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Sun G, Chen H, Xia J, Li T, Ye H, Li J, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Wang K, Shi J, Wang P. Diagnostic performance of anti-MAGEA family protein autoantibodies in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111041. [PMID: 37866309 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
MAGEA family proteins are immunogenic and can produce corresponding autoantibodies, and we aim to evaluate the diagnostic value of anti-MAGEA family protein autoantibodies in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Protein chip was used to detect the expression level of anti-MAGEA autoantibodies (IgG and IgM) in 20 mixed serum samples. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was adopted to determine the expression level of autoantibodies in 1019 serum samples (423 ESCC, 423 healthy control (HC), 173 benign esophageal disease (BED)), and stepwise logistic regression analysis was used for developing a diagnostic model. Eight anti-MAGEA autoantibodies were screened out based on the protein chip. The levels of 7 autoantibodies (MAGEA1-IgG, MAGEA3-IgG, MAGEA3-IgM, MAGEA4-IgG, MAGEA6-IgG, MAGEA10-IgG, MAGEA12-IgG) in ESCC were significantly higher than that in HC, and the levels of anti-MAGEA1 IgG, anti-MAGEA3-IgG, anti-MAGEA4-IgG, anti-MAGEA10-IgG and anti-MAGEA12-IgG autoantibodies in ESCC group were significantly higher than those in BED group. The area under curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of the logistic regression model (MAGEA1-IgG, MAGEA4-IgG, MAGEA6-IgG, MAGEA12-IgG) in the training set and the validation set were 0.725 and 0.698, 55.2% and 51.8%, 80.4% and 84.5%, respectively, in distinguishing ESCC and HC. The model also could distinguish between ESCC and BED, with the AUC of 0.743, sensitivity of 55.4% and specificity of 89.0%. The positive rate of the model combined with cytokeratin 19 fragment to diagnose ESCC reached 78.0%. The study identified anti-MAGEA autoantibodies with potential diagnostic value for ESCC, which may provide new promising for the detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Huili Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Junfen Xia
- Office of Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Tiandong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Keyan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology and State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China.
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Barrera-Saldaña HA, Fernández-Garza LE, Barrera-Barrera SA. Liquid biopsy in chronic liver disease. Ann Hepatol 2021; 20:100197. [PMID: 32444248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases account for a considerable toll of incapacities, suffering, deaths, and resources of the nation's health systems. They can be prevented, treated or even cured when the diagnosis is made on time. Traditional liver biopsy remains the gold standard to diagnose liver diseases, but it has several limitations. Liquid biopsy is emerging as a superior alternative to surgical biopsy given that it surpasses the limitations: it is more convenient, readily and repeatedly accessible, safe, cheap, and provides a more detailed molecular and cellular representation of the individual patient's disease. Progress in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of diseased tissues and organs that normally release cells and cellular components into the bloodstream is catapulting liquid biopsy as a source of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response, thus supporting the realization of the promises of precision medicine. The review aims to summarize the evidence of the usefulness of liquid biopsy in liver diseases, including the presence of different biomarkers as circulating epithelial cells, cell-free nucleic acids, specific species of DNA and RNA, and the content of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Barrera-Saldaña
- Innbiogem SC at National Laboratory for Services of Research, Development, and Innovation for the Pharma and Biotech Industries (LANSEDI) of CONACyT Vitaxentrum group, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; Center for Biotechnological Genomics of National Polytechnical Institute, Reynosa, Tamps., Mexico.
| | - Luis E Fernández-Garza
- Innbiogem SC at National Laboratory for Services of Research, Development, and Innovation for the Pharma and Biotech Industries (LANSEDI) of CONACyT Vitaxentrum group, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Silvia A Barrera-Barrera
- Innbiogem SC at National Laboratory for Services of Research, Development, and Innovation for the Pharma and Biotech Industries (LANSEDI) of CONACyT Vitaxentrum group, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
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Cui K, Ou Y, Shen Y, Li S, Sun Z. Clinical value of circulating tumor cells for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22242. [PMID: 33019399 PMCID: PMC7535562 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the clinical value of circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection in peripheral blood for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Public databases were searched, and a meta-analysis was performed to determine the specificity, sensitivity, negative- likelihood ratio (NLR) and positive-likelihood ratio (PLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (dOR) of CTC detection for the diagnosis of HCC. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed for the association of CTC detection with overall survival (OS) and HCC recurrence. The Meta-DiSc 1.4 and Review Manager 5.2 software programs were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 20 studies including 1191 patients showed that the specificity, sensitivity, NLR, PLR, and dOR of CTC testing for HCC diagnosis were 0.60 (95% CI = 0.57-0.63), 0.95 (95%CI = 0.93-0.96), 0.36 (95%CI = 0.28-0.48), 11.64 (95%CI = 5.85-23.14), and 38.94 (95%CI = 18.33-82.75), respectively. Meta-analysis of 18 studies including 1466 patients indicated that the OS of CTC-positive HCC patients was less than that of CTC-negative patients (HR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.55-3.42; P < .01). Meta-analysis of 5 studies including 339 patients revealed that the presence of CTCs in peripheral blood significantly increased the risk of HCC recurrence (HR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.89-4.86; P < .01). CONCLUSION CTCs in peripheral blood may be a useful marker for HCC diagnosis. In addition, the prognosis of CTC-positive HCC patients was significantly worse than that of CTC-negative HCC patients. Therefore, further studies are warranted to confirm the clinical potential of CTC detection in peripheral blood in patients with primary HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cui
- Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yang Ou
- Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Sheng Li
- Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Ji’ning, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Li R, Gong J, Xiao C, Zhu S, Hu Z, Liang J, Li X, Yan X, Zhang X, Li D, Liu W, Chong Y, Jie Y. A comprehensive analysis of the MAGE family as prognostic and diagnostic markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Genomics 2020; 112:5101-5114. [PMID: 32941982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Melanoma Antigen Gene (MAGE) family is a large, highly conserved group of proteins which was reported to participate in the progression of multiple cancers in humans. However, the function of distinct MAGE genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unclear. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the expression, clinical significance, genetic alteration, interaction network and functional enrichment of MAGEs in HCC. Our research showed that many MAGE genes were dysregulated in HCC. Among them, MAGEA1, MAGEC2, MAGED1, MAGED2, MAGEF1 and MAGEL2 were significantly associated with clinical stage and differentiation of HCC. MAGED1, MAGED2, MAGEA6, MAGEA12, MAGEA10, MAGEB4, MAGEL2 and MAGEC3 significantly correlated with HCC prognosis. Further functional enrichment analysis suggested the dysregulated MAGEs may play important roles in signal transduction. These results indicate that multiple dysregulated MAGEs might play important roles in the development of HCC and can be exploited as useful biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong province engineering laboratory for transplantation medicine, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiao Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Cuicui Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhongying Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jinliang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xijing Yan
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xijian Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong province engineering laboratory for transplantation medicine, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yutian Chong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yusheng Jie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Liquid biopsy in hepatocellular carcinoma: circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:114. [PMID: 31269959 PMCID: PMC6607541 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of death worldwide. Due to latent liver disease, late diagnosis, and nonresponse to systemic treatments, surgical resection and/or biopsy specimens are still generally considered as the gold standard by clinicians for clinical decision-making until now. Since the conventional tissue biopsy is invasive and contains small tissue samples, it is unable to represent tumor heterogeneity or monitor dynamic tumor progression. Therefore, it is imperative to find a new less invasive or noninvasive diagnostic strategy to detect HCC at an early stage and to monitor HCC recurrence. Over the past years, a new diagnostic concept known as “liquid biopsy” has emerged with substantial attention. Liquid biopsy is noninvasive and allows repeated analyses to monitor tumor recurrence, metastasis or treatment responses in real time. With the advanced development of new molecular techniques, HCC circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection have achieved interesting and encouraging results. In this review, we focus on the clinical applications of CTCs and ctDNA as key components of liquid biopsy in HCC patients.
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Zhang X, Kang C, Li N, Liu X, Zhang J, Gao F, Dai L. Identification of special key genes for alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinoma through bioinformatic analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6375. [PMID: 30755830 PMCID: PMC6368834 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was reported to be diagnosed at a later stage, but the mechanism was unknown. This study aimed to identify special key genes (SKGs) during alcohol-related HCC development and progression. Methods The mRNA data of 369 HCC patients and the clinical information were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA). The 310 patients with certain HCC-related risk factors were included for analysis and divided into seven groups according to the risk factors. Survival analyses were applied for the HCC patients of different groups. The patients with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection only were combined into the HCC-V group for further analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the HCCs with alcohol consumption only (HCC-A) and HCC-V tumors were identified through limma package in R with cutoff criteria│log2 fold change (logFC)|>1.0 and p < 0.05. The DEGs between eight alcohol-related HCCs and their paired normal livers of GSE59259 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were identified through GEO2R (a built-in tool in GEO database) with cutoff criteria |logFC|> 2.0 and adj.p < 0.05. The intersection of the two sets of DEGs was considered SKGs which were then investigated for their specificity through comparisons between HCC-A and other four HCC groups. The SKGs were analyzed for their correlations with HCC-A stage and grade and their prognostic power for HCC-A patients. The expressional differences of the SKGs in the HCCs in whole were also investigated through Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). The SKGs in HCC were validated through Oncomine database analysis. Results Pathological stage is an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients. HCC-A patients were diagnosed later than HCC patients with other risk factors. Ten SKGs were identified and nine of them were confirmed for their differences in paired samples of HCC-A patients. Three (SLC22A10, CD5L, and UROC1) and four (SLC22A10, UROC1, CSAG3, and CSMD1) confirmed genes were correlated with HCC-A stage and grade, respectively. SPP2 had a lower trend in HCC-A tumors and was negatively correlated with HCC-A stage and grade. The SKGs each was differentially expressed between HCC-A and at least one of other HCC groups. CD5L was identified to be favorable prognostic factor for overall survival while CSMD1 unfavorable prognostic factor for disease-free survival for HCC-A patients and HCC patients in whole. Through Oncomine database, the dysregulations of the SKGs in HCC and their clinical significance were confirmed. Conclusion The poor prognosis of HCC-A patients might be due to their later diagnosis. The SKGs, especially the four stage-correlated genes (CD5L, SLC22A10, UROC1, and SPP2) might play important roles in HCC development, especially alcohol-related HCC development and progression. CD5L might be useful for overall survival and CSMD1 for disease-free survival predication in HCC, especially alcohol-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoli Liu
- Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | - Liping Dai
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Long non-coding RNA linc-ITGB1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in human hepatoma carcinoma by up-regulating ROCK1. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181289. [PMID: 30279202 PMCID: PMC6209605 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Linc-ITGB1 is a newly identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) involved in the regulation of cell migration and invasion of gallbladder cancer cell lines, while its involvement in human hepatoma carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. Methods: In the present study, HCC patient tumor tissues, adjacent healthy tissues and whole blood were collected from both HCC patients and healthy controls. Expression of LINC-ITGB1 was examined by qRT-PCR. Diagnostic value of serum LINC-ITGB1 for HCC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Correlation between the serum LINC-ITGB1 and basic clinical information of patients was analyzed by chi-square test. LINC-ITGB1 overexpression HCC cell lines were established and the effects on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were explored by CCK-8 assay and Transwell assay. Effects of LINC-ITGB1 overexpression on Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) expression were investigated by Western blot. Results: We found that LINC-ITGB1 was up-regulated in tumor tissues than in adjacent healthy tissues. Serum levels of LINC-ITGB1 were higher in HCC patients than in healthy controls. Serum levels of LINC-ITGB1 were significantly correlated with tumor size and distant tumor metastasis. LINC-ITGB1 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells and the expression of ROCK1. ROCK1 inhibitor reduced the effects of LINC-ITGB1 overexpression on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Conclusion: We conclude that lncRNA LINC-ITGB1 can promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells by up-regulating ROCK1.
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Li J, Han X, Yu X, Xu Z, Yang G, Liu B, Xiu P. Clinical applications of liquid biopsy as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma: circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:213. [PMID: 30176913 PMCID: PMC6122633 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant disease with a poor prognosis and high mortality due to a low early diagnosis rate, resistance to systemic treatments and progression to late-stage liver disease. Owing to limitations in the detection of HCC and the lack of awareness of healthcare systems, fewer than 40% of HCC patients are eligible for surgery due to advanced stages of the disease at the time of diagnosis and the occurrence of multiple lesions in the cirrhotic or fibrotic liver. At present, the updated American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) guidelines no longer recommend alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing as a part of diagnostic evaluation. Thus, it is imperative to establish a novel diagnostic strategy with high sensitivity and reliability to monitor risk factors to detect HCC at an early stage. In recent years, “liquid biopsy,” (including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)), has emerged as a technique for the characterization of circulating cells, providing a strong basis for the individualized treatment of patients. As a noninvasive detection method, liquid biopsy is expected to play an important role in the early diagnosis, dynamic monitoring of cancer patients and drug screening. In this review, we will focus on the clinical applications, recent studies and future prospects of liquid biopsy, particularly focusing on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Department of General Medicine, Weifang Rongfu Military Hospital, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Zongzhen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Bingqi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Guo L, Xu D, Lu Y, Peng J, Jiang L. Detection of circulating tumor cells by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and magnetic activated cell sorting in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5894-5900. [PMID: 28849093 PMCID: PMC5865766 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered a major cause of recurrence and metastasis in cancer; however, the detection of CTCs is challenging owing to their very low numbers in peripheral blood (around 10 CTCs per 1,000,000 erythrocytes). Cancer‑testis antigens (CTAs) are specific tumor markers for CTCs. The present study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) for the detection of nine CTAs as well as placenta‑specific antigen 1 (PLAC1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples collected from 51 patients with HCC. The effectiveness of magnetic‑activated cell sorting (MACS) for tumor‑cell enrichment, through the depletion of CD45+ leukocytes in PBMC samples, was also assessed. Immunocytochemistry along with hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated that RT‑qPCR achieved an overall positive detection rate for CTAs and PLAC1 of 70.6%; the highest rates were observed for melanoma‑associated antigen A3 (MAGEA3), synovial sarcoma X breakpoint 1, MAGEA1, NY‑ESO‑1, L antigen 1 and PLAC1. MACS‑detected intact CTCs in PBMCs were confirmed by H&E staining and morphological assessment; 12 out of 19 (63.2%) patients were identified as positive for CTAs. Screening for these five CTAs and PLAC1 by RT‑qPCR may offer a potentially valuable prognostic tool with good sensitivity and specificity in patients with HCC that may be enhanced by MACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
| | - Donghai Xu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
| | - Jirun Peng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
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Okajima W, Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Miyamae M, Ohashi T, Imamura T, Kiuchi J, Nishibeppu K, Arita T, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Morimura R, Ikoma H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E. Liquid biopsy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5650-5668. [PMID: 28883691 PMCID: PMC5569280 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with its high incidence and mortality rate, is one of the most common malignant tumors. Despite recent development of a diagnostic and treatment method, the prognosis of HCC remains poor. Therefore, to provide optimal treatment for each patient with HCC, more precise and effective biomarkers are urgently needed which could facilitate a more detailed individualized decision-making during HCC treatment, including the following; risk assessment, early cancer detection, prediction of treatment or prognostic outcome. In the blood of cancer patients, accumulating evidence about circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids has suggested their potent clinical utilities as novel biomarker. This concept, so-called “liquid biopsy” is widely known as an alternative approach to cancer tissue biopsy. This method might facilitate a more sensitive diagnosis and better decision-making by obtaining genetic and epigenetic aberrations that are closely associated with cancer initiation and progression. In this article, we review recent developments based on the available literature on both circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids in cancer patients, especially focusing on Hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Okajima
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mahito Miyamae
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takuma Ohashi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Taisuke Imamura
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jun Kiuchi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishibeppu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimura
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ikoma
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okamoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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11
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Junwei W, Xiumin Z, Jing Y, Shoujing Y, Zengshan L. In vivo enhancement of the MAGE-specific cellular immune response by a recombinant MAGE1-MAGE3-TBHSP70 tumor vaccine. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:45. [PMID: 27330408 PMCID: PMC4912753 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response is the major cellular type in attacking tumor cells, most immunotherapy targets to manipulate the CTL response. Immunotherapies targeting melanoma-specific antigens (MAGEs), a group of tumor-specific shared antigen, have shown to be promising. Our previous study has shown that MAGE1/TBHSP70 and MAGE3/TBHSP70 could induce a robust immune response against B-16 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we used an animal model to further demonstrate MAGEs as a potential immunotherapy target for tumorigenesis in vivo. Methods In the current study, we developed a MAGE1/MAGE3/TBHSP70 recombinant protein vaccine and evaluated its protective efficacy against tumor development by challenge vaccine-immunized mice with MAGE-expressing human tumor cell lines in a Hu-PBL-SCID mouse model. The cellular immune reactions were monitored by ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assays. Results Splenocytes isolated from vaccine-immunized mice presented potent cytokine secretion capacity and CTL-specific cytotoxic. Vaccine-immunized mice had a significant tumor regression and prolonged survival compared with controls (both p < 0.05). In vitro, rMAGE1-MAGE3-TBHSP70 showed a potent tumor-antigen-specific immune response in both hepatocellular carcinoma and pulmonary carcinoma cell lines. Conclusion This newly-developed recombinant protein vaccine may serve as a new immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Junwei
- The State Key Laborotary of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shanxi China
| | - Zhan Xiumin
- The State Key Laborotary of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shanxi China
| | - Ye Jing
- The State Key Laborotary of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shanxi China
| | - Yang Shoujing
- The State Key Laborotary of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shanxi China
| | - Li Zengshan
- The State Key Laborotary of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shanxi China.,The Pathology Department, Fourth Military Medical University, ChangLe West Road 17, Xi'an, 710032 Shanxi China
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12
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Esfandiary A, Ghafouri-Fard S. MAGE-A3: an immunogenic target used in clinical practice. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:683-704. [PMID: 26100270 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma antigen family A, 3 (MAGE-A3) is a cancer-testis antigen whose expression has been demonstrated in a wide array of malignancies including melanoma, brain, breast, lung and ovarian cancer. In addition, its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses has been shown in cancer patients. As antigen-specific immune responses can be stimulated by immunization with MAGE-A3, several clinical trials have used MAGE-A3 vaccines to observe clinical responses. The frequent expressions of this antigen in various tumors and its immunogenicity in cancer patients have led to application of this antigen in cancer immunotherapy. However, the results of recent clinical trials indicate that there is a need for research in the vaccine design, adjuvant selection as well as patient selection criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
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13
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Wang Q, Li X, Ren S, Cheng N, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Li J, Cai W, Zhao C, Cao W, Zhou C. Serum levels of the cancer-testis antigen POTEE and its clinical significance in non-small-cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122792. [PMID: 25860145 PMCID: PMC4393100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background POTEE (POTE ankyrin domain family, member E) is a newly identified cancer-testis antigen that has been found to be expressed in a wide variety of human cancers including cancers of the colon, prostate, lung, breast, ovary, and pancreas. Aim To measure the serum levels of POTEE in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to explore the clinical significance of POTEE in NSCLC. Patients and Methods 104 NSCLC patients, 66 benign lung disease patients and 80 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study from May 2013 to February 2014. Serum POTEE levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Numerical variables were recorded as means ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by independent t tests. Categorical variables were calculated as rates and were analyzed using a χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Survival curves were estimated and compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests. Results Serum POTEE levels were significantly higher in NSCLC patients than in benign lung disease patients and healthy controls (mean ± SD [pg/ml], 324.38± 13.84 vs. 156.93 ± 17.38 and 139.09 ± 15.80, P<0.001) and were significantly correlated with TNM stage. Survival analysis revealed that patients with low serum POTEE had longer progression-free survival (PFS) than those with high serum POTEE (P=0.021). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that POTEE was an independent prognostic factor of progression-free survival (P =0.009, hazard ratio, 2.440). Conclusions Serum POTEE level in NSCLC patients is associated with TNM stage and is a potential prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Cheng
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingchuan Zhao
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yishi Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijing Cai
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wa Cao
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wang M, Li J, Wang L, Chen X, Zhang Z, Yue D, Ping Y, Shi X, Huang L, Zhang T, Yang L, Zhao Y, Ma X, Li D, Fan Z, Zhao L, Tang Z, Zhai W, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Combined cancer testis antigens enhanced prediction accuracy for prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:3513-3528. [PMID: 26097535 PMCID: PMC4466922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are selectively expressed in malignant cells and can serve as ideal targets for immunotherapy. We investigated the expressions of MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-C2 and NY-ESO-1 to determine if combinatorial expressions of CTAs might be as potential prognostic markers for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In tumor tissues of 142 HCC patients, the mRNA expressions of MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-C2 and NY-ESO-1 were 78.9%, 33.8%, 74.6% and 14.1% respectively. Furthermore, the expressions of MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4 and combination of MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 (CTAs-A3/A4/NY) showed positive correlations with serum AFP, tumor stages and Ki-67 (P < 0.05). In addition, mRNA expressions of CTAs were significantly consistent with protein expressions of CTAs by immunohistochemistry (P > 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analysis showed that CTAs-A3/A4/NY had larger areas under ROC curve (0.768), specificity (99.1%), Youden's index (44.6), positive predictive value (90.9%) and negative predictive value (89.9%) for predicting HCC recurrence than other CTAs. Moreover, the combinatorial expression of CTAs-A3/A4/NY was significantly associated with HCC recurrence by Kaplan-Meier analysis (HR = 69.36, P < 0.01) and multivariate Cox analysis (RR = 17.11, P < 0.01). The combinatorial expression of CTAs-A3/A4/NY mRNA promotes the predictive accuracy of HCC recurrence and itself may be a potential target for immunotherapy of HCC as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Dongli Yue
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yu Ping
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yongfu Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiuxian Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Dexu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhengjun Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Longshuan Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenlong Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago 60611, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Engineering Key Laboratory for Cell Therapy of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P.R. China
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15
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Bahnassy AA, Zekri ARN, El-Bastawisy A, Fawzy A, Shetta M, Hussein N, Omran D, Ahmed AAS, El-Labbody SS. Circulating tumor and cancer stem cells in hepatitis C virus-associated liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18240-18248. [PMID: 25561791 PMCID: PMC4277961 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated liver disease.
METHODS: Blood and/or tissue samples were obtained from HCV (genotype 4)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma patients (HCC; n = 120), chronic hepatitis C patients (CH; n = 30) and 33 normal control subjects (n = 33). Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were measured. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) monoclonal antibody was used to enumerate CTCs, and CD133 and CD90 were used to enumerate CSCs by flow cytometry. The expression levels of the CSCs markers (CD133 and CD90) as well as telomerase, melanoma antigen encoding gene 1 (MAGE1) and MAGE3 were assessed by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. The number of CTCs and/or the expression levels of CK19, CD133, telomerase, MAGE1 and MAGE3 were correlated to the standard clinicopathologic prognostic factors and disease progression.
RESULTS: Levels of AFP, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly different among the HCC, CH and control groups (P < 0.001), whereas alanine aminotransferase differed significantly between patient (HCC and CH) and control groups (P < 0.001). At the specified cutoff values determine by flow cytometry, CK19 (49.8), CD90 (400) and CD133 (73) were significantly higher in the blood of HCC patients compared to those in the CH and control groups (P < 0.001). On the other hand, CD133 at a 69.5 cutoff was significantly higher in the CH compared to the control group (P≤ 0.001). Telomerase, MAGE1 and MAGE3 RNA were expressed in 55.71%, 60.00% and 62.86% of the HCC patients, respectively, but were not detected in patients in the CH or control groups, which were statistically significant (Ps < 0.001). The expression levels of telomerase, CD90, MAGE3, CD133 and CK19 were all significantly associated with high tumor grade and advanced stage in HCC patients (all Ps < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: CTC counts and AFP, CK19, telomerase, and MAGE1/MAGE3 expression predict disease progression in patients with HCV, whereas telomerase, MAGE3, CD90, CD133 and CK19 are prognostic markers in HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/blood
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Separation/methods
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genotype
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/blood
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prospective Studies
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Young Adult
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Abd-Elsalam EAE, Ismaeil NA. Melanoma-associated antigen genes: a new trend to predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Med Oncol 2014; 31:285. [PMID: 25316266 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MAGE-A are normally expressed in testis and placenta. Among MAGEs, the MAGE-A subtype has been the most characterized in cancers. Our study was conducted to assess the expression of (MAGE-A1-MAGE-A6) m-RNA using MMRPs and MAGE-A12 m-RNA in blood for evaluating their clinical implications in breast cancer patients. RT-PCR was carried out to detect the expression of (MAGE-A1-MAGE-A6) m-RNA using MMRPs and MAGE-A12 m-RNA in blood. The study included 100 breast cancer cases aged 41-62 years and 100 controls aged 36-53 years. MAGE m-RNA expression was not detected in healthy donors. In breast cancer patients, the positivity of (MAGE-A1-MAGE-A6) m-RNA was 44 % (44 cases), while MAGE-A12 m-RNA was expressed in 13 % (13 cases). The gene expressions of MAGE-A1-A6 and MAGE-A12 were significantly associated with advanced TNM stages (P = 0.001 and 0.034, respectively). Simultaneous estimation of the gene expressions of MAGE-A1-A6 and MAGE-A12 can detect occult hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells and may help to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy and the development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Mohamed FZ, Hussein YM, El-Deen IM, Sabea MS. Cyclooxygenase-2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1461-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Multiple molecular markers MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and AFP mRNAs expression nested PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of circulating hepatoma cells: Enhanced detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered to be a fatal disease because of its late diagnosis, underlying liver disease, and refractoriness to systemic treatments. Biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity that are minimally invasive, reproducible, and easily available have important clinical utility for early diagnosis, prognostication, and pharmacodynamics evaluation. Until now, most of the circulating HCC biomarkers used in clinical practice were protein molecules. However, these biomarkers often had low sensitivity and specificity. In the past decade, circulating cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) have been extensively studied. We review the studies that evaluated cfNAs as circulating HCC biomarkers and discuss recent advances with regard to their diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Hussein YM, Morad FE, Gameel MA, Emam WA, El Sawy WH, El Tarhouny SA, Bayomy ES, Raafat N. MAGE-4 gene m-RNA and TGF in blood as potential biochemical markers for HCC in HCV-infected patients. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3055-62. [PMID: 22653756 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progression from chronic hepatitis C virus infection to cirrhosis then to hepatocellular carcinoma usually results in some protein changes in peripheral blood. We evaluated MAGE-4 mRNA, TGFβ1 and AFP in peripheral blood as potential biochemical markers for diagnosis and prognosis of some complications of HCV infection. MAGE-4 mRNA in blood by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, serum TGF-Β1 and AFP by ELISA was assayed in seventy-five individuals who were classified into five groups: group I (control) comprised fifteen apparently healthy volunteers, group II involved fifteen HCV-infected patients without cirrhosis, group III involved fifteen HCV fifteen HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis, group IV included fifteen HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis and early stage HCC, and group V included fifteen HCV cirrhotic patients and late-stage HCC. We found that the frequency of positivity of MAGE-4 among the late hepatoma group was 40 %, while in the early hepatoma group the positivity was 6.7 %. The results for TGF-Β1 revealed a significant increase in serum TGF-Β1 in groups IV and V as compared to control, II, III groups. The obtained results of AFP showed a significant positive increase in serum AFP in groups IV and V when compared to groups II and III. Detection of MAGE-4 transcripts in blood, especially with follow-up survey, may help to predict the prognosis and monitoring of the response to the therapy, and serum TGF-Β1 level in HCC patients is directly correlated with metastasis and recurrence of tumors and increases gradually with the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousri M Hussein
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Molecular and serum markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: Predictive tools for prognosis and recurrence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:116-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Tzimagiorgis G, Michailidou EZ, Kritis A, Markopoulos AK, Kouidou S. Recovering circulating extracellular or cell-free RNA from bodily fluids. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35:580-9. [PMID: 21514265 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of extracellular circulating or cell-free RNA in biological fluids is becoming a promising diagnostic tool for non invasive and cost effective cancer detection. Extracellular RNA or miRNA as biological marker could be used either for the early detection and diagnosis of the disease or as a marker of recurrence patterns and surveillance. In this review article, we refer to the origin of the circulating extracellular RNA, we summarise the data on the biological fluids (serum/plasma, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and bronchial lavage fluid) of patients suffering from various types of malignancies reported to contain a substantial amount of circulating extracellular (or cell-free) RNAs and we discuss the appropriate reagents and methodologies needed to be employed in order to obtain RNA material of high quality and integrity for the majority of the experimental methods used in RNA expression analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the RT-PCR or microarray methodology which are the methods more often employed in procedures of extracellular RNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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MAGE-3 and MAGE-4 genes as possible markers for early detection of metastases in hepatitis C virus Egyptian patients complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol 2011; 29:994-9. [PMID: 21452042 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells into the circulation plays a critical role in post-operative recurrence and metastasis. Early detection of metastatic tumor cells is critical to identify HCC patients at high risk of relapse. MAGE-3 and -4 genes were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the possibility of using them as new markers for early detection of metastases in 160 chronic HCV Egyptian patients, 115 of them were complicated with HCC. The expressions of MAGE-3 and MAGE-4 mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with metastatic HCC were 36 and 52%, respectively. While the expressions of MAGE-3 and MAGE-4 mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with localized HCC were 12.5 and 15%, respectively. Moreover, at least one type of mRNA was found in the peripheral blood of 68% of the metastatic HCC patients and in 20% of the localized HCC patients. While neither the controls nor the cirrhotic patients show expression of MAGE-4 mRNA in their peripheral blood. MAGE-3 and MAGE-4 may be a promising diagnostic tool for monitoring the prognosis of HCC patients and early detection of occult hematogenous metastasis of HCC.
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Zhao L, Mou DC, Peng JR, Huang L, Wu ZA, Leng XS. Diagnostic value of cancer-testis antigen mRNA in peripheral blood from hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:4072-8. [PMID: 20731022 PMCID: PMC2928462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i32.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic value of cancer-testis antigen (CTA) mRNA in peripheral blood samples from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were taken from 90 patients with HCC before operation. Expression of melanoma antigen-1 (MAGE-1), synovial sarcoma X breakpoint-1 (SSX-1), and cancer-testis-associated protein of 11 kDa (CTp11) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was tested by nested reverse transcripts-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) in these patients was also determined.
RESULTS: The positive rate of MAGE-1, SSX-1 and CTp11 transcripts was 37.7%, 34.4%, 31.1% in PBMC samples, and 74.4%, 73.3%, 62.2% in their resected tumor samples, respectively. The positive rate for at least one of the transcripts of three CTA genes was 66.7% in PBMC samples and 91.1% in their resected tumor samples. MAGE-1, SSX-1 and/or CTp11 mRNA were not detected in the PBMC of those patients from whom the resected tumor samples were MAGE-1, SSX-1 and/or CTp11 mRNA negative, nor in the PBMC samples from 20 healthy donors and 10 cirrhotic patients. Among the 90 patients, the serum AFP in 44 patients met the general diagnostic standard (AFP > 400 μg/L) for HCC, and was negative (AFP ≤ 20 μg/L) or positive with a low concentration (20 μg/L < AFP ≤ 400 μg/L) in the other patients. The positive rate for at least one of the transcripts of three CTA genes in PBMC samples from the AFP negative or positive patients with a low concentration was 69.2% and 45.0%, respectively. Of the 90 patients, 71 (78.9%) were diagnosed as HCC by nested RT-PCR and serum AFP. Although the positive rate for at least one of the transcripts of three CTA genes in PBMC samples from 53 patients at TNM stage III or IV was obviously higher than that in PBMC samples from 37 patients at stage I or II (77.9% vs 51.4%, P = 0.010), the CTA mRNA was detected in 41.7% and 56.0% of PBMC samples from HCC patients at stages I and II, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Detecting MAGE-1, SSX-1 and CTp11 mRNA in PBMC improves the total diagnostic rate of HCC.
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Zhao L, Mou DC, Peng JR, Leng XS. Expression of cancer-testis antigen SPANX-C mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma and prediction of HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes of SPANX-C. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1810-1814. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i17.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of SPANX-C (sperm protein associated with the nucleus mapped to the X chromosome-C) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to predict the HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of SPANX-C to find new targets for specific immunotherapy of HCC.
METHODS: The expression of SPANX-C mRNA was characterized by RT-PCR in tumor tissue and adjacent liver tissue specimens from 115 HCC patients and liver tissue specimens from 20 non-HCC patients (10 with liver cirrhosis and 10 without liver disease). The positive PCR products (297 bp) obtained from 5 tumor tissue specimens were randomly selected for sequencing to confirm the detecting results. HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes of SPANX-C were predicted by peptide supermotif prediction method in combination with quantitative motif method.
RESULTS: Seventy (60.9%) of 115 tumor tissue specimen from HCC patients expressed SPANX-C mRNA. In contrast, SPANX-C mRNA was not detected in tumor-adjacent tissue and liver tissue from non-HCC patients. There was no discernable correlation between SPANX-C expression and tumor stage, differentiation degree or serum α-fetoprotein level (all P > 0.05). Five CTL epitope candidates (nonamers) derived from the antigen SPANX-C were found by peptide supermotif prediction, of them, SPANX-C51-59 (LVVRYRRNV) may have stronger binding potential with HLA-A2 molecule.
CONCLUSION: SPANX-C mRNA is highly expressed in HCC tumor tissue in Chinese patients. SPANX-C may provide potential HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes as specific targets for immunotherapy of HCC.
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Lai B, Zhu PQ, Zhu SC, Luo HL. Clinical implications of expression of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:355-360. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i4.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the possibility of using melanoma antigen-1 (MAGE-1) and New York-esophageal-1 (NY-ESO-1) antigens as specific targets for immunotherapy of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and using MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNA levels as auxiliary parameters for risk classification of GISTs.
METHODS: The expression of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 30 GIST tissue specimens. The correlation of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression with pathological parameters was analyzed in GISTs.
RESULTS: The positive rates of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression in GIST specimens were 30% and 47%, respectively. At least one of these two cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) was detected in 18 GIST tissue specimens. The expression of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs was not correlated with age, sex or pathologic type (P > 0.05), but correlated with tumor site, tumor diameter and risk grade (all P < 0.05). The expression levels of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs in GISTs of high risk grade were significantly higher than those in GISTs of low risk grade (P < 0.05). No negative correlation was noted between the expression of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs in GISTs (r = 0.018, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs are expressed specifically in GIST tissue and may be potentially promising targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy of GISTs. The expression of MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNAs is correlated with the risk grade of GISTs. MAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNA levels are promising auxiliary parameters for risk classification of GISTs.
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Zhang Y, Song T, Meng L, Wu X, Ba Y, Li Q. Melanoma antigen-1 mRNA combined with alpha-fetoprotein mRNA levels in peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a predictor of postoperative recurrence or metastasis? ANZ J Surg 2009; 79:62-9. [PMID: 19183381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to identify whether melanoma antigen (MAGE)-1 mRNA and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA expressed in peripheral blood could be used to predict the recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy. METHODS One hundred and forty-two HCC patients underwent hepatectomy. The control group includes 27 patients with chronic virus hepatitis and cirrhosis and 10 healthy volunteers. Peripheral blood samples were collected on the seventh day before operation, seventh day after operation and 30th day after operation. MAGE-1 mRNA and AFP mRNA were tested by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Median follow up was 25.5 months (range 4-40 months). Patient survival, disease-free survival and clinicopathological features were compared between patients with positive and negative MAGE-1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA. RESULTS The expression of MAGE-1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA in peripheral blood was closely correlated to the pathological stage and the positive ratio of tumour cells in the peripheral blood (P < 0.01). There was recurrence and/or metastasis after operation in 55 of 142 HCC patients. Among the 55 patients who had recurrence or metastasis, MAGE-1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA in peripheral blood were persistently detected after operation in 38 patients and MAGE-1 mRNA and AFP mRNA turned to positive after operation in 14 patients. In contrast, no recurrence was found in 62 patients whose MAGE-1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA turned to negative after operation. 88.1% (52 of 59) of patients with MAGE-1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA persistently positive after operation showed recurrence or metastasis, whereas only 3.6% patients (3 of 83) with the negative of MAGE-1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA after operation showed recurrence or metastasis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Melanoma antigen-1 mRNA combined with AFP mRNA in peripheral blood after hepatectomy is more sensitive and specific than AFP mRNA singly for predicting the recurrence and metastasis of the HCC patients, whereas preoperative transient detection is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, He Xi District, Tianjin, China
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Liu N, Song T, Liu Z, Guo R, Meng L. Detection of MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and AFP mRNA as multimarker by real-time quantitative PCR assay: a possible predictor of hematogenous micrometastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [PMID: 19260505 DOI: 10.1007/s11805-008-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and AFP mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and micrometastasis in circulation, real-time quantitative-PCR (real-time Q-PCR) assay was applied to detect the expression of the multimarker. METHODOLOGY Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 86 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and real-time Q-PCR technique was used to detect the MAGE-1, MAGE-3, and AFP mRNA in the blood. RESULTS In 86 tumor specimens, the positivity for MAGE-1, MAGE-3, and AFP genes was 34.9% (30/86), 60.5% (52/86) and 69.8%(60/86) respectively, and all specimens expressed at least one marker. MAGE-1, MAGE-3, and AFP transcripts were detected in 12 (14.0%),18 (20.1%) and 29 (33.7%) of 86 blood specimens from hepatocellular carcinoma patients, respectively, while 45 specimens (52.3%) were positive for at least one marker. In addition, MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and AFP gene transcripts were not detected in any peripheral blood specimens from 25 chronic liver disease patients and 28 normal healthy volunteers. The positive rate correlated with the TNM clinical stages, extrahepatic metastasis and portal vein carcinothrombosis (p<0.05). No correlation was found between tumor size, tumor number, differentiation, serum a-fetoprotein (AFP) and the positive rate. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a multimarker real-time Q-PCR assay with cancer-specific markers such as MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 in combination with a hepatocyte-specific AFP marker may be a promising diagnostic tool for monitoring hepato-cellular carcinoma patients with better sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Saffroy R, Pham P, Reffas M, Takka M, Lemoine A, Debuire B. New perspectives and strategy research biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 45:1169-79. [PMID: 17635075 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus or chronic alcohol intake is associated with major risk. Systematic screening for HCC of asymptomatic patients with cirrhosis is needed for earlier detection of small tumors requiring treatment (liver transplantation, surgical resection, percutaneous techniques). The recommended screening strategy among cirrhotic patients is based on regular liver ultrasonography associated with serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay. As the performance of AFP is not satisfactory, additional tumoral markers are proposed (des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin, glycosylated AFP-L3 fraction). Currently, diagnosis of HCC in cirrhotic patients includes non-invasive tests (imaging after contrast administration, AFP assay); diagnostic biopsy is performed when imaging is limited. After treatment, tumor recurrence is assessed by regular follow-up (AFP assay and imaging). Despite the lack of accurate markers, recent developments in genomic and proteomic approaches will allow the discovery of new biomarkers for primary tumors, as well as for recurrence. This review summarizes the current state of biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and follow-up of HCC, and highlights new perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Saffroy
- Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire et Toxicologie, Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S602, Villejuif, INSERM, Villejuif, France.
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Ho MC, Lin JJ, Chen CN, Chen CC, Lee H, Yang CY, Ni YH, Chang KJ, Hsu HC, Hsieh FJ, Lee PH. A gene expression profile for vascular invasion can predict the recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a microarray approach. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 13:1474-84. [PMID: 17009164 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection is the major obstacle to improved survival. The presence of vascular invasion (VI) in pathology specimens is a well-known unfavorable prognostic factor for HCC recurrence. Though some VI-related genes have been reported, their association with recurrence-free survival is not known. We hypothesized that a gene expression profile for VI can predict the recurrence of HCC after liver resection. METHODS Eighteen patients receiving complete HCC resection were included as a "training group". Genome-wide gene expression profile was obtained for each tumor using a microarray technique. Datasets were subjected to clustering analysis supervised by the presence or absence of VI to obtain 14 discriminative genes. We then applied those genes to execute pattern recognition using the k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classification method, and the best model for this VI gene signature to predict recurrence-free survival in the training group was obtained. The resulting model was then tested in an independent "test group" of 35 patients. RESULTS A 14-gene profile was extracted which could accurately separate ten patients with VI and eight patients without VI in the "training group". In the "test group", significant difference in disease-free survival was found between patients predicted to have and not to have recurrence (P = .02823). In patients with stage_I disease, this model can also predict outcomes (P = .000205). CONCLUSIONS Using the 14-gene expression profile extracted from microarrays based on the presence of VI can effectively predict recurrence after HCC resection. This approach might facilitate "personalized medicine" for HCC patients after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Ho
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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Kim J, Reber HA, Hines OJ, Kazanjian KK, Tran A, Ye X, Amersi FF, Martinez SR, Dry SM, Bilchik AJ, Hoon DSB. The clinical significance of MAGEA3 expression in pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2269-75. [PMID: 16331618 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The MAGEA gene family that encodes cancer testis antigens is differentially expressed in many cancers. Though MAGEA3 expression has been detected in gastrointestinal malignancies, its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been well established. We assessed 57 patients who underwent intent-to-cure surgery for PDAC. Total RNA from paraffin-embedded pancreatic tumors was extracted and assessed for MAGEA3 gene expression by an optimized probe-based quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT) assay. MAGEA3 gene expression was detected by qRT in 25 (44%) patients. For the entire cohort, detection of MAGEA3 expression was associated with significantly decreased overall survival (median, 16 vs 33 months; log-rank, p = 0.032). When clinicopathologic factors, including age, gender, stage, tumor extent, lymph node metastasis, tumor grade, perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion were assessed by univariate analysis, MAGEA3 gene expression and tumor grade were significant prognostic factors for poor survival (HR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0-4.4, p = 0.041; and HR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.8-7.6, p = 0.0004, respectively). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed and confirmed MAGEA3 protein in PDAC specimens. In conclusion, MAGEA3 is differentially expressed in patients with PDAC; its expression correlates with significantly worse survival. Molecular assessment for MAGEA3 should be considered to improve prognostic evaluation and to identify eligible patients for potential immune-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kim
- Gastrointestinal Research Section, Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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Zerbini A, Pilli M, Ferrari C, Missale G. Is there a role for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma? Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:221-5. [PMID: 16461021 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has been rising in the last two decades because of the wide exposure to hepatitis C virus during 1960s and 1970s. Improvement in treatment has been achieved by local ablative therapies, however because of early recurrence and lack of effective chemotherapies, alternative treatments based on stimulation of the anti-tumour immune response could represent new strategies to control hepatocellular carcinoma spread and recurrence. Proof of principle of an effective immunotherapy has been achieved for other solid tumours such as melanoma and several results could be transferred to the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Specific tumour antigens have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma, such as cancer testis antigens expressed in a large part of hepatocellular carcinomas and alpha-fetoprotein that has been already employed in clinical trials demonstrating immunogenicity without however significant clinical efficacy. Better results have been achieved by non-antigen-specific immunotherapies that demonstrated improvement in recurrence and recurrence-free survival in patients undergoing surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Passive immunotherapy and targeted therapies blocking tumour cell receptors or enzymatic pathways are already in the clinic for other malignancies and the near future will see these new treatments applied to hepatocellular carcinoma patients along with the development of efficacious active immunotherapies aimed at reducing disease recurrence and improving survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zerbini
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Qiu G, Fang J, He Y. 5' CpG island methylation analysis identifies the MAGE-A1 and MAGE-A3 genes as potential markers of HCC. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:259-66. [PMID: 16516880 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The change in DNA methylation patterns can be used to distinguish between normal and cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the 5' CpG island methylation patterns of the cancer-testis antigen (CT antigen) gene family, MAGE-As, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to develop the DNA demethylation pattern as a novel tumor biomarker. METHODS We used bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP) to map the methylation status of the CpG site among the promoter of the MAGE-A gene family in several HCC cell lines including Hep G2, BEL7402, BEL7404, and BEL7407, and normal peripheral blood white blood cells (WBCs). According to differences of the methylation pattern between HCC cell lines and the control, methylation-special PCRs (MSP) have been developed. The developed MSPs were used to detect the paraffin-embedded slices that were pathologically diagnosed as HCC, hepatocirrhosis, hepatitis, and healthy. RESULTS We found that several CpG sites among the MAGE-A1 and MAGE-A3 promoters have different methylation patterns in the HCC cell lines as compared to those in normal WBCs. Two sets of MSP primers were designed to distinguish the HCC genomic DNA and normal control cell genomic DNA as novel tumor biomarkers, and the biomarkers were validated on the archived paraffin sections of liver primary tissue. In the detection of 34 HCCs and 17 tumor-free liver tissues, the clinical sensitivity and specificity were 91.2% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION Detection of aberrant methylation patterns of MAGEs CpG islands using MSP may be useful for diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Qiu
- Da An Gene Diagnosis Center, Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, 72, Zhong Shan Road II, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignant tumors and is the second most common cause of cancer death in China. Therefore, it is very important to detect this disease and the recurrence at its earlier period. Serum tumor markers, as the effective method for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma for a long time, could be divided into 4 categories: oncofetal antigens and glycoprotein antigens; enzymes and isoenzymes; genes; and cytokines. Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is the most widely used tumor marker in detecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and has been proven to have capability of prefiguring the prognosis. However, it has been indicated that AFP-L3 and DCP excel AFP in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant hepatopathy and detecting small hepatocellular carcinoma. Some tumor markers, such as human cervical cancer oncogene and human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA, have also been indicated to have higher accuracies than AFP. Furthermore, some other tumor markers, such as glypican-3, gamma-glutamyl transferase II, alpha-l-fucosidase, transforming growth factor-beta1, tumor-specific growth factor, have been indicated to be available supplementaries to AFP in the detection. AFP mRNA has been shown to correlate with the metastasis and recurrence of HCC, and it may be the most useful marker to prefigure the prognosis. Some other markers, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase mRNA, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-8, could also be used as available prognostic indicators, and the simultaneous determination of AFP and these markers may detect the recurrence of HCC at its earlier period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Division of Biotherapy for Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Li Y, Dong X, Yin Y, Su Y, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Pang X, Zhang Y, Chen W. BJ-TSA-9, a novel human tumor-specific gene, has potential as a biomarker of lung cancer. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1073-80. [PMID: 16354590 PMCID: PMC1501171 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using bioinformatics, we have identified a novel tumor-specific gene BJ-TSA-9, which has been validated by Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). BJ-TSA-9 mRNA was expressed in 52.5% (21 of 40) of human lung cancer tissues and was especially higher in lung adenocarcinoma (68.8%). To explore the potential application of BJ-TSA-9 for the detection of circulating cancer cells in lung cancer patients, nested RT-PCR was performed. The overall positive detection rate was 34.3% (24 of 70) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with various types of lung cancers and was 53.6% (15 of 28) in PBMCs of lung adenocarcinoma patients. In combination with the detection of two known marker genes SCC and LUNX, the detection rate was increased to 81.4%. A follow-up study was performed in 37 patients after surgical removal of tumor mass. Among nine patients with persistent detection of two to three tumor marker transcripts in PBMCs, six patients had recurrence/metastasis. In contrast, 28 patients with transient detection of one tumor marker or without detection of any tumor marker were all in remission. Thus, BJ-TSA-9 may serve as a marker for lung cancer diagnosis and as a marker, in combination with two other tumor markers, for the prediction of the recurrence and prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glycoproteins/blood
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/chemistry
- Phosphoproteins/blood
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serpins/blood
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Li
- Immunology Department, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Mao JD, Wu P, Xia XH, Hu JQ. Relationship between expression of gastrin, somatostatin mRNA and cell apoptosis and Bcl-2, Bax in large intestinal carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2757-2761. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i23.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the correlations the between expression of somatostatin (SS), gastrin (GAS) mRNA and cell apoptosis index (AI) and Bcl-2, Bax in large intestinal cancer.
METHODS: The expression of GAS and SS genes were detected in 62 colorectal cancer patients by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the apoptosis of the cells was detected by TUNEL method. The protein expression of,Bcl-2, Bax, GAS, and SS were detected using immunohistochemical staining (S-P method).
RESULTS: The expression of GAS and SS mRNA and protein were basically consistent. The AI in SS high and moderate expression patients with large intestinal cancer was remarkably higher than that in SS low expression ones (q = 5.06, 3.95, both P < 0.01), while it was just opposite in GAS positive patients (q = 6.66, 6.33, P < 0.01). The positive rates of Bax and Bcl-2 expression had significant difference between SS (or GAS) high, moderate and low expression patients with large intestinal cancer (Bax: χ2 = 9.24, 6.91, P < 0.05; Bcl-2: χ2 = 7.17, 13.83, P < 0.05). The positive rate of Bax expression in SS high (80%, 8/10) and moderate (76.5%, 13/17) expression patients was notably higher than that in the low expression ones (40.0%, 14/35) (χ2 = 5.24, 6.09, P < 0.05), but the rate of Bcl-2 expression was just opposite (χ2 = 4.71, 4.70, P < 0.05). The positive rate of Bcl-2 expression in GAS high (90.9%,10/11) and moderate expression patients (86.7%,13/15) was markedly higher than that in the low expression ones (44.4%, 16/36) (χ2 = 5.60, 7.69, P < 0.05), but the positive rate of Bax expression in GAS high expression patients (27.3%, 3/8) was obviously lower than that in the low expression ones (69.4%, 25/36) (χ2 = 4.59, P < 0.05). Bax expression was not significantly different between moderate and low GAS positive patients. The value of GAS/SS was positively correlated with Bcl-2 expression (r = 0.34, P < 0.01), but negatively with the AI value and Bax expression (r = -0.546, P < 0.01; r = -0.299, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: GAS and SS play important roles in the regulation and control of cell apoptosis in large intestinal carcinoma, and the mechanism may be related to the aberrant expression of Bcl-2 and Bax.
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Tan TL, Chen WN. A proteomics analysis of cellular proteins associated with HBV genotype-specific HBX: potential in identification of early diagnostic markers for HCC. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:293-8. [PMID: 16036179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world and causes approximately one million deaths every year. HCC is highly prevalent in Asia and closely associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with HBX protein playing a key role in the hepatocarcinogenic process. In addition, HBV genotypes B and C are clinically associated with different outcome of infection. Reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC are needed for effective treatment. OBJECTIVES We propose to establish a proteomics approach to identify cellular proteins associated with HBX of a particular genotype. STUDY DESIGN Genotype-specific HBXs are used to transfect non-HCC Chang cells. Transfected cell extracts are analyzed by proteomics approach to identify cellular proteins associated with specific HBX. RESULTS A number of cellular proteins have been found to be specifically associated with HBX of genotype B or C. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that proteomics approach could be used to identify cellular proteins associated with HBV infection of specific genotype. Similar approach could be deployed in the identification of molecular markers for early diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Lin Tan
- Hepatitis Viruses and Liver Cancer Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 05N-10, 637551 Singapore, Singapore
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Kwon S, Kang SH, Ro J, Jeon CH, Park JW, Lee ES. The melanoma antigen gene as a surveillance marker for the detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 104:251-6. [PMID: 15937912 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating occult tumors cells could be used for the surveillance of metastases after primary breast carcinoma therapy, but their detection is limited by the lack of specific molecular markers. Melanoma antigen genes (MAGEs), which are expressed in malignant tissues but not in normal tissues (except for placenta and testis), might provide such a marker. To date, however, the use of MAGEs in the detection of occult tumor cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been limited because of the heterogeneity and low expression of individual MAGEs in tumor tissues. METHODS We developed multiple MAGE-recognizing primers (MMRPs) that were capable of binding to the cyclic DNA of 6 MAGE-A gene subtypes (MAGE-A1-MAGE-A6). We assessed the ability of the MMRPs to detect the expression of MAGE-A gene subtypes in peripheral blood obtained from patients with benign or malignant breast disease. RESULTS MAGE-A gene expression was not detected in 32 patients with benign disease but was detected in 1 of 31 patients (3%) patients with negative lymph node breast carcinoma, in 10 of 52 patients (19%) with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, in 11 of 53 patients (21%) with > or = 4 positive lymph nodes, and in 20 of 52 patients (39%) with metastatic disease. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.0001; chi-square test for linear-by-linear association). The results also showed that the detection of MAGE-A gene expression in the blood predicted tumor progression or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that MAGE-A gene expression may be used for the surveillance of circulating breast carcinoma cells after primary therapy by RT-nested PCR using MMRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soim Kwon
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Shang XY, Chen HS, Zhang HG, Pang XW, Qiao H, Peng JR, Qin LL, Fei R, Mei MH, Leng XS, Gnjatic S, Ritter G, Simpson AJG, Old LJ, Chen WF. The spontaneous CD8+ T-cell response to HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1b peptide in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:6946-55. [PMID: 15501973 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can express various cancer-testis antigens including NY-ESO-1, members of the SSX family, members of the MAGE family, SCP-1, and CTP11. Immunotherapy directed against these antigens is a potential alternative treatment for HCC. To date, it remains unclear whether HCC patients have spontaneous immune responses to these tumor antigens. The objectives of this study were to measure immune responses to NY-ESO-1, a promising cancer vaccine candidate, in HCC patients using the HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1b peptide (p157-165) to measure cellular responses and whole protein to measure antibody responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In HLA-A2(+) patients with NY-ESO-1(+) HCC, we analyzed T-cell antigen-dependent interferon (IFN)-gamma and/or Granzyme B release by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and IFN-gamma-producing intracellular cytokine flow cytometry (CytoSpot). As an assay independent of T-cell function, we performed tetramer staining. Antibodies to whole NY-ESO-1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The frequency of specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1b in 28 NY-ESO-1 mRNA(+)HLA-A2(+) HCC patients was 35.7% (10 of 28). The average magnitude of effector CD8(+) T cells was 0.3% (89 +/- 59 per 2.5 x 10(4) CD8(+) cells) and 1.2% as measured by IFN-gamma release ELISPOT and CytoSpot assays, respectively. These in vitro induced NY-ESO-1b-specific CD8(+) T cells can also recognize HepG2 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-NY-ESO-1 in both IFN-gamma and Granzyme B ELISPOT assays. Frequencies of NY-ESO-1b-specific T cells in several patients were confirmed by tetramer staining. Nonfunctional tetramer(+)CD8(+) T cells were also present. The CD8(+) T-cell response was apparently increased in patients with late-stage HCC. A discordance between antibody and CD8(+) T-cell responses in HCC patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS The elevated frequency of specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1b in NY-ESO-1 mRNA(+)HLA-A2(+) HCC patients suggests that NY-ESO-1 is appropriate for use in the immunotherapy of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Shang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Yu J, Gu J, Gao BM, Zhao YJ, Wang P, Zhang HY, De Zhu J. A novel protein-DNA interaction involved with the CpG dinucleotide at -30 upstream is linked to the DNA methylation mediated transcription silencing of the MAGE-A1 gene. Cell Res 2005; 14:283-94. [PMID: 15353125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the DNA-methylation mediated gene silencing mechanisms, we analyzed in cell culture of the promoter function of the MAGE-A1 gene, which is frequently demethylated and over-expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma. We have established the correlation of the DNA methylation of the promoter CpG island with expression status of this gene in a panel of the established liver cancer cell lines. The crucial CpG dinucleotide(s) within the minimal promoter subjected to the control mediated by DNA methylation with profound biological functions was also delineated. Furthermore, a novel sequence-specific DNA-protein interaction at the -30 CpG dinucleotide upstream of the gene was found having a vital part to play in the DNA methylation mediated transcription silencing of the MAGE-A1 gene. Our results would not only provide new insights into the DNA methylation mediated mechanisms over transcription of the MAGE-A1 gene, but also pave the way for further defining the cross-talk among DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- The State-key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, LN 2200/25, Xietu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Lotze MT, Wang E, Marincola FM, Hanna N, Bugelski PJ, Burns CA, Coukos G, Damle N, Godfrey TE, Howell WM, Panelli MC, Perricone MA, Petricoin EF, Sauter G, Scheibenbogen C, Shivers SC, Taylor DL, Weinstein JN, Whiteside TL. Workshop on Cancer Biometrics: Identifying Biomarkers and Surrogates of Cancer in Patients. J Immunother 2005; 28:79-119. [PMID: 15725954 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000154251.20125.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current excitement about molecular targeted therapies has driven much of the recent dialog in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Particularly in the biologic therapy of cancer, identifiable antigenic T-cell targets restricted by MHC molecules and the related novel stress molecules such as MICA/B and Letal allow a degree of precision previously unknown in cancer therapy. We have previously held workshops on immunologic monitoring and angiogenesis monitoring. This workshop was designed to discuss the state of the art in identification of biomarkers and surrogates of tumor in patients with cancer, with particular emphasis on assays within the blood and tumor. We distinguish this from immunologic monitoring in the sense that it is primarily a measure of the tumor burden as opposed to the immune response to it. Recommendations for intensive investigation and targeted funding to enable such strategies were developed in seven areas: genomic analysis; detection of molecular markers in peripheral blood and lymph node by tumor capture and RT-PCR; serum, plasma, and tumor proteomics; immune polymorphisms; high content screening using flow and imaging cytometry; immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays; and assessment of immune infiltrate and necrosis in tumors. Concrete recommendations for current application and enabling further development in cancer biometrics are summarized. This will allow a more informed, rapid, and accurate assessment of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lotze
- Translational Research, University of Pittsburgh Molecular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yang XA, Dong XY, Qiao H, Wang YD, Peng JR, Li Y, Pang XW, Tian C, Chen WF. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen in normal and malignant tissues. J Transl Med 2005; 85:205-13. [PMID: 15580283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FATE/BJ-HCC-2 is a newly identified cancer/testis (CT) antigen, which was detected in tumor tissues and testis. As previous studies of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 expression pattern were mainly based on messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis, it is necessary to investigate its actual protein expression pattern in tumor tissues for the evaluation of its application value. In this study, we produced specific polyclonal antibody (pAb) to the recombinant FATE/BJ-HCC-2 protein and analyzed the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen expression in normal and malignant tissues by the immunohistochemical approach. The results showed that there was no detectable FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen expressed in normal tissues except testis. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen was detected in 20% (7/35) specimens. All samples that expressed the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen were of poorly or moderately differentiated HCC. The stained antigen was located in the cytoplasm and the staining pattern showed heterogeneity from focal to more than 40% of the tumor cells. The FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen was also expressed in other tumor tissues. The results of [3H]thymidine incorporation showed that FATE/BJ-HCC-2 protein enhanced tumor cell proliferation after transfection of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 gene in HCC cell line (P<0.01). This effect could be specifically blocked by anti-FATE/BJ-HCC-2 pAb. Serological screening showed that the antibody specific to the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen was detected in 7.7% (4/52) patients. Notably, the four positive patients bore poorly or moderately differentiated HCC. FATE/BJ-HCC-2 mRNA transcript was detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 46.67% patients whose resected HCC tissue samples were positive for FATE/BJ-HCC-2 mRNA, which implicated tumor cell dissemination in blood circulation and may relate to the metastasis of HCC. Thus, FATE/BJ-HCC-2 may be a valuable candidate CT antigen for polyvalent vaccines in tumor immunotherapy and an assisting diagnostic marker for prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Abstract
There is a continuing need for innovative, alternative therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunotherapy for cancer is attractive because of the exquisite specificity of the immune response. Activation of an HCC-specific response can be accomplished by strategies targeting tumor-associated self-antigens (for example, alpha-fetoprotein [AFP]). Gene array studies have added to the list of HCC-specific gene products that can be targeted. Alternatively, the immune response can be targeted against viral antigens in those patients infected with hepatitis B or C virus. Uncharacterized and mutated antigens can also be targeted with whole tumor cell or tumor lysate-based immunization strategies or with vectors coding for genes that make the tumor immunogenic, allowing the immune system to naturally evolve specificity against immunogenic target antigens. Strategies being investigated in animal models include increasing tumor immunogenicity by targeting cytokines or costimulatory molecules to tumor; immunization with tumor cells fused with antigen-presenting cells; adoptive transfer of viral antigen-specific T cells; and targeting AFP-expressing HCC cells by DNA, adenovirus, peptide, and dendritic cell (DC) strategies. Strategies that have been tested in human clinical trials include adoptive transfer of lymphocytes and autologous tumor-pulsed DC as well as 2 AFP-based strategies: AFP-derived peptides in Montanide and AFP peptides pulsed onto autologous DC. These trials, testing novel immune-based interventions in HCC subjects, have resulted in immunologic responses and have impacted recurrence and survival in HCC subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Room 1.19, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Yu J, Zhang H, Gu J, Lin S, Li J, Lu W, Wang Y, Zhu J. Methylation profiles of thirty four promoter-CpG islands and concordant methylation behaviours of sixteen genes that may contribute to carcinogenesis of astrocytoma. BMC Cancer 2004; 4:65. [PMID: 15367334 PMCID: PMC520749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-4-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytoma is a common aggressive intracranial tumor and presents a formidable challenge in the clinic. Association of altered DNA methylation patterns of the promoter CpG islands with the expression profile of cancer-related genes, has been found in many human tumors. Therefore, DNA methylation status as such may serve as an epigenetic biomarker for both diagnosis and prognosis of human tumors, including astrocytoma. Methods We used the methylation specific PCR in conjunction with sequencing verification to establish the methylation profile of the promoter CpG island of thirty four genes in astrocytoma tissues from fifty three patients (The WHO grading:. I: 14, II: 15, III: 12 and IV: 12 cases, respectively). In addition, compatible tissues (normal tissues distant from lesion) from three non-astrocytoma patients were included as the control. Results Seventeen genes (ABL, APC, APAF1, BRCA1, CSPG2, DAPK1, hMLH1, LKB1, PTEN, p14ARF, p15INK4b, p27KIP1, p57KIP2, RASSF1C, RB1, SURVIVIN, and VHL) displayed a uniformly unmethylated pattern in all the astrocytoma and non-astrocytoma tissues examined. However, the MAGEA1 gene that was inactivated and hypermethylated in non-astrocytoma tissues, was partially demethylated in 24.5% of the astrocytoma tissues (co-existence of the hypermethylated and demethylated alleles). Of the astrocytoma associated hypermethylated genes, the methylation pattern of the CDH13, cyclin a1, DBCCR1, EPO, MYOD1, and p16INK4a genes changed in no more than 5.66% (3/53) of astrocytoma tissues compared to non-astrocytoma controls, while the RASSF1A, p73, AR, MGMT, CDH1, OCT6,, MT1A, WT1, and IRF7 genes were more frequently hypermethylated in 69.8%, 47.2%, 41.5%, 35.8%, 32%, 30.2%, 30.2%, 30.2% and 26.4% of astrocytoma tissues, respectively. Demethylation mediated inducible expression of the CDH13, MAGEA1, MGMT, p73 and RASSF1A genes was established in an astrocytoma cell line (U251), demonstrating that expression of these genes is likely regulated by DNA methylation. AR gene hypermethylation was found exclusively in female patients (22/27, 81%, 0/26, 0%, P < 0.001), while the IRF7 gene hypermethylation preferentially occurred in the male counterparts (11/26, 42.3% to 3/27, 11%, P < 0.05). Applying the mathematic method "the Discovery of Association Rules", we have identified groups consisting of up to three genes that more likely display the altered methylation patterns in concert in astrocytoma. Conclusions Of the thirty four genes examined, sixteen genes exhibited astrocytoma associated changes in the methylation profile. In addition to the possible pathological significance, the established concordant methylation profiles of the subsets consisting of two to three target genes may provide useful clues to the development of the useful prognostic as well as diagnostic assays for astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Cancer Epigenetics and Gene Therapy, State-Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, LN 2200/25, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Cancer Epigenetics and Gene Therapy, State-Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, LN 2200/25, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Cancer Epigenetics and Gene Therapy, State-Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, LN 2200/25, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Shanghai 200436, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Shanghai 200436, P. R. China
| | - Jingde Zhu
- Cancer Epigenetics and Gene Therapy, State-Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, LN 2200/25, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yu J, Zhang HY, Ma ZZ, Lu W, Wang YF, Zhu JD. Methylation profiling of twenty four genes and the concordant methylation behaviours of nineteen genes that may contribute to hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Cell Res 2004; 13:319-33. [PMID: 14672555 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the possible role of the epigenetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis of the hepatocellular carcinoma, we methylation-profiled the promoter CpG islands of twenty four genes both in HCC tumors and the neighboring non-cancerous tissues of twenty eight patients using the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) method in conjunction with the DNA sequencing. In comparison with the normal liver tissues from the healthy donors, it was found that while remained unmethylated the ABL, CAV, EPO, GATA3, LKB1, NEP, NFL, NIS and p27KIP1 genes, varying extents of the HCC specific hypermethylation were found associated with the ABO, AR, CSPG2, cyclin a1, DBCCR1, GALR2, IRF7, MGMT, MT1A, MYOD1, OCT6, p57KIP2, p73, WT1 genes, and demethylation with the MAGEA1 gene, respectively. Judged by whether the hypermethylated occurred in HCC more frequently than in their neighboring normal tissues, the hypermethylation status of the AR, DBCCR1, IRF7, OCT6, and p73 genes was considered as the event specific to the late stage, while that the rest that lacked such a distinguished contrast, as the event specific to the early stage of HCC carcinogenesis. Among all the clinical pathological parameters tested for the association with, the hypermethylation of the cyclin a1 gene was more prevalent in the non-cirrhosis group (P=0.021) while the hypermethylated p16INK4a gene was more common in the cirrhosis group (P=0.017). The concordant methylation behaviors of nineteen genes, including the four previously studied and their association with cirrhosis has been evaluated by the best subgroup selection method. The data presented in this report would enable us to shape our understanding of the mechanisms for the HCC specific loss of the epigenetic stability of the genome, as well as the strategy of developing the novel robust methylation based diagnostic and prognostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- The State-Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, LN 2200/25, Xietu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhao L, Mou DC, Leng XS, Peng JR, Wang WX, Huang L, Li S, Zhu JY. Expression of cancer-testis antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2034-8. [PMID: 15237429 PMCID: PMC4572328 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i14.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens MAGE-1, SSX-1 ,CTp11 and HCA587 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the possibility of applying these antigens as targets for specific immunotherapy for HCC.
METHODS: Expression levels of MAGE-1, SSX-1, CTp11 and HCA587 mRNA were detected with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in HCC tissues and corresponding adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 105 HCC patients, 40 samples of cirrhosis and normal liver tissues. Genes of five samples with positive PCR results were sequenced.
RESULTS: Of 105 HCC tissues, MAGE1, SSX-1 ,CTp11 and HCA587 mRNA expressions were detectable in 75.2% (79/105), 72.4% (76/105), 62.9% (66/105) and 56.2% (59/105) of HCC samples, respectively. About 93.3% (98/105), 72.4% (76/105), 48.6% (51/105) and 37.1% (39/105) of HCC tissues positively expressed at least one, two, three, and four members of CT antigens, respectively. Conversely, only SSX-1 could be detectable in 2.9% (3/105) of the corresponding adjacent non-HCC tissues in which no metastatic lesion was found. Of the latter 3 patients, biopsy samples far from tumor were obtained in 2 patients and RT-PCR indicated no expression of SSX-1 mRNA in these two samples. In addition, none of 40 samples of cirrhotic and normal liver tissues expressed CT antigen gene mRNA. DNA sequences confirmed that the RT-PCR products were true target cDNA. No relationship was found between expression of CT antigens and clinico pathological indicators such as age, gender, tumor size, degree of tumor differentiation, serum α-fetoprotein level and infection of hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: CT antigens genes (MAGE-1, SSX-1, CTp11 and HCA587) are expressed with high percentage and specificity in HCC and their products are promising targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy of HCC. High frequent co-expression of multiple members of CT antigens in HCC provides possibility of polyvalent vaccinations for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Center of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, 11 XiZhimen Nandajie, West District, Beijing 100044, China
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Qin LX, Tang ZY. Recent progress in predictive biomarkers for metastatic recurrence of human hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of the literature. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130:497-513. [PMID: 15205947 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers (biomarkers) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and recurrence could provide additional information to that gained from traditional histopathological features. A large number of biomarkers have been shown to have potential predictive significance. One important aspect of this is to detect the transcripts of tumor-associated antigens (such as AFP, MAGEs, and CK19), which are proposed as predictive markers of HCC cells disseminated into the circulation and for metastatic recurrence. Another important aspect is to analyze the molecular markers for cellular malignancy phenotype, including DNA ploidy, cellular proliferation index, cell cycle regulators, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors (especially p53 gene), as well as telomerase activity. Molecular factors involved in the process of HCC invasion and metastasis, including adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, catenins, ICAM-1, laminin-5, CD44 variants, osteopontin), proteinases responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix (MMPs, uPA system), as well as angiogenesis regulators (such as VEGF, intratumor MVD), have also been shown to be potential predictors for HCC metastatic recurrence and clinical outcomes. One important new trend is to widely delineate biomarkers with genomic and proteomic expression with reference to predicting metastatic recurrence, molecular diagnosis, and classification, which has been drawing more attention recently. Body fluid (particularly blood and urine) testing for biomarkers is easily accessible and more useful in clinical patients. The prognostic significance of circulating DNA in plasma or serum and its genetic alterations is another important direction. More attention should be paid to these areas in the future. As understanding of tumor biology deepens, more and more new biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for HCC metastatic recurrence could be found and routinely used in clinical assays. However, the combination of the pathological features and some of the biomarkers mentioned above seems to be more practical up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Xiu Qin
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, P.R. China
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Zerbini A, Pilli M, Soliani P, Ziegler S, Pelosi G, Orlandini A, Cavallo C, Uggeri J, Scandroglio R, Crafa P, Spagnoli GC, Ferrari C, Missale G. Ex vivo characterization of tumor-derived melanoma antigen encoding gene-specific CD8+cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2004; 40:102-9. [PMID: 14672620 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Members of the melanoma antigen encoding gene family are expressed in tumors of different histological types but not in normal tissue. For this reason, they are attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. METHODS In the present study, we analyzed the expression of MAGE-1 and -3 genes in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue as well as frequency, phenotype and function of circulating and tumor infiltrating CD8+ cells specific for HLA-A1 and -A2 restricted epitopes of MAGE-1 and -3. RESULTS Our study shows for the first time the presence of MAGE/tetramer+ CD8 cells in the tumor tissue of patients with HCC. These cells are able to recognize the MAGE-1 sequence 161-169 and the MAGE-3 sequence 271-279. In a patient with a particularly high frequency of MAGE-1 sequence 161-169-specific T cells, phenotypic and functional analysis was performed showing a phenotype of recently-primed CD8 cells (CD28+CD27+CD45RA-CCR7). CONCLUSIONS The observation of a spontaneous in vivo priming of a MAGE-specific T cell response in patients with HCC and the high frequency of MAGE antigens expression in this tumor, makes this antigen a potential candidate for a MAGE-specific immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zerbini
- Divisione Malattie Infettive ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Tang ZY, Ye SL, Liu YK, Qin LX, Sun HC, Ye QH, Wang L, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Li Y, Ji XN, Liu H, Xia JL, Wu ZQ, Fan J, Ma ZC, Zhou XD, Lin ZY, Liu KD. A decade's studies on metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 130:187-96. [PMID: 14685850 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains one of the major challenges before hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is finally conquered. This paper summarized a decade's studies on HCC metastasis at the Liver Cancer Institute of Fudan University. We have established a stepwise metastatic human HCC model system, which included a metastatic HCC model in nude mice (LCI-D20), a HCC cell line with high metastatic potential (MHCC97), a relatively low metastatic potential cell clone (MHCC97L) and several stepwise high metastatic potential cell clones (MHCC97H, HCCLM3, and HCCLM6) from their parent MHCC97 cell. Endeavors have been made for searching human HCC metastasis-related chromosomes/proteins/genes. Monogene-based studies revealed that HCC invasion/metastasis was similar to that of other solid tumors, and the biological characteristics of small HCC were only slightly better than that of large HCC. Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genotyping, cDNA microarray, and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we obtained some interesting results. In particular, in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH) in the United States, we generated a molecular signature that can classify metastatic HCC patients, identified osteopontin as a lead gene in the signature, and found that genes favoring metastasis progression were initiated in the primary tumors. We also found that chromosome 8p deletion, particularly in the region of 8p23, was associated with HCC metastasis. Cytokeratin 19 was identified as one of the proteins, which was found in MHCC97H, but not in MHCC97L cells. Experimental interventions using the high metastatic nude mice model have provided clues for the prevention of HCC metastasis. Translation from workbench to bedside demonstrated that serum VEGF, microvessel density, and p53 scoring may be of value for the prediction of postoperative metastatic recurrence. Interferon alpha proved effective for the prevention of recurrence both experimentally and clinically. In conclusion, HCC metastasis that probably initiated in the primary tumor is a multigene-involved, multistep, and changing process. The further elucidation of the mechanism underlying HCC metastasis will provide a more solid basis for the prediction and prevention of the metastatic recurrence of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Gene Deletion
- Genotype
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Keratins/analysis
- Liver Neoplasms/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microcirculation
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, PR China.
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Nagao T, Higashitsuji H, Nonoguchi K, Sakurai T, Dawson S, Mayer RJ, Itoh K, Fujita J. MAGE-A4 interacts with the liver oncoprotein gankyrin and suppresses its tumorigenic activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10668-74. [PMID: 12525503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma ranks among the most common malignancies in Southeast Asia and South Africa. Although there are many modalities of treatment, the recurrence and metastasis rates are high, and the prognosis is unsatisfactory. Gankyrin, a recently found oncoprotein, is a promising target for drug therapy because it is overexpressed in all studied hepatocellular carcinomas. Gankyrin contains six ankyrin repeats and interacts with Rb, Cdk4, and the S6 ATPase of the 26 S proteasome. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid screen with gankyrin has identified MAGE-A4 as another interacting protein. The interaction, mediated by the C-terminal half of MAGE-A4, was reproduced in mammalian cells. The interaction was specific to MAGE-A4, because other MAGE family proteins structurally similar to MAGE-A4, i.e. MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, and MAGE-A12, did not bind to gankyrin. MAGE-A4 partially suppressed both anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor formation in athymic mice of gankyrin-overexpressing cells. The ability of mutant MAGE-A4 to interact with gankyrin correlated with the ability to suppress the anchorage-independent growth. These results demonstrate that MAGE-A4 binds to gankyrin and suppresses its oncogenic activity. So far, the major focus of studies on the MAGE proteins has been on their potential for cancer immunotherapy. Our results may also shed light on novel functions for MAGE-A proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Nagao
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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