1
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Eliwa EM, Bedair AH, Djukic JP. Transition metal-catalyzed C(sp 2/sp 3)-H α-fluoroalkenylation from gem-(bromo/di)fluoroalkenes to monofluoroalkenes: scope, mechanisms, and synthetic applications. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6860-6904. [PMID: 39136141 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Organofluorines have a broad range of industrial applications, such as pharmaceuticals, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), solar cells, textiles, and construction coatings, and are used in peptidomimetics, surfactants, refrigerants, anesthetics, and agrochemicals. Among them are versatile monofluoroalkenes that play a crucial role in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. The synthetic strategies for this class of molecules are limited, and prior efforts frequently suffered from poor atom- and step-economies. As a surrogate pathway for traditional cross-coupling transformations, transition metal (TM)-catalyzed C-H direct α-fluoroalkenylation overcomes these obstacles and provides straightforward techniques to access monofluoroalkenes. Nevertheless, substrate scope is still a challenge for catalysis, where gem-bromofluoroalkene synthons are applicable with electronically biased substrates such as azoles, while gem-difluoroalkene-based strategies are limited to substrates containing N-based directing groups. Herein, we review the cutting-edge fluoroalkenylation research for direct synthesis of monofluoroalkenes achieved during the last decade (2013-2023). This review is divided into two main parts: the first part discusses TM-catalyzed direct α-fluoroalkenylation via the merging of C-H activation and C(sp2)-Br cleavage strategies using gem-bromofluoroalkenes, and the second part describes the same reaction, albeit with C(sp2)-F cleavage of highly explored gem-difluoroolefins. Our review surveys all previously reported monofluoroalkenes in this research area, including their preparation techniques, stereoselectivity, and yield percentages. Furthermore, optimal conditions, reactant scope, mechanistic investigations, synthetic applications, benefits, and drawbacks of each presented methodology are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Eliwa
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométallique - Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR7177, CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Bedair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométallique - Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR7177, CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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2
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Deufel F, van Gemmeren M. Deuteration of Arenes via Pd-Catalyzed C-H Activation: A Lesson in Nondirected C-H Activation, Isotopic Labeling, and NMR Characterization. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2024; 101:3410-3417. [PMID: 39157437 PMCID: PMC11327962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Isotopic labeling is an important tool in medicinal research, metabolomics, and for understanding reaction mechanisms. In this context, transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a key technology for deuterium incorporation via hydrogen isotope exchange. A detailed and easy-to-implement experimental procedure for a nondirected arene deuteration has been developed that exclusively uses commercial equipment and chemicals. The protocol is ideally suited for students and other prospective applicants who are not experts in catalysis. The degree of deuterium incorporation was analyzed via different means like mass spectrometry and 1H and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A hands-on understanding of quantitative NMR, as well as the influence of H/D exchange on experimental spectra, was conveyed by comparative NMR spin simulations. Students were measurably familiarized with the concepts of C-H activation, isotope effects, and basics in experimental catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Deufel
- Otto-Diels-Institut für
Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für
Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Cheng YH, Ho YS, Yang CJ, Chen CY, Hsieh CT, Cheng MJ. Electron Dynamics in Alkane C-H Activation Mediated by Transition Metal Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4638-4650. [PMID: 38832757 PMCID: PMC11182348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Alkanes, ideal raw materials for industrial chemical production, typically exhibit limited reactivity due to their robust and weakly polarized C-H bonds. The challenge lies in selectively activating these C-H bonds under mild conditions. To address this challenge, various C-H activation mechanisms have been developed. Yet, classifying these mechanisms depends on the overall stoichiometry, which can be ambiguous and sometimes problematic. In this study, we utilized density functional theory calculations combined with intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis to examine electron flow in the four primary alkane C-H activation mechanisms: oxidative addition, σ-bond metathesis, 1,2-addition, and electrophilic activation. Methane was selected as the representative alkane molecule to undergo C-H heterolytic cleavage in these reactions. Across all mechanisms studied, we find that the CH3 moiety in methane consistently uses an electron pair from the cleaved C-H bond to form a σ-bond with the metal. Yet, the electron pair that accepts the proton differs with each mechanism: in oxidative addition, it is derived from the d-orbitals; in σ-bond metathesis, it resulted from the metal-ligand σ-bonds; in 1,2-addition, it arose from the π-orbital of the metal-ligand multiple bonds; and in electrophilic activation, it came from the lone pairs on ligands. This detailed analysis not only provides a clear visual understanding of these reactions but also showcases the ability of the IBO method to differentiate between mechanisms. The electron flow discerned from IBO analysis is further corroborated by results from absolutely localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis, which also helps to quantify the two predominant interactions in each process. Our findings offer profound insights into the electron dynamics at play in alkane C-H activation, enhancing our understanding of these critical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chia-Jung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tien Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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4
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Jay RM, Coates MR, Zhao H, Winghart MO, Han P, Wang RP, Harich J, Banerjee A, Wikmark H, Fondell M, Nibbering ETJ, Odelius M, Huse N, Wernet P. Photochemical Formation and Electronic Structure of an Alkane σ-Complex from Time-Resolved Optical and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14000-14011. [PMID: 38713061 PMCID: PMC11117182 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
C-H bond activation reactions with transition metals typically proceed via the formation of alkane σ-complexes, where an alkane C-H σ-bond binds to the metal. Due to the weak nature of metal-alkane bonds, σ-complexes are challenging to characterize experimentally. Here, we establish the complete pathways of photochemical formation of the model σ-complex Cr(CO)5-alkane from Cr(CO)6 in octane solution and characterize the nature of its metal-ligand bonding interactions. Using femtosecond optical absorption spectroscopy, we find photoinduced CO dissociation from Cr(CO)6 to occur within the 100 fs time resolution of the experiment. Rapid geminate recombination by a fraction of molecules is found to occur with a time constant of 150 fs. The formation of bare Cr(CO)5 in its singlet ground state is followed by complexation of an octane molecule from solution with a time constant of 8.2 ps. Picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Cr L-edge and O K-edge provides unique information on the electronic structure of the Cr(CO)5-alkane σ-complex from both the metal and ligand perspectives. Based on clear experimental observables, we find substantial destabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital upon coordination of the C-H bond to the undercoordinated Cr center in the Cr(CO)5-alkane σ-complex, and we define this as a general, orbital-based descriptor of the metal-alkane bond. Our study demonstrates the value of combining optical and X-ray spectroscopic methods as complementary tools to study the stability and reactivity of alkane σ-complexes in their role as the decisive intermediates in C-H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Coates
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhao
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Winghart
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Han
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hampus Wikmark
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Huse
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Zhou H, Ruan M, Liu QY, Zhao YX, Wang RY, Yang Y, He SG. Size-dependent reactivity of V nO + ( n = 1-9) clusters with ethane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14186-14193. [PMID: 38713092 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00857j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cost-effective and readily accessible 3d transition metals (TMs) have been considered as promising candidates for alkane activation while 3d TMs especially the early TMs are usually not very reactive with light alkanes. In this study, the reactivity of Vn+ and VnO+ (n = 1-9) cluster cations towards ethane under thermal collision conditions has been investigated using mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. Among Vn+ (n = 1-9) clusters, only V3-5+ can react with C2H6 to generate dehydrogenation products and the reaction rate constants are below 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. In contrast, the reaction rate constants for all VnO+ (n = 1-9) with C2H6 significantly increase by about 2-4 orders of magnitude. Theoretical analysis evidences that the addition of ligand O affects the charge distribution of the metal centers, resulting in a significant increase in the cluster reactivity. The analysis of frontier orbitals indicates that the agostic interaction determines the size-dependent reactivity of VnO+ cluster cations. This study provides a novel approach for improving the reactivity of early 3d TMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Man Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Yong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang GQ, Wu XX, Zhao BY, Wang MY, Zhang HX, Wang YQ. Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Dehydrogenative C-2 Pentenylation of Indoles with 2-Methyl-2-butene. Org Lett 2024; 26:3509-3513. [PMID: 38652867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Five-carbon (C5) units are the fundamental building blocks that constitute a multitude of natural products. Herein we report an unprecedented unusual C5 functionalization of indole regioselectively at the C-2-position enabled by a (2-pyridyl)sulfonyl-directing palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative strategy with a bulk chemical 2-methyl-2-butene as a C5 source. Compared to typical C5 functionalization using pentenyl alcohols, carbonates, borates, or halides as the C5 source, the protocol not only has a low cost advantage but also is of atom and step economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Yin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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7
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Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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8
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Shlapakov NS, Kobelev AD, Burykina JV, Cheng YZ, You SL, Ananikov VP. Sulfur in Waste-Free Sustainable Synthesis: Advancing Carbon-Carbon Coupling Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402109. [PMID: 38421344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the pivotal role of sulfur in advancing sustainable carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling reactions. The unique electronic properties of sulfur, as a soft Lewis base with significant mesomeric effect make it an excellent candidate for initiating radical transformations, directing C-H-activation, and facilitating cycloaddition and C-S bond dissociation reactions. These attributes are crucial for developing waste-free methodologies in green chemistry. Our mini-review is focused on existing sulfur-directed C-C coupling techniques, emphasizing their sustainability and comparing state-of-the-art methods with traditional approaches. The review highlights the importance of this research in addressing current challenges in organic synthesis and catalysis. The innovative use of sulfur in photocatalytic, electrochemical and metal-catalyzed processes not only exemplifies significant advancements in the field but also opens new avenues for environmentally friendly chemical processes. By focusing on atom economy and waste minimization, the analysis provides broad appeal and potential for future developments in sustainable organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Pichugov AV, Escomel L, Lassalle S, Petit J, Jabbour R, Gajan D, Veyre L, Fonda E, Lesage A, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Highly Selective and Efficient Perdeuteration of n-Pentane via H/D Exchange Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Hafnium-Iridium Bimetallic Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400992. [PMID: 38373040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Surface OrganoMetallic Chemistry (SOMC) approach is used to prepare a novel hafnium-iridium catalyst immobilized on silica, HfIr/SiO2, featuring well-defined [≡SiOHf(CH2 tBu)2(μ-H)3IrCp*] surface sites. Unlike the monometallic analogous materials Hf/SiO2 and Ir/SiO2, which promote n-pentane deuterogenolysis through C-C bond scission, we demonstrate that under the same experimental conditions (1 bar D2, 250 °C, 3 h, 0.5 mol %), the heterobimetallic catalyst HfIr/SiO2 is highly efficient and selective for the perdeuteration of alkanes with D2, exemplified on n-pentane, without substantial deuterogenolysis (<2 % at 95 % conversion). Furthermore this HfIr/SiO2 catalyst is robust and can be re-used several times without evidence of decomposition. This represents substantial advance in catalytic H/D isotope exchange (HIE) reactions of C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Pichugov
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Lassalle
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Petit
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP-48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
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10
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Antoniou IM, Ioannou N, Panagiotou N, Georgiades SN. LED-induced Ru-photoredox Pd-catalyzed C-H arylation of (6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)pyrimidines and heteroaryl counterparts. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12179-12191. [PMID: 38628490 PMCID: PMC11019410 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
N-heterocycles are essential building blocks and scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. A Pd-catalyzed, Ru-photoredox-mediated C-H arylation is applied herein, for converting a series of functionality-inclusive (6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)pyrimidines to single arylated derivatives, using phenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate as aryl source. This green chemistry-compliant transformation is induced by LED light. The drug-like modular substrates are constructed via combination of Biginelli multi-component condensation and Suzuki C-C cross-coupling, in order to strategically install, adjacent to the Ph-ring intended to undergo C-H arylation, a (6-pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidine that plays the role of a chelating directing moiety for the C-H arylation catalyst. The scope has been demonstrated on a series of 26 substrates, comprising diverse Ph-ring substituents and substitution patterns, as well as with 13 different aryl donors. Substrates in which the Ph-ring (arylation acceptor) was replaced by an electron-rich heteroaryl counterpart (2-/3-thiophene or -benzofuran) have also been examined and found to undergo arylation regioselectively. End-product conformations afford interesting motifs for occupying 3D chemical space, as implied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which has allowed the elucidation of six structures of aryl derivatives and one of an unprecedented pyrimidine-pyridine-benzofuran carbopalladated complex, believed to be a C-H activation derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioakeim M Antoniou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus 1 Panepistimiou Avenue, Aglandjia 2109 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Natalia Ioannou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus 1 Panepistimiou Avenue, Aglandjia 2109 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Nikos Panagiotou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus 1 Panepistimiou Avenue, Aglandjia 2109 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Savvas N Georgiades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus 1 Panepistimiou Avenue, Aglandjia 2109 Nicosia Cyprus
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11
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Staronova L, Yamazaki K, Xu X, Shi H, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantio- and Regioselective C(sp 3 )-H Alkenylation of Thioamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316021. [PMID: 38143241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H alkenylation of thioamides with but-2-ynoate ester coupling partners employing thioamide directing groups is presented. The method is operationally simple and requires only mild reaction conditions, while providing alkenylated products as single regioisomers in excellent yields (up to 85 %) and high enantiomeric excess [up to 91 : 9 enantiomeric ratio (er), or up to >99 : 1 er after a single recrystallization]. Diverse downstream derivatizations of the products are demonstrated, delivering a range of enantioenriched constructs. Extensive computational studies using density functional theory provide insight into the detailed reaction mechanism, origin of enantiocontrol, and the unusual regioselectivity of the alkenylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Staronova
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Heyao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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12
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Vennelakanti V, Jeon M, Kulik HJ. How Do Differences in Electronic Structure Affect the Use of Vanadium Intermediates as Mimics in Nonheme Iron Hydroxylases? Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4997-5011. [PMID: 38428015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We study active-site models of nonheme iron hydroxylases and their vanadium-based mimics using density functional theory to determine if vanadyl is a faithful structural mimic. We identify crucial structural and energetic differences between ferryl and vanadyl isomers owing to the differences in their ground electronic states, i.e., high spin (HS) for Fe and low spin (LS) for V. For the succinate cofactor bound to the ferryl intermediate, we predict facile interconversion between monodentate and bidentate coordination isomers for ferryl species but difficult rearrangement for vanadyl mimics. We study isomerization of the oxo intermediate between axial and equatorial positions and find the ferryl potential energy surface to be characterized by a large barrier of ca. 10 kcal/mol that is completely absent for the vanadyl mimic. This analysis reveals even starker contrasts between Fe and V in hydroxylases than those observed for this metal substitution in nonheme halogenases. Analysis of the relative bond strengths of coordinating carboxylate ligands for Fe and V reveals that all of the ligands show stronger binding to V than Fe owing to the LS ground state of V in contrast to the HS ground state of Fe, highlighting the limitations of vanadyl mimics of native nonheme iron hydroxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Vennelakanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mugyeom Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Benítez FJ, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Herrera B, Toro-Labbé A. Basis Electronic Activity of Molecular Systems. A Theory of Bond Reactivity. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38437616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new finding, the basis electronic activity (BEA) of molecular systems; it corresponds to the significant, although nonreactive, vibrationally induced electronic activity that takes place in any molecular system. Although the molecule's BEA is composed of an equal number of local contributions as the vibrational degrees of freedom, our results indicate that only stretching modes contribute to it. To account for this electronic activity, a new descriptor, the bond electronic flux (BEF), is introduced. The BEF combined with the force constant of the potential well hosting the electronic activity gives rise to the effective bond reactivity index (EBR), which turns out to be the first density functional theory-based descriptor that simultaneously accounts for structural and electronic effects. Besides quantifying the bond reactivity, EBR provides a basis to compare the reactivities of bonds inserted in different chemical environments and paves the way for the exertion of selective control to enhance or inhibit their reactivities. The new concepts formulated in this paper and the associated computational tools are illustrated with characterization of the BEA of a set of representative molecules. In all cases, the BEFs follow the same linear pattern, whose slopes indicate the intensity of the electronic activity and quantify the reactivity of chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca J Benítez
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Soledad Gutiérrez-Oliva
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Bárbara Herrera
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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14
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Banerjee A, Jay RM, Leitner T, Wang RP, Harich J, Stefanuik R, Coates MR, Beale EV, Kabanova V, Kahraman A, Wach A, Ozerov D, Arrell C, Milne C, Johnson PJM, Cirelli C, Bacellar C, Huse N, Odelius M, Wernet P. Accessing metal-specific orbital interactions in C-H activation with resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2398-2409. [PMID: 38362433 PMCID: PMC10866335 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Photochemically prepared transition-metal complexes are known to be effective at cleaving the strong C-H bonds of organic molecules in room temperature solutions. There is also ample theoretical evidence that the two-way, metal to ligand (MLCT) and ligand to metal (LMCT), charge-transfer between an incoming alkane C-H group and the transition metal is the decisive interaction in the C-H activation reaction. What is missing, however, are experimental methods to directly probe these interactions in order to reveal what determines reactivity of intermediates and the rate of the reaction. Here, using quantum chemical simulations we predict and propose future time-resolved valence-to-core resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (VtC-RIXS) experiments at the transition metal L-edge as a method to provide a full account of the evolution of metal-alkane interactions during transition-metal mediated C-H activation reactions. For the model system cyclopentadienyl rhodium dicarbonyl (CpRh(CO)2), we demonstrate, by simulating the VtC-RIXS signatures of key intermediates in the C-H activation pathway, how the Rh-centered valence-excited states accessible through VtC-RIXS directly reflect changes in donation and back-donation between the alkane C-H group and the transition metal as the reaction proceeds via those intermediates. We benchmark and validate our quantum chemical simulations against experimental steady-state measurements of CpRh(CO)2 and Rh(acac)(CO)2 (where acac is acetylacetonate). Our study constitutes the first step towards establishing VtC-RIXS as a new experimental observable for probing reactivity of C-H activation reactions. More generally, the study further motivates the use of time-resolved VtC-RIXS to follow the valence electronic structure evolution along photochemical, photoinitiated and photocatalytic reactions with transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Torsten Leitner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert Stefanuik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Michael R Coates
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Emma V Beale
- Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Wach
- Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences PL-31342 Krakow Poland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nils Huse
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
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15
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Lachguar A, Pichugov AV, Neumann T, Dubrawski Z, Camp C. Cooperative activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds by heterobimetallic systems. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1393-1409. [PMID: 38126396 PMCID: PMC10804807 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The direct activation of C-H bonds has been a rich and active field of organometallic chemistry for many years. Recently, incredible progress has been made and important mechanistic insights have accelerated research. In particular, the use of heterobimetallic complexes to heterolytically activate C-H bonds across the two metal centers has seen a recent surge in interest. This perspective article aims to orient the reader in this fast moving field, highlight recent progress, give design considerations for further research and provide an optimistic outlook on the future of catalytic C-H functionalization with heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Lachguar
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Andrey V Pichugov
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Till Neumann
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Zachary Dubrawski
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Clément Camp
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
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16
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Lin Z, Oliveira JC, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative Double C-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:228-239. [PMID: 38150013 PMCID: PMC10785825 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative reaction has emerged as a promising platform to achieve a sustainable and atom-economic organic synthesis that avoids hazardous oxidants and minimizes undesired byproducts and circuitous functional group operations. However, a poor mechanistic understanding still prevents the widespread adoption of this strategy. In this regard, we herein present an electrochemical palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling strategy to access biaryls in the absence of a stoichiometric chemical oxidant. The robust palladaelectrocatalysis considerably suppresses the occurrence of homocoupling and oxygenation, being compatible even with electron-deficient arenes. Late-stage functionalization and Boscalid precursor synthesis further highlighted the practical importance of our electrolysis. Remarkably, mechanistic studies including the evaluation of the reaction order of each component by variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) and initial rate analysis, H/D exchange experiment, kinetic isotope effect, and stoichiometric organometallic experiments provided strong support for the involvement of transmetalation between two organopalladium complexes in the turnover limiting step. Therefore, matching the concentrations or lifetimes of two distinct organopalladium intermediates is revealed to be a pivot to the success of electrooxidative catalysis. Moreover, the presence of cationic copper(II) seems to contribute to the stabilization of the palladium(0) catalyst instead of playing a role in the oxidation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Ibáñez-Ibáñez L, Mollar-Cuni A, Apaloo-Messan E, Sharma AK, Mata JA, Maseras F, Vicent C. Ion mobility mass spectrometry uncovers regioselectivity in the carboxylate-assisted C-H activation of palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:656-665. [PMID: 38073605 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02793g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylate-assisted Pd-catalyzed C-H bond activation constitutes a mild and versatile synthetic tool to efficiently and selectively cleave inert C-H bonds. Herein, we demonstrate a simple method to experimentally evaluate both reactivity and selectivity in such systems using mass spectrometry (MS) methods. The N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) cations [(NHC)PdX]+, bearing as X- ligand bases commonly used to promote the C-H activation (carboxylates and bicarbonate), are generated in the gas-phase by ESI-MS. Their C-H bond activation at the N-bound groups of the NHC is then studied using Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IM)-MS is exploited to identify a number of regioisomers associated with the distinctive site selective C-H activations. It is demonstrated that such C-H activation concomitant with acetic acid release occurs from a mixture of activated [(NHC-H)Pd(CH3CO2H)]+ and non-activated [(NHC)Pd(CH3CO2)]+ complexes. The identity of the X-type ligands (X = Cl-, carboxylates and bicarbonate) has a significant impact on the regioisomer branching ratio upon CID conditions. IM-MS in conjunction with a DFT mechanistic study is presented for the acetate-assisted C-H activation of the [(NHC)Pd(CH3CO2)]+ cation featuring butyl and aryl as N-donor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibáñez-Ibáñez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Andres Mollar-Cuni
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Edmond Apaloo-Messan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Jose A Mata
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Cristian Vicent
- Serveis Centrals d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC). Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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18
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Matsuoka M, Nagata K, Ohno R, Matsuo T, Tobita H, Hashimoto H. Neutral Chromium Complex with a Cr≡Si Triple Bond: Synthesis and Photoinduced H-H and Benzene C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2023:e202303765. [PMID: 38088491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A neutral silylyne complex with a Cr≡Si triple bond was prepared by dehydrogenation of a chromium silylene complex with Cr-H and Si-H bonds, and was isolated as monomeric crystals, unlike dimeric forms of its tungsten and molybdenum congeners. The strong Cr(δ-)-Si(δ+) bond polarity was revealed by the reaction with MeOH and DFT calculations. The chromium silylyne complex reacted with H2 under LED (365 nm) irradiation to reproduce the precursor silylene complex with a (H)Cr=Si(H) moiety, as a result of 1,2-H-H addition across the Cr≡Si triple bond. Similarly, the chromium silylyne complex reacted with benzene under irradiation to afford an 1,2-addition product with a (H)Cr=Si(Ph) moiety, via benzene C-H bond activation accompanied by Si-C bond forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryoma Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi, Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi, Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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19
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Vennelakanti V, Li GL, Kulik HJ. Why Nonheme Iron Halogenases Do Not Fluorinate C-H Bonds: A Computational Investigation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19758-19770. [PMID: 37972340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective halogenation is necessary for a range of fine chemical applications, including the development of therapeutic drugs. While synthetic processes to achieve C-H halogenation require harsh conditions, enzymes such as nonheme iron halogenases carry out some types of C-H halogenation, i.e., chlorination or bromination, with ease, while others, i.e., fluorination, have never been observed in natural or engineered nonheme iron enzymes. Using density functional theory and correlated wave function theory, we investigate the differences in structural and energetic preferences of the smaller fluoride and the larger chloride or bromide intermediates throughout the catalytic cycle. Although we find that the energetics of rate-limiting hydrogen atom transfer are not strongly impacted by fluoride substitution, the higher barriers observed during the radical rebound reaction for fluoride relative to chloride and bromide contribute to the difficulty of C-H fluorination. We also investigate the possibility of isomerization playing a role in differences in reaction selectivity, and our calculations reveal crucial differences in terms of isomer energetics of the key ferryl intermediate between fluoride and chloride/bromide intermediates. While formation of monodentate isomers believed to be involved in selective catalysis is shown for chloride and bromide intermediates, we find that formation of the fluoride monodentate intermediate is not possible in our calculations, which lack additional stabilizing interactions with the greater protein environment. Furthermore, the shorter Fe-F bonds are found to increase isomerization reaction barriers, suggesting that incorporation of residues that form a halogen bond with F and elongate Fe-F bonds could make selective C-H fluorination possible in nonheme iron halogenases. Our work highlights the differences between the fluoride and chloride/bromide intermediates and suggests potential steps toward engineering nonheme iron halogenases to enable selective C-H fluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Vennelakanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grace L Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Roth D, Radosevich AT, Greb L. Reversible Oxidative Addition of Nonactivated C-H Bonds to Structurally Constrained Phosphenium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24184-24190. [PMID: 37877607 PMCID: PMC10842376 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of structurally constrained phosphenium ions based on pyridinylmethylamidophenolate scaffolds are shown to undergo P(III)/P(V) oxidative addition with C-H bonds of alkynes, alkenes, and arenes. Nonactivated substrates such as benzene, toluene, and deactivated chlorobenzene are phosphorylated in quantitative yields. Computational and spectroscopic studies suggest a low-barrier isomerization from a bent to a T-shaped isomer that initiates a phosphorus-ligand-cooperative pathway and subsequent ring-chain tautomerism. Remarkably, C-H bond activations occur reversibly, allowing for reductive elimination back to P(III) at elevated temperatures or the exchange with other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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de Jesus R, Hiesinger K, van Gemmeren M. Preparative Scale Applications of C-H Activation in Medicinal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306659. [PMID: 37283078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation is an attractive methodology to increase molecular complexity without requiring substrate prefunctionalization. In contrast to well-established cross-coupling methods, C-H activation is less explored on large scales and its use in the production of pharmaceuticals faces substantial hurdles. However, the inherent advantages, such as shorter synthetic routes and simpler starting materials, motivate medicinal chemists and process chemists to overcome these challenges, and exploit C-H activation steps for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. In this review, we will cover examples of drugs/drug candidates where C-H activation has been implemented on a preparative synthetic scale (range between 355 mg and 130 kg). The optimization processes will be described, and each example will be examined in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, providing the reader with an in-depth understanding of the challenges and potential of C-H activation methodologies in the production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Jesus
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hiesinger
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Krishna Rao MV, Kareem S, Vali SR, Subba Reddy BV. Recent advances in metal directed C-H amidation/amination using sulfonyl azides and phosphoryl azides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8426-8462. [PMID: 37831479 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01160g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-N bond formation reactions have gained popularity as a method for selectively transforming common C-H bonds into N-functionalized molecules. This approach is particularly useful for synthesizing aminated molecules, which require aminating reagents and amidated building blocks. Over the past two decades, significant advancements have been achieved in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization, with organic azides emerging as promising amino sources and internal oxidants. This review focuses on recent developments in utilizing sulfonyl and phosphoryl azides as building blocks for directed intra- and intermolecular C-H functionalization reactions. Specifically, it discusses methods for synthesizing sulfonamidates and phosphoramidates using sulfonyl and phosphoryl azides, respectively. The article highlights the potential of C-H functionalization reactions with organic azides for efficiently and sustainably synthesizing N-functionalized molecules, providing valuable insights into the latest advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Krishna Rao
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Shaik Kareem
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Shaik Ramjan Vali
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - B V Subba Reddy
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
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23
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Kalkuhl TL, Qin L, Zhao L, Frenking G, Hadlington TJ. On the σ-complex character of bis(gallyl)/digallane transition metal species. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11088-11095. [PMID: 37860650 PMCID: PMC10583741 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
σ-complexes of homoatomic E-E bonds are key intermediates in catalytically relevant oxidative addition reactions, but are as yet unknown for the group 13 elements. Here, stable species best described as σ-complexes of a 1,2-dichlorodigallane derivative with Ni and Pd are reported. They are readily accessed through the combination of a 1,2-dichlorodigallane derivative, which features chelating phosphine functionalities, with Ni0 and Pd0 synthons. In-depth computational analyses of these complexes importantly reveal considerable Ga-Ga bonding interactions in both Ni and Pd complexes, despite the expected elongation of the Ga-Ga bond upon complexation, suggestive of σ-complex character as opposed to more commonly described bis(gallyl) character. Finally, the well-defined disproportion of the Ni complex is described, leading to a unique GaI-nickel complex, with concomitant expulsion of uncomplexed GaIII species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till L Kalkuhl
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Qin
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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24
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Radzhabov MR, Mankad NP. Activation of robust bonds by carbonyl complexes of Mn, Fe and Co. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11932-11946. [PMID: 37727948 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal carbonyl complexes possess among the most storied histories of any compound class in organometallic chemistry. Nonetheless, these old dogs continue to be taught new tricks. In this Feature, we review the historic discoveries and recent advances in cleaving robust bonds (e.g., C-H, C-O, C-F) using carbonyl complexes of three metals: Mn, Fe, and Co. The use of Mn, Fe, and Co carbonyl catalysts in controlling selectivity during hydrofunctionalization reactions is also discussed. The chemistry of these earth-abundant metals in the field of robust bond functionalization is particularly relevant in the context of sustainability. We expect that an up-to-date perspective on these seemingly simple organometallic species will emphasize the wellspring of reactivity that continues to be available for discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim R Radzhabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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25
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Palmese M, Pérez-Torrente JJ, Passarelli V. Reactivity of Ir(I)-aminophosphane platforms towards oxidants. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13689-13703. [PMID: 37706349 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The iridium(I)-aminophosphane complex [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(cod)] has been prepared by reaction of [IrCl(cod)(SiNP)] with KCH3COO. DFT calculations show that this reaction takes place through an unexpected outer sphere mechanism (SiNP = SiMe2{N(4-C6H4Me)PPh2}2; SiNP-H = CH2SiMe{N(4-C6H4Me)PPh2}2). The reaction of [IrCl(cod)(SiNP)] or [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(cod)] with diverse oxidants has been explored, yielding a range of iridium(III) derivatives. On one hand, [IrCl(cod)(SiNP)] reacts with allyl chloride rendering the octahedral iridium(III) derivative [IrCl2(η3-C3H5)(SiNP)], which, in turn, reacts with tert-butyl isocyanide yielding the substitution product [IrCl(η3-C3H5)(CNtBu)(SiNP)]Cl via the observed intermediate [IrCl2(η1-C3H5)(CNtBu)(SiNP)]. On the other hand, the reaction of [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(cod)] with [FeCp2]X (X = PF6, CF3SO3), I2 or CF3SO3CH3 results in the metal-centered two-electron oxidation rendering a varied assortment of iridium(III) compounds. [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(cod)] reacts with [FeCp2]+ (1 : 2) in acetonitrile affording [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(CH3CN)3]2+ isolated as both the triflato and the hexafluorophosphato derivatives. Also, the reaction of [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(cod)] with I2 (1 : 1) yields a mixture of iridium(III) derivatives, namely the mononuclear compound [IrI(κ2P,P'-SiNP)(η2,η3-C8H11)]I, containing the η2,η3-cycloocta-2,6-dien-1-yl ligand, and two isomers of the dinuclear derivative [Ir2{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}2(μ-I)3]I, the first species being isolated in low yield. DFT calculations indicate that [IrI(κ2P,P'-SiNP)(η2,η3-C8H11)]I forms as the result of a bielectronic oxidation of iridium(I) followed by the deprotonation of the cod ligand by iodide and the protonation of the methylene moiety of the [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}] platform by the newly formed HI. Finally, the oxidation of [Ir{κ3C,P,P'-(SiNP-H)}(cod)] by methyl triflate proceeds via a hydride abstraction from the cod ligand, with the elimination of methane and the formation of the η2,η3-cycloocta-2,6-dien-1-yl ligand with the concomitant two-electron oxidation of the iridium centre. The crystal structures of selected compounds have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Palmese
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jesús J Pérez-Torrente
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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26
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Chen M, Ventura AM, Das S, Ibrahim AF, Zimmerman PM, Montgomery J. Oxidative Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Aldehydes through C( sp3)-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20176-20181. [PMID: 37672664 PMCID: PMC10915535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing methodologies for metal-catalyzed cross-couplings typically rely on preinstallation of reactive functional groups on both reaction partners. In contrast, C-H functionalization approaches offer promise in simplification of the requisite substrates; however, challenges from low reactivity and similar reactivity of various C-H bonds introduce considerable complexity. Herein, the oxidative cross dehydrogenative coupling of α-amino C(sp3)-H bonds and aldehydes to produce ketone derivatives is described using an unusual reaction medium that incorporates the simultaneous use of di-tert-butyl peroxide as an oxidant and zinc metal as a reductant. The method proceeds with a broad substrate scope, representing an attractive approach for accessing α-amino ketones through the formal acylation of C-H bonds α to nitrogen in N-heterocycles. A combination of experimental investigation and computational modeling provides evidence for a mechanistic pathway involving cross-selective nickel-mediated cross-coupling of α-amino radicals and acyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Austin M Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Ammar F Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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27
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Liang H, Borys AM, Hevia E, Perrin MEL, Payard PA. Shedding Light on the Hidden Roles of Lithium in the Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19989-19999. [PMID: 37646479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl ethers is a powerful synthetic tool to transform widely available phenol derivatives into functionalized aromatic molecules. Recent theoretical and experimental mechanistic studies have identified the involvement of heterobimetallic nickelates as key intermediates that facilitate the challenging transformation under mild conditions and often without the need for external ligands or additives. In this work, based on calculations performed at the density functional theory (DFT) level and by comparison with spectroscopic and kinetic data, we investigate the mechanism of the Ni(COD)2-catalyzed cross-coupling of 2-methoxynaphthalene with PhLi and assess the speciation of lithium nickelate intermediates. The crucial role of solvent on the reaction is explained, and the multiple roles played by lithium are unveiled. Experimental studies have identified key lithium nickelate species which support and help to evolve the calculated reaction mechanism and ultimately complete the catalytic cycle. Based on this new mechanistic knowledge, a well-known experimental challenge of these transformations, the so-called "naphthalene problem" which restricts the use of electrophilic coupling partners to π-extended systems, can be addressed to enable the cross-coupling of unbiased aryl ethers under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Liang
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS, INSA, CPE, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Rue Victor Grignard, Villeurbanne Cedex F-69622, France
| | - Andryj M Borys
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Eve L Perrin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS, INSA, CPE, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Rue Victor Grignard, Villeurbanne Cedex F-69622, France
| | - Pierre-Adrien Payard
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS, INSA, CPE, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Rue Victor Grignard, Villeurbanne Cedex F-69622, France
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28
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Korábková T, Bartáček J, Marek L, Hanusek J, Růžička A, Váňa J. Switchable cyclopalladation of substrates containing two directing groups: on the way to non-symmetrical [2.2]-dipalladaparacyclophanes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11113-11119. [PMID: 37493412 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02019c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple switching of the site-selectivity of C-H activation reactions of substrates containing multiple directing groups is particularly important for the so-called late stage functionalization synthetic approach. In this work, we verified the possibility of achieving this by adding acids of different strengths. Using a substrate containing two differently strong (and basic) directing groups, the influence of the addition of acids on the regioselectivity of the C-H activation step of the reaction with palladium acetate was thoroughly studied. The addition of no or weak acids results in cyclopalladation being controlled by a stronger directing group. However, the addition of a strong acid causes protonation of this group and the reaction is then controlled by a weaker directing group. Finally, this approach enables double C-H activation leading to a unique class of compounds: "non-symmetrical" [2.2]-dipalladaparacyclophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Korábková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Bartáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Hanusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Váňa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
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29
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Monot J, Marelli E, Martin-Vaca B, Bourissou D. (P,C)-cyclometalated complexes derived from naphthyl phosphines: versatile and powerful tools in organometallic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3543-3566. [PMID: 37129171 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of (P,C)-cyclometalated complexes derived from naphthyl phosphines [Np(P,C)M] is presented and analysed in this review. The three main synthetic approaches, namely P-chelation assisted C-H activation, oxidative addition and transmetalation, are described and compared. If a naphthyl framework inherently predisposes a phosphorus atom and transition metal to interact, a rigid metallacycle may induce some strain and distortion, as apparent from the survey of the single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (77 entries with metals from groups 7 to 11). Generally, the Np(P,C)-cyclometalation imparts high thermal and chemical robustness to the complexes, and a variety of stoichiometric reactions have been reported. In most cases, the metalacyclic structure is retained, but protodecyclometalation and ring-expansion have been sparingly observed. [Np(P,C)M] complexes have also proved to be competent and actually competitive catalysts in several transformations, and they act as key intermediates in some others. In addition, interesting phosphorescence properties have been occasionally pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Monot
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France.
| | - Enrico Marelli
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France.
| | - Blanca Martin-Vaca
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France.
| | - Didier Bourissou
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France.
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30
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Logallo A, Hevia E. Applying Na/Co(II) bimetallic partnerships to promote multiple Co-H exchanges in polyfluoroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5383-5386. [PMID: 37060131 PMCID: PMC10152514 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic base NaCo(HMDS)3 [HMDS = N(SiMe3)2] enables regioselective di-cobaltation of activated polyfluoroarenes under mild reaction conditions. For 1,3,5-C6H2X3 (X= Cl, F), NaCo(HMDS)3 in excess at 80 °C impressively induces the collective cleavage of five bonds (two C-H and three C-X) of the substrates via a cascade activation process that cannot be replicated by LiCo(HMDS)3 or KCo(HMDS)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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31
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Kumar R, Sharma T, Sharma U. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Alkylation of 8-Methylquinolines with Oxabenzonorbornadienes. Org Lett 2023; 25:2627-2631. [PMID: 37023212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a concise Rh(III)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H alkylation of 8-methylquinolines with oxabenzonorbornadiene scaffolds and other strained olefins has been disclosed. The retention of the oxabenzonorbornadiene skeleton, broad substrate scope, and wide-ranging functional group tolerance are the key features of the developed catalytic methodology. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction does not involve a radical pathway, and the five-membered rhodacycle is the key intermediate. This is the first report on the C(sp3)-H alkylation of 8-methylquinolines with strained oxabenzonorbornadiene scaffolds (with ring retention).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Tamanna Sharma
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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32
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Nitric acid free cyclohexane to adipic acid production using nickel and vanadium incorporated AlPO-5 molecular sieve. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Roy S, Panja S, Sahoo SR, Chatterjee S, Maiti D. Enroute sustainability: metal free C-H bond functionalisation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2391-2479. [PMID: 36924227 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The term "C-H functionalisation" incorporates C-H activation followed by its transformation. In a single line, this can be defined as the conversion of carbon-hydrogen bonds into carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. The catalytic functionalisation of C-H bonds using transition metals has emerged as an atom-economical technique to engender new bonds without activated precursors which can be considered as a major drawback while attempting large-scale synthesis. Replacing the transition-metal-catalysed approach with a metal-free strategy significantly offers an alternative route that is not only inexpensive but also environmentally benign to functionalize C-H bonds. Recently metal free synthetic approaches have been flourishing to functionalize C-H bonds, motivated by the search for greener, cost-effective, and non-toxic catalysts. In this review, we will highlight the comprehensive and up-to-date discussion on recent examples of ground-breaking research on green and sustainable metal-free C-H bond functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sumeet Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sagnik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Yang Y, Volpato GA, Rossin E, Peruffo N, Tumbarello F, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Paoloni L, Umari P, Colusso E, Dell'Amico L, Berardi S, Collini E, Caramori S, Agnoli S, Sartorel A. Photoelectrochemical C-H Activation Through a Quinacridone Dye Enabling Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201980. [PMID: 36507568 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoanodes for C-H activation in organic substrates are assembled by vacuum sublimation of a commercially available quinacridone (QNC) dye in the form of nanosized rods onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), TiO2 , and SnO2 slides. The photoanodes display extended absorption in the visible range (450-600 nm) and ultrafast photoinduced electron injection (<1 ps, as revealed by transient absorption spectroscopy) of the QNC dye into the semiconductor. The proton-coupled electron-transfer reactivity of QNC is exploited for generating a nitrogen-based radical as its oxidized form, which is competent in C-H bond activation. The key reactivity parameter is the bond-dissociation free energy (BDFE) associated with the N⋅/N-H couple in QNC of 80.5±2.3 kcal mol-1 , which enables hydrogen atom abstraction from allylic or benzylic C-H moieties. A photoelectrochemical response is indeed observed for organic substrates characterized by C-H bonds with BDFE below the 80.5 kcal mol-1 threshold, such as γ-terpinene, xanthene, or dihydroanthracene. This work provides a rational, mechanistically oriented route to the design of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes for selective organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshuo Yang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rossin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Peruffo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Tumbarello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Colusso
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Berardi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Dutta S, Kumar P, Yadav S, Sharma RD, Shivaprasad P, Vimaleswaran KS, Srivastava A, Sharma RK. Accelerating innovations in C H activation/functionalization through intricately designed magnetic nanomaterials: From genesis to applicability in liquid/regio/photo catalysis. CATAL COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2023.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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36
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Oddy MJ, Kusza DA, Epton RG, Lynam JM, Unsworth WP, Petersen WF. Visible-Light-Mediated Energy Transfer Enables the Synthesis of β-Lactams via Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213086. [PMID: 36205440 PMCID: PMC9828223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2-azetidinones (β-lactams) from simple acrylamide starting materials by visible-light-mediated energy transfer catalysis is reported. The reaction features a C(sp3 )-H functionalization via a variation of the Norrish-Yang photocyclization involving a carbon-to-carbon 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (supported by deuterium labelling and DFT calculations) and can be used for the construction of a diverse range of β-lactam products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J. Oddy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
| | - Daniel A. Kusza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
| | - Ryan G. Epton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | | | - Wade F. Petersen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
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37
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Rettig ID, Xu J, Knight EA, Truong PT, Bowring MA. Variable Kinetic Isotope Effect Reveals a Multistep Pathway for Protonolysis of a Pt–Me Bond. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irving D. Rettig
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
| | - Jingtong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
| | | | - Phan T. Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
| | - Miriam A. Bowring
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
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38
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Whitehurst WG, Kim J, Koenig SG, Chirik PJ. C-H Activation by Isolable Cationic Bis(phosphine) Cobalt(III) Metallacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19186-19195. [PMID: 36194198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five- and six-coordinate cationic bis(phosphine) cobalt(III) metallacycle complexes were synthesized with the general structures, [(depe)Co(cycloneophyl)(L)(L')][BArF4] (depe = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane; cycloneophyl = [κ-C:C-(CH2C(Me)2)C6H4]; L/L' = pyridine, pivalonitrile, or the vacant site, BAr4F = B[(3,5-(CF3)2)C6H3]4). Each of these compounds promoted facile directed C(sp2)-H activation with exclusive selectivity for ortho-alkylated products, consistent with the selectivity of reported cobalt-catalyzed arene-alkene-alkyne coupling reactions. The direct observation of C-H activation by cobalt(III) metallacycles provided experimental support for the intermediacy of these compounds in this class of catalytic C-H functionalization reaction. Deuterium labeling and kinetic studies provided insight into the nature of C-H bond cleavage and C-C bond reductive elimination from isolable cobalt(III) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Whitehurst
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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39
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Hamdaoui M, Liu F, Cornaton Y, Lu X, Shi X, Zhang H, Liu J, Spingler B, Djukic JP, Duttwyler S. An Iridium-Stabilized Borenium Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18359-18374. [PMID: 36173688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of new organometallic systems based on polyhedral boron clusters has the potential to solve challenging chemical problems such as the stabilization of reactive intermediates and transition-state-like species postulated for E-H (E = H, B, C, Si) bond activation reactions. We report on facile and clean B-H activation of a hydroborane by a new iridium boron cluster complex. The product of this reaction is an unprecedented and fully characterized transition metal-stabilized boron cation or borenium. Moreover, this intermediate bears an unusual intramolecular B···H interaction between the hydrogen originating from the activated hydroborane and the cyclometallated metal-bonded boron atom of the boron cluster. This B···H interaction is proposed to be an arrested insertion of hydrogen into the Bcage-metal bond and the initiation step for iridium "cage-walking" around the upper surface of the boron cluster. The "cage-walking" process is supported by the hydrogen-deuterium exchange observed at the boron cluster, and a mechanism is proposed on the basis of theoretical methods with a special focus on the role of noncovalent interactions. All new compounds were isolated and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Key compounds were studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Hamdaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yann Cornaton
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Instrumentation Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Instrumentation Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Instrumentation Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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40
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Dimakos V, Canterbury DP, Monfette S, Roosen PC, Newman SG. A Morita–Baylis–Hillman Inspired Cross-Coupling Strategy for the Direct α-Arylation of Cyclic Enones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Dimakos
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel P. Canterbury
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Philipp C. Roosen
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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41
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Ramiro JL, Neo AG, Marcos CF. Synthesis of imidazolocoumarins by the amide-directed oxidative cyclisation of enol-Ugi derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5293-5307. [PMID: 35722807 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00518b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative C(sp3)-H intramolecular imination of hydroxycoumarin enol-Ugi adduct derivatives affords selectively diversely substituted imidazolocoumarins in one pot. The amide group derived from the enol-Ugi isocyanide component directs the functionalisation of the adjacent C(sp3)-H and then is lost as an isocyanate molecule in an unprecedented transformation. This strategy was applied for the synthesis of potential modulators of innate immune system receptor TLR7, which showed high binding affinities in the molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Ramiro
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.). Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica. Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ana G Neo
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.). Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica. Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Carlos F Marcos
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.). Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica. Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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42
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Corpas J, Arpa EM, Lapierre R, Corral I, Mauleón P, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Interplay between the Directing Group and Multifunctional Acetate Ligand in Pd-Catalyzed anti-Acetoxylation of Unsymmetrical Dialkyl-Substituted Alkynes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6596-6605. [PMID: 35692253 PMCID: PMC9173690 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cooperative action of the acetate ligand, the 2-pyridyl sulfonyl (SO2Py) directing group on the alkyne substrate, and the palladium catalyst has been shown to be crucial for controlling reactivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity in the acetoxylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes under mild reaction conditions. The corresponding alkenyl acetates were obtained in good yields with complete levels of β-regioselectivity and anti-acetoxypalladation stereocontrol. Experimental and computational analyses provide insight into the reasons behind this delicate interplay between the ligand, directing group, and the metal in the reaction mechanism. In fact, these studies unveil the multiple important roles of the acetate ligand in the coordination sphere at the Pd center: (i) it brings the acetic acid reagent into close proximity to the metal to allow the simultaneous activation of the alkyne and the acetic acid, (ii) it serves as an inner-sphere base while enhancing the nucleophilicity of the acid, and (iii) it acts as an intramolecular acid to facilitate protodemetalation and regeneration of the catalyst. Further insight into the origin of the observed regiocontrol is provided by the mapping of potential energy profiles and distortion-interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Corpas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique M. Arpa
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping
University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Romain Lapierre
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias,
UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Mauleón
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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43
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Rubčić M, Hernández JG. Cocrystal Formation Precedes the Mechanochemically Acetate-Assisted C-H Activation with [Cp*RhCl 2 ] 2. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200737. [PMID: 35274769 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the experimentally studied mechanochemical formation of rhodacycles by ball milling pyridine- and quinoline-derived substrates and [Cp*RhCl2 ]2 in the presence of NaOAc. Ex-situ analysis of the mechanochemical reactions using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state UV-vis spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the formation of unexpected cocrystals between the substrates and the rhodium dimer prior to the C-H activation step. This sequence of events differs from the generally accepted steps in solution in which cleavage of [Cp*RhCl2 ]2 is initiated by acetate ions. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach enabled the synthesis of the six-membered rhodacycle [Cp*Rh(2-benzilpyridine)Cl], a metal complex repeatedly reported as inaccessible in solution. Altogether, the results of this investigation clarify some of the fundamental aspects of mechanochemical cyclometallations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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44
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Vennelakanti V, Mehmood R, Kulik HJ. Are Vanadium Intermediates Suitable Mimics in Non-Heme Iron Enzymes? An Electronic Structure Analysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Vennelakanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rimsha Mehmood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J. Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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45
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Kurihara T, Kojima M, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Achiral Cp*Rh(III)/Chiral Lewis Base Cooperative Catalysis for Enantioselective Cyclization via C–H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7058-7065. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumaru Kurihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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46
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Abdelgaid M, Mpourmpakis G. Structure–Activity Relationships in Lewis Acid–Base Heterogeneous Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdelgaid
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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47
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Eisenstein O. From the Felkin‐Anh Rule to the Grignard Reaction: an Almost Circular 50 Year Adventure in the World of Molecular Structures and Reaction Mechanisms with Computational Chemistry**. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Eisenstein
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34095 France Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
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