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The prevalence of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) variants in patients with breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:474. [PMID: 34493284 PMCID: PMC8424893 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and its high mortality has become one of the biggest health problems globally. Several studies have reported an association between breast cancer and ATM gene variants. This study aimed to demonstrate and analyze the relationship between ATM gene polymorphisms and breast cancer prevalence rate. A systematic literature review was undertaken using the following databases: Medline (PubMed), Web of sciences, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, Ovid, and CINHAL to retrieve all cross-sectional studies between January 1990 and January 2020, which had reported the frequency of ATM variants in patients with breast cancer. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval. The pooled prevalence of ATM variants in patients with breast cancer was 7% (95% CI: 5−8%). Also, the pooled estimate based on type of variants was 6% (95% CI: 4−8%; I square: 94%; P: 0.00) for total variants¸ 0% (95% CI: 0−1%; I square: 0%; P: 0.59) for deletion variants, 12% (95% CI: 7−18%; I square: 99%; P: 0.00) for substitution variants, and 2% (95% CI: 4−9%; I square: 67%; P: 0.08) for insertion variants. This meta-analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between ATM variants in breast cancer patients. Further studies are required to determine which of the variants of the ATM gene are associated with BRCA mutations.
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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3
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Abstract
The ATM gene is mutated in the syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), which is characterized by predisposition to cancer. Patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors Carrying mutations in ATM, patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors. An increased frequency of ATM mutations has also been reported in patients with breast and brain tumors; however, the magnitude of this risk remains uncertain. With the exception of a few common mutations, the spectrum of ATM alterations is heterogeneous in diverse populations, and appears to be remarkably dependent on the ethnicity of patients. This review aims to provide an easily accessible summary of common variants in different populations which could be useful in ATM screening programs. In addition, we have summarized previous research on ATM, including its molecular functions. We attempt to demonstrate the significance of ATM in exploration of breast and brain tumors and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Asghari Estiar
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
| | - Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
- Parvin Mehdipour
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4
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Jerzak KJ, Mancuso T, Eisen A. Ataxia-telangiectasia gene ( ATM) mutation heterozygosity in breast cancer: a narrative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:e176-e180. [PMID: 29719442 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite the fact that heterozygosity for a pathogenic ATM variant is present in 1%-2% of the adult population, clinical guidelines to inform physicians and genetic counsellors about optimal management in that population are lacking. Methods In this narrative review, we describe the challenges and controversies in the management of women who are heterozygous for a pathogenic ATM variant with respect to screening for breast and other malignancies, to choices for systemic therapy, and to decisions about radiation therapy. Results Given that the lifetime risk for breast cancer in women who are heterozygous for a pathogenic ATM variant is likely greater than 25%, those women should undergo annual mammographic screening starting at least by 40 years of age. For women in this group who have a strong family history of breast cancer, earlier screening with both magnetic resonance imaging and mammography should be considered. High-quality data to inform the management of established breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic ATM variants are lacking. Although deficiency in the ATM gene product might confer sensitivity to dna-damaging pharmaceuticals such as inhibitors of poly (adp-ribose) polymerase or platinum agents, prospective clinical trials have not been conducted in the relevant patient population. Furthermore, the evidence with respect to radiation therapy is mixed; some data suggest increased toxicity, and other data suggest improved clinical benefit from radiation in women who are carriers of a pathogenic ATM variant. Conclusions As in the 2017 U.S. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, we recommend high-risk imaging for women in Ontario who are heterozygous for a pathogenic ATM variant. Currently, ATM carrier status should not influence decisions about systemic or radiation therapy in the setting of an established breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jerzak
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - T Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - A Eisen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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Germline variants in the ATM gene and breast cancer susceptibility in Moroccan women: A meta-analysis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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6
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Dükel M, Streitfeld WS, Tang TCC, Backman LRF, Ai L, May WS, Brown KD. The Breast Cancer Tumor Suppressor TRIM29 Is Expressed via ATM-dependent Signaling in Response to Hypoxia. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21541-21552. [PMID: 27535224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced ATM function has been linked to breast cancer risk, and the TRIM29 protein is an emerging breast cancer tumor suppressor. Here we show that, in cultured breast tumor and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, TRIM29 is up-regulated in response to hypoxic stress but not DNA damage. Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of TRIM29 is dependent upon ATM and HIF1α and occurs through increased transcription of the TRIM29 gene. Basal expression of TRIM29 is also down-regulated in cells expressing diminished levels of ATM, and findings suggest that this occurs through basal NF-κB activity as knockdown of the NF-κB subunit RelA suppresses TRIM29 abundance. We have previously shown that the activity of the TWIST1 oncogene is antagonized by TRIM29 and now show that TRIM29 is necessary to block the up-regulation of TWIST1 that occurs in response to hypoxic stress. This study establishes TRIM29 as a hypoxia-induced tumor suppressor gene and provides a novel molecular mechanism for ATM-dependent breast cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Dükel
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - W Scott Streitfeld
- Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | | | | | - Lingbao Ai
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - W Stratford May
- Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Kevin D Brown
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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7
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van Os N, Roeleveld N, Weemaes C, Jongmans M, Janssens G, Taylor A, Hoogerbrugge N, Willemsen M. Health risks for ataxia-telangiectasia mutated heterozygotes: a systematic review, meta-analysis and evidence-based guideline. Clin Genet 2016; 90:105-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.J.H. van Os
- Department of Neurology - Pediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - N. Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - C.M.R. Weemaes
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M.C.J. Jongmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud university medical center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - G.O. Janssens
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University Medical Center Utrecht and Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A.M.R. Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - N. Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud university medical center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M.A.A.P. Willemsen
- Department of Neurology - Pediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Walsh MF, Nathanson KL, Couch FJ, Offit K. Genomic Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Risk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 882:1-32. [PMID: 26987529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22909-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical risk assessment for cancer predisposition includes a three-generation pedigree and physical examination to identify inherited syndromes. Additionally genetic and genomic biomarkers may identify individuals with a constitutional basis for their disease that may not be evident clinically. Genomic biomarker testing may detect molecular variations in single genes, panels of genes, or entire genomes. The strength of evidence for the association of a genomic biomarker with disease risk may be weak or strong. The factors contributing to clinical validity and utility of genomic biomarkers include functional laboratory analyses and genetic epidemiologic evidence. Genomic biomarkers may be further classified as low, moderate or highly penetrant based on the likelihood of disease. Genomic biomarkers for breast cancer are comprised of rare highly penetrant mutations of genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, moderately penetrant mutations of genes such as CHEK2, as well as more common genomic variants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, associated with modest effect sizes. When applied in the context of appropriate counseling and interpretation, identification of genomic biomarkers of inherited risk for breast cancer may decrease morbidity and mortality, allow for definitive prevention through assisted reproduction, and serve as a guide to targeted therapy .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Walsh
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 10065, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 10065, New York, NY, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute; Departments of Medicine and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, 10065, New York, NY, USA.
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Genome-wide association studies of cancer predisposition. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Perlman SL, Boder Deceased E, Sedgewick RP, Gatti RA. Ataxia-telangiectasia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:307-32. [PMID: 21827897 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Perlman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Byrd PJ, Srinivasan V, Last JI, Smith A, Biggs P, Carney EF, Exley A, Abson C, Stewart GS, Izatt L, Taylor AM. Severe reaction to radiotherapy for breast cancer as the presenting feature of ataxia telangiectasia. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:262-8. [PMID: 22146522 PMCID: PMC3261689 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe early and late radiation reaction to radiotherapy is extremely rare in breast cancer patients. Such a reaction prompted an investigation into a 44-year-old mother (patient A-T213). Methods: A neurological examination was performed and blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts were assessed for radiosensitivity chromosomally and by colony-forming assay. The ATM gene was sequenced and ATM mutations modelled by site-directed mutagenesis. The ATM kinase activity was also assessed. Results: Patient A-T213 was normally ambulant with no ataxia and minimal other neurological features. T lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts were unusually radiosensitive, although less sensitive than in classical ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). A lymphoblastoid cell line and skin fibroblasts expressed ATM protein with some retained kinase activity. One missense ATM mutation c.8672G>A (p.Gly2891Asp) and a c.1A>G substitution were identified. In the modelling system, the p.Gly2891Asp mutant protein was expressed and shown to have residual ATM kinase activity. Conclusion: Patient A-T213 has a milder form of A-T with biallelic ATM mutations, which may have contributed to breast cancer development, and certainly caused the severe radiation reaction. Ataxia telangiectasia should be investigated as a potential cause of untoward severe early and late radiation reactions in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Byrd
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Stadler ZK, Thom P, Robson ME, Weitzel JN, Kauff ND, Hurley KE, Devlin V, Gold B, Klein RJ, Offit K. Genome-wide association studies of cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4255-67. [PMID: 20585100 PMCID: PMC2953976 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.7816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the inherited risk for cancer is an important component of preventive oncology. In addition to well-established syndromes of cancer predisposition, much remains to be discovered about the genetic variation underlying susceptibility to common malignancies. Increased knowledge about the human genome and advances in genotyping technology have made possible genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human diseases. These studies have identified many important regions of genetic variation associated with an increased risk for human traits and diseases including cancer. Understanding the principles, major findings, and limitations of GWAS is becoming increasingly important for oncologists as dissemination of genomic risk tests directly to consumers is already occurring through commercial companies. GWAS have contributed to our understanding of the genetic basis of cancer and will shed light on biologic pathways and possible new strategies for targeted prevention. To date, however, the clinical utility of GWAS-derived risk markers remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia K. Stadler
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Peter Thom
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Mark E. Robson
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Jeffrey N. Weitzel
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Noah D. Kauff
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Karen E. Hurley
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Vincent Devlin
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Bert Gold
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Robert J. Klein
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Kenneth Offit
- From the Clinical Genetics Service and the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY; Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and the Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Inflammation Program, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD
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Fang Z, Kozlov S, McKay MJ, Woods R, Birrell G, Sprung CN, Murrell DF, Wangoo K, Teng L, Kearsley JH, Lavin MF, Graham PH, Clarke RA. Low levels of ATM in breast cancer patients with clinical radiosensitivity. Genome Integr 2010; 1:9. [PMID: 20678261 PMCID: PMC2914013 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Adjuvant radiotherapy for cancer can result in severe adverse side effects for normal tissues. In this respect, individuals with anomalies of the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia) protein/gene are of particular interest as they may be at risk of both breast cancer and clinical radiosensitivity. The association of specific ATM gene mutations with these pathologies has been well documented, however, there is uncertainty regarding pathological thresholds for the ATM protein. Results Semi-quantitative immuno-blotting provided a reliable and reproducible method to compare levels of the ATM protein for a rare cohort of 20 cancer patients selected on the basis of their severe adverse normal tissue reactions to radiotherapy. We found that 4/12 (33%) of the breast cancer patients with severe adverse normal tissue reactions following radiotherapy had ATM protein levels < 55% compared to the mean for non-reactor controls. Conclusions ATM mutations are generally considered low risk alleles for breast cancer and clinical radiosensitivity. From results reported here we propose a tentative ATM protein threshold of ~55% for high-risk of clinical radiosensitivity for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Clinical School of Medicine University of NSW, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
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14
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Lack of association between ATM C.1066-6T > G mutation and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 8,831 cases and 4,957 controls. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:473-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Mitui M, Nahas SA, Du LT, Yang Z, Lai CH, Nakamura K, Arroyo S, Scott S, Purayidom A, Concannon P, Lavin M, Gatti RA. Functional and computational assessment of missense variants in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene: mutations with increased cancer risk. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:12-21. [PMID: 18634022 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The functional consequences of missense variants are often difficult to predict. This becomes especially relevant when DNA sequence changes are used to determine a diagnosis or prognosis. To analyze the consequences of 12 missense variants in patients with mild forms of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), we employed site-directed mutagenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) cDNA followed by stable transfections into a single A-T cell line to isolate the effects of each allele on the cellular phenotype. After induction of the transfected cells with CdCl2, we monitored for successful ATM transcription and subsequently assessed: 1) intracellular ATM protein levels; 2) ionizing radiation (IR)-induced ATM kinase activity; and 3) cellular radiosensitivity. We then calculated SIFT and PolyPhen scores for the missense changes. Nine variants produced little or no correction of the A-T cellular phenotype and were interpreted to be ATM mutations; SIFT/PolyPhen scores supported this. Three variants corrected the cellular phenotype, suggesting that they represented benign variants or polymorphisms. SIFT and PolyPhen scores supported the functional analyses for one of these variants (c.1709T>C); the other two were predicted to be "not tolerated" (c.6188G>A and c.6325T>G) and were classified as "operationally neutral." Genotype/phenotype relationships were compared: three deleterious missense variants were associated with an increased risk of cancer (c.6679C>T, c.7271T>G, and c.8494C>T). In situ mutagenesis represents an effective experimental approach for distinguishing deleterious missense mutations from benign or operationally neutral missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA
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16
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Nahas SA, Butch AW, Du L, Gatti RA. Rapid flow cytometry-based structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1) phosphorylation assay for identification of ataxia-telangiectasia homozygotes and heterozygotes. Clin Chem 2009; 55:463-72. [PMID: 19147735 PMCID: PMC2980758 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.107128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No rapid reliable method exists for identifying ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) homozygotes or heterozygotes. Heterozygotes are at an increased risk of cancer and are more sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) than the general population. We report a rapid flow cytometry (FC)-based ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase assay that measures ATM- dependent phosphorylation of structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1) following DNA damage (FC-pSMC1 assay). METHODS After optimizing conditions with lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), we studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 16 healthy donors (unknowns), 10 obligate A-T heterozygotes, and 6 unrelated A-T patients. One hour after DNA damage (by either IR or bleomycin), the cells were fixed and incubated with a primary antibody to SMC1pSer966. We analyzed the stained cells by FC to determine the difference in geometric mean fluorescence intensity (DeltaGMFI) of untreated and treated cells; this difference was expressed as a percentage of daily experimental controls. RESULTS The FC-pSMC1 assay reliably distinguished ATM heterozygotes and homozygotes from controls. Average DeltaGMFI percentages (SD) of daily controls were, for unknowns, 106.1 (37.6); for A-T heterozygotes, 37.0 (18.7); and for A-T homozygotes; -8.73 (16.2). Values for heterozygotes and homozygotes were significantly different from those of controls (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The FC-pSMC1 assay shortens the turnaround time for diagnosing A-T homozygotes from approximately 3 months to approximately 3 h. It also identifies A-T heterozygotes and can be used for prenatal counseling or for screening individuals in large study cohorts for potential ATM heterozygosity, which can then be confirmed by sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareef A. Nahas
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, UCLA School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anthony W. Butch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Liutao Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard A. Gatti
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, UCLA School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
It has been established that heterozygous carriers of ataxia-telangiectasia-causing mutations in the ATM gene are at approximately two-fold higher risk of breast cancer. Several studies have attempted to assess the potential implication of the gene's more common variants in breast cancer susceptibility. Three large case-control studies have consistently found no evidence of association for variants with minor allele frequency greater than 5%. Other studies have evaluated associations for coding variants with intermediate frequency (1-5%), but the results are inconsistent. Larger and/or combined association studies are needed to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Milne
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Du L, Lai CH, Concannon P, Gatti RA. Rapid screen for truncating ATM mutations by PTT-ELISA. Mutat Res 2008; 640:139-44. [PMID: 18321536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene are responsible for the autosomal recessive genetic disorder, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Approximately 80% of ATM mutations found in A-T patients results in truncations, which can be detected by Protein Truncation Test (PTT). Conventional PTT uses SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to detect mobility of radiolabeled truncated protein fragments. In this study, we developed a non-radioactive Protein Truncation Test which utilizes an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTT-ELISA) to detect ATM mutations in eight overlapping fragments. N- and C-terminal epitopes (c-myc and V5, respectively) were introduced into transcription/translation products, which could then be detected by Sandwich ELISA. Using this assay, we screened 9 newly diagnosed A-T patients consecutively. Of the 18 expected mutations, 14 truncating mutations were independently identified by cDNA direct sequencing and/or DNA dHPLC analysis. PTT-ELISA detected all of these 14. Four mutations were novel. The PTT-ELISA provides a rapid method for detecting truncating mutations in large genes and should be considered prior to using more laborious or costly methods, such as direct sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liutao Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CA 90095, United States
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19
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A hypothesis-generating search for new genetic breast cancer syndromes--a national study in 803 Swedish families. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2007; 5:17-24. [PMID: 19769788 PMCID: PMC3401933 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-5-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Swedish families with an inherited predisposition for breast cancer, less than one third segregate mutations in genes known to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in combination with other types of tumours. In a search for new putative familial breast cancer syndromes we studied Swedish families undergoing genetic counselling during 1992-2000. Four thousand families from counselling clinics in Sweden were eligible for study. Families with breast cancer only were excluded, as were families with mutations in genes already known to be associated with malignant diseases. We identified 803 families with two or more cases of breast cancer and at least one other type of cancer. The observed proportion of different types of non-breast cancer was compared with the percentage distribution of non-breast cancer tumours in Sweden in 1958 and 1999. We found tumours in the colon, ovary, endometrium, pancreas and liver, as well as leukaemia in a significantly larger proportion of the study population than in the general population in both years. These tumours were also seen among families where several members had one additional tumour, suggesting that malignancies at these sites, in combination with breast tumours, could constitute genetic syndromes. Endometrial carcinoma has not previously been described in the context of breast cancer syndromes and the excess of malignancies at this site could not be explained by secondary tumours. Thus, we suggest that endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer constitute a new breast cancer syndrome. Further investigation is warranted to categorize phenotypes of both breast and endometrial tumours in this subgroup.
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Ye C, Dai Q, Lu W, Cai Q, Zheng Y, Shu XO, Gu K, Gao YT, Zheng W. Two-stage case-control study of common ATM gene variants in relation to breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 106:121-6. [PMID: 17431766 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical role in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair. We evaluated two reported nonsynonymous SNPs (rs1800054 and rs1800058) and three additional common gene variants (rs664143, rs228589, rs1003623) in the ATM gene in relation to breast cancer risk. A two-stage case-control study, using data from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, was conducted in which all SNPs were screened in the stage I study, including 1,123 cases and 1,232 controls. Any promising associations were re-evaluated in the stage II study, including 2,003 cases and 1,918 controls. In the stage I study, with the exception of rs1003623, no apparent association was found for any other SNPs with breast cancer risk. For the rs1003623, the T allele was associated with an increased breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.4 (95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) = 1.0-1.9) for the CT and 1.6 (95% CIs = 1.0-2.4) for the TT, (P for trend = 0.03). This association, however, was not replicated in the stage II study, suggesting that the positive association identified in stage I for rs1003623 may be due to chance. Our study reveals no apparent association of common ATM variants with breast cancer risk and underscores the importance of replication using independent samples to reduce type I errors in association studies of low-penetrance genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Ye
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2587, USA
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21
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Tapia T, Sanchez A, Vallejos M, Alvarez C, Moraga M, Smalley S, Camus M, Alvarez M, Carvallo P. ATM allelic variants associated to hereditary breast cancer in 94 Chilean women: susceptibility or ethnic influences? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:281-8. [PMID: 17351744 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Besides BRCA1 and BRCA2, two genes accounting for a small proportion of breast cancer cases, ATM has been widely proposed as a low-penetrance susceptibility gene. Several nucleotide changes have been proposed to be associated with breast cancer, still remaining a high controversy in this sense. We screened the ATM gene in 94 breast cancer patients selected from 78 high-risk families, not presenting a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. We found three novel allelic variants: IVS64 + 51delT and p.L752L, not showing association with hereditary breast cancer, and p.L694L found in one family in two breast cancer patients. Two amino acid substitutions p.S707P and p.F858L, previously reported to be associated with breast cancer, were present in our study in cases and controls, lacking of association with breast cancer. A positive association of c.5557G>A (p.D1853N) was found (OR 2.52, P = 0.008), when analyzed alone and in combination with an intronic variant IVS24-9delT (OR 3.97; P = 0.0003). We postulate that our discrepancies with other reports related to the associated ATM alleles to hereditary breast cancer, as well as discrepancies in the literature between other groups, could be explained by the diversity in the ethnic origins of families gathered in a sole study, and the selection of the control group. In relation to this issue, and based on genetic markers, we found that the Chilean group of breast cancer families in this study has a stronger European genetic component than our control sample selected randomly from the Chilean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tapia
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Hirsch AE, Atencio DP, Rosenstein BS. Screening for ATM sequence alterations in African-American women diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:139-44. [PMID: 17333338 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women who are heterozygous for variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, ATM carriers, have been reported to be at increased risk for breast cancer compared with women who do not posses an alteration in this gene. Aside from BRCA1 and BRCA2, there are few data on breast cancer susceptibility genes in African-American women. The goal of this study was to determine whether there is evidence that ATM is a breast cancer susceptibility gene in African-American women. METHODS One hundred thirty two African-American women were screened for ATM sequence alterations. Thirty-seven (28%) were women with a histological diagnosis of breast cancer (cases). These women were not selected on the basis of a breast cancer family history. Ninety-five (72%) were age-matched women who had not been diagnosed with breast cancer (controls). Genetic variants were identified using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). RESULTS Twenty-three of the 37 (62%) cases possessed at least one ATM variant. Fifty-eight of the 95 (61%) (P = 0.54) age-matched controls harbored at least one ATM variant. For subjects specifically possessing missense variants, 46% of cases and 48% of controls had these types of sequence variants. In addition, 19% of cases and 34% of controls possessed multiple ATM sequence variants (P = 0.07). The most common polymorphisms were the 378 T --> A which was seen in 19% of cases and 27% of controls (P = 0.22), 5557 G --> A identified in 22% of cases and 18% of controls (p = 0.40), 2685 A --> G which was detected in 11% of cases and 6% of controls (P = 0.22), and 1254 A --> G which was found in 3% of cases and 9% of controls (P = 0.36). Hence, there were no significant differences in any of the genetic variants detected between the case and control subjects. CONCLUSION We found no statistically significant differences in the overall frequency of ATM variants, nor any specific variant type or group, between African-American women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer compared with an age-matched cohort of African-American women who did not have breast cancer. ATM, therefore, does not appear to represent a breast cancer susceptibility gene in the general African-American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Hirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Bernstein JL, Teraoka S, Southey MC, Jenkins MA, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, John EM, Lapinski R, Wolitzer AL, Whittemore AS, West D, Seminara D, Olson ER, Spurdle AB, Chenevix-Trench G, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Concannon P. Population-based estimates of breast cancer risks associated with ATM gene variants c.7271T>G and c.1066-6T>G (IVS10-6T>G) from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:1122-8. [PMID: 16958054 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ATM gene variants segregating in ataxia-telangiectasia families are associated with increased breast cancer risk, but the contribution of specific variants has been difficult to estimate. Previous small studies suggested two functional variants, c.7271T>G and c.1066-6T>G (IVS10-6T>G), are associated with increased risk. Using population-based blood samples we found that 7 out of 3,743 breast cancer cases (0.2%) and 0 out of 1,268 controls were heterozygous for the c.7271T>G allele (P=0.1). In cases, this allele was more prevalent in women with an affected mother (odds ratio [OR]=5.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-25.5; P=0.04) and delayed child-bearing (OR=5.1; 95% CI=1.0-25.6; P=0.05). The estimated cumulative breast cancer risk to age 70 years (penetrance) was 52% (95% CI=28-80%; hazard ratio [HR]=8.6; 95% CI=3.9-18.9; P<0.0001). In contrast, 13 of 3,757 breast cancer cases (0.3%) and 10 of 1,268 controls (0.8%) were heterozygous for the c.1066-6T>G allele (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.2-1.0; P=0.05), and the penetrance was not increased (P=0.5). These findings suggest that although the more common c.1066-6T>G variant is not associated with breast cancer, the rare ATM c.7271T>G variant is associated with a substantially elevated risk. Since c.7271T>G is only one of many rare ATM variants predicted to have deleterious consequences on protein function, an effective means of identifying and grouping these variants is essential to assess the contribution of ATM variants to individual risk and to the incidence of breast cancer in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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24
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Waddell N, Jonnalagadda J, Marsh A, Grist S, Jenkins M, Hobson K, Taylor M, Lindeman GJ, Tavtigian SV, Suthers G, Goldgar D, Oefner PJ, Taylor D, Grimmond S, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G. Characterization of the breast cancer associated ATM 7271T>G (V2424G) mutation by gene expression profiling. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:1169-81. [PMID: 17001622 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATM are responsible for the autosomal recessive disorder ataxia telangiectasia. Heterozygous mutations in ATM have been associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer. We previously reported one breast cancer family in which ATM 7271T>G (V2424G) segregated with disease, and apparently acted in a dominant negative manner. We now report the screening of 782 multiple-case breast cancer families that identified two additional index cases with ATM 7271T>G. Phylogenetic sequence analysis showed that V2424 is a highly conserved residue, and that the 2424G variant is likely to interfere with function. To elucidate the consequences of this mutation, we expression profiled wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from Scottish and Australian families using an oligonucleotide microarray. Cluster analysis revealed 77 genes that were differentially expressed in homozygous and heterozygous V2424G cells (compared to wild-type) and 11 genes differentially expressed in the homozygous cells. We also evaluated the profiles of LCLs after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and identified 77 genes that were differentially expressed in wild-type cells, but not in homozygous or heterozygous V2424G cells. We validated the expression differences by RT-PCR in additional heterozygous V2424G LCLs from another breast cancer family. We found no consistent cytotoxicity or abrogation of ATM kinase activity after IR in seven heterozygous V2424G LCLs, compared to wild-type LCLs, but did find an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations. These data suggest that the V2424G missense mutation acts largely as a dominant negative in terms of the associated expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic Waddell
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Abstract
ATM was originally identified by positional cloning as the gene that underlies the autosomal recessive condition ataxia-telangiectasia. The encoded protein plays a central role in the complex processes that repair DNA double-strand breaks. Nearly 20 years ago, epidemiological surveys of relatives of ataxia-telangiectasia cases suggested that female relatives were at modestly increased risk of breast cancer. Subsequently, many studies have tried to clarify the role of ATM in breast cancer susceptibility, but have produced inconclusive and/or inconsistent results. Recently, large epidemiological and molecular studies have finally provided conclusive evidence that ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmed
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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26
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Abstract
One of the most important risk factors for breast cancer is family history of the disease, indicating that genetic factors are important determinants of breast cancer risk. A number of breast cancer susceptibility genes have been identified, the most important being BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, it is estimated that all the currently known breast cancer susceptibility genes accounts for less than 25% of the familial aggregation of breast cancer. In this paper, we review the evidence for other breast cancer susceptibility genes arising from twin studies, pedigree analysis and studies of phenotypes associated with breast cancer, and the progress towards finding other breast cancer susceptibility genes through linkage and association studies. Taken together, the available evidence indicates that susceptibility to breast cancer is mediated through variants in many genes, each conferring a moderate risk of the disease. Such a model of susceptibility has implications for both risk prediction and for future gene identification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Antoniou
- Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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27
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Balleine RL, Murali R, Bilous AM, Farshid G, Waring P, Provan P, Byth K, Thorne H, Kirk JA. Histopathological features of breast cancer in carriers of ATM gene variants. Histopathology 2006; 49:523-32. [PMID: 17064299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Germline variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene have been implicated in increased breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether the histopathology of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers is distinctive or resembles the described BRCA1 mutation-associated phenotype. METHODS The histopathological features of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers from multiple-case breast cancer families were compared with matched controls. The test group included 21 cases of in situ and/or invasive cancer from carriers of either the IVS10-6T-->G, 2424V-->G or 1420L-->F ATM variants in the absence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. An additional four invasive cancers from carriers of a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation in the context of a familial ATM variant were also examined. RESULTS The histopathology of breast cancers in ATM variant-only carriers was not significantly different from controls and known features of BRCA1 mutation-associated cancer were rarely seen. In contrast, these features were prominent in the small group of cases with a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer occurring in carriers of ATM variants is not associated with distinctive histopathological features and does not resemble the tumour phenotype commonly observed in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, BRCA2
- Genetic Carrier Screening
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Balleine
- Translational Oncology, Sydney West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Stredrick DL, Garcia-Closas M, Pineda MA, Bhatti P, Alexander BH, Doody MM, Lissowska J, Peplonska B, Brinton LA, Chanock SJ, Struewing JP, Sigurdson AJ. The ATM missense mutation p.Ser49Cys (c.146C>G) and the risk of breast cancer. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:538-44. [PMID: 16652348 PMCID: PMC1850333 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous mutation in the ATM gene causes ataxia telangiectasia and heterozygous mutation carriers may be at increased risk of breast cancer. We studied a total of 22 ATM variants; 18 variants were analyzed in one of two large population-based studies from the U.S. and Poland, and four variants were analyzed in all 2,856 breast cancer cases and 3,344 controls from the two studies. The missense mutation Ser49Cys (c.146C>G, p.S49C), carried by approximately 2% of subjects, was more common in cases than controls in both study populations, combined odds ratio (OR) 1.69 (95% CI, 1.19-2.40; P=0.004). Another missense mutation at approximately 2% frequency, Phe858Leu (c.2572T>C, p.F858L), was associated with a significant increased risk in the U.S. study but not in Poland, and had a combined OR of 1.44 (95% CI, 0.98-2.11; P=0.06). These analyses provide the most convincing evidence thus far that missense mutations in ATM, particularly p.S49C, may be breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Because of their low frequency, even larger sample sizes are required to more firmly establish these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L. Stredrick
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marbin A. Pineda
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce H. Alexander
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michele M. Doody
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Peplonska
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Core Genotyping Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery P. Struewing
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: Jeffery P Struewing, Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 41 Library Dr, Room D702, Bethesda, MD 20892-5060, USA;
| | - Alice J. Sigurdson
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lu S, Shen K, Wang Y, Santner SJ, Chen J, Brooks SC, Wang YA. Atm-haploinsufficiency enhances susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:848-55. [PMID: 16400190 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), which is due to mutations in the ATM gene, is a rare autosomal recessive genomic instability syndrome characterized by radiosensitivity and predisposition to cancer. Epidemiological studies have suggested that relatives of A-T patients (A-T carriers) have increased risks of developing breast cancer. We propose that increased breast cancer risks in A-T carriers may be due to exposure to various environmental carcinogens and/or dietary consumption. To test this hypothesis, we treated a congenic strain of Atm+/- mice with DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene), a mammary carcinogen, and observed mammary tumor incidence. It was found that Atm+/- mice have a 2-fold increase, as well as early onset, in mammary tumor incidence relative to wild-type mice (P<0.005). The increased mammary tumor development is correlated with a 3-fold increase in the development of mammary dysplasia in Atm+/- compared with wild-type mice (P<0.05). We also found that Ras signaling pathway was not activated in DMBA-induced mammary tumors irrespective of the Atm status. At the cellular level, Atm-haploinsufficiency confers increased cellular stress manifested by an increased p53 expression and a slightly enhanced survival of mammary epithelial cells in response to radiation. Our results demonstrate that Atm heterozygotes are predisposed to mammary tumor development and support the hypothesis that exposure to environmental carcinogens contributes to the increased rate of breast cancer development in A-T carriers. Given that 1% of the general population are ATM heterozygotes (A-T carriers), this study has great implications in breast cancer development in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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30
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Mitui M, Bernatowska E, Pietrucha B, Piotrowska-Jastrzebska J, Eng L, Nahas S, Teraoka S, Sholty G, Purayidom A, Concannon P, Gatti RA. ATM Gene Founder Haplotypes and Associated Mutations in Polish Families with Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69:657-64. [PMID: 16266405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an early onset autosomal recessive ataxia associated with characteristic chromosomal aberrations, cell cycle checkpoint defects, cancer susceptibility, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. We utilized the protein truncation test (PTT), and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) on cDNA, as well as denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) on genomic DNA (gDNA) to screen for mutations in 24 Polish A-T families. Twenty-six distinct Short Tandem Repeat (STR) haplotypes were identified. Three founder mutations accounted for 58% of the alleles. Three-quarters of the families had at least one recurring (shared) mutation, which was somewhat surprising given the low frequency of consanguinity in Poland. STR haplotyping greatly improved the efficiency of mutation detection. We identified 44 of the expected 48 mutations (92%): sixty-nine percent were nonsense mutations, 23% caused aberrant splicing, and 5% were missense mutations. Four mutations have not been previously described. Two of the Polish mutations have been observed previously in Amish and Mennonite A-T patients; this is compatible with historical records. Shared mutations shared the same Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and STR haplotypes, indicating common ancestries. The Mennonite mutation, 5932 G>T, is common in Russian A-T families, and the STR haplovariants are the same in both Poland and Russia. Attempts to correlate phenotypes with genotypes were inconclusive due to the limited numbers of patients with identical mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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31
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Hall J. The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene and breast cancer: gene expression profiles and sequence variants. Cancer Lett 2005; 227:105-14. [PMID: 16112413 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Ataxia-telangiectaisa mutated (ATM) gene, as a risk factor for breast cancer has been a consistent theme in the literature since the first reports by Swift and colleagues who reported that ATM heterozygotes in AT families had increased risks of developing breast cancer. Loss of heterozygosity at the ATM locus has been reported in 30-40% of breast tumours and 50-70% show altered ATM protein levels. Germline ATM sequence variants have been reported in breast cancer cases, however, it is difficult to fully evaluate the increased risk associated with their presence. The potential role of such variants needs to be further assessed, together with functional studies to model their impact on ATM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- DNA Repair Team, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex, France.
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Thompson D, Duedal S, Kirner J, McGuffog L, Last J, Reiman A, Byrd P, Taylor M, Easton DF. Cancer risks and mortality in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:813-22. [PMID: 15928302 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the ATM gene are the principal cause of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Several studies have suggested that heterozygous carriers of ATM mutations are at increased risk of breast cancer and perhaps of other cancers, but the precise risk is uncertain. METHODS Cancer incidence and mortality information for 1160 relatives of 169 UK A-T patients (including 247 obligate carriers) was obtained through the National Health Service Central Registry. Relative risks (RRs) of cancer in carriers, allowing for genotype uncertainty, were estimated with a maximum-likelihood approach that used the EM algorithm. Maximum-likelihood estimates of cancer risks associated with three groups of mutations were calculated using the pedigree analysis program MENDEL. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The overall relative risk of breast cancer in carriers was 2.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16 to 4.28) compared with the general population but was 4.94 (95% CI = 1.90 to 12.9) in those younger than age 50 years. The relative risk for all cancers other than breast cancer was 2.05 (95% CI = 1.09 to 3.84) in female carriers and 1.23 (95% CI = 0.76 to 2.00) in male carriers. Breast cancer was the only site for which a clear risk increase was seen, although there was some evidence of excess risks of colorectal cancer (RR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.06 to 6.09) and stomach cancer (RR = 3.39, 95% CI = 0.86 to 13.4). Carriers of mutations predicted to encode a full-length ATM protein had cancer risks similar to those of people carrying truncating mutations. CONCLUSION These results confirm a moderate risk of breast cancer in A-T heterozygotes and give some evidence of an excess risk of other cancers but provide no support for large mutation-specific differences in risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Thompson
- CR-UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Ronckers CM, Erdmann CA, Land CE. Radiation and breast cancer: a review of current evidence. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 7:21-32. [PMID: 15642178 PMCID: PMC1064116 DOI: 10.1186/bcr970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes current knowledge on ionizing radiation-associated breast cancer in the context of established breast cancer risk factors, the radiation dose-response relationship, and modifiers of dose response, taking into account epidemiological studies and animal experiments. Available epidemiological data support a linear dose-response relationship down to doses as low as about 100 mSv. However, the magnitude of risk per unit dose depends strongly on when radiation exposure occurs: exposure before the age of 20 years carries the greatest risk. Other characteristics that may influence the magnitude of dose-specific risk include attained age (that is, age at observation for risk), age at first full-term birth, parity, and possibly a history of benign breast disease, exposure to radiation while pregnant, and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile M Ronckers
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (NIH, HHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine A Erdmann
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles E Land
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (NIH, HHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Vo QN, Kim WJ, Cvitanovic L, Boudreau DA, Ginzinger DG, Brown KD. The ATM gene is a target for epigenetic silencing in locally advanced breast cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:9432-7. [PMID: 15516988 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies on ataxia-telangiectasia families indicate that obligate ATM heterozygotes display an elevated risk for developing breast cancer. However, a molecular basis for a potential link between diminished ATM function and sporadic breast malignancy remains elusive. Here, we show that 78% (18 out of a panel of 23) of surgically removed breast tumors (stage II or greater) displayed aberrant methylation of the ATM proximal promoter region as judged by methylation-specific PCR. Aberrant methylation of the ATM promoter was independently confirmed in several tumors by bisulfite sequencing. Moreover, bisulfite sequencing indicated that this region of the genome is subject to dense methylation. Further, we found a highly significant correlation (P = 0.0006) between reduced ATM mRNA abundance, as measured by real-time RT-PCR, and aberrant methylation of the ATM gene promoter. These findings indicate that epigenetic silencing of ATM expression occurs in locally advanced breast tumors, and establish a link at the molecular level between reduced ATM function and sporadic breast malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Vo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Butch AW, Chun HH, Nahas SA, Gatti RA. Immunoassay to measure ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein in cellular lysates. Clin Chem 2004; 50:2302-8. [PMID: 15486025 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.039461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a neurologic disorder caused by mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. A clinical diagnosis of A-T is confirmed by radiosensitivity testing and immunoblotting for ATM protein. Because both of these tests have long turnaround times (> or =3 months), we developed a rapid immunoassay to measure ATM protein and determined its sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing A-T. METHODS Recombinant ATM protein was used for standardization. Lysates of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from A-T patients, controls, and A-T heterozygotes were tested for ATM protein by immunoassay. RESULTS Between-run imprecision (CV) was < or =13%. Nuclear lysates from control LCLs and PBMCs had ATM protein concentrations of 49-610 microg/L and 48-943 microg/L, respectively. ATM protein was not detectable in LCL nuclear lysates from 18 of 21 A-T patients. The three remaining A-T patients had trace amounts of ATM protein, which was confirmed on immuoblots. ATM protein was also detectable in whole-cell lysates from 4 x 10(6) cells at concentrations of 64-463 microg/L and 42-444 microg/L for control LCLs and PBMCs, respectively. A-T heterozygotes had ATM protein concentrations of 52-98 microg/L. ATM protein was stable in PBMCs stored for 1 month at -70 degrees C, but rapidly decreased after 1 day in unprocessed blood. CONCLUSIONS This ATM protein immunoassay can be used to confirm a diagnosis of A-T in 2 days on small numbers of PBMCs and can potentially identify A-T carriers and individuals at increased risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Butch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Cavaciuti E, Laugé A, Janin N, Ossian K, Hall J, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Andrieu N. Cancer risk according to type and location ofATMmutation in ataxia-telangiectasia families. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 42:1-9. [PMID: 15390180 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated that ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) heterozygotes in AT families have an increased risk of cancer, particularly of breast cancer (BC). However, in BC case-control studies, no significant differences were found in the frequency of ATM mutations between patients and controls. In such studies missense mutations were found more frequently than truncating mutations, suggesting that the cancer risk depends on mutation type. To investigate this possibility, we assessed the risk of BC according to the type and position of the ATM truncating mutation in extended AT families. DNA or RNA that had been isolated from blood or buccal cells of AT children and their relatives was screened for ATM germ-line mutations using restriction endonuclease fingerprinting, the protein truncation test, fluorescence-assisted mismatch analysis, and direct sequencing. The standardized incidence ratio of cancer associated with ATM heterozygosity status and type of mutation was estimated. We tested for genotype-phenotype correlations by simulations, permuting mutations among parental branches. No significant difference was found in the relative risk of breast cancer or any other type of cancer based on mutation type. However, the occurrence of BC may be associated with truncating mutations in certain binding domains of the ATM protein (e.g., P53/BRCA1, beta-adaptin, and FAT domains; P = 0.006). In this limited sample set, the presence of missense or truncating ATM mutations was not associated with different cancer risks. The risk of BC appeared to be associated with the alteration of binding domains rather than with the length of the predicted ATM protein.
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Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G. ATM and genome maintenance: defining its role in breast cancer susceptibility. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004; 9:247-62. [PMID: 15557798 DOI: 10.1023/b:jomg.0000048772.92326.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATM gene is mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a genetic instability syndrome characterized by increased cancer risk, as well as other features. Recent studies have shown that the ATM protein kinase plays a critical role in maintaining genome integrity by activating a biochemical chain reaction that in turn leads to cell cycle checkpoint activation and repair of DNA damage. ATM targets include well-known tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and BRCA1, both of which play an important role in predisposition to breast cancer. Studies of A-T families have consistently reported an increased risk of breast cancer in women with one mutated ATM gene, but so far an increased frequency of ATM mutations has not been found in women with breast cancer. Some specific missense and protein truncating variants of ATM have been reported to confer increased breast cancer risk, but the magnitude of this risk remains uncertain. A more comprehensive analysis of ATM is needed in large case-control studies, and in multiple-case breast cancer families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Kum Khanna
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Spiegelman D, Kraft P, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ. Common ataxia telangiectasia mutated haplotypes and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R416-22. [PMID: 15217510 PMCID: PMC468661 DOI: 10.1186/bcr809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene is a tumor suppressor gene with functions in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Based on family studies, women heterozygous for mutations in the ATM gene are reported to have a fourfold to fivefold increased risk of breast cancer compared with noncarriers of the mutations, although not all studies have confirmed this association. Haplotype analysis has been suggested as an efficient method for investigating the role of common variation in the ATM gene and breast cancer. Five biallelic haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms are estimated to capture 99% of the haplotype diversity in Caucasian populations. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of breast cancer within the Nurses' Health Study cohort to address the role of common ATM haplotypes and breast cancer. Cases and controls were genotyped for five haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms. Haplotypes were predicted for 1309 cases and 1761 controls for which genotype information was available. RESULTS Six unique haplotypes were predicted in this study, five of which occur at a frequency of 5% or greater. The overall distribution of haplotypes was not significantly different between cases and controls (chi2 = 3.43, five degrees of freedom, P = 0.63). CONCLUSION There was no evidence that common haplotypes of ATM are associated with breast cancer risk. Extensive single nucleotide polymorphism detection using the entire genomic sequence of ATM will be necessary to rule out less common variation in ATM and sporadic breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulla M Tamimi
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lindeman GJ, Hiew M, Visvader JE, Leary J, Field M, Gaff CL, Gardner RJM, Trainor K, Cheetham G, Suthers G, Kirk J. Frequency of the ATM IVS10-6T-->G variant in Australian multiple-case breast cancer families. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R401-7. [PMID: 15217508 PMCID: PMC468657 DOI: 10.1186/bcr806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for only a proportion of hereditary breast cancer, suggesting that additional genes contribute to hereditary breast cancer. Recently a heterozygous variant in the ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, IVS10-6T→G, was reported by an Australian multiple-case breast cancer family cohort study (the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer) to confer a substantial breast cancer risk. Although this variant can result in a truncated ATM product, its clinical significance as a high-penetrance breast cancer allele or its role as a low-penetrance risk-modifier is controversial. Methods We determined the frequency of ATM IVS10-6T→G variants in a cohort of individuals affected by breast and/or ovarian cancer who underwent BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing at four major Australian familial cancer clinics. Results Seven of 495 patients (1.4%) were heterozygous for the IVS10-6T→G variant; the carrier rate in unselected Australian women with no family history of breast cancer is reported to be 6 of 725 (0.83%) (P = 0.4). Two of the seven probands also harboured a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation and one patient had a BRCA1 unclassified variant of uncertain significance. Conclusion These findings indicate that the ATM IVS10-6T→G variant does not seem to occur at a significantly higher frequency in affected individuals from high-risk families than in the general population. A role for this variant as a low-penetrance allele or as a modifying gene in association with other genes (such as BRCA1) remains possible. Routine testing for ATM IVS10-6T→G is not warranted in mutation screening of affected individuals from high-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melody Hiew
- Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Leary
- Familial Cancer Service, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Field
- Familial Cancer Service, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Clara L Gaff
- Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Genetic Health Services Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - RJ McKinlay Gardner
- Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Genetic Health Services Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Trainor
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Glenice Cheetham
- Molecular Pathology Division, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Graeme Suthers
- Familial Cancer Unit, SA Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Judy Kirk
- Familial Cancer Service, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
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