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Van Woerkom A, Harney DJ, Nagarajan SR, Hakeem-Sanni MF, Lin J, Hooke M, Pulpitel T, Cooney GJ, Larance M, Saunders DN, Brandon AE, Hoy AJ. Hepatic lipid droplet-associated proteome changes distinguish dietary-induced fatty liver from glucose tolerance in male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E842-E855. [PMID: 38656127 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Fatty liver is characterized by the expansion of lipid droplets (LDs) and is associated with the development of many metabolic diseases. We assessed the morphology of hepatic LDs and performed quantitative proteomics in lean, glucose-tolerant mice compared with high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice that displayed hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance as well as high-starch diet (HStD) fed mice who exhibited similar levels of hepatic steatosis but remained glucose tolerant. Both HFD- and HStD-fed mice had more and larger LDs than Chow-fed animals. We observed striking differences in liver LD proteomes of HFD- and HStD-fed mice compared with Chow-fed mice, with fewer differences between HFD and HStD. Taking advantage of our diet strategy, we identified a fatty liver LD proteome consisting of proteins common in HFD- and HStD-fed mice, as well as a proteome associated with glucose tolerance that included proteins shared in Chow and HStD but not HFD-fed mice. Notably, glucose intolerance was associated with changes in the ratio of adipose triglyceride lipase to perilipin 5 in the LD proteome, suggesting dysregulation of neutral lipid homeostasis in glucose-intolerant fatty liver. We conclude that our novel dietary approach uncouples ectopic lipid burden from insulin resistance-associated changes in the hepatic lipid droplet proteome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study identified a fatty liver lipid droplet proteome and one associated with glucose tolerance. Notably, glucose intolerance was linked with changes in the ratio of adipose triglyceride lipase to perilipin 5 that is indicative of dysregulation of neutral lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Van Woerkom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dylan J Harney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shilpa R Nagarajan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariam F Hakeem-Sanni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jinfeng Lin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Hooke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Geier A, Trost J, Wang K, Schmid C, Krawczyk M, Schiffels S. PNPLA3 fatty liver allele was fixed in Neanderthals and segregates neutrally in humans. Gut 2024; 73:1008-1014. [PMID: 38458749 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat deposition is modulated by environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Genome-wide association studies identified PNPLA3 p.I148M (rs738409) as a common variant that increases risk of developing liver steatosis. When and how this variant evolved in humans has not been studied to date. DESIGN Here we analyse ancient DNA to track the history of this allele throughout human history. In total, 6444 published ancient (modern humans, Neanderthal, Denisovan) and 3943 published present day genomes were used for analysis after extracting genotype calls for PNPLA3 p.I148M. To quantify changes through time, logistic and, by grouping individuals according to geography and age, linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS We find that archaic human individuals (Neanderthal, Denisovan) exclusively carried a fixed PNPLA3 risk allele, whereas allele frequencies in modern human populations range from very low in Africa to >50% in Mesoamerica. Over the last 15 000 years, distributions of ancestral and derived alleles roughly match the present day distribution. Logistic regression analyses did not yield signals of natural selection during the last 10 000 years. CONCLUSION Archaic human individuals exclusively carried a fixed PNPLA3 allele associated with fatty liver, whereas allele frequencies in modern human populations are variable even in the oldest samples. Our observation might underscore the advantage of fat storage in cold climate and particularly for Neanderthal under ice age conditions. The absent signals of natural selection during modern human history does not support the thrifty gene hypothesis in case of PNPLA3 p.I148M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geier
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Trost
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ke Wang
- Department Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemens Schmid
- Department Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for the Science of Human History, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Center for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Enkler L, Spang A. Functional interplay of lipid droplets and mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1235-1251. [PMID: 38268392 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Our body stores energy mostly in form of fatty acids (FAs) in lipid droplets (LDs). From there the FAs can be mobilized and transferred to peroxisomes and mitochondria. This transfer is dependent on close opposition of LDs and mitochondria and peroxisomes and happens at membrane contact sites. However, the composition and the dynamics of these contact sites is not well understood, which is in part due to the dependence on the metabolic state of the cell and on the cell- and tissue-type. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contacts between lipid droplets and mitochondria both in mammals and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which various contact sites are well studied. We discuss possible functions of the contact site and their implication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Sherman DJ, Liu L, Mamrosh JL, Xie J, Ferbas J, Lomenick B, Ladinsky MS, Verma R, Rulifson IC, Deshaies RJ. The fatty liver disease-causing protein PNPLA3-I148M alters lipid droplet-Golgi dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318619121. [PMID: 38657050 PMCID: PMC11067037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318619121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a progressive metabolic disorder that begins with aberrant triglyceride accumulation in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis and cancer. A common variant in the gene PNPLA3, encoding the protein PNPLA3-I148M, is the strongest known genetic risk factor for MASLD. Despite its discovery 20 y ago, the function of PNPLA3, and now the role of PNPLA3-I148M, remain unclear. In this study, we sought to dissect the biogenesis of PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M and characterize changes induced by endogenous expression of the disease-causing variant. Contrary to bioinformatic predictions and prior studies with overexpressed proteins, we demonstrate here that PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M are not endoplasmic reticulum-resident transmembrane proteins. To identify their intracellular associations, we generated a paired set of isogenic human hepatoma cells expressing PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M at endogenous levels. Both proteins were enriched in lipid droplet, Golgi, and endosomal fractions. Purified PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M proteins associated with phosphoinositides commonly found in these compartments. Despite a similar fractionation pattern as the wild-type variant, PNPLA3-I148M induced morphological changes in the Golgi apparatus, including increased lipid droplet-Golgi contact sites, which were also observed in I148M-expressing primary human patient hepatocytes. In addition to lipid droplet accumulation, PNPLA3-I148M expression caused significant proteomic and transcriptomic changes that resembled all stages of liver disease. Cumulatively, we validate an endogenous human cellular system for investigating PNPLA3-I148M biology and identify the Golgi apparatus as a central hub of PNPLA3-I148M-driven cellular change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Liu
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | | | | | | | - Brett Lomenick
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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5
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Meng M, Cao Y, Qiu J, Shan G, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Guo M, Yu J, Ma Y, Xie C, Hu C, Xu L, Mueller E, Ma X. Zinc finger protein ZNF638 regulates triglyceride metabolism via ANGPTL8 in an estrogen dependent manner. Metabolism 2024; 152:155784. [PMID: 38211696 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Triglyceride (TG) levels are closely related to obesity, fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases, while the regulatory factors and mechanism for triglyceride homeostasis are still largely unknown. Zinc Finger Protein 638 (ZNF638) is a newly discovered member of zinc finger protein family for adipocyte function in vitro. The aim of the present work was to investigate the role of ZNF638 in regulating triglyceride metabolism in mice. METHODS We generated ZNF638 adipose tissue specific knockout mice (ZNF638 FKO) by cross-breeding ZNF638 flox to Adiponectin-Cre mice and achieved adipose tissue ZNF638 overexpression via adenoviral mediated ZNF638 delivery in inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) to examined the role and mechanisms of ZNF638 in fat biology and whole-body TG homeostasis. RESULTS Although ZNF638 FKO mice showed similar body weights, body composition, glucose metabolism and serum parameters compared to wild-type mice under chow diet, serum TG levels in ZNF638 FKO mice were increased dramatically after refeeding compared to wild-type mice, accompanied with decreased endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and increased lipid absorption of the small intestine. Conversely, ZNF638 overexpression in iWAT reduced serum TG levels while enhanced LPL activity after refeeding in female C57BL/6J mice and obese ob/ob mice. Specifically, only female mice exhibited altered TG metabolism upon ZNF638 expression changes in fat. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the TG regulator angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8) was highly expressed in iWAT of female ZNF638 FKO mice. Neutralizing circulating ANGPTL8 in female ZNF638 FKO mice abolished refeeding-induced TG elevation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ZNF638 functions as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting HDAC1 for histone deacetylation and broad lipid metabolic gene suppression, including Angptl8 transcription inhibition. Moreover, we showed that the sexual dimorphism is possibly due to estrogen dependent regulation on ZNF638-ANGPTL8 axis. CONCLUSION We revealed a role of ZNF638 in the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by affecting Angptl8 transcriptional level in adipose tissue with sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyao Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yuxiang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangyu Shan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingwen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingwei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Yuandi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Elisabetta Mueller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department of Medicine New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China.
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6
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Mathiowetz AJ, Olzmann JA. Lipid droplets and cellular lipid flux. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:331-345. [PMID: 38454048 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids, serve the metabolic needs of cells, and sequester lipids to prevent lipotoxicity and membrane damage. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanisms of lipid droplet biogenesis and turnover, the transfer of lipids and metabolites at membrane contact sites, and the role of lipid droplets in regulating fatty acid flux in lipotoxicity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Mathiowetz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Colaço-Gaspar M, Hofer P, Oberer M, Zechner R. PNPLA-mediated lipid hydrolysis and transacylation - At the intersection of catabolism and anabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159410. [PMID: 37951382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing proteins (PNPLAs) play diverse roles in lipid metabolism. In this review, we focus on the enzymatic properties and predicted 3D structures of PNPLA1-5. PNPLA2-4 exert both catabolic and anabolic functions. Whereas PNPLA1 is predominantly expressed in the epidermis and involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis, PNPLA2 and 4 are ubiquitously expressed and exhibit several enzymatic activities, including hydrolysis and transacylation of various (glycero-)lipid species. This review summarizes known biological roles for PNPLA-mediated hydrolysis and transacylation reactions and highlights open questions concerning their physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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8
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Shi B, Zhang Z, Lv X, An K, Li L, Xia Z. Screening of Genes Related to Fat Deposition of Pekin Ducks Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:268. [PMID: 38254437 PMCID: PMC10812498 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous fat deposition is an important index with which to evaluate meat-producing ducks, and affects their meat quality and feed conversion rate. Studying the differentially expressed genes in subcutaneous fat will help to comprehensively understand the potential mechanisms regulating fat deposition in ducks. In this study, 72 Nankou 1 Pekin Ducks and 72 Jingdian Pekin Ducks (half male and half female) at 42 days of age were selected for slaughter performance and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that the breast-muscle yield of Nankou 1 ducks was significantly higher than that of Jingdian ducks, but that the abdominal fat yield and subcutaneous fat yield were higher than that of Jingdian ducks. Thousands of DEGs, including many important genes involved in fat metabolism regulation, were detected by transcriptome. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched on pathways such as regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. SCD, FGF7, LTBP1, PNPLA3, ADCY2, and ACOT8 were selected as candidate genes for regulating subcutaneous fat deposition. The results indicated that Nankou 1 had superior fat deposition ability compared to Jingdian ducks, and that the candidate genes regulated fat deposition by regulating fat synthesis and decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Xueze Lv
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100107, China;
| | - Keying An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Lei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhaofei Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
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9
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Butcko AJ, Putman AK, Mottillo EP. The Intersection of Genetic Factors, Aberrant Nutrient Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Cardiometabolic Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:87. [PMID: 38247511 PMCID: PMC10812494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), which encompasses metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been increasing considerably in the past 50 years. CMD is a complex disease that can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors such as diet. With the increased reliance on processed foods containing saturated fats, fructose and cholesterol, a mechanistic understanding of how these molecules cause metabolic disease is required. A major pathway by which excessive nutrients contribute to CMD is through oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss how oxidative stress can drive CMD and the role of aberrant nutrient metabolism and genetic risk factors and how they potentially interact to promote progression of MAFLD, CVD and CKD. This review will focus on genetic mutations that are known to alter nutrient metabolism. We discuss the major genetic risk factors for MAFLD, which include Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase Domain Containing 7 (MBOAT7) and Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 (TM6SF2). In addition, mutations that prevent nutrient uptake cause hypercholesterolemia that contributes to CVD. We also discuss the mechanisms by which MAFLD, CKD and CVD are mutually associated with one another. In addition, some of the genetic risk factors which are associated with MAFLD and CVD are also associated with CKD, while some genetic risk factors seem to dissociate one disease from the other. Through a better understanding of the causative effect of genetic mutations in CMD and how aberrant nutrient metabolism intersects with our genetics, novel therapies and precision approaches can be developed for treating CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Butcko
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ashley K. Putman
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Emilio P. Mottillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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10
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Chen J, Chan TTH, Zhou J. Lipid metabolism in the immune niche of tumor-prone liver microenvironment. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:68-84. [PMID: 37474318 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a common primary site not only for tumorigenesis, but also for cancer metastasis. Advanced cancer patients with liver metastases also show reduced response rates and survival benefits when treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the importance of the liver immune microenvironment in determining tumorigenesis, metastasis-organotropism, and immunotherapy resistance. Various immune cells such as T cells, natural killer and natural killer T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, and stromal cells including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatocytes are implicated in contributing to the immune niche of tumor-prone liver microenvironment. In parallel, as the major organ for lipid metabolism, the increased abundance of lipids and their metabolites is linked to processes crucial for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and related liver cancer development. Furthermore, the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of hepatic immune and stromal cells are also reported to be regulated by lipid metabolism. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism may hold great potential to reprogram the immunosuppressive liver microenvironment and synergistically enhance the immunotherapy efficacy in the circumstance of liver metastasis. In this review, we describe how the hepatic microenvironment adapts to the lipid metabolic alterations in pathologic conditions like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We also illustrate how these immunometabolic alterations promote the development of liver cancers and immunotherapy resistance. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic options and hypothetic combination immunotherapies for the treatment of advanced liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Thomas T H Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
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11
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Cho CH, Patel S, Rajbhandari P. Adipose tissue lipid metabolism: lipolysis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 83:102114. [PMID: 37738733 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue stores fatty acid (FA) as triglyceride in the lipid droplet organelle of highly specialized cells known as fat cells or adipocytes. Depending on the nutritional state and energy demand, hormonal and biochemical signals converge on activating an elegant and fundamental process known as lipolysis, which involves triglyceride hydrolysis to FAs. Almost six decades of work have vastly expanded our knowledge of lipolysis from enzymatic processes to complex protein assembly, disassembly, and post-translational modification. Research in recent decades ushered in the discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators and the characterization of numerous factors and signaling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. This review will discuss recent developments with particular emphasis on the past two years in enzymatic lipolytic pathways and transcriptional regulation of lipolysis. We will summarize the positive and negative regulators of lipolysis, the adipose tissue microenvironment in lipolysis, and the systemic effects of lipolysis. The dynamic nature of adipocyte lipolysis is emerging as an essential regulator of metabolism and energy balance, and we will discuss recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hwan Cho
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanil Patel
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place New York, NY 10029 USA.
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12
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Zhu H, Ahmad S, Duan Z, Shi J, Tang X, Dong Q, Xi C, Ge L, Wu T, Tan Y. The Jinggangmycin-induced Mthl2 gene regulates the development and stress resistance in Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105630. [PMID: 37945234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Methuselah (Mth) belongs to the GPCR family B, which regulates various biological processes and stress responses. The previous transcriptome data showed jinggangmycin (JGM)-induced Mthl2 expression. However, its detailed functional role remained unclear in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål. In adult N. lugens, the Mthl2 gene showed dominant expressions, notably in ovaries and fat body tissues. The 3rd instar nymphs treated with JGM increased starvation, oxidative stress, and high temperature (34 °C) tolerance of the adults. On the contrary, under dsMthl2 treatment, completely opposite phenotypes were observed. The lipid synthesis genes (DGAT1and PNPLA3) of both females and males treated with JGM in the nymphal stage were observed with high expressions, while the lipolysis of the Lipase 3 gene was observed with low expressions. The JGM increased triglyceride (TG) content, fat body droplet size, and the number of fat body droplets. The same treatment also increased the Glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. An increase in the heat shock protein (HSP70 and HSP90) expression levels was also observed under JGM treatment but not dsMthl2. The current study demonstrated the influential role of the Mthl genes, particularly the Mthl2 gene, in modulating the growth and development and stress-responsiveness in N. lugens. Thus, providing a platform for future applied research programs controlling N. lugens population in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheraz Ahmad
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhirou Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Junting Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xingyu Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoqiao Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuanyuan Xi
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Linquan Ge
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China.
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yongan Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China.
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13
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Shihana F, Cholan PM, Fraser S, Oehlers SH, Seth D. Investigating the role of lipid genes in liver disease using fatty liver models of alcohol and high fat in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Liver Int 2023; 43:2455-2468. [PMID: 37650211 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of lipid in the liver is the first hallmark of both alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent studies indicate that specific mutations in lipid genes confer risk and might influence disease progression to irreversible liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to understand the function/s of lipid risk genes driving disease development in zebrafish genetic models of alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related fatty liver. METHODS We used zebrafish larvae to investigate the effect of alcohol and high fat to model fatty liver and tested the utility of this model to study lipid risk gene functions. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to create knockdowns in 5 days post-fertilisation zebrafish larvae for the available orthologs of human cirrhosis risk genes (pnpla3, faf2, tm6sf2). To establish fatty liver models, larvae were exposed to ethanol and a high-fat diet (HFD) consisting of chicken egg yolk. Changes in morphology (imaging), survival, liver injury (biochemical tests, histopathology), gene expression (qPCR) and lipid accumulation (dye-specific live imaging) were analysed across treatment groups to test the functions of these genes. RESULTS Exposure of 5-day post-fertilisation (dpf) WT larvae to 2% ethanol or HFD for 48 h developed measurable hepatic steatosis. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing depleted pnpla3, faf2 and tm6sf2 gene expression in these CRISPR knockdown larvae (crispants). Depletion significantly increased the effects of ethanol and HFD toxicity by increasing hepatic steatosis and hepatic neutrophil recruitment ≥2-fold in all three crispants. Furthermore, ethanol or HFD exposure significantly altered the expression of genes associated with ethanol metabolism (cyp2y3) and lipid metabolism-related gene expression, including atgl (triglyceride hydrolysis), axox1, echs1 (fatty acid β-oxidation), fabp10a (transport), hmgcra (metabolism), notch1 (signalling) and srebp1 (lipid synthesis), in all three pnpla3, faf2 and tm6sf2 crispants. Nile Red staining in all three crispants revealed significantly increased lipid droplet size and triglyceride accumulation in the livers following exposure to ethanol or HFD. CONCLUSIONS We identified roles for pnpla3, faf2 and tm6sf2 genes in triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid oxidation pathways in a zebrafish larvae model of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima Shihana
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pradeep Manuneedhi Cholan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Fraser
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Dewidar B, Mastrototaro L, Englisch C, Ress C, Granata C, Rohbeck E, Pesta D, Heilmann G, Wolkersdorfer M, Esposito I, Reina Do Fundo M, Zivehe F, Yavas A, Roden M. Alterations of hepatic energy metabolism in murine models of obesity, diabetes and fatty liver diseases. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104714. [PMID: 37454552 PMCID: PMC10384226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed hepatic energy metabolism contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), but the development of changes over time and obesity- or diabetes-related mechanisms remained unclear. METHODS Two-day old male C57BL/6j mice received streptozotocin (STZ) or placebo (PLC) and then high-fat (HFD) or regular chow diet (RCD) from week 4 (W4) to either W8 or W16, yielding control [CTRL = PLC + RCD], diabetes [DIAB = STZ + RCD], obesity [OBES = PLC + HFD] and diabetes-related non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH = STZ + HFD] models. Mitochondrial respiration was measured by high-resolution respirometry and insulin-sensitive glucose metabolism by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with stable isotope dilution. FINDINGS NASH showed higher steatosis and NAFLD activity already at W8 and liver fibrosis at W16 (all p < 0.01 vs CTRL). Ballooning was increased in DIAB and NASH at W16 (p < 0.01 vs CTRL). At W16, insulin sensitivity was 47%, 58% and 75% lower in DIAB, NASH and OBES (p < 0.001 vs CTRL). Hepatic uncoupled fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-associated respiration was reduced in OBES at W8, but doubled in DIAB and NASH at W16 (p < 0.01 vs CTRL) and correlated with biomarkers of unfolded protein response (UPR), oxidative stress and hepatic expression of certain enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2, Acc2; carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, Cpt1a). Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)-driven respiration was lower in OBES at W8 and doubled in DIAB at W16 (p < 0.0001 vs CTRL), which positively correlated with expression of genes related to lipolysis. INTERPRETATION Hepatic mitochondria adapt to various metabolic challenges with increasing FAO-driven respiration, which is linked to dysfunctional UPR, systemic oxidative stress, insulin resistance and altered lipid metabolism. In a diabetes model, higher TCA-linked respiration reflected mitochondrial adaptation to greater hepatic lipid turnover. FUNDING Funding bodies that contributed to this study were listed in the acknowledgements section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedair Dewidar
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Mastrototaro
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Englisch
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Ress
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Insulin Resistance, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cesare Granata
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rohbeck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Geronimo Heilmann
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wolkersdorfer
- Landesapotheke Salzburg, Department of Production, Hospital Pharmacy, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michelle Reina Do Fundo
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fariba Zivehe
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aslihan Yavas
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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15
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Lulić AM, Katalinić M. The PNPLA family of enzymes: characterisation and biological role. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:75-89. [PMID: 37357879 PMCID: PMC10291501 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper brings a brief review of the human patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein (PNPLA) family. Even though it consists of only nine members, their physiological roles and mechanisms of their catalytic activity are not fully understood. However, the results of a number of knock-out and gain- or loss-of-function research models suggest that these enzymes have an important role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of organelle membranes, in cell growth, signalling, cell death, and the metabolism of lipids such as triacylglycerol, phospholipids, ceramides, and retinyl esters. Research has also revealed a connection between PNPLA family member mutations or irregular catalytic activity and the development of various diseases. Here we summarise important findings published so far and discuss their structure, localisation in the cell, distribution in the tissues, specificity for substrates, and their potential physiological role, especially in view of their potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Lulić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Zadoorian A, Du X, Yang H. Lipid droplet biogenesis and functions in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0. [PMID: 37221402 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous yet unique, lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that are increasingly being recognized for their versatility beyond energy storage. Advances uncovering the intricacies of their biogenesis and the diversity of their physiological and pathological roles have yielded new insights into lipid droplet biology. Despite these insights, the mechanisms governing the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets remain incompletely understood. Moreover, the causal relationship between the biogenesis and function of lipid droplets and human diseases is poorly resolved. Here, we provide an update on the current understanding of the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in health and disease, highlighting a key role for lipid droplet biogenesis in alleviating cellular stresses. We also discuss therapeutic strategies of targeting lipid droplet biogenesis, growth or degradation that could be applied in the future to common diseases, such as cancer, hepatic steatosis and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armella Zadoorian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Ajmera V, Loomba R. Advances in the genetics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2023; 39:150-155. [PMID: 37144531 PMCID: PMC10167543 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in the United States and has a strong heritable component. Advances in understanding the genetic underpinnings of NAFLD have revealed important insights into NAFLD pathogenesis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to summarize data on common and rare variants associated with NAFLD, combining risk variants into polygenic scores to predict NAFLD and cirrhosis as well as emerging evidence on using gene silencing as a novel therapeutic target in NAFLD. RECENT FINDINGS Protective variants in HSD17B13, MARC1 and CIDEB have been identified and a confer 10-50% lower risk of cirrhosis. Together, these as well as other NAFLD risk variants, including those in PNPLA3 and TM6SF2, can be combined to create polygenic risk scores associated with liver fat, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genomic analysis of extreme phenotypes including patients with lean NAFLD without visceral adiposity may uncover rare monogenic disorders with pathogenic and therapeutic implications and gene silencing strategies targeting HSD17B13 and PNPLA3 are being evaluated in early phase human studies as treatments for NAFLD. SUMMARY Advances in our understanding of the genetics of NAFLD will enable clinical risk stratification and yield potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeral Ajmera
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
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19
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Kersten S. The impact of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159262. [PMID: 36521736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fasting and starvation were common occurrences during human evolution and accordingly have been an important environmental factor shaping human energy metabolism. Humans can tolerate fasting reasonably well through adaptative and well-orchestrated time-dependent changes in energy metabolism. Key features of the adaptive response to fasting are the breakdown of liver glycogen and muscle protein to produce glucose for the brain, as well as the gradual depletion of the fat stores, resulting in the release of glycerol and fatty acids into the bloodstream and the production of ketone bodies in the liver. In this paper, an overview is presented of our current understanding of the effects of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Fasting leads to reduced uptake of circulating triacylglycerols by adipocytes through inhibition of the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme lipoprotein lipase. In addition, fasting stimulates the degradation of stored triacylglycerols by activating the key enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase. The mechanisms underlying these events are discussed, with a special interest in insights gained from studies on humans. Furthermore, an overview is presented of the effects of fasting on other metabolic pathways in the adipose tissue, including fatty acid synthesis, glucose uptake, glyceroneogenesis, autophagy, and the endocrine function of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
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20
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Mottillo EP, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Zhang H, Zhou L, Kelly CV, Ortiz PA, Granneman JG. A FRET sensor for the real-time detection of long chain acyl-CoAs and synthetic ABHD5 ligands. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100394. [PMID: 36936069 PMCID: PMC10014278 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular long-chain acyl-coenzyme As (LC-acyl-CoAs) are thought to be under tight spatial and temporal controls, yet the ability to image LC-acyl-CoAs in live cells is lacking. Here, we developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor for LC-acyl-CoAs based on the allosterically regulated interaction between α/β hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5) and Perilipin 5. The genetically encoded sensor rapidly detects intracellular LC-acyl-CoAs generated from exogenous and endogenous fatty acids (FAs), as well as synthetic ABHD5 ligands. Stimulation of lipolysis in brown adipocytes elevated intracellular LC-acyl-CoAs in a cyclic fashion, which was eliminated by inhibiting PNPLA2 (ATGL), the major triglyceride lipase. Interestingly, inhibition of LC-acyl-CoA transport into mitochondria elevated intracellular LC-acyl-CoAs and dampened their cycling. Together, these observations reveal an intimate feedback control between LC-acyl-CoA generation from lipolysis and utilization in mitochondria. We anticipate that this sensor will be an important tool to dissect intracellular LC-acyl-CoA dynamics as well to discover novel synthetic ABHD5 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio P. Mottillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Huamei Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Pablo A. Ortiz
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - James G. Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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21
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PNPLA3(I148M) Inhibits Lipolysis by Perilipin-5-Dependent Competition with ATGL. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010073. [PMID: 36611868 PMCID: PMC9818421 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphism I148M of the lipase patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH, NASH), with progression to liver cirrhosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic interaction of PNPLA3 with lipid droplet (LD)-associated proteins of the perilipin family, which serve as gatekeepers for LD degradation. In a collective of 106 NASH, ASH and control liver samples, immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis, as well as an accumulation of PNPLA3-perilipin 5 complexes on larger LDs in patients homo- and heterozygous for PNPLA3(I148M). Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated an interaction of PNPLA3 with perilipin 5 and the key enzyme of lipolysis, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Localization studies in cell cultures and human liver showed colocalization of perilipin 5, ATGL and PNPLA3. Moreover, the lipolytic activity of ATGL was negatively regulated by PNPLA3 and perilipin 5, whereas perilipin 1 displaced PNPLA3 from the ATGL complex. Furthermore, ballooned hepatocytes, the hallmark of steatohepatitis, were positive for PNPLA3 and perilipins 2 and 5, but showed decreased perilipin 1 expression with respect to neighboured hepatocytes. In summary, PNPLA3- and ATGL-driven lipolysis is significantly regulated by perilipin 1 and 5 in steatohepatitis.
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22
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NAFLD: genetics and its clinical implications. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:102003. [PMID: 35963605 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most common type of liver disease and its burden increasing at an alarming rate. NAFLD entails steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, finally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The substantial inter-patient variation during disease progression is the hallmark of individuals with NAFLD. The variability of NAFLD development and related complications among individuals is determined by genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered reproducible and robust associations between gene variants such as PNPLA3, TM6SF2, HSD17B13, MBOAT7, GCKR and NAFLD. Evidences have provided the new insights into the NAFLD biology and underlined potential pharmaceutical targets. Ideally, the candidate genes associated with the hereditability of NAFLD are mainly involved in assembly of lipid droplets, lipid remodeling, lipoprotein packing and secretion, redox status mitochondria, and de novo lipogenesis. In recent years, the ability to translate genetics into a clinical context has emerged substantially by combining genetic variants primarily associated with NAFLD into polygenic risk scores (PRS). These score in combination with metabolic factors could be utilized to identify the severe liver diseases in patients with the gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Hereby, we even have highlighted the current understanding related to the schedule therapeutic approach of an individual based on microbial colonization and dysbiosis reversal as a therapy for NAFLD. The premise of this review is to concentrate on the potential of genetic factors and their translation into the design of novel therapeutics, as well as their implications for future research into personalized medications using microbiota.
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Schratter M, Lass A, Radner FPW. ABHD5-A Regulator of Lipid Metabolism Essential for Diverse Cellular Functions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36355098 PMCID: PMC9694394 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5; also known as comparative gene identification-58, or CGI-58) is the causative gene of the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), a disorder mainly characterized by systemic triacylglycerol accumulation and a severe defect in skin barrier function. The clinical phenotype of CDS patients and the characterization of global and tissue-specific ABHD5-deficient mouse strains have demonstrated that ABHD5 is a crucial regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis in various tissues. Although ABHD5 lacks intrinsic hydrolase activity, it functions as a co-activating enzyme of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA) protein family that is involved in triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid, as well as sphingolipid and retinyl ester metabolism. Moreover, ABHD5 interacts with perilipins (PLINs) and fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are important regulators of lipid homeostasis in adipose and non-adipose tissues. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of ABHD5 in modulating the function of key enzymes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. W. Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Kabbani M, Michailidis E, Steensels S, Fulmer CG, Luna JM, Le Pen J, Tardelli M, Razooky B, Ricardo-Lax I, Zou C, Zeck B, Stenzel AF, Quirk C, Foquet L, Ashbrook AW, Schneider WM, Belkaya S, Lalazar G, Liang Y, Pittman M, Devisscher L, Suemizu H, Theise ND, Chiriboga L, Cohen DE, Copenhaver R, Grompe M, Meuleman P, Ersoy BA, Rice CM, de Jong YP. Human hepatocyte PNPLA3-148M exacerbates rapid non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development in chimeric mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111321. [PMID: 36103835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly emerging global health problem associated with pre-disposing genetic polymorphisms, most strikingly an isoleucine to methionine substitution in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3-I148M). Here, we study how human hepatocytes with PNPLA3 148I and 148M variants engrafted in the livers of broadly immunodeficient chimeric mice respond to hypercaloric diets. As early as four weeks, mice developed dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and steatosis with ballooning degeneration selectively in the human graft, followed by pericellular fibrosis after eight weeks of hypercaloric feeding. Hepatocytes with the PNPLA3-148M variant, either from a homozygous 148M donor or overexpressed in a 148I donor background, developed microvesicular and severe steatosis with frequent ballooning degeneration, resulting in more active steatohepatitis than 148I hepatocytes. We conclude that PNPLA3-148M in human hepatocytes exacerbates NAFLD. These models will facilitate mechanistic studies into human genetic variant contributions to advanced fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kabbani
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sandra Steensels
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Clifton G Fulmer
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joseph M Luna
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jérémie Le Pen
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matteo Tardelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Razooky
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Ricardo-Lax
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chenhui Zou
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Briana Zeck
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Ansgar F Stenzel
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corrine Quirk
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Alison W Ashbrook
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meredith Pittman
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, OR 97062, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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Fang T, Wang H, Pan X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): pathomechanisms and pharmacotherapies. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5681-5697. [PMID: 36263163 PMCID: PMC9576517 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases year by year, and as a consequence, NAFLD has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. Unfortunately, no pharmacotherapies for NAFLD have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration despite promising pre-clinical benefits; this situation highlights the urgent need to explore new therapeutic targets for NAFLD and for the discovery of effective therapeutic drugs. The mouse is one of the most commonly used models to study human disease and develop novel pharmacotherapies due to its small size, low-cost and ease in genetic engineering. Different mouse models are used to simulate various stages of NAFLD induced by dietary and/or genetic intervention. In this review, we summarize the newly described patho-mechanisms of NAFLD and review the preclinical mouse models of NAFLD (based on the method of induction) and appraises the use of these models in anti-NAFLD drug discovery. This article will provide a useful resource for researchers to select the appropriate model for research based on the research question being addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, NY 11501, USA
| | - Peter J. Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102 Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
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26
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Hudert CA, Adams LA, Alisi A, Anstee QM, Crudele A, Draijer LG, Furse S, Hengstler JG, Jenkins B, Karnebeek K, Kelly DA, Koot BG, Koulman A, Meierhofer D, Melton PE, Mori TA, Snowden SG, van Mourik I, Vreugdenhil A, Wiegand S, Mann JP. Variants in mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 reduce severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and suppress fibrotic pathways through distinct mechanisms. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1934-1948. [PMID: 35411667 PMCID: PMC9315139 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies in adults have identified variants in hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 (MTARC1) as protective against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to test their association with pediatric NAFLD liver histology and investigate their function using metabolomics. A total of 1450 children (729 with NAFLD, 399 with liver histology) were genotyped for rs72613567T>TA in HSD17B13, rs2642438G>A in MTARC1, and rs738409C>G in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3). Genotype-histology associations were tested using ordinal regression. Untargeted hepatic proteomics and plasma lipidomics were performed in a subset of children. We found rs72613567T>TA in HSD17B13 to be associated with lower odds of NAFLD diagnosis (odds ratio, 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-0.9) and a lower grade of portal inflammation (p < 0.001). rs2642438G>A in MTARC1 was associated with a lower grade of hepatic steatosis (p = 0.02). Proteomics found reduced expression of HSD17B13 in carriers of the protective -TA allele. MTARC1 levels were unaffected by genotype. Both variants were associated with down-regulation of fibrogenic pathways. HSD17B13 perturbs plasma phosphatidylcholines and triglycerides. In silico modeling suggested p.Ala165Thr disrupts the stability and metal binding of MTARC1. Conclusion: Both HSD17B13 and MTARC1 variants are associated with less severe pediatric NAFLD. These results provide further evidence for shared genetic mechanisms between pediatric and adult NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Hudert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic DiseasesCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Leon A Adams
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia.,Department of HepatologySir Charles Gairdner HospitalPerthAustralia
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex PhenotypesBambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoRomeItaly
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- 5994Translational and Clinical Research InstituteFaculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK.,Newcastle National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research CentreNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex PhenotypesBambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoRomeItaly
| | - Laura G Draijer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionAmsterdam University Medical CenterEmma Children's HospitalUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems ToxicologyLeibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University DortmundDortmundGermany
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kylie Karnebeek
- Center for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health CareDepartment of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Deirdre A Kelly
- Liver UnitBirmingham Womens and Children's Hospital TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Bart G Koot
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionAmsterdam University Medical CenterEmma Children's HospitalUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsMass Spectrometry FacilityBerlinGermany
| | - Phillip E Melton
- School of Global Population HealthFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia.,Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchCollege of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Stuart G Snowden
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Indra van Mourik
- Liver UnitBirmingham Womens and Children's Hospital TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Anita Vreugdenhil
- Center for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health CareDepartment of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Center for Chronically Sick ChildrenCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jake P Mann
- 2152Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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27
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Markussen LK, Rondini EA, Johansen OS, Madsen JGS, Sustarsic EG, Marcher AB, Hansen JB, Gerhart-Hines Z, Granneman JG, Mandrup S. Lipolysis regulates major transcriptional programs in brown adipocytes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3956. [PMID: 35803907 PMCID: PMC9270495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Adrenergic signaling is a core regulator of brown adipocyte function stimulating both lipolysis and transcription of thermogenic genes, thereby expanding the capacity for oxidative metabolism. We have used pharmacological inhibitors and a direct activator of lipolysis to acutely modulate the activity of lipases, thereby enabling us to uncover lipolysis-dependent signaling pathways downstream of β-adrenergic signaling in cultured brown adipocytes. Here we show that induction of lipolysis leads to acute induction of several gene programs and is required for transcriptional regulation by β-adrenergic signals. Using machine-learning algorithms to infer causal transcription factors, we show that PPARs are key mediators of lipolysis-induced activation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and thermogenesis. Importantly, however, lipolysis also activates the unfolded protein response and regulates the core circadian transcriptional machinery independently of PPARs. Our results demonstrate that lipolysis generates important metabolic signals that exert profound pleiotropic effects on transcription and function of cultured brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse K Markussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling (AdipoSign), Odense, Denmark
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), Odense, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth A Rondini
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Olivia Sveidahl Johansen
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling (AdipoSign), Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper G S Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), Odense, Denmark
| | - Elahu G Sustarsic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Britt Marcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling (AdipoSign), Odense, Denmark
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling (AdipoSign), Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling (AdipoSign), Odense, Denmark.
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), Odense, Denmark.
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28
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Shahoei R, Pangeni S, Sanders MA, Zhang H, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Roush WR, Halvorsen G, Kelly CV, Granneman JG, Huang YMM. Molecular Modeling of ABHD5 Structure and Ligand Recognition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:935375. [PMID: 35836935 PMCID: PMC9274090 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.935375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), also termed CGI-58, is the key upstream activator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which plays an essential role in lipid metabolism and energy storage. Mutations in ABHD5 disrupt lipolysis and are known to cause the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. Despite its importance, the structure of ABHD5 remains unknown. In this work, we combine computational and experimental methods to build a 3D structure of ABHD5. Multiple comparative and machine learning-based homology modeling methods are used to obtain possible models of ABHD5. The results from Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics and experimental data of the apo models and their mutants are used to select the most likely model. Moreover, ensemble docking is performed on representative conformations of ABHD5 to reveal the binding mechanism of ABHD5 and a series of synthetic ligands. Our study suggests that the ABHD5 models created by deep learning-based methods are the best candidate structures for the ABHD5 protein. The mutations of E41, R116, and G328 disturb the hydrogen bonding network with nearby residues and suppress membrane targeting or ATGL activation. The simulations also reveal that the hydrophobic interactions are responsible for binding sulfonyl piperazine ligands to ABHD5. Our work provides fundamental insight into the structure of ABHD5 and its ligand-binding mode, which can be further applied to develop ABHD5 as a therapeutic target for metabolic disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Shahoei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Susheel Pangeni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Matthew A. Sanders
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Huamei Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Geoff Halvorsen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James G. Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yu-ming M. Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Yu-ming M. Huang,
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29
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Baicalin ameliorates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing SREBP1c elicited PNPLA3 competitive binding to ATGL. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Hudert CA, Mann JP. Reply. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3279. [PMID: 35593156 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Hudert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jake P Mann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Shared genetic loci for body fat storage and adipocyte lipolysis in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3666. [PMID: 35256633 PMCID: PMC8901764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Total body fat and central fat distribution are heritable traits and well-established predictors of adverse metabolic outcomes. Lipolysis is the process responsible for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols stored in adipocytes. To increase our understanding of the genetic regulation of body fat distribution and total body fat, we set out to determine if genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI) or waist-hip-ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI) in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mediate their effect by influencing adipocyte lipolysis. We utilized data from the recent GWAS of spontaneous and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis in the unique GENetics of Adipocyte Lipolysis (GENiAL) cohort. GENiAL consists of 939 participants who have undergone abdominal subcutaneous adipose biopsy for the determination of spontaneous and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. We report 11 BMI and 15 WHRadjBMI loci with SNPs displaying nominal association with lipolysis and allele-dependent gene expression in adipose tissue according to in silico analysis. Functional evaluation of candidate genes in these loci by small interfering RNAs (siRNA)-mediated knock-down in adipose-derived stem cells identified ZNF436 and NUP85 as intrinsic regulators of lipolysis consistent with the associations observed in the clinical cohorts. Furthermore, candidate genes in another BMI-locus (STX17) and two more WHRadjBMI loci (NID2, GGA3, GRB2) control lipolysis alone, or in conjunction with lipid storage, and may hereby be involved in genetic control of body fat. The findings expand our understanding of how genetic variants mediate their impact on the complex traits of fat storage and distribution.
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32
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Li Y, Li Z, Ngandiri DA, Llerins Perez M, Wolf A, Wang Y. The Molecular Brakes of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:826314. [PMID: 35283787 PMCID: PMC8907745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changes in energy availability is pivotal for the survival of animals. Adipose tissue, the body’s largest reservoir of energy and a major source of metabolic fuel, exerts a buffering function for fluctuations in nutrient availability. This functional plasticity ranges from energy storage in the form of triglycerides during periods of excess energy intake to energy mobilization via lipolysis in the form of free fatty acids for other organs during states of energy demands. The subtle balance between energy storage and mobilization is important for whole-body energy homeostasis; its disruption has been implicated as contributing to the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cancer cachexia. As a result, adipocyte lipolysis is tightly regulated by complex regulatory mechanisms involving lipases and hormonal and biochemical signals that have opposing effects. In thermogenic brown and brite adipocytes, lipolysis stimulation is the canonical way for the activation of non-shivering thermogenesis. Lipolysis proceeds in an orderly and delicately regulated manner, with stimulation through cell-surface receptors via neurotransmitters, hormones, and autocrine/paracrine factors that activate various intracellular signal transduction pathways and increase kinase activity. The subsequent phosphorylation of perilipins, lipases, and cofactors initiates the translocation of key lipases from the cytoplasm to lipid droplets and enables protein-protein interactions to assemble the lipolytic machinery on the scaffolding perilipins at the surface of lipid droplets. Although activation of lipolysis has been well studied, the feedback fine-tuning is less well appreciated. This review focuses on the molecular brakes of lipolysis and discusses some of the divergent fine-tuning strategies in the negative feedback regulation of lipolysis, including delicate negative feedback loops, intermediary lipid metabolites-mediated allosteric regulation and dynamic protein–protein interactions. As aberrant adipocyte lipolysis is involved in various metabolic diseases and releasing the brakes on lipolysis in thermogenic adipocytes may activate thermogenesis, targeting adipocyte lipolysis is thus of therapeutic interest.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. It refers to a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little or no alcohol. NAFLD comprises non-alcoholic fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the more aggressive form of NAFLD. NASH is featured by steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and various degrees of fibrosis. Although much progress has been made over the past decades, the pathogenic mechanism of NAFLD remains to be fully elucidated. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is a nuclear hormone receptor that is highly expressed in hepatocytes. Hepatic HNF4α expression is markedly reduced in NAFLD patients and mouse models of NASH. HNF4α has been shown to regulate bile acid, lipid, glucose, and drug metabolism. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD with a focus on the regulation of HNF4α and the role of hepatic HNF4α in NAFLD. Several lines of evidence have shown that hepatic HNF4α plays a key role in the initiation and progression of NAFLD. Recent data suggest that hepatic HNF4α may be a promising target for treatment of NAFLD.
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Tseng YY, Sanders MA, Zhang H, Zhou L, Chou CY, Granneman JG. Structural and functional insights into ABHD5, a ligand-regulated lipase co-activator. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2565. [PMID: 35173175 PMCID: PMC8850477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5) is a highly conserved protein that regulates various lipid metabolic pathways via interactions with members of the perilipin (PLIN) and Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein (PNPLA) protein families. Loss of function mutations in ABHD5 result in Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome (CDS), characterized by ectopic lipid accumulation in numerous cell types and severe ichthyosis. Recent data demonstrates that ABHD5 is the target of synthetic and endogenous ligands that might be therapeutic beneficial for treating metabolic diseases and cancers. However, the structural basis of ABHD5 functional activities, such as protein-protein interactions and ligand binding is presently unknown. To address this gap, we constructed theoretical structural models of ABHD5 by comparative modeling and topological shape analysis to assess the spatial patterns of ABHD5 conformations computed in protein dynamics. We identified functionally important residues on ABHD5 surface for lipolysis activation by PNPLA2, lipid droplet targeting and PLIN-binding. We validated the computational model by examining the effects of mutating key residues in ABHD5 on an array of functional assays. Our integrated computational and experimental findings provide new insights into the structural basis of the diverse functions of ABHD5 as well as pathological mutations that result in CDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yuan Tseng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Matthew A Sanders
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Huamei Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Chou
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Fuchs CD, Radun R, Dixon ED, Mlitz V, Timelthaler G, Halilbasic E, Herac M, Jonker JW, Ronda OAHO, Tardelli M, Haemmerle G, Zimmermann R, Scharnagl H, Stojakovic T, Verkade HJ, Trauner M. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of adipose triglyceride lipase (adipose triglyceride lipase/patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2) ameliorates dietary induced steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2022; 75:125-139. [PMID: 34387896 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased fatty acid (FA) flux from adipose tissue to the liver contributes to the development of NAFLD. Because free FAs are key lipotoxic triggers accelerating disease progression, inhibiting adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)/patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2), the main enzyme driving lipolysis, may attenuate steatohepatitis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hepatocyte-specific ATGL knockout (ATGL LKO) mice were challenged with methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) or high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet. Serum biochemistry, hepatic lipid content and liver histology were assessed. Mechanistically, hepatic gene and protein expression of lipid metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers were investigated. DNA binding activity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARδ was measured. After short hairpin RNA-mediated ATGL knockdown, HepG2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oleic acid:palmitic acid 2:1 (OP21) to explore the direct role of ATGL in inflammation in vitro. On MCD and HFHC challenge, ATGL LKO mice showed reduced PPARα and increased PPARδ DNA binding activity when compared with challenged wild-type (WT) mice. Despite histologically and biochemically pronounced hepatic steatosis, dietary-challenged ATGL LKO mice showed lower hepatic inflammation, reflected by the reduced number of Galectin3/MAC-2 and myeloperoxidase-positive cells and low mRNA expression levels of inflammatory markers (such as IL-1β and F4/80) when compared with WT mice. In line with this, protein levels of the ER stress markers protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α were reduced in ATGL LKO mice fed with MCD diet. Accordingly, pretreatment of LPS-treated HepG2 cells with the PPARδ agonist GW0742 suppressed mRNA expression of inflammatory markers. Additionally, ATGL knockdown in HepG2 cells attenuated LPS/OP21-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (Ccl) 2, and Ccl5. CONCLUSIONS Low hepatic lipolysis and increased PPARδ activity in ATGL/PNPLA2 deficiency may counteract hepatic inflammation and ER stress despite increased steatosis. Therefore, lowering hepatocyte lipolysis through ATGL inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Radun
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmanuel D Dixon
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute for Cancer Research, Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Merima Herac
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Onne A H O Ronda
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matteo Tardelli
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cherubini A, Casirati E, Tomasi M, Valenti L. PNPLA3 as a therapeutic target for fatty liver disease: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:1033-1043. [PMID: 34904923 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2018418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An interaction between metabolic triggers and inherited predisposition underpins the development and progression of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and fatty liver disease in general. Among the specific NAFLD risk variants, PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G, encoding for the p.I148M protein variant, accounts for the largest fraction of liver disease heritability and is being intensively scrutinized. It promotes intrahepatic lipid accumulation and is associated with lipotoxicity and the more severe phenotypes, including fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Therefore, PNPLA3 appears as an appealing therapeutic target to counter NAFLD progression. AREAS COVERED The scope of this review is to briefly describe the PNPLA3 gene and protein function before discussing therapeutic approaches for fatty liver aiming at this target. Literature review was carried out searching through PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov website and focusing on the most recent works and reviews. EXPERT OPINION The main therapeutic strategies under development for NAFLD have shown variable efficacy and side-effects likely due to disease heterogeneity and lack of engagement of the main pathogenic drivers of liver disease. To overcome these limitations, new strategies are becoming available for targeting PNPLA3 p.I148M, responsible for a large fraction of disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cherubini
- Precision Medicine - Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Casirati
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Tomasi
- Precision Medicine - Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Precision Medicine - Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Wang Z, Budhu AS, Shen Y, Wong LL, Hernandez BY, Tiirikainen M, Ma X, Irwin ML, Lu L, Zhao H, Lim JK, Taddei T, Mishra L, Pawlish K, Stroup A, Brown R, Nguyen MH, Koshiol J, Hernandez MO, Forgues M, Yang HI, Lee MH, Huang YH, Iwasaki M, Goto A, Suzuki S, Matsuda K, Tanikawa C, Kamatani Y, Mann D, Guarnera M, Shetty K, Thomas CE, Yuan JM, Khor CC, Koh WP, Risch H, Wang XW, Yu H. Genetic susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in chromosome 22q13.31, findings of a genome-wide association study. JGH Open 2021; 5:1363-1372. [PMID: 34950780 PMCID: PMC8674550 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, long-term alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and obesity are the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States, but the disease risk varies substantially among individuals with these factors, suggesting host susceptibility to and gene-environment interactions in HCC. To address genetic susceptibility to HCC, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS Two case-control studies on HCC were conducted in the United States. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumian microarray chip with over 710 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We compared these SNPs between 705 HCC cases and 1455 population controls for their associations with HCC and verified our findings in additional studies. RESULTS In this GWAS, we found that two SNPs were associated with HCC at P < 5E-8 and six SNPs at P < 5E-6 after adjusting for age, sex, and the top three principal components (PCs). Five of the SNPs in chromosome 22q13.31, three in PNPLA3 (rs2281135, rs2896019, and rs4823173) and two in SAMM50 (rs3761472, rs3827385), were replicated in a small US case-control study and a cohort study in Singapore. The associations remained significant after adjusting for body mass index and HCV infection. Meta-analysis of multiple datasets indicated that these SNPs were significantly associated with HCC. CONCLUSIONS SNPs in PNPLA3 and SAMM50 are known risk loci for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and are suspected to be associated with HCC. Our GWAS demonstrated the associations of these SNPs with HCC in a US population. Biological mechanisms underlying the relationship remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Wang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Anuradha S Budhu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yi Shen
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaomei Ma
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Lingeng Lu
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Tamar Taddei
- Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Karen Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health Trenton New Jersey USA
| | - Antoinette Stroup
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, and Rutgers School of Public Health New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Weill Cornell Medical College, and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Mindie H Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto California USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Marshonna Forgues
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Epidemiology Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiori Suzuki
- Division of Epidemiology Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Dean Mann
- Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Maria Guarnera
- Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Claire E Thomas
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA.,Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA.,Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Systems and Services Research, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Harvey Risch
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
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Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Clinically silent LINE 1 insertion in the PNPLA3 gene may impede genotyping of the p.I148M variant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20924. [PMID: 34686753 PMCID: PMC8536765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene (viz. its I148M variant) is one of the key players in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have identified a novel insertion/deletion variant of 1114 bp, localized in the second intron of the PNPLA3 gene, which corresponds to the 3' terminal sequence of the long-interspersed element (LINE-1). DNA analysis of 122 NAFLD patients and 167 control subjects as well as RNA analysis of 19 liver biopsies revealed that the novel variant is very common (frequency = 0.41), fully linked to the clinically important I148M variant, and clinically silent. Although the LINE-1 insertion does not seem to have any biological effect, it can impede genotyping of the I148M variant. If insertion prevents the attachment of the diagnostic primer, then the non-insertion allele will be selectively amplified; and thus the frequency of the 148M "risk" allele will be significantly overestimated due to the complete linkage of the LINE-1 insertion and the 148I allele of the PNPLA3 gene. Therefore, our findings underline the importance of careful design and consistent documentation of the methodology, including primer sequences. Critical revisions of the results of some studies that have already been reported may therefore be needed.
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40
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Meroni M, Longo M, Tria G, Dongiovanni P. Genetics Is of the Essence to Face NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1359. [PMID: 34680476 PMCID: PMC8533437 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. It is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia so much so it is considered the hepatic manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome. The NAFLD spectrum extends from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a clinical condition which may progress up to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a complex disease whose pathogenesis is shaped by both environmental and genetic factors. In the last two decades, several heritable modifications in genes influencing hepatic lipid remodeling, and mitochondrial oxidative status have been emerged as predictors of progressive hepatic damage. Among them, the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) p.I148M, the Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) p.E167K and the rs641738 membrane bound-o-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) polymorphisms are considered the most robust modifiers of NAFLD. However, a forefront frontier in the study of NAFLD heritability is to postulate score-based strategy, building polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate the most relevant genetic determinants of NAFLD and biochemical parameters, with the purpose to foresee patients with greater risk of severe NAFLD, guaranteeing the most highly predictive value, the best diagnostic accuracy and the more precise individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Tria
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
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Huang Q, Li W, Zhou Q, Awasthi P, Cazin C, Yap Y, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Hu B, Jeyasuria P, Zhang L, Granneman JG, Hess RA, Ray PF, Kherraf ZE, Natarajan V, Zhang Z. Leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 (LZTFL1), an intraflagellar transporter protein 27 (IFT27) associated protein, is required for normal sperm function and male fertility. Dev Biol 2021; 477:164-176. [PMID: 34023333 PMCID: PMC8277734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism essential for the assembly and maintenance of most eukaryotic cilia and flagella, including mammalian sperm tails. Depletion of IFT27, a component of the IFT complex, in male germ cells results in infertility associated with disrupted sperm flagella structure and motility. Leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 (LZTFL1) is an IFT27 associated protein. LZTFL1, also known as BBS17, is a Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) associated protein. Patients carrying biallelic variants of LZTFL1 gene exhibit the common BBS phenotypes. The global Lztfl1 knockout mice showed abnormal growth rate and retinal degeneration, typical of BBS phenotype. However, it is not clear if Lztfl1 has a role in male fertility. The LZTFL1 protein is highly and predominantly expressed in mouse testis. During the first wave of spermatogenesis, the protein is only expressed during spermiogenesis phase from the round spermatid stage and displays a cytoplasmic localization with a vesicular distribution pattern. At the elongated spermatid stage, LZTFL1 is present in the developing flagella and appears also close to the manchette. Fertility of Lztfl1 knockout mice was significantly reduced and associated with low sperm motility and a high level of abnormal sperm (astheno-teratozoospermia). In vitro assessment of fertility revealed reduced fertilization and embryonic development when using sperm from homozygous mutant mice. In addition, we observed a significant decrease of the testicular IFT27 protein level in Lztfl1 mutant mice contrasting with a stable expression levels of other IFT proteins, including IFT20, IFT81, IFT88 and IFT140. Overall, our results support strongly the important role of LZTFL1 in mouse spermatogenesis and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Caroline Cazin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, 38000, Grenoble, France; CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Yitian Yap
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Pancharatnam Jeyasuria
- The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001S. Lincoln, Urbana, IL 61802-6199, USA
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, 38000, Grenoble, France; CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Zine-Eddine Kherraf
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, 38000, Grenoble, France; CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, USA.
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Sunami Y, Rebelo A, Kleeff J. Lipid Droplet-Associated Factors, PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and HSD17B Proteins in Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174391. [PMID: 34503201 PMCID: PMC8431307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant lipid synthesis and reprogrammed lipid metabolism are both associated with the development and progression of pancreatic and liver cancer. Most cells store fatty acids in the form of triacylglycerols in lipid droplets. Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that not only store neutral lipids, but also play roles as molecular messengers and signaling factors. Some cancer cells accumulate massive amount of lipid droplets. Lipid droplets and lipid droplet-associated factors are further implicated to mediate proliferation, invasion, metastasis, as well as chemotherapy resistance in several types of cancer. This review dissected recent findings on the role of several lipid droplet-associated factors, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B) 11 and 13 as well as their genetic variations in hepatopancreatobiliary diseases, especially cancer. Abstract Pancreatic and liver cancer are leading causes of cancer deaths, and by 2030, they are projected to become the second and the third deadliest cancer respectively. Cancer metabolism, especially lipid metabolism, plays an important role in progression and metastasis of many types of cancer, including pancreatic and liver cancer. Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids, but also act as molecular messengers, and signaling factors. It is becoming increasingly evident that alterations in the regulation of lipid droplets and their associated factors influence the risk of developing not only metabolic disease but also fibrosis and cancer. In the current review article, we summarized recent findings concerning the roles of lipid droplet-associated factors, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3, Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11 and 13 as well as genetic variants in pancreatic and hepatic diseases. A better understanding of cancer type- and cell type-specific roles of lipid droplet-associated factors is important for establishing new therapeutic options in the future.
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Impaired skin barrier function due to reduced ω- O-acylceramide levels in a mouse model of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0035221. [PMID: 34370553 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00352-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder whose causative gene encodes the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2. To date, the detailed molecular mechanism of the skin pathology of SLS has remained largely unclear. We generated double knockout (DKO) mice for Aldh3a2 and its homolog Aldh3b2 (a pseudogene in humans). These mice showed hyperkeratosis and reduced fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and skin barrier function. The levels of ω-O-acylceramides (acylceramides), which are specialized ceramides essential for skin barrier function, in the epidermis of DKO mice were about 60% of those in wild type mice. In the DKO mice, levels of acylceramide precursors (ω-hydroxy ceramides and triglycerides) were increased, suggesting that the final step of acylceramide production was inhibited. A decrease in acylceramide levels was also observed in human immortalized keratinocytes lacking ALDH3A2. Differentiated keratinocytes prepared from the DKO mice exhibited impaired long-chain base metabolism. Based on these results, we propose that the long-chain-base-derived fatty aldehydes that accumulate in DKO mice and SLS patients attack and inhibit the enzyme involved in the final step of acylceramide. Our findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of the skin symptoms of SLS, i.e., decreased acylceramide production, and its molecular mechanism.
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Bononi G, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F, Granchi C. α/β-Hydrolase Domain (ABHD) Inhibitors as New Potential Therapeutic Options against Lipid-Related Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9759-9785. [PMID: 34213320 PMCID: PMC8389839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much of the experimental evidence in the literature has linked altered lipid metabolism to severe diseases such as cancer, obesity, cardiovascular pathologies, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting key effectors of the dysregulated lipid metabolism may represent an effective strategy to counteract these pathological conditions. In this context, α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) enzymes represent an important and diversified family of proteins, which are involved in the complex environment of lipid signaling, metabolism, and regulation. Moreover, some members of the ABHD family play an important role in the endocannabinoid system, being designated to terminate the signaling of the key endocannabinoid regulator 2-arachidonoylglycerol. This Perspective summarizes the research progress in the development of ABHD inhibitors and modulators: design strategies, structure-activity relationships, action mechanisms, and biological studies of the main ABHD ligands will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bononi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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45
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Schwantes-An TH, Darlay R, Mathurin P, Masson S, Liangpunsakul S, Mueller S, Aithal GP, Eyer F, Gleeson D, Thompson A, Muellhaupt B, Stickel F, Soyka M, Goldman D, Liang T, Lumeng L, Pirmohamed M, Nalpas B, Jacquet JM, Moirand R, Nahon P, Naveau S, Perney P, Botwin G, Haber PS, Seitz HK, Day CP, Foroud TM, Daly AK, Cordell HJ, Whitfield JB, Morgan TR, Seth D. Genome-wide Association Study and Meta-analysis on Alcohol-Associated Liver Cirrhosis Identifies Genetic Risk Factors. Hepatology 2021; 73:1920-1931. [PMID: 32853455 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Only a minority of heavy drinkers progress to alcohol-associated cirrhosis (ALC). The aim of this study was to identify common genetic variants that underlie risk for ALC. APPROACH AND RESULTS We analyzed data from 1,128 subjects of European ancestry with ALC and 614 heavy-drinking subjects without known liver disease from Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and three countries in Europe. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed, adjusting for principal components and clinical covariates (alcohol use, age, sex, body mass index, and diabetes). We validated our GWAS findings using UK Biobank. We then performed a meta-analysis combining data from our study, the UK Biobank, and a previously published GWAS. Our GWAS found genome-wide significant risk association of rs738409 in patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19 [G allele], P = 4.93 × 10-17 ) and rs4607179 near HSD17B13 (OR = 0.57 [C allele], P = 1.09 × 10-10 ) with ALC. Conditional analysis accounting for the PNPLA3 and HSD17B13 loci identified a protective association at rs374702773 in Fas-associated factor family member 2 (FAF2) (OR = 0.61 [del(T) allele], P = 2.56 × 10-8 ) for ALC. This association was replicated in the UK Biobank using conditional analysis (OR = 0.79, P = 0.001). Meta-analysis (without conditioning) confirmed genome-wide significance for the identified FAF2 locus as well as PNPLA3 and HSD17B13. Two other previously known loci (SERPINA1 and SUGP1/TM6SF2) were also genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis. GeneOntology pathway analysis identified lipid droplets as the target for several identified genes. In conclusion, our GWAS identified a locus at FAF2 associated with reduced risk of ALC among heavy drinkers. Like the PNPLA3 and HSD17B13 gene products, the FAF2 product has been localized to fat droplets in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our genetic findings implicate lipid droplets in the biological pathway(s) underlying ALC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Rebecca Darlay
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven Masson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Eyer
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine 2, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dermot Gleeson
- The Clinical Research Facility, The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Thompson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, University of Liverpool, The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, and Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Beat Muellhaupt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Soyka
- Psychiatric Hospital University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Privatklinik Meiringen, Willigen, Meiringen, Switzerland
| | | | - Tiebing Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lawrence Lumeng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, University of Liverpool, The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, and Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Nalpas
- Service Addictologie, CHRU Caremeau, Nîmes, France.,DISC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Moirand
- University Rennes, INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Institute NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Nahon
- APHP, Liver Unit, Hospital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France.,University Paris 13, Bobigny, France.,Inserm U1162 "Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors,", Paris, France
| | | | | | - Greg Botwin
- Medical and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA.,Translational Genomics Group, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul S Haber
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helmut K Seitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P Day
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ann K Daly
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Medical and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Tardelli M, Bruschi FV, Fuchs CD, Claudel T, Auer N, Kunczer V, Ronda OAHO, Verkade HJ, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Trauner M. Absence of Adiponutrin (PNPLA3) and Monoacylglycerol Lipase Synergistically Increases Weight Gain and Aggravates Steatohepatitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2126. [PMID: 33672787 PMCID: PMC7924608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolic pathways including hydrolysis of triglycerides are key players in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether adiponutrin (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein-3-PNPLA3) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) synergistically contribute to disease progression remains unclear. We generated double knockout (DKO) mice lacking both Mgl and Pnpla3; DKO mice were compared to Mgl-/- after a challenge by high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce steatosis. Serum biochemistry, liver transaminases as well as histology were analyzed. Fatty acid (FA) profiling was assessed in liver and adipose tissue by gas chromatography. Markers of inflammation and lipid metabolism were analyzed. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and treated with oleic acid. Combined deficiency of Mgl and Pnpla3 resulted in weight gain on a chow diet; when challenged by HFD, DKO mice showed increased hepatic FA synthesis and diminished beta-oxidation compared to Mgl-/-.DKO mice exhibited more pronounced hepatic steatosis with inflammation and recruitment of immune cells to the liver associated with accumulation of saturated FAs. Primary BMDMs isolated from the DKO mice showed increased inflammatory activities, which could be reversed by oleic acid supplementation. Pnpla3 deficiency aggravates the effects of Mgl deletion on steatosis and inflammation in the liver under HFD challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tardelli
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Francesca V. Bruschi
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Claudia D. Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Nicole Auer
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Victoria Kunczer
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Onne A. H. O. Ronda
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, 9712 Groningen, The Netherlands; (O.A.H.O.R.); (H.J.V.)
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, 9712 Groningen, The Netherlands; (O.A.H.O.R.); (H.J.V.)
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.T.); (F.V.B.); (C.D.F.); (T.C.); (N.A.); (V.K.)
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Pralle RS, Erb SJ, Holdorf HT, White HM. Greater liver PNPLA3 protein abundance in vivo and in vitro supports lower triglyceride accumulation in dairy cows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2839. [PMID: 33531537 PMCID: PMC7854614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver syndrome is a prevalent metabolic disorder in peripartum dairy cows that unfavorably impacts lactation performance and health. Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) is a lipase that plays a central role in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease etiology but has received limited attention in bovine fatty liver research. Thus, we investigated the relationship between tissue PNPLA3 expression and liver triglyceride accumulation in vivo via a ketosis induction protocol in multiparous dairy cows peripartum, as well as in vitro via small interfering RNA knockdown of PNPLA3 mRNA expression in bovine primary hepatocytes. Results demonstrated a negative association (P = 0.04) between liver PNPLA3 protein abundance and liver triglyceride content in peripartum dairy cows, while adipose PNPLA3 protein abundance was not associated with liver triglyceride content or blood fatty acid concentration. Knockdown of PNPLA3 mRNA resulted in reduced PNPLA3 protein abundance (P < 0.01) and greater liver triglyceride content (P < 0.01). Together, these results suggest greater liver PNPLA3 protein abundance may directly limit liver triglyceride accumulation peripartum, potentially preventing bovine fatty liver or accelerating recovery from fatty liver syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Pralle
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
| | - Sophia J Erb
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
| | - Henry T Holdorf
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 934B, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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48
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White PJ, Abdelmalek MF. Insights Into Metabolic Mechanisms and Their Application in the Treatment of NASH. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 17:29-32. [PMID: 33552483 PMCID: PMC7849290 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Watch a video presentation of this article Answer questions and earn CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. White
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition and Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDepartment of MedicineDuke UniversityDurhamNC
| | - Manal F. Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineDuke UniversityDurhamNC
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49
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Brejchova K, Radner FPW, Balas L, Paluchova V, Cajka T, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schratter M, Schreiber R, Durand T, Zechner R, Kuda O. Distinct roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in the catabolism of triacylglycerol estolides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020999118. [PMID: 33372146 PMCID: PMC7812821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020999118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxy stearic acid are antiinflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that belong to a family of fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) called FAHFAs. FAHFAs themselves belong to oligomeric FA esters, known as estolides. Glycerol-bound FAHFAs in triacylglycerols (TAGs), named TAG estolides, serve as metabolite reservoir of FAHFAs mobilized by lipases upon demand. Here, we characterized the involvement of two major metabolic lipases, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), in TAG estolide and FAHFA degradation. We synthesized a library of 20 TAG estolide isomers with FAHFAs varying in branching position, chain length, saturation grade, and position on the glycerol backbone and developed an in silico mass spectra library of all predicted catabolic intermediates. We found that ATGL alone or coactivated by comparative gene identification-58 efficiently liberated FAHFAs from TAG estolides with a preference for more compact substrates where the estolide branching point is located near the glycerol ester bond. ATGL was further involved in transesterification and remodeling reactions leading to the formation of TAG estolides with alternative acyl compositions. HSL represented a much more potent estolide bond hydrolase for both TAG estolides and free FAHFAs. FAHFA and TAG estolide accumulation in white adipose tissue of mice lacking HSL argued for a functional role of HSL in estolide catabolism in vivo. Our data show that ATGL and HSL participate in the metabolism of estolides and TAG estolides in distinct manners and are likely to affect the lipokine function of FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
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50
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Cho SY, Lim S, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Park J, Um JY. Farnesol induces mitochondrial/peroxisomal biogenesis and thermogenesis by enhancing the AMPK signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105312. [PMID: 33246168 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic activation of brown adipose tissue has been considered as an obesity treatment strategy that consumes energy. In this study, we investigated whether farnesol in vivoandin vitro models induces thermogenesis and affect the activation of the mitochondria and peroxisomes, which are key organelles in activated brown adipocytes. Farnesol induced the expression of thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and PR domain zinc-finger protein 16 (PRDM16) together with the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) in brown adipose tissue and primary cultured brown adipocytes. Farnesol promoted lipolytic enzymes: hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). We confirmed that these inductions of lipolysis by farnesol were the underlying causes of β-oxidation activation. Farnesol also increased the expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the expansion of peroxisomes. Moreover, we proved that the thermogenic activity of farnesol was dependent on AMPKα activation using Compound C inhibitor or siRNA-AMPKα knockdown. These results suggest that farnesol may be a potential agent for the treatment of obesity by inducing energy consumption through heat generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeon Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seona Lim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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