. The combined application of the ECM fungus and the volatile further inhibited seed germination, possibly due to the accumulation of 1-octen-3-ol above the plant species' threshold. Seed germination and plant development of Cistaceae species were influenced by ECM fungal volatiles, suggesting that 1-octen-3-ol may mediate changes in below and aboveground communities.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chandrasekaran M, Paramasivan M, Sahayarayan JJ. Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds: An Alternative for Chemical Fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture Development. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010042. [PMID: 36677334 PMCID: PMC9861404 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are exceptional at producing several volatile substances called microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). The mVOCs allow the microorganism to communicate with other organisms via both inter and intracellular signaling pathways. Recent investigation has revealed that mVOCs are chemically very diverse and play vital roles in plant interactions and microbial communication. The mVOCs can also modify the plant's physiological and hormonal pathways to augment plant growth and production. Moreover, mVOCs have been affirmed for effective alleviation of stresses, and also act as an elicitor of plant immunity. Thus, mVOCs act as an effective alternative to various chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The present review summarizes the recent findings about mVOCs and their roles in inter and intra-kingdoms interactions. Prospects for improving soil fertility, food safety, and security are affirmed for mVOCs application for sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Neungdong-ro 209, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-4026
| | - Manivannan Paramasivan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molina-Hernández JB, Scroccarello A, Della Pelle F, De Flaviis R, Compagnone D, Del Carlo M, Paparella A, Chaves Lόpez C. Synergistic antifungal activity of catechin and silver nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger isolated from coffee seeds. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Adelusi OA, Gbashi S, Adebiyi JA, Makhuvele R, Adebo OA, Aasa AO, Targuma S, Kah G, Njobeh PB. Variability in metabolites produced by Talaromyces pinophilus SPJ22 cultured on different substrates. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:15. [PMID: 36307838 PMCID: PMC9617411 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several metabolites released by fungal species are an essential source of biologically active natural substances. Gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) is one of the techniques used in profiling the metabolites produced by microorganisms, including Talaromyces pinophilus. However, there is limited information regarding differential substrates’ impacts on this fungal strain’s metabolite profiling. This study examined the metabolite profile of T. pinophilus strain SPJ22 cultured on three different media, including solid czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) using GC-HRTOF-MS. The mycelia including the media were plugged and dissolved in 5 different organic solvents with varying polarities viz.: acetonitrile, dichloromethane, hexane, 80% methanol and water, and extracts analysed on GC-HRTOF-MS. Results The study revealed the presence of different classes of metabolites, such as fatty acids (2.13%), amides (4.26%), alkanes (34.04%), furan (2.13%), ketones (4.26%), alcohols (14.89%), aromatic compounds (6.38%), and other miscellaneous compounds (17.02%). Significant metabolites such as acetic acid, 9-octadecenamide, undecanoic acid methyl ester, hydrazine, hexadecane, nonadecane, eicosane, and other compounds reported in this study have been widely documented to have plant growth promoting, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and biofuel properties. Furthermore, T. pinophilus grown on PDA and MEA produced more than twice as many compounds as that grown on CYA. Conclusion Thus, our result showed that the production of essential metabolites from T. pinophilus is substrate dependent, with many of these metabolites known to have beneficial characteristics, and as such, this organism can be utilised as a sustainable and natural source for these useful organic molecules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40694-022-00145-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwasola Abayomi Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Rhulani Makhuvele
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Adeola Oluwakemi Aasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sarem Targuma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Glory Kah
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O.BOX 17011, Gauteng, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ramírez-Ordorica A, Contreras-Cornejo HA, Orduño-Cruz N, Luna-Cruz A, Winkler R, Macías-Rodríguez L. Volatiles released by Beauveria bassiana induce oviposition behavior in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6724240. [PMID: 36166365 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds may act as semiochemicals, inciting different behavioral responses in insects. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus, and physiological and environmental factors are positively related to fungal virulence. In this study, we examined the volatile profiles produced by eight B. bassiana strains, isolated from soil plots and mycosed insect cadavers, with different speeds of kill and determined if these compounds induce oviposition behavior in Spodoptera frugiperda. Fungal volatilome analysis revealed differences between the isolates. Isolates from mycosed insects showed higher virulence, larger egg mass area and length, and a higher number of eggs by mass, than those obtained from soil. Furthermore, a dilution of the fungal odoriferous compounds increased the insect response, suggesting that S. frugiperda is highly susceptible to the fungal compound's fingerprint. Otherwise, the insect response to the natural blend of volatiles released by the fungus was different from that obtained with 3-methylbutanol, which was the most abundant compound in all isolates. The ability of an entomopathogen to produce volatiles that can induce olfactory stimulation of egg-laying behavior could represent an ecological adaptive advantage in which the entomopathogen stimulates the insect population growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ramírez-Ordorica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, 58030, México
| | - Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, 58030, México
| | - Nuvia Orduño-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 31350, México
| | - Alfonso Luna-Cruz
- CONACYT-Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, 58030, México
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, 58030, México
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pukalski J, Latowski D. Secrets of Flavonoid Synthesis in Mushroom Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193052. [PMID: 36231014 PMCID: PMC9562910 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are chemical compounds that occur widely across the plant kingdom. They are considered valuable food additives with pro-health properties, and their sources have also been identified in other kingdoms. Especially interesting is the ability of edible mushrooms to synthesize flavonoids. Mushrooms are usually defined as a group of fungal species capable of producing macroscopic fruiting bodies, and there are many articles considering the content of flavonoids in this group of fungi. Whereas the synthesis of flavonoids was revealed in mycelial cells, the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to produce flavonoids does not seem to be clearly resolved. This article, as an overview of the latest key scientific findings on flavonoids in mushrooms, outlines and organizes the current state of knowledge on the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to synthesize this important group of compounds for vital processes. Putting the puzzle of the current state of knowledge on flavonoid biosynthesis in mushroom cells together, we propose a universal scheme of studies to unambiguously decide whether the fruiting bodies of individual mushrooms are capable of synthesizing flavonoids.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gualtieri L, Monti MM, Mele F, Russo A, Pedata PA, Ruocco M. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Profiles of Different Trichoderma Species and Their Potential Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8100989. [PMID: 36294554 PMCID: PMC9605199 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi emit a broad spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes producing species-specific volatile profiles. Volatilomes have received over the last decade increasing attention in ecological, environmental and agricultural studies due to their potential to be used in the biocontrol of plant pathogens and pests and as plant growth-promoting factors. In the present study, we characterised and compared the volatilomes from four different Trichoderma species: T. asperellum B6; T. atroviride P1; T. afroharzianum T22; and T. longibrachiatum MK1. VOCs were collected from each strain grown both on PDA and in soil and analysed using proton transfer reaction quadrupole interface time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-Qi-TOF-MS). Analysis of the detected volatiles highlighted a clear separation of the volatilomes of all the four species grown on PDA whereas the volatilomes of the soil-grown fungi could be only partially separated. Moreover, a limited number of species-specific peaks were found and putatively identified. In particular, each of the four Trichoderma species over-emitted somevolatiles involved in resistance induction, promotion of plant seed germination and seedling development and antimicrobial activity, as 2-pentyl-furan, 6PP, acetophenone and p-cymene by T. asperellum B6, T. atroviride P1, T. afroharzianum T22 and T. longibrachiatum MK1, respectively. Their potential role in interspecific interactions from the perspective of biological control is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Gualtieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-499-327-824
| | - Francesca Mele
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Russo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfonso Pedata
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Safari Motlagh MR, Jahangiri B, Kulus D, Tymoszuk A, Kaviani B. Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn, the Causal Agent of Rice Sheath Blight Disease. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091282. [PMID: 36138761 PMCID: PMC9495574 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Rice, together with wheat and corn, is among the most important food crops for mankind. Half of the world’s population consumes rice, mainly in Asia, southern Europe, tropical America, and parts of Africa. Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the main diseases in rice production. The control of this pathogen is difficult due to its ecological behavior, broad host range, and the high survival rate of sclerotia under various environmental conditions. In this research, after morphological and molecular identification of fungal isolates, five superior isolates, including Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma harzianum, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus awamori were studied in the in vitro and greenhouse trials, towards their potential to inhibit R. solani. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the effectiveness of fungi used in the volatile metabolites assay and in terms of height and fresh weight of plants in the greenhouse. It can be concluded that T. virens and A. fumigatus are the most effective antagonists in rice sheath blight disease control. Abstract The rice sheath blight disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn fungus, is a major disease of Oryza sativa L. occurring all over the world. Therefore, efforts need to be undertaken to limit the spread of this pathogen, preferably by using environmentally friendly methods. In the present study, 57 fungal isolates were recovered by surface sterilization technique from 120 rice samples collected from paddy fields in Guilan province, Iran. Biological characterizations of the isolated taxa were performed in vitro, in the dual culture, volatile metabolites, and slide culture methods. Among the studied isolates, Trichoderma virens (J. H. Miller, Giddens and A. A. Foster) Arx was most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani in the dual culture (44.16% inhibition level), while Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen and T. virens had a 62.50–68.75% inhibition efficiency by volatile metabolites. In the slide culture, all of the isolates, except for T. harzianum Rifai, were effective in inhibiting the hyphae growth of R. solani. Under greenhouse conditions, rice plants inoculated with these potential antagonistic fungi showed a reduction in disease severity by even 41.4% as in the case of T. virens. Moreover, phenotypic properties of rice, such as plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight were increased in the plants inoculated with all antagonistic fungi tested, compared to the infected plants, except for the fresh weight of plants inoculated with Curnularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn. The present in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that T. virens and A. fumigatus are the most effective antagonists in rice sheath blight disease control and could be applied in agricultural practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.R.S.M.); (A.T.); Tel.: +48-52-374-95-64 (A.T.)
| | - Bahar Jahangiri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Mehrgan Institute for High Education, Mahallat 3781654363, Iran
| | - Dariusz Kulus
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Tymoszuk
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: or (M.R.S.M.); (A.T.); Tel.: +48-52-374-95-64 (A.T.)
| | - Behzad Kaviani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Safari Motlagh MR, Farokhzad M, Kaviani B, Kulus D. Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.—The Causal Agent of Peanut White Stem Rot Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172643. [PMID: 36078051 PMCID: PMC9454559 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut stem white rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a soil-borne disease that is widely prevailing across peanut farms, leading to serious economic losses. Screening for biocontrol agents against this pathogen is urgent. In this research, 166 fungal isolates including 136 isolates of S. rolfsii and 30 isolates of antagonistic endophytic fungi were obtained from a total of 220 samples collected from peanut farms in Guilan province, Iran. After morphological and molecular identification, six superior endophytic isolates were finally selected for the in vitro and greenhouse trials, including four isolates from Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma virens, Penicillium decaturense, and Aspergillus flavus and two isolates from Penicillium rubens. Four methods of biocontrol were used during the in vitro phase, i.e., dual culture, volatile metabolites assay, non-volatile metabolites assay (culture extract), and slide culture. It was found that T. virens had the highest capability of suppressing the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii in the dual culture method (90.98%). As for the volatile metabolites assay, the most effective isolates in inhibiting the pathogen’s mycelial growth were P. rubens (MN395854.1) and A. flavus (84.30% and 73.50% inhibition, respectively). In the non-volatile metabolites method, the isolates that performed the best in suppressing the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii were T. viride and P. rubens (MN395854.1) with 91.80% and 90.20% inhibitory effects, respectively. On the other hand, in the slide culture method, all isolates, except for T. virens and T. viride, successfully controlled the development of S. rolfsii hyphae. The greenhouse trials also supported the effectiveness of endophytic fungi in controlling the pathogen on the host plants. According to the results, T. viride, A. flavus, and P. rubens (MN395854.1) were 44%, 42%, and 38% effective in alleviating the disease incidence and severity. Moreover, the application of these antagonistic fungi in the greenhouse conditions increased the height, fresh weight, and dry weight of the Arachis hypogaea plants infected with the disease causal agent compared to the plants treated only with the pathogen. The results of the in vitro and greenhouse experiments revealed that the endophytic fungi occurring in the natural microbiota of peanut are capable of bio-controlling S. rolfsii, the causal agent of peanut stem white rot disease. These findings shed new insights into the possible resistance induction in A. hypogaea plants through biological protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh
- Department of Plant Protection, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.M.); (D.K.); Tel.: +98-9111384168 (M.R.S.M.); +48-523749536 (D.K.)
| | - Maryam Farokhzad
- Department of Plant Protection, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
| | - Behzad Kaviani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
| | - Dariusz Kulus
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.M.); (D.K.); Tel.: +98-9111384168 (M.R.S.M.); +48-523749536 (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080515. [PMID: 36006177 PMCID: PMC9413001 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ecotoxicological Estimation of 4-Cumylphenol, 4- t-Octylphenol, Nonylphenol, and Volatile Leachate Phenol Degradation by the Microscopic Fungus Umbelopsis isabellina Using a Battery of Biotests. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074093. [PMID: 35409777 PMCID: PMC8998573 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic xenobiotics nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 4-cumylphenol (4-CP) have the potential to seriously disrupt the endocrine system. Volatile phenols (VPs), especially those present in landfill leachate, also adversely affect the health of numerous organisms. Microbial degradation of xenobiotics can result in the formation of intermediates with higher toxicity than the precursor substrates. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess the changes in environmental ecotoxicity during the biotransformation of nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-cumylphenol and volatile phenols by Umbelopsis isabellina using a battery of biotests. The application of bioindicators belonging to different taxonomic groups and diverse trophic levels (producers, consumers, and reducers) indicated a significant reduction in toxicity during the cultivation of fungus cultures both for nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-cumylphenol and volatile phenols. The rate of toxicity decline was correlated with the degree of xenobiotic biotransformation. Removal of 4-cumylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol also led to a decrease in the anti-androgenic potential. Moreover, this is the first report demonstrating the anti-androgenic properties of 4-cumylphenol. The results showed that U. isabellina is an attractive tool for the bioremediation and detoxification of contaminated environments.
Collapse
|
26
|
Deshmukh SK, Dufossé L, Chhipa H, Saxena S, Mahajan GB, Gupta MK. Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Source of Antibacterial Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:164. [PMID: 35205918 PMCID: PMC8877021 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a burning issue due to the frequent use of antibiotics for curing common bacterial infections, indicating that we are running out of effective antibiotics. This has been more obvious during recent corona pandemics. Similarly, enhancement of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is strengthening the pathogenicity and virulence of infectious microbes. Endophytes have shown expression of various new many bioactive compounds with significant biological activities. Specifically, in endophytic fungi, bioactive metabolites with unique skeletons have been identified which could be helpful in the prevention of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The major classes of metabolites reported include anthraquinone, sesquiterpenoid, chromone, xanthone, phenols, quinones, quinolone, piperazine, coumarins and cyclic peptides. In the present review, we reported 451 bioactive metabolites isolated from various groups of endophytic fungi from January 2015 to April 2021 along with their antibacterial profiling, chemical structures and mode of action. In addition, we also discussed various methods including epigenetic modifications, co-culture, and OSMAC to induce silent gene clusters for the production of noble bioactive compounds in endophytic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
- Agpharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO Lab) & ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97744 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Hemraj Chhipa
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University Kota, Jhalawar 322360, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- Agpharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Girish B Mahajan
- HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400086, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Kumar Gupta
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vlot AC, Rosenkranz M. Volatile compounds-the language of all kingdoms? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:445-448. [PMID: 35024870 PMCID: PMC8757488 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pennerman KK, Yin G, Bennett JW. Eight-carbon volatiles: prominent fungal and plant interaction compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:487-497. [PMID: 34727164 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has historically been studied mostly by entomologists; however, botanists and mycologists are increasingly aware of the physiological potential of chemical communication in the gas phase. Most research to date focuses on the observed effects of VOCs on different organisms such as differential growth or metabolite production. However, with the increased interest in volatile signaling, more researchers are investigating the molecular mechanisms for these effects. Eight-carbon VOCs are among the most prevalent and best-studied fungal volatiles. Therefore, this review emphasizes examples of eight-carbon VOCs affecting plants and fungi. These compounds display different effects that include growth suppression in both plants and fungi, induction of defensive behaviors such as accumulation of mycotoxins, phytohormone signaling cascades, and the inhibition of spore and seed germination. Application of '-omics' and other next-generation sequencing techniques is poised to decipher the mechanistic basis of volatiles in plant-fungal communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla K Pennerman
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Comparative Genomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Termitomyces Species Provides Insights into the Terpenome of the Fungal Cultivar and the Characteristic Odor of the Fungus Garden of Macrotermes natalensis Termites. mSystems 2022; 7:e0121421. [PMID: 35014870 PMCID: PMC8751386 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01214-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrotermitinae termites have domesticated fungi of the genus Termitomyces as food for their colony, analogously to human farmers growing crops. Termites propagate the fungus by continuously blending foraged and predigested plant material with fungal mycelium and spores (fungus comb) within designated subterranean chambers. To test the hypothesis that the obligate fungal symbiont emits specific volatiles (odor) to orchestrate its life cycle and symbiotic relations, we determined the typical volatile emission of fungus comb biomass and Termitomyces nodules, revealing α-pinene, camphene, and d-limonene as the most abundant terpenes. Genome mining of Termitomyces followed by gene expression studies and phylogenetic analysis of putative enzymes related to secondary metabolite production encoded by the genomes uncovered a conserved and specific biosynthetic repertoire across strains. Finally, we proved by heterologous expression and in vitro enzymatic assays that a highly expressed gene sequence encodes a rare bifunctional mono-/sesquiterpene cyclase able to produce the abundant comb volatiles camphene and d-limonene. IMPORTANCE The symbiosis between macrotermitinae termites and Termitomyces is obligate for both partners and is one of the most important contributors to biomass conversion in the Old World tropic’s ecosystems. To date, research efforts have dominantly focused on acquiring a better understanding of the degradative capabilities of Termitomyces to sustain the obligate nutritional symbiosis, but our knowledge of the small-molecule repertoire of the fungal cultivar mediating interspecies and interkingdom interactions has remained fragmented. Our omics-driven chemical, genomic, and phylogenetic study provides new insights into the volatilome and biosynthetic capabilities of the evolutionarily conserved fungal genus Termitomyces, which allows matching metabolites to genes and enzymes and, thus, opens a new source of unique and rare enzymatic transformations.
Collapse
|
30
|
Llusià J, Asensio D, Sardans J, Filella I, Peguero G, Grau O, Ogaya R, Gargallo-Garriga A, Verryckt LT, Van Langenhove L, Brechet LM, Courtois E, Stahl C, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Contrasting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization effects on soil terpene exchanges in a tropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149769. [PMID: 34464786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production, emission, and absorption of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in ecosystem soils and associated impacts of nutrient availability are unclear; thus, predictions of effects of global change on source-sink dynamic under increased atmospheric N deposition and nutrition imbalances are limited. Here, we report the dynamics of soil BVOCs under field conditions from two undisturbed tropical rainforests from French Guiana. We analyzed effects of experimental soil applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N + P on soil BVOC exchanges (in particular of total terpenes, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes), to determine source and sink dynamics between seasons (dry and wet) and elevations (upper and lower elevations corresponding to top of the hills (30 m high) and bottom of the valley). We identified 45 soil terpenoids compounds emitted to the atmosphere, comprising 26 monoterpenes and 19 sesquiterpenes; of these, it was possible to identify 13 and 7 compounds, respectively. Under ambient conditions, soils acted as sinks of these BVOCs, with greatest soil uptake recorded for sesquiterpenes at upper elevations during the wet season (-282 μg m-2 h-1). Fertilization shifted soils from a sink to source, with greatest levels of terpene emissions recorded at upper elevations during the wet season, following the addition of N (monoterpenes: 406 μg m-2 h-1) and P (sesquiterpenes: 210 μg m-2 h-1). Total soil terpene emission rates were negatively correlated with total atmospheric terpene concentrations. These results indicate likely shifts in tropical soils from sink to source of atmospheric terpenes under projected increases in N deposition under global change, with potential impacts on regional-scale atmospheric chemistry balance and ecosystem function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Dolores Asensio
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guille Peguero
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lore T Verryckt
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO (Plant and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leandro Van Langenhove
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO (Plant and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laëtitia M Brechet
- INRAE, UMR Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), AgroParisTech, Cirad, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana; Center of Excellence Global Change Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Elodie Courtois
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Clément Stahl
- INRAE, UMR Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), AgroParisTech, Cirad, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO (Plant and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|