1
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Gao Y, Licup GL, Bigham NP, Cantu DC, Wilson JJ. Chelator-Assisted Precipitation-Based Separation of the Rare Earth Elements Neodymium and Dysprosium from Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410233. [PMID: 39030817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The rare earth elements (REEs) are critical resources for many clean energy technologies, but are difficult to obtain in their elementally pure forms because of their nearly identical chemical properties. Here, an analogue of macropa, G-macropa, was synthesized and employed for an aqueous precipitation-based separation of Nd3+ and Dy3+. G-macropa maintains the same thermodynamic preference for the large REEs as macropa, but shows smaller thermodynamic stability constants. Molecular dynamics studies demonstrate that the binding affinity differences of these chelators for Nd3+ and Dy3+ is a consequence of the presence or absence of an inner-sphere water molecule, which alters the donor strength of the macrocyclic ethers. Leveraging the small REE affinity of G-macropa, we demonstrate that within aqueous solutions of Nd3+, Dy3+, and G-macropa, the addition of HCO3 - selectively precipitates Dy2(CO3)3, leaving the Nd3+-G-macropa complex in solution. With this method, remarkably high separation factors of 841 and 741 are achieved for 50 : 50 and 75 : 25 mixtures. Further studies involving Nd3+:Dy3+ ratios of 95 : 5 in authentic magnet waste also afford an efficient separation as well. Lastly, G-macropa is recovered via crystallization with HCl and used for subsequent extractions, demonstrating its good recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States
| | - Gerra L Licup
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States
| | - Nicholas P Bigham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - David C Cantu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States
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2
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Behrsing T, Blair VL, Jaroschik F, Deacon GB, Junk PC. Rare Earths-The Answer to Everything. Molecules 2024; 29:688. [PMID: 38338432 PMCID: PMC10856286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare earths, scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanoids from lanthanum to lutetium, are classified as critical metals because of their ubiquity in daily life. They are present in magnets in cars, especially electric cars; green electricity generating systems and computers; in steel manufacturing; in glass and light emission materials especially for safety lighting and lasers; in exhaust emission catalysts and supports; catalysts in artificial rubber production; in agriculture and animal husbandry; in health and especially cancer diagnosis and treatment; and in a variety of materials and electronic products essential to modern living. They have the potential to replace toxic chromates for corrosion inhibition, in magnetic refrigeration, a variety of new materials, and their role in agriculture may expand. This review examines their role in sustainability, the environment, recycling, corrosion inhibition, crop production, animal feedstocks, catalysis, health, and materials, as well as considering future uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrsing
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Victoria L. Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | | | - Glen B. Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Peter C. Junk
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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3
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Medin S, Dressel A, Specht DA, Sheppard TJ, Holycross ME, Reid MC, Gazel E, Wu M, Barstow B. Multiple Rounds of In Vivo Random Mutagenesis and Selection in Vibrio natriegens Result in Substantial Increases in REE Binding Capacity. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3680-3694. [PMID: 38055772 PMCID: PMC10729037 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) are essential ingredients in many modern technologies, yet their purification remains either environmentally harmful or economically unviable. Adsorption, or biosorption, of REE onto bacterial cell membranes offers a sustainable alternative to traditional solvent extraction methods. But in order for biosorption-based REE purification to compete economically, the capacity and specificity of biosorption sites must be enhanced. Although there have been some recent advances in characterizing the genetics of REE-biosorption, the variety and complexity of bacterial membrane surface sites make targeted genetic engineering difficult. Here, we propose using multiple rounds of in vivo random mutagenesis induced by the MP6 plasmid combined with plate-throughput REE-biosorption screening to improve a microbe's capacity and selectivity for biosorbing REE. We engineered a strain of Vibrio natriegens capable of biosorbing 210% more dysprosium compared to the wild-type and produced selectivity improvements of up to 50% between the lightest (lanthanum) and heaviest (lutetium) REE. We believe that mutations we observed in ABC transporters as well as a nonessential protein in the BAM outer membrane β-barrel protein insertion complex likely contribute to some─but almost certainly not all─of the biosorption changes we observed. Given the ease of finding significant biosorption mutants, these results highlight just how many genes likely contribute to biosorption as well as the power of random mutagenesis in identifying genes of interest and optimizing a biological system for a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Medin
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Anastacia Dressel
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A. Specht
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Timothy J. Sheppard
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Megan E. Holycross
- Department
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matthew C. Reid
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Esteban Gazel
- Department
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Buz Barstow
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Mangel DN, Juarez GJ, Carpenter SH, Steinbrueck A, Lynch VM, Yang J, Sedgwick AC, Tondreau A, Sessler JL. Deferasirox Derivatives: Ligands for the Lanthanide Series. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22206-22212. [PMID: 37751361 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Deferasirox is an FDA-approved iron chelator used in the treatment of iron toxicity. In this work, we report the use of several deferasirox derivatives as lanthanide chelators. Solid-state structural studies of three representative trivalent lanthanide cations, La(III), Eu(III), and Lu(III), revealed the formation of 2:2 complexes in the solid state. A 1:1 stoichiometry dominates in DMSO solution, with Ka values of 472 ± 14, 477 ± 11, and 496 ± 15 M-1 being obtained in the case of these three cations, respectively. Under the conditions of competitive precipitation in the presence of triethylamine, high selectivity (up to 80%) for lutetium(III) was observed in competition with La(III), Ce(III), and Eu(III). Theoretical calculations provided support for the observed selective crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mangel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gabriel J Juarez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | - Axel Steinbrueck
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Aaron Tondreau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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5
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Wang Y, Shield KM, Abergel RJ. Hydrophilic Chelators for Aqueous Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2023.2182220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine M. Shield
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Abergel
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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6
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Bai Z, Scheibe B, Sperling JM, Albrecht-Schönzart TE. Syntheses and Characterization of Tetrazolate-Based Lanthanide Compounds and Selective Crystallization Separation of Neodymium and Dysprosium. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19193-19202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanling Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
| | - Benjamin Scheibe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
| | - Joseph M. Sperling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
| | - Thomas E. Albrecht-Schönzart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
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7
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Microwave Plasma Torch Mass Spectrometry for some Rare Earth Elements. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Higgins RF, Ruoff KP, Kumar A, Schelter EJ. Coordination Chemistry-Driven Approaches to Rare Earth Element Separations. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2616-2627. [PMID: 36041177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current projections for global mining indicate that unsustainable practices will cause supply problems for many elements, called critical raw materials, in the next 20 years. These include elements necessary for renewable technologies as well as artisanal sources. Energy critical elements (ECEs) comprise a group used for clean, renewable energy applications that are in low abundance in the Earth's crust or require an economic premium to extract from ores. Sustainable practices of acquiring ECEs is an important problem to address through fundamental research to provide alternative energy technologies such as wind turbines and electric vehicles at cheaper costs for our global energy generation and usage. Some of these green technologies incorporate rare-earth (RE) metals (Sc, Y and the lanthanides), which are challenging to separate from mineral sources because of their similar sizes (i.e., ionic radii) and chemical properties. The current process used to provide REs at requisite purities for these applications is counter-current solvent-solvent extraction, which is scalable and works efficiently for any ore composition. However, this method produces large amounts of caustic waste that is environmentally damaging, especially to areas in China that house major separation facilities. Advancement of the selectivity of this process is challenging since exact molecular speciation that affords separations is still relatively unknown. In this context, we developed a program to investigate new RE separations systems that were aimed at minimizing solvent use, controlled by molecular speciation, and could be targeted at problems in recycling these critical metals.The first ligand system that was developed to impart solubility differences between light and heavy rare-earth ions was [{(2-tBuNO)C6H4CH2}3N]3- (TriNOx3-) (graphic below). A differential solubility allowed for a separation of Nd and Dy of SFNd:Dy = ∼300 in a single step. In other words, a 50:50 Nd/Dy sample was enriched to give 95% pure Nd and Dy through a simple filtration, which is potentially impactful to recycling magnetic materials found in wind turbines. This separations system compares favorably to other state-of-the-art molecular extractants that are based on energetic differences of the thermodynamic parameter to affect separations for neighboring elements. This straightforward, thermodynamically driven method to separate REs primed our future research for new coordination chemistry approaches to separations.Another separations system was accomplished through the variable rate of a redox event from one arm of the TriNOx3- ligand. It was determined that the rate of this one electron oxidation, which operated through an electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical mechanism, was dependent on the identity of the RE ion. This kinetically driven separation afforded a separation factor (SF) of SFEu:Y = 75. We have also described other transformations such as ligand exchange, substituent dependent, and redox-driven chelation processes with well-defined speciation to afford purified RE materials. Recently, we determined that magnetic properties can be used to enhance both thermodynamic and kinetic RE separations processes to give an approximately 100% boost for pairs of paramagnetic/diamagnetic REs. These results have shown that both thermodynamic and kinetic RE separations were efficient for different selected RE binary pairs through coordination chemistry. The focus of this Account will detail the differences that are observed for RE separations when promoted by thermodynamic or kinetic factors. Overall, the development of rationally adjusted speciation of REs provides a basis for future industrial separations processes for technologies applied to ECEs derived from wind turbines, batteries for electric vehicles, and LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Higgins
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kevin P Ruoff
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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O'Connell-Danes JG, Ngwenya BT, Morrison CA, Love JB. Selective separation of light rare-earth elements by supramolecular encapsulation and precipitation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4497. [PMID: 35922415 PMCID: PMC9349306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular chemical strategies for Rare Earth (RE) element separations are emerging which amplify the small changes in properties across the series to bias selectivity in extraction or precipitation. These advances are important as the REs are crucial to modern technologies yet their extraction, separation, and recycling using conventional techniques remain challenging. We report here a pre-organised triamidoarene platform which, under acidic, biphasic conditions, uniquely and selectively precipitates light RE nitratometalates as supramolecular capsules. The capsules exhibit both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds that dictate selectivity, promote precipitation, and facilitate the straightforward release of the RE and recycling of the receptor. This work provides a self-assembly route to metal separations that exploits size and shape complementarity and has the potential to integrate into conventional processes due to its compatibility with acidic metal feed streams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryne T Ngwenya
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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10
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Kukkonen E, Virtanen EJ, Moilanen JO. α-Aminophosphonates, -Phosphinates, and -Phosphine Oxides as Extraction and Precipitation Agents for Rare Earth Metals, Thorium, and Uranium: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:3465. [PMID: 35684403 PMCID: PMC9181939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Aminophosphonates, -phosphinates, and -phosphine oxides are a group of organophosphorus compounds that were investigated as extraction agents for rare earth (RE) metals and actinoids for the first time in the 1960s. However, more systematic investigations of their extraction properties towards REs and actinoids were not started until the 2010s. Indeed, recent studies have shown that these α-amino-functionalized compounds can outperform the commercial organophosphorus extraction agents in RE separations. They have also proven to be very efficient extraction and precipitation agents for recovering Th and U from RE concentrates. These actinoids coexist with REs in some of the commercially important RE-containing minerals. The efficient separation and purification of REs is becoming more and more important every year as these elements have a pivotal role in many existing technologies. If one also considers the facile synthesis of α-amino-functionalized organophosphorus extractants and precipitation agents, it is expected that they will be increasingly utilized in the extraction chemistry of REs and actinoids in the future. This review collates α-aminophosphonates, -phosphinates, and -phosphine oxides that have been utilized in the separation chemistry of REs and actinoids, including their most relevant synthetic routes and molecular properties. Their extraction and precipitation properties towards REs and actinoids are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jani Olavi Moilanen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (E.J.V.)
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11
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Mattocks JA, Cotruvo JA, Deblonde GJP. Engineering lanmodulin's selectivity for actinides over lanthanides by controlling solvent coordination and second-sphere interactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6054-6066. [PMID: 35685815 PMCID: PMC9132084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing chelators that combine high affinity and selectivity for lanthanides and/or actinides is paramount for numerous industries, including rare earths mining, nuclear waste management, and cancer medicine. In particular, achieving selectivity between actinides and lanthanides is notoriously difficult. The protein lanmodulin (LanM) is one of Nature's most selective chelators for trivalent actinides and lanthanides. However, mechanistic understanding of LanM's affinity and selectivity for f-elements remains limited. In order to decipher, and possibly improve, the features of LanM's metal-binding sites that contribute to this actinide/lanthanide selectivity, we characterized five LanM variants, substituting the aspartate residue at the 9th position of each metal-binding site with asparagine, histidine, alanine, methionine, and selenomethionine. Spectroscopic measurements with lanthanides (Nd3+ and Eu3+) and actinides (243Am3+ and 248Cm3+) reveal that, contrary to the behavior of small chelator complexes, metal-coordinated water molecules enhance LanM's affinity for f-elements and pH-stability of its complexes. Furthermore, the results show that the native aspartate does not coordinate the metal directly but rather hydrogen bonds to coordinated solvent. By tuning this first-sphere/second-sphere interaction, the asparagine variant nearly doubles LanM's selectivity for actinides versus lanthanides. This study not only clarifies the essential role of coordinated solvent for LanM's physiological function and separation applications, but it also demonstrates that LanM's preference for actinides over lanthanides can be further improved. More broadly, it demonstrates how biomolecular scaffolds possess an expanded repertoire of tunable interactions compared to most small-molecule ligands - providing an avenue for high-performance LanM-based actinide/lanthanide separation methods and bio-engineered chelators optimized for specific medical isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
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12
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Santos MA, Irto A, Buglyó P, Chaves S. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Metal Chelators towards Ecotoxicity: Remediation and Biological Mechanisms. Molecules 2022; 27:1966. [PMID: 35335329 PMCID: PMC8950932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HPs) are recognized as excellent chemical tools for engineering a diversity of metal chelating agents, with high affinity for hard metal ions, exhibiting a broad range of activities and applications, namely in medical, biological and environmental contexts. They are easily made and functionalizable towards the tuning of their pharmacokinetic properties or the improving of their metal complex thermodynamic stabilities. In this review, an analysis of the recently published works on hydroxypyridinone-based ligands, that have been mostly addressed for environmental applications, namely for remediation of hard metal ion ecotoxicity in living beings and other biological matrices is carried out. In particular, herein the most recent developments in the design of new chelating systems, from bidentate mono-HP to polydentate multi-HP derivatives, with a structural diversity of soluble or solid-supported backbones are outlined. Along with the ligand design, an analysis of the relationship between their structures and activities is presented and discussed, namely associated with the metal affinity and the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anna Irto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Péter Buglyó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Glasneck F, Roode‐Gutzmer QI, Stumpf T, Kersting B. Tetra-Substituted p-Tert-Butylcalix[4]Arene with Phosphoryl and Salicylamide Functional Groups: Synthesis, Complexation and Selective Extraction of f-Element Cations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104301. [PMID: 34957610 PMCID: PMC9306641 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new series of lanthanide (1-5) and uranyl (6) complexes with a tetra-substituted bifunctional calixarene ligand H2 L is described. The coordination environment for the Ln3+ and UO2 2+ ions is provided by phosphoryl and salicylamide functional groups appended to the lower rim of the p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene scaffold. Ligand interactions with lanthanide cations (light: La3+ , Pr3+ ; intermediate: Eu3+ and Gd3+ ; and heavy: Yb3+ ), as well as the uranyl cation (UO2 2+ ) is examined in the solution and solid state, respectively with spectrophotometric titration and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. The ligand is fully deprotonated in the complexation of trivalent lanthanide ions forming di-cationic complexes 2 : 2 M : L, [Ln2 (L)2 (H2 O)]2+ (1-5), in solution, whereas uranyl formed a 1 : 1 M : L complex [UO2 (L)(MeOH)]∞ (6) that demonstrated very limited solubility in 12 organic solvents. Solvent extraction behaviour is examined for cation selectivity and extraction efficiency. H2 L was found to be an effective extracting agent for UO2 2+ over La3+ and Yb3+ cations. The separation factors at pH 6.0 are: βUO2 2 + /La3 + =121.0 and βUO2 2 + /Yb3 + =70.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Glasneck
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
| | - Quirina I. Roode‐Gutzmer
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfBautzner Landstrasse 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Thorsten Stumpf
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfBautzner Landstrasse 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Berthold Kersting
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
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14
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Masuya-Suzuki A, Hosobori K, Sawamura R, Abe Y, Karashimada R, Iki N. Selective crystallization of dysprosium complex from neodymium/dysprosium mixture enabled by cooperation of coordination and crystallization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2283-2286. [PMID: 35015004 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Designing a molecular-level Ln3+ separation system remains a challenge for developing next-generation separation methodologies. Herein, we report crystallization-based Nd3+/Dy3+ separation using a tripodal Schiff base ligand. Highly selective crystallization of the Dy3+ complex was enabled by cooperation between the coordination and crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Masuya-Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Koji Hosobori
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ryota Sawamura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Yumika Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ryunosuke Karashimada
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Iki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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15
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Kinsman LMM, Ngwenya BT, Morrison CA, Love JB. Tuneable separation of gold by selective precipitation using a simple and recyclable diamide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6258. [PMID: 34716348 PMCID: PMC8556376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient separation of metals from ores and secondary sources such as electronic waste is necessary to realising circularity in metal supply. Precipitation processes are increasingly popular and are reliant on designing and understanding chemical recognition to achieve selectivity. Here we show that a simple tertiary diamide precipitates gold selectively from aqueous acidic solutions, including from aqua regia solutions of electronic waste. The X-ray crystal structure of the precipitate displays an infinite chain of diamide cations interleaved with tetrachloridoaurate. Gold is released from the precipitate on contact with water, enabling ligand recycling. The diamide is highly selective, with its addition to 29 metals in 2 M HCl resulting in 70% gold uptake and minimal removal of other metals. At 6 M HCl, complete collection of gold, iron, tin, and platinum occurs, demonstrating that adaptable selective metal precipitation is controlled by just one variable. This discovery could be exploited in metal refining and recycling processes due to its tuneable selectivity under different leaching conditions, the avoidance of organic solvents inherent to biphasic extraction, and the straightforward recycling of the precipitant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M M Kinsman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Bryne T Ngwenya
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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16
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Virtanen E, Perämäki S, Helttunen K, Väisänen A, Moilanen JO. Alkyl-Substituted Aminobis(phosphonates)-Efficient Precipitating Agents for Rare Earth Elements, Thorium, and Uranium in Aqueous Solutions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23977-23987. [PMID: 34568676 PMCID: PMC8459412 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and environmentally sustainable separation process for rare earth elements (REE), especially for adjacent lanthanoids, remains a challenge due to the chemical similarity of REEs. Tetravalent actinoids, thorium, and traces of uranium are also present in concentrates of REEs, making their separation relevant. This study reports six simple water-soluble aminobis(phosphonate) ligands, RN[CH2P(O)(OH)2]2 (1 R = CH2CH3, 2 R = (CH2)2CH3, 3 R = (CH2)3CH3, 4 R = (CH2)4CH3, 5 R = (CH2)5CH3, 6 R = CH2CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3) as precipitating agents for REEs, Th, and U, as well as gives insight into the coordination modes of the utilized ligands with REEs at the molecular level. Aminobis(phosphonates) 4-6 with longer carbon chains were found to separate selectively thorium, uranium, and scandium from REEs with short precipitation time (15 min) and excellent separation factors that generally range from 100 to 2000 in acidic aqueous solution. Ligands 1-6 also improved separation factors for adjacent lanthanoids in comparison to traditional oxalate precipitation agents. Importantly, precipitated metals can be recovered from the ligands with 3 molar HNO3 with no observed ligand decomposition enabling the possibility of recycling the ligands in the separation process. NMR-monitored pH titrations for 1 showed deprotonation steps at pK a 1.3, 5.55, and >10.5, which indicate that the ligands remain in a deprotonated [L]-1 form in the pH range of 0-4 used in the precipitation studies. 31P NMR titration studies between 1 and M(NO3)3 (M = Y, La, Lu) gave satisfactory fits for 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1 metal-ligand stoichiometries for Y, La, and Lu, respectively, according to an F-test. Therefore, aminobis(phosphonate) precipitation agents 1-6 are likely to form metal complexes with fewer ligands than traditional separation agents like DEHPA, which coordinates to REEs in 1:6 metal-ligand ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia
J. Virtanen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Siiri Perämäki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Helttunen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Väisänen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jani O. Moilanen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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17
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Reaction screening in multiwell plates: high-throughput optimization of a Buchwald-Hartwig amination. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1152-1169. [PMID: 33432233 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemical space is vast, and chemical reactions involve the complex interplay of multiple variables. As a consequence, reactions can fail for subtle reasons, necessitating screening of conditions. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) techniques enable a more comprehensive array of data to be obtained in a relatively short amount of time. Although HTE can be most efficiently achieved with automated robotic dispensing equipment, the benefits of running reaction microarrays can be accessed in any regularly equipped laboratory using inexpensive consumables. Herein, we present a cost-efficient approach to HTE, examining a Buchwald-Hartwig amination as our model reaction. Experiments are carried out in a machined aluminum 96-well plate, taking advantage of solid transfer scoops and pipettes to facilitate rapid reagent transfer. Reaction vials are simultaneously heated and mixed, using a magnetic stirrer, and worked up in parallel, using a plastic filter plate. Analysis by gas chromatography provides the chemist with 96 data points with minimal commitment of time and resources. The best-performing experiment can be selected for scale-up and isolation, or the data can be used for designing future optimization experiments.
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18
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Lumpe H, Menke A, Haisch C, Mayer P, Kabelitz A, Yusenko KV, Guilherme Buzanich A, Block T, Pöttgen R, Emmerling F, Daumann LJ. The Earlier the Better: Structural Analysis and Separation of Lanthanides with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone. Chemistry 2020; 26:10133-10139. [PMID: 32497263 PMCID: PMC7496819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanides (Ln) are critical raw materials, however, their mining and purification have a considerable negative environmental impact and sustainable recycling and separation strategies for these elements are needed. In this study, the precipitation and solubility behavior of Ln complexes with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the cofactor of recently discovered lanthanide (Ln) dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, is presented. In this context, the molecular structure of a biorelevant europium PQQ complex was for the first time elucidated outside a protein environment. The complex crystallizes as an inversion symmetric dimer, Eu2 PQQ2 , with binding of Eu in the biologically relevant pocket of PQQ. LnPQQ and Ln1Ln2PQQ complexes were characterized by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 151 Eu-Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray total scattering, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is shown that a natural enzymatic cofactor is capable to achieve separation by precipitation of the notoriously similar, and thus difficult to separate, lanthanides to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lumpe
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Annika Menke
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Christoph Haisch
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water ChemistryTechnical University of MunichMarchioninistraße 1781377MünchenGermany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Anke Kabelitz
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Kirill V. Yusenko
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Theresa Block
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Münster (WWU)Corrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Münster (WWU)Corrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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19
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Deblonde GJP, Mattocks JA, Park DM, Reed DW, Cotruvo JA, Jiao Y. Selective and Efficient Biomacromolecular Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements using Lanmodulin. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11855-11867. [PMID: 32686425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lanmodulin (LanM) is a recently discovered protein that undergoes a large conformational change in response to rare-earth elements (REEs). Here, we use multiple physicochemical methods to demonstrate that LanM is the most selective macromolecule for REEs characterized to date and even outperforms many synthetic chelators. Moreover, LanM exhibits metal-binding properties and structural stability unseen in most other metalloproteins. LanM retains REE binding down to pH ≈ 2.5, and LanM-REE complexes withstand high temperature (up to 95 °C), repeated acid treatments, and up to molar amounts of competing non-REE metal ions (including Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu), allowing the protein's use in harsh chemical processes. LanM's unrivaled properties were applied to metal extraction from two distinct REE-containing industrial feedstocks covering a broad range of REE and non-REE concentrations, namely, precombustion coal and electronic waste leachates. After only a single all-aqueous step, quantitative and selective recovery of the REEs from all non-REEs initially present (Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and U) was achieved, demonstrating the universal selectivity of LanM for REEs against non-REEs and its potential application even for industrial low-grade sources, which are currently underutilized. Our work indicates that biosourced macromolecules such as LanM may offer a new paradigm for extractive metallurgy and other applications involving f-elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dan M Park
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - David W Reed
- Biological & Chemical Science & Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yongqin Jiao
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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20
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Colombo Dugoni G, Baggioli A, Famulari A, Sacchetti A, Martí-Rujas J, Mariani M, Macerata E, Mossini E, Mele A. Structural properties of the chelating agent 2,6-bis(1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine: a combined XRD and DFT structural study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19629-19635. [PMID: 35515445 PMCID: PMC9054079 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04142d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational isomerism of the chelating agent 2,6-bis(1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (PTD), exploited in fuel reprocessing in spent nuclear waste, has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis in combination with an extensive DFT conformational investigation. In the solid-state, the elucidated crystal structure (i.e., not yet published) shows that by thermal treatment (DSC) no other phases are observed upon crystallization from the melt, indicating that the conformation observed by X-ray data is rather stable. Mapping of intermolecular and intramolecular noncovalent interactions has been used to elucidate the unusual arrangement of the asymmetric unit. Considerations relating to the stability of different conformational isomers in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions are also presented. The accurate structural description reported here might open various research topics such as the potential of PTD to act as an outer sphere ligand in the formation of second sphere coordination complexes and their interconversion by mechanochemical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Colombo Dugoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Alberto Baggioli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Javier Martí-Rujas
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mario Mariani
- Department of Energy, Nuclear Engineering Division (CeSNEF), Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Elena Macerata
- Department of Energy, Nuclear Engineering Division (CeSNEF), Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Eros Mossini
- Department of Energy, Nuclear Engineering Division (CeSNEF), Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
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