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Krutikov M, Bone D, Stirrup O, Bruton R, Azmi B, Fuller C, Lau M, Low J, Rastogi S, Monakhov I, Tut G, Fink D, Moss P, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L. VIVALDI Cohort Profile: Using linked, routinely collected data and longitudinal blood sampling to characterise COVID-19 infections, vaccinations, and related outcomes in care home staff and residents in England. Wellcome Open Res 2024; 8:553. [PMID: 39364338 PMCID: PMC11447437 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20278.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
VIVALDI (ISRCTN14447421) is a government-funded longitudinal open observational cohort study of staff and residents in care homes for older people in England. The study aimed to describe epidemiology (including seroprevalence) and immune responses to COVID-19 in a subset of care homes, in the context of extremely high mortality in this setting, in the first 12-18 months of the pandemic. Data linkage to routine health data was undertaken for all staff and residents and a subset of individuals who consented to sequential blood sampling to investigate SARS-CoV-2 immunity. This paper aims to describe the samples stored within the VIVALDI biobank and associated linked data, available for use by researchers. Over 70,000 individuals from 346 care homes were included in the data linkage cohort (1 st March 2020-31 st March 2023). 4971 samples from 2264 individuals (1415 staff, 827 residents) collected between 29 th October 2020 and 10 th March 2023 are stored. Amongst these samples, there was a maximum of seven per participant however, 217 (26.2%) residents and 551 (38.9%) staff participated in one round only. Key study findings include high COVID-19 seroprevalence among surviving residents, exceeding rates in community-dwelling peers. COVID-19 vaccinations generated robust immune responses in staff and residents which waned, supporting the need for booster vaccination, particularly in response to new variants. Prior infection significantly improved vaccine-induced immune responses, however protection from infection declined following Omicron variant emergence. This is a unique cohort of pre- and post-infection samples linked to data on COVID-19 infections, vaccinations, and outcomes. The cohort spans host immune response evolution to infection and vaccination in this rarely sampled population of frail older care home residents who are especially vulnerable to infection and severe outcomes. These samples can be used to investigate biological mechanisms behind disparate infection responses in older people and make a valuable contribution to research into ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krutikov
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Oliver Stirrup
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, England, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Chris Fuller
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - May Lau
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Juliet Low
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Shivika Rastogi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Douglas Fink
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, England, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, England, WC1E 7HB, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, England, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, England, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Laura Shallcross
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, NW1 2DA, UK
- University College Hospitals London NHS Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, NW1 2PG, UK
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2
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Dallan B, Proietto D, De Laurentis M, Gallerani E, Martino M, Ghisellini S, Zurlo A, Volpato S, Govoni B, Borghesi M, Albanese V, Appay V, Bonnini S, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Pacifico S, Grumiro L, Brandolini M, Semprini S, Sambri V, Ladell K, Parry HM, Moss PAH, Price DA, Caputo A, Gavioli R, Nicoli F. Age differentially impacts adaptive immune responses induced by adenoviral versus mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:1121-1136. [PMID: 38918602 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Adenoviral and mRNA vaccines encoding the viral spike (S) protein have been deployed globally to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Older individuals are particularly vulnerable to severe infection, probably reflecting age-related changes in the immune system, which can also compromise vaccine efficacy. It is nonetheless unclear to what extent different vaccine platforms are impacted by immunosenescence. Here, we evaluated S protein-specific immune responses elicited by vaccination with two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S and subsequently boosted with a single dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, comparing age-stratified participants with no evidence of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2. We found that aging profoundly compromised S protein-specific IgG titers and further limited S protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity as a probable function of progressive erosion of the naive lymphocyte pool in individuals vaccinated initially with BNT162b2. Our results demonstrate that primary vaccination with ChAdOx1-S and subsequent boosting with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 promotes sustained immunological memory in older adults and potentially confers optimal protection against coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Dallan
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Proietto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina De Laurentis
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gallerani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mara Martino
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Ghisellini
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital St. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amedeo Zurlo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Geriatrics Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Geriatrics Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Govoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Geriatrics Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michela Borghesi
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Victor Appay
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefano Bonnini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Grumiro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Semprini
- Unit of Microbiology, Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory, Cesena, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Microbiology, Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory, Cesena, Italy
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Helen M Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul A H Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonella Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gavioli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicoli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Kim E, Shin J, Ferrari A, Huang S, An E, Han D, Khan MS, Kenniston TW, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Jeong D, Gambotto A. Fourth dose of microneedle array patch of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein subunit vaccine elicits robust long-lasting humoral responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111569. [PMID: 38340419 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pressing need for safe and effective booster vaccines, particularly in considering the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and addressing vaccine distribution inequalities. Dissolving microneedle array patches (MAP) offer a promising delivery method, enhancing immunogenicity and improving accessibility through the skin's immune potential. In this study, we evaluated a microneedle array patch-based S1 subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine candidate, which comprised a bivalent formulation targeting the Wuhan and Beta variant alongside a monovalent Delta variant spike proteins in a murine model. Notably, the second boost of homologous bivalent MAP-S1(WU + Beta) induced a 15.7-fold increase in IgG endpoint titer, while the third boost of heterologous MAP-S1RS09Delta yielded a more modest 1.6-fold increase. Importantly, this study demonstrated that the administration of four doses of the MAP vaccine induced robust and long-lasting immune responses, persisting for at least 80 weeks. These immune responses encompassed various IgG isotypes and remained statistically significant for one year. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants were generated, with comparable responses observed against the Omicron variant. Overall, these findings emphasize the potential of MAP-based vaccines as a promising strategy to combat the evolving landscape of COVID-19 and to deliver a safe and effective booster vaccine worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juyeop Shin
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eunjin An
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Han
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Kenniston
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dohyeon Jeong
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Stirrup O, Tut G, Krutikov M, Bone D, Lancaster T, Azmi B, Monakhov I, Moss P, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L. Anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels following initial and repeat SARS-CoV-2 infections in a cohort of long-term care facility residents in England (VIVALDI). Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:45. [PMID: 38818129 PMCID: PMC11137476 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20750.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that older residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF) in the UK show levels of anti-spike antibodies that are comparable to the general population following primary series and booster vaccination for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, data on the humoral response to other SARS-CoV-2 proteins associated with natural infection are scarce in this vulnerable population. Methods We measured quantitative levels of anti-nucleocapsid antibodies in blood samples taken from LTCF residents and staff after initial and repeat SARS-CoV-2 infections, between December 2020 and March 2023. Data on SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination were obtained through linkage to national datasets. Linear mixed effects models were used to investigate anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels, using log10 scale, in relation to time from most recent infection. This included evaluation of associations between repeat infection, staff/resident status, age, sex, Omicron infection and vaccination history and peak antibody level and slope of decline with time. Results We analysed 405 antibody observations from 220 residents and 396 observations from 215 staff. Repeat infection was associated with 8.5-fold (95%CI 4.9-14.8-fold) higher initial (peak) median anti-nucleocapsid antibody level, with steeper subsequent slope of decline. There were no significant differences in antibody level associated with resident (vs. staff) status or age, but Omicron infection was associated with 3.6-fold (95%CI 2.4-5.4-fold) higher levels. There was stronger evidence of waning of antibody levels over time in a sensitivity analysis in which observations were censored in cases with suspected undetected repeat infection. Conclusions We found similar levels of anti-nucleocapsid antibody in residents and staff of LTCFs. Repeat infection and infection with an Omicron strain were associated with higher peak values. There was evidence of waning of anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stirrup
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Maria Krutikov
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, UK
| | | | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Andrew Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, England, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, England, UK
| | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Laura Shallcross
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England, UK
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Arman BY, Brun J, Hill ML, Zitzmann N, von Delft A. An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Trial Results-What We Can Learn for the Next Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:354. [PMID: 38203525 PMCID: PMC10779148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide, providing a stark reminder of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Due to the lack of approved antiviral drugs effective against coronaviruses at the start of the pandemic, the world largely relied on repurposed efforts. Here, we summarise results from randomised controlled trials to date, as well as selected in vitro data of directly acting antivirals, host-targeting antivirals, and immunomodulatory drugs. Overall, repurposing efforts evaluating directly acting antivirals targeting other viral families were largely unsuccessful, whereas several immunomodulatory drugs led to clinical improvement in hospitalised patients with severe disease. In addition, accelerated drug discovery efforts during the pandemic progressed to multiple novel directly acting antivirals with clinical efficacy, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We argue that large-scale investment is required to prepare for future pandemics; both to develop an arsenal of broad-spectrum antivirals beyond coronaviruses and build worldwide clinical trial networks that can be rapidly utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benediktus Yohan Arman
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Juliane Brun
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Annette von Delft
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Centre for Medicine Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Southworth T, Jackson N, Singh D. Airway and Systemic Immune Responses Following the Third COVID-19 Vaccination in COPD Patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:3027-3036. [PMID: 38143919 PMCID: PMC10749100 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s433269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Booster vaccinations are required to maintain protection against COVID-19. COPD patients are at higher risk of developing severe illness following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Previous cross-sectional analysis after the second COVID-19 booster showed similar immune responses in COPD patients and controls, but pre-vaccination samples were not available. This longitudinal study evaluated systemic and airway immune responses in COPD patients using samples obtained pre- and post-third COVID-19 vaccination. Methods Twelve COPD patients were recruited, with plasma, nasal and sputum (n = 10) samples collected pre-vaccination and 4- and 14-weeks post vaccination. Samples were analyzed for anti-spike IgA and IgG and cellular immunity. The ability of plasma and nasal samples to block ACE2-spike protein interaction was assessed for Wild type, Delta, and Omicron spike variants. Results Vaccinations increased anti-spike IgG in plasma (p < 0.001), nasal (IgG p < 0.001) and sputum (p = 0.002) samples, IgA in plasma (p < 0.001) and blood cellular immunity (p = 0.001). Plasma and nasal anti-spike IgA levels correlated (rho: 0.6, p = 0.02), with similar results for IgG (rho: 0.79, p = 0.003). Post-vaccination nasal (p = 0.002) and plasma (p < 0.001) samples were less effective at blocking Omicron spike binding to ACE2 compared to the Wild type spike variant. Discussion Airway and systemic immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 increased in COPD patients following a third COVID-19 vaccination. Nasal and systemic responses in COPD patients were less effective against Omicron variant compared to previous variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Southworth
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester, UK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Laing KJ, Ford ES, Johnson MJ, Levin MJ, Koelle DM, Weinberg A. Recruitment of naive CD4+ T cells by the recombinant zoster vaccine correlates with persistent immunity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e172634. [PMID: 37788096 PMCID: PMC10688978 DOI: 10.1172/jci172634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a substantial problem for people with decreased cell-mediated immunity, including older adults. The first vaccine approved for HZ prevention, the zoster vaccine live (ZVL), which provided limited and short-lived protection, has been supplanted by the superior recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV), which provides robust and durable protection. To understand the mechanisms underlying the differential immunologic characteristics of the 2 vaccines, we used T cell receptor β chain sequencing and peptide-MHC class II tetramer staining to analyze recombinant glycoprotein E-specific (gE-specific) CD4+ T cell clonotypes in RZV and ZVL recipients. Compared with ZVL, RZV expanded more gE-specific CD4+ clonotypes, with greater breadth and higher frequency of public clonotypes. RZV recruited a higher proportion of clonotypes from naive than from memory cells, while ZVL recruited equally from memory and naive compartments. Compared with memory-derived, naive-derived clonotypes were more likely to last 5 or more years after immunization. Moreover, the frequency of tetramer+ persistent clones correlated with the frequency of tetramer+ naive CD4+ prevaccination T cells. We conclude that the ability of RZV to recruit naive CD4+ T cells into the response may contribute to the durability of its effect. The abundance, breadth, and frequency of public clonotypes may further add to its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily S. Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Myron J. Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Translational Medicine, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Khan MS, Kim E, Le Hingrat Q, Kleinman A, Ferrari A, Sammartino JC, Percivalle E, Xu C, Huang S, Kenniston TW, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Pandrea I, Gambotto A, Apetrei C. Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit protein vaccination elicits robust humoral and cellular immune responses in SIV-infected rhesus macaque controllers. mBio 2023; 14:e0207023. [PMID: 37830800 PMCID: PMC10653869 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02070-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The study provides important insights into the immunogenicity and efficacy of a tetravalent protein subunit vaccine candidate against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The vaccine induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in nonhuman primates with controlled SIVagm infection and was able to generate Omicron variant-specific antibodies without specifically vaccinating with Omicron. These findings suggest that the tetravalent composition of the vaccine candidate could provide broad protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants while minimizing the risk of immune escape and the emergence of new variants. Additionally, the use of rhesus macaques with controlled SIVsab infection may better represent vaccine immunogenicity in humans with chronic viral diseases, highlighting the importance of preclinical animal models in vaccine development. Overall, the study provides valuable information for the development and implementation of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, particularly for achieving global vaccine equity and addressing emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S. Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eun Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jose C. Sammartino
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas W. Kenniston
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rouvinski A, Friedman A, Kirillov S, Attal JH, Kumari S, Fahoum J, Wiener R, Magen S, Plotkin Y, Chemtob D, Bercovier H. Antibody response in elderly vaccinated four times with an mRNA anti-COVID-19 vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14165. [PMID: 37644113 PMCID: PMC10465611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The humoral response after the fourth dose of a mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 has not been adequately described in elderly recipients, particularly those not exposed previously to SARS-CoV-2. Serum anti-RBD IgG levels (Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay) and neutralizing capacities (spike SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus Wuhan and Omicron BA.1 variant) were measured after the third and fourth doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine among 46 elderly residents (median age 85 years [IQR 81; 89]) of an assisted living facility. Among participants never infected by SARS-CoV-2, the mean serum IgG levels against RBD (2025 BAU/ml), 99 days after the fourth vaccine, was as high as 76 days after the third vaccine (1987 BAU/ml), and significantly higher (p = 0.030) when the latter were corrected for elapsed time. Neutralizing antibody levels against the historical Wuhan strain were significantly higher (Mean 1046 vs 1573; p = 0.002) and broader (against Omicron) (Mean 170 vs 375; p = 0.018), following the fourth vaccine. The six individuals with an Omicron breakthrough infection mounted strong immune responses for anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant indicating that the fourth vaccine dose did not prevent a specific adaptation of the immune response. These findings point out the value of continued vaccine boosting in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rouvinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ahuva Friedman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saveliy Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jordan Hannink Attal
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sujata Kumari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jamal Fahoum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Magen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yevgeni Plotkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Chemtob
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Herve Bercovier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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