1
|
Nakanishi M, Ibe A, Morishita K, Shinagawa K, Yamamoto Y, Takahashi H, Ikemori K, Muragaki Y, Ehata S. Acid-sensing receptor GPR4 plays a crucial role in lymphatic cancer metastasis. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1551-1563. [PMID: 38410865 PMCID: PMC11093208 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer tissues exhibit an acidic microenvironment owing to the accumulation of protons and lactic acid produced by cancer and inflammatory cells. To examine the role of an acidic microenvironment in lymphatic cancer metastasis, gene expression profiling was conducted using human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) treated with a low pH medium. Microarray and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that acid treatment induced the expression of inflammation-related genes in HDLECs, including genes encoding chemokines and adhesion molecules. Acid treatment-induced chemokines C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6) autocrinally promoted the growth and tube formation of HDLECs. The expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) increased in HDLECs after acid treatment in a time-dependent manner, which, in turn, enhanced their adhesion to melanoma cells. Among various acid-sensing receptors, HDLECs basally expressed G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4), which was augmented under the acidic microenvironment. The induction of chemokines or VCAM-1 under acidic conditions was attenuated by GPR4 knockdown in HDLECs. In addition, lymph node metastases in a mouse melanoma model were suppressed by administering an anti-VCAM-1 antibody or a GPR4 antagonist. These results suggest that an acidic microenvironment modifies the function of lymphatic endothelial cells via GPR4, thereby promoting lymphatic cancer metastasis. Acid-sensing receptors and their downstream molecules might serve as preventive or therapeutic targets in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Akiya Ibe
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Kiyoto Morishita
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Kazutaka Shinagawa
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Yushi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Hibiki Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Kyoka Ikemori
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Shogo Ehata
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dai CL, Yang HX, Liu QP, Rahman K, Zhang H. CXCL6: A potential therapeutic target for inflammation and cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4413-4427. [PMID: 37612429 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines were originally defined as cytokines that affect the movement of immune cells. In recent years, due to the increasing importance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), the role of chemokines has changed from a single "chemotactic agent" to a key factor that can regulate TME and affect the tumor phenotype. CXCL6, also known as granulocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (GCP-2), can recruit neutrophils to complete non-specific immunity in the process of inflammation. Cancer-related genes and interleukin family can promote the abnormal secretion of CXCL6, which promotes tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and angiogenesis in the TME. CXCL6 also has a role in promoting fibrosis and tissue damage repair. In this review, we focus on the regulatory network affecting CXCL6 expression, its role in the progress of inflammation and how it affects tumorigenesis and progression based on the TME, in an attempt to provide a potential target for the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Dai
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie Y, Kuang W, Wang D, Yuan K, Yang P. Expanding role of CXCR2 and therapeutic potential of CXCR2 antagonists in inflammatory diseases and cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115175. [PMID: 36780833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and plays important roles in various inflammatory diseases and cancers, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), atherosclerosis, asthma, and pancreatic cancer. Upregulation of CXCR2 is closely associated with the migration of neutrophils and monocytes. To date, many small-molecule CXCR2 antagonists have entered clinical trials, showing favorable safety and therapeutic effects. Hence, we provide an overview containing the discovery history, protein structure, signaling pathways, biological functions, structure-activity relationships and clinical significance of CXCR2 antagonists in inflammatory diseases and cancers. According to the latest development and recent clinical progress of CXCR2 small molecule antagonists, we speculated that CXCR2 can be used as a biomarker and a new target for diabetes and that CXCR2 antagonists may also attenuate lung injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenbin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu T, Yang W, Sun A, Wei Z, Lin Q. The Role of CXC Chemokines in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010167. [PMID: 36612163 PMCID: PMC9818145 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokines are small chemotactic and secreted cytokines. Studies have shown that CXC chemokines are dysregulated in multiple types of cancer and are closely correlated with tumor progression. The CXC chemokine family has a dual function in tumor development, either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive depending on the context of cellular signaling. Recent evidence highlights the pro-tumorigenic properties of CXC chemokines in most human cancers. CXC chemokines were found to play pivotal roles in promoting angiogenesis, stimulating inflammatory responses, and facilitating tumor metastases. Enhanced expression of CXC chemokines is always signatured with inferior survival and prognosis. The levels of CXC chemokines in cancer patients are in dynamic change according to the tumor contexts (e.g., chemotherapy resistance and tumor recurrence after surgery). Thus, CXC chemokines have great potential to be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of CXC chemokines on tumor inflammation and metastasis remain unclear and application of antagonists and neutralizing antibodies of CXC chemokines signaling for cancer therapy is still not fully established. This article will review the roles of CXC chemokines in promoting tumorigenesis and progression and address the future research directions of CXC chemokines for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamane T, Kanamori Y, Sawayama H, Yano H, Nita A, Ohta Y, Hinokuma H, Maeda A, Iwai A, Matsumoto T, Shimoda M, Niimura M, Usuki S, Yasuda-Yoshihara N, Niwa M, Baba Y, Ishimoto T, Komohara Y, Sawa T, Hirayama T, Baba H, Moroishi T. Iron accelerates Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced CCL8 expression in macrophages and is associated with colorectal cancer progression. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156802. [PMID: 36136589 PMCID: PMC9675438 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that high levels of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal tumor tissues can be associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); however, data regarding distinct prognostic subgroups in F. nucleatum-positive CRC remain limited. Herein, we demonstrate that high-iron status was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with CRC with F. nucleatum. Patients with CRC presenting elevated serum transferrin saturation exhibited preferential iron deposition in macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, F. nucleatum induced CCL8 expression in macrophages via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which was inhibited by iron deficiency. Mechanistically, iron attenuated the inhibitory phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 by activating serine/threonine phosphatases, augmenting tumor-promoting chemokine production in macrophages. Our observations indicate a key role for iron in modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and suggest its prognostic potential as a determining factor for interpatient heterogeneity in F. nucleatum-positive CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yamane
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences,,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Yohei Kanamori
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Hiroshi Sawayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Hiromu Yano
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and
| | - Akihiro Nita
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Yudai Ohta
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Hironori Hinokuma
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Ayato Maeda
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Akiko Iwai
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences,,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Mayuko Shimoda
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Mayumi Niimura
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Shingo Usuki
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masato Niwa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,,Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, and
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, and
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences,,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karapetyan L, Yang X, Knight AD, Huang Z, Wang H, Sander CA, Minnier CP, Wilson M, Li A, Karunamurthy A, Storkus WJ, Kirkwood JM. Poorer survival outcomes in patients with multiple versus single primary melanoma. Cancer 2022; 128:2098-2106. [PMID: 35319783 PMCID: PMC11072316 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given equivocal results related to overall survival (OS) for patients with multiple primary melanomas (MPMs) compared with those with single primary melanomas (SPMs) in previous reports, the authors sought to determine whether OS differs between these 2 cohorts in their center using their UPCI-96-99 database. Secondary aims were to assess the differences in recurrence-free survival (RFS). In a subset of patients, transcriptomic profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed to assess disease-associated genes of interest. METHODS This retrospective case-controlled study included patients with MPMs and age-, sex-, and stage-matched controls with SPMs at a 1:1 ratio. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the effect of the presence of MPMs on death and recurrence. NanoString PanCancer Immune Profiling was used to assess peripheral blood immune status in patients. RESULTS In total, 320 patients were evaluated. The mean patient age was 47 years; 43.8% were male. Patients with MPMs had worse RFS and OS (P = .023 and P = .0019, respectively). The presence of MPMs was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 4.52, P = .0006), and increased risk of disease recurrence (HR, 2.17; P = .004) after adjusting for age, sex, and stage. The degree of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was different between the first melanoma of MPMs and SPMs. Expression of CXCL6 and FOXJ1 was increased in PBMCs isolated from patients with MPMs. CONCLUSIONS Patients with MPMs had worse RFS and OS compared with patients with SPMs. Immunologic differences were also observed, including TIL content and expression of CXCL6/FOXJ1 in PBMCs of patients with MPMs, which warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D. Knight
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Hillman Cancer Center Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Wang
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Hillman Cancer Center Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cindy A. Sander
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher P. Minnier
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Wilson
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aofei Li
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Arivarasan Karunamurthy
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter J. Storkus
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plasma CXCL3 Levels Are Associated with Tumor Progression and an Unfavorable Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1336509. [PMID: 35664357 PMCID: PMC9162872 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1336509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CXC chemokines belong to a unique family of chemotactic cytokines that influence the initiation, progression, and clinical outcome of many tumor types. Herein, we investigated the association of the CXC-chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3) with tumor progression and an unfavorable prognosis for colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to explore the expression of CXCL3 in CRC tissue, adjacent tissue, and plasma. The usefulness of plasma levels of CXCL3 for the diagnosis of CRC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis assessed relationships among plasma CXCL3, cancer tissue CXCL3, and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to assess the survival of CRC patients with high and low expression levels of CXCL3. Survival differences were compared by log-rank test. Results Initial analysis of the GSE156720 dataset identified CXCL3 as the most enriched CXCL gene in CRC patients. Higher CXCL3 levels were detected in CRC tissue than in adjacent tissue (P < 0.001). Compared to healthy controls, CRC patient plasma CXCL3 levels were higher (P < 0.001). The area under the curve was 0.81 with a sensitivity of 0.71 and specificity of 0.82, distinguishing CRC from other tumor types. Plasma CXCL3 was positively related to CXCL3 in cancer tissue (r = 0.78, P < 0.01), and also to plasma CEA (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). Plasma CXCL3 was also related to tumor size (P = 0.034), staging (P < 0.001), tumor stage (P = 0.003), differentiation (P = 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.007), but not to sex (P = 0.853), age (P = 0.691), tumor site (P = 1.347), or distant metastasis (P = 1.218). Conclusions CXCL3 levels were increased in CRC patients, with plasma CXCL3 levels associated with tumor progression and an unfavorable CRC prognosis. The results of this study suggest that plasma CXCL3 may be a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang C, Tang B, Hu J, Fang X, Bian H, Han J, Hou C, Sun F. Neutrophils correlate with hypoxia microenvironment and promote progression of non-small-cell lung cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8872-8884. [PMID: 34637697 PMCID: PMC8806964 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a strong and selective pressure, has been involved in invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Our study performed the transcriptome profiles of 666 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Various bioinformatic approaches were combined to evaluate the immune cell infiltration in the high hypoxia risk patients. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed to assess the effects of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) on NSCLC cells proliferation, migration and invasion and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. We divided NSCLC into two groups (Cluster1/2) based on the expression profiles of hypoxia-associated genes. Compared with the Cluster1 subgroup, the Cluster2 had a worse prognosis. Significant enrichment analysis revealed that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and TANs were highly related to hypoxia microenvironment. Eleven hypoxia-related genes (FBP1, NDST2, ADM, LDHA, DDIT4, EXT1, BCAN, IGFBP1, PDGFB, AKAP12, and CDKN3) were scored by LASSO COX regression to yield risk scores, and we revealed a significant difference in overall survival (OS) between the low- and high-risk groups. Mechanistically, CXCL6 in hypoxic cancer cells promoted the migration of TANs in vitro, and in turn promote NSCLC cells proliferation, migration and invasion. In summary, this study revealed a 11‐hypoxia gene signature that predicted OS of NSCLC patients, and improved our understanding of the role of TANs in hypoxia microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingxiang Tang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Bian
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junlei Han
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Congxia Hou
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Respiratory and Critical Care Ward 1, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lowe MM, Naik HB, Clancy S, Pauli M, Smith KM, Bi Y, Dunstan R, Gudjonsson JE, Paul M, Harris H, Kim E, Shin US, Ahn R, Liao W, Hansen SL, Rosenblum MD. Immunopathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa and response to anti-TNF-α therapy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139932. [PMID: 32841223 PMCID: PMC7566733 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a highly prevalent, morbid inflammatory skin disease with limited treatment options. The major cell types and inflammatory pathways in skin of patients with HS are poorly understood, and which patients will respond to TNF-α blockade is currently unknown. We discovered that clinically and histologically healthy appearing skin (i.e., nonlesional skin) is dysfunctional in patients with HS with a relative loss of immune regulatory pathways. HS skin lesions were characterized by quantitative and qualitative dysfunction of type 2 conventional dendritic cells, relatively reduced regulatory T cells, an influx of memory B cells, and a plasma cell/plasmablast infiltrate predominantly in end-stage fibrotic skin. At the molecular level, there was a relative bias toward the IL-1 pathway and type 1 T cell responses when compared with both healthy skin and psoriatic patient skin. Anti-TNF-α therapy markedly attenuated B cell activation with minimal effect on other inflammatory pathways. Finally, we identified an immune activation signature in skin before anti-TNF-α treatment that correlated with subsequent lack of response to this modality. Our results reveal the fundamental immunopathogenesis of HS and provide a molecular foundation for future studies focused on stratifying patients based on likelihood of clinical response to TNF-α blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Haley B. Naik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sean Clancy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mariela Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Yingtao Bi
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Dunstan
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Maia Paul
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hobart Harris
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Esther Kim
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Uk Sok Shin
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Zou S, Zhao Z, Liu P, Ke C, Xu S. New insights into small-cell lung cancer development and therapy. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1564-1576. [PMID: 32281704 PMCID: PMC7496722 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of lung cancer cases; however, it is characterized by easy relapse and low survival rate, leading to one of the most intractable diseases in clinical practice. Despite decades of basic and clinical research, little progress has been made in the management of SCLC. The current standard first‐line regimens of SCLC still remain to be cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide, and the adverse events of chemotherapy are by no means negligible. Besides, the immunotherapy on SCLC is still in an early stage and novel studies are urgently needed. In this review, we describe SCLC development and current therapy, aiming at providing useful advices on basic research and clinical strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Songyun Zou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuyun Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Po Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Changneng Ke
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Expression profiling revealed keratins and interleukins as potential biomarkers in squamous cell carcinoma of horn in Indian bullocks ( Bos indicus). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:92. [PMID: 32089987 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Horn cancer is most prevalent in Bos indicus and poorly defined genetic landscape makes disease diagnosis and treatment difficult. In this study, RNA-Seq and data analysis using CLC Genomics Workbench was employed to identify biomarkers associated with horn cancer. As a result, a total of 149 genes were found significant differentially expressed in horn cancer samples compared to horn normal samples. The study revealed 'keratins' and 'interleukins' as apex groups of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional analysis showed that the upregulated keratins support metastasis of tumor via cell proliferation, migration, and affecting cell stability, while downregulated interleukins along with other associated chemokine receptors deprive the immune response to tumor posing clear path for metastasis of horn cancer. Combi-action of both the group facilitates the tumor microenvironment to reproduce tumorigenesis. Analysis of pathways enriched in DEGs and exemplified protein-protein interaction network indicated actual role of DEGs in horn cancer at a fine level. Important effect of deregulated expression of keratin and interleukin genes in horn cancer enrolling their candidacy as potential biomarkers for horn cancer prognosis. This study appraises the possibility to mitigate horn cancer at fine resolution to extract attainable identification of prognostic molecular portraits.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mechanisms of Tumor-Lymphatic Interactions in Invasive Breast and Prostate Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020602. [PMID: 31963450 PMCID: PMC7013901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years, diverse studies have shown that tumors can actively interact with the lymphatic system and promote metastases development. In order to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in this interaction, we co-cultured tumor and lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and subsequently analyzed the molecular alterations of LECs. Therefore, LECs were co-cultivated with either a highly or weakly metastatic breast cancer cell line using contact (mixture) and non-contact (transwell) co-cultures. mRNA profiles from LECs were subsequently analyzed for genes specifically induced by highly metastatic tumor cells (“metastatic specific”). Among the up-regulated “metastatic specific” genes, we found candidates involved in cell cycle, cell adhesion and motility (BST2, E-selectin, and HMMR), cytokines (CCL7, CXCL6, CXCL1, and CSF2) and factors of the complement system (C1R, C3, and CFB). Among the down-regulated genes, we detected the hyaluronan receptor STAB2, angiogenic factor apelin receptor (APLNR), and the glycosylation enzyme MAN1A1. In an additional prostate cancer co-culture model, we could confirm a “metastatic specific” upregulation of E-selectin and CCL7 in LECs after interaction with the prostate cancer cell lines LNCAP (highly metastatic) and DU145 (weakly metastatic). These data allowed us to identify a set of genes regulated in LECs during in vitro communication with cancer cells, which might subsequently facilitate lymphatic metastasis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Carstensen LS, Lie-Andersen O, Obers A, Crowther MD, Svane IM, Hansen M. Long-Term Exposure to Inflammation Induces Differential Cytokine Patterns and Apoptosis in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2702. [PMID: 31824496 PMCID: PMC6882286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) has profound implications and governs the control of adaptive immunity. However, long-term activation might drive exhaustion of immune cells and negatively affect functionality. Here, long-term vs. short-term exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon (IFN)γ was evaluated on human monocyte-derived DCs. Long-term activated DC1s began to undergo apoptosis concomitant with a profound TAM-receptor and efferocytosis-dependent induction of interleukin (IL)-10. Whereas, levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10 were positively correlated upon short-term activation, an inverse association occured upon long-term activation and, while short-term activated CD1a+ DCs were main producers of IL-12p70, CD1a− DCs were the main fraction that underwent apoptosis and released IL-10 upon long-term activation. Moreover, pre-apoptotic long-term activated DCs were no longer able to activate alloreactive IFNγ-responsive T cells present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. The IFNγ response was mediated by IL-12p70, as a strong reduction in IFNγ was observed following blockade with an IL-12p70 neutralizing antibody. Finally, multiplex analysis of DC supernatants revealed a particular pattern of proteins associated with apoptosis, cancer and chronic inflammation partly overlapping with gold standard DCs well-known for their inability to secrete IL-12p70. In conclusion, long-term activated DC1s significantly changed their profile toward a non-functional, tumor-promoting and anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stentoft Carstensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Olivia Lie-Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Immunitrack ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Obers
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Michael Douglas Crowther
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tian Y, Zhai X, Han A, Zhu H, Yu J. Potential immune escape mechanisms underlying the distinct clinical outcome of immune checkpoint blockades in small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 31253167 PMCID: PMC6599302 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the deadliest cancer types in the world. Despite the high response rate to frontline platinum-containing doublets, relapse is inevitable for the majority of patients and the prognosis is poor. Topotecan, which has limited efficacy, has remained the standard second-line therapy for approximately three decades. Although SCLC has a high mutation burden, the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) in SCLC is far less pronounced than that in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Only atezolizumab in combination with chemotherapy improved overall survival over chemotherapy alone in the phase III CheckMate 133 trial and has recently received FDA approval as first-line therapy. Most studies concerning ICBs in SCLC are limited to early-phase studies and found that ICBs were not superior to traditional chemotherapy. Why is there such a large difference between SCLC and NSCLC? In this review, comparative analyses of previous studies indicate that SCLC is even more immunodeficient than NSCLC and the potential immune escape mechanisms in SCLC may involve the low expression of PD-L1 and the downregulation of major histocompability complex (MHC) molecules and regulatory chemokines. In consideration of these immune dysfunctions, we speculate that chemotherapy and radiotherapy prior to immunotherapy, the combination of ICBs with antiangiogenic treatment, and selecting tumor mutation burden in combination with PD-L1 expression as biomarkers could be promising strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Anqin Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheng Y, Ma XL, Wei YQ, Wei XW. Potential roles and targeted therapy of the CXCLs/CXCR2 axis in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:289-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
16
|
Liu G, An L, Zhang H, Du P, Sheng Y. Activation of CXCL6/CXCR1/2 Axis Promotes the Growth and Metastasis of Osteosarcoma Cells in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:307. [PMID: 30984000 PMCID: PMC6447780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant primary bone tumor with high metastatic rate. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6) and its receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1/2 (CXCR1/2) have been found to participate in the process of carcinogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the role of CXCL6/CXCR1/2 axis in proliferation and metastasis of OS cells. According to our results, the mRNA and protein expressions of CXCL6, CXCR1, and CXCR2 in multiple OS cell lines were determined. Treatment with exogenous CXCL6 for more than 72 h significantly promoted the proliferation of OS cells. Blocking the effect of endogenous CXCL6 restrained the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as evidenced by increased E-cadherin level, decreased N-cadherin and Snail levels in OS cells. On the contrary, exogenous CXCL6 administration enhanced the migration and invasive abilities of OS cells. Moreover, silencing of CXCR1/2 suppressed migration, invasion and EMT of OS cells with or without treatment with exogenous CXCL6. In addition, exogenous CXCL6 promoted the activation of PI3K/AKT and β-catenin signaling pathways, which could be repressed by CXCR2 knockdown. Inactivation of PI3K/AKT or β-catenin pathway by specific inhibitors effectively suppressed CXCL6-induced migration, invasion and EMT of OS cells. Finally, overexpression of CXCL6 significantly contributed to tumor growth, pulmonary metastasis and activation of PI3K/AKT and β-catenin pathways in nude mice in vivo, which were repressed by treatment with CXCR2 antagonist. Our results suggest that CXCL6/CXCR1/2 axis promotes the proliferation and metastasis of OS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Liu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping An
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peige Du
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen Q, Liu D, Hu Z, Luo C, Zheng SL. miRNA-101-5p inhibits the growth and aggressiveness of NSCLC cells through targeting CXCL6. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:835-848. [PMID: 30774371 PMCID: PMC6355169 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s184235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to explore the potential biological roles of miR-101-5p in the progression of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods The levels of miR-101-5p and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6) in NSCLC tissues and cells were detected using the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion assays were conducted using miR-101-5p-transfected NSCLC cells in vitro. The expression of CXCL6 was measured using immunofluorescence assay. Xenograft model and lung metastasis model were constructed to further reveal the precise roles of miR-101-5p in the lung metastasis and growth of NSCLC cells in vivo. Results miR-101-5p was underregulated in NSCLC tissues when compared with that in the normal controls. The levels of miR-101-5p were lower in NSCLC cells (H1975, A549, HCC827 and H1650) than in non-tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Overregulation of miR-101-5p restrained the aggressiveness phenotypes of NSCLC cells in vitro. Furthermore, overregulation of miR-101-5p reduced the tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis of NSCLC cells in vivo. CXCL6 was the target gene of miR-101-5p in NSCLC. The mRNA levels of CXCL6 were negatively associated with the levels of miR-101-5p in NSCLC tissues. Finally, the rescue experiments suggested that the inhibitory role of miR-101-5p was mediated by regulating the expression of CXCL6 in NSCLC. Conclusion These findings indicated that overregulation of miR-101-5p restrained the progression of NSCLC cells by targeting CXCL6 and might function as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China,
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Si Lin Zheng
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Orchestrating Tumor Metastasization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010096. [PMID: 30591657 PMCID: PMC6337330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis still represents the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chemokine signalling contributes to the overall process of cancer growth and metastasis, and their expression in both primary tumors and metastatic lesions correlate with prognosis. Chemokines promote tumor metastasization by directly supporting cancer cell survival and invasion, angiogenesis, and by indirectly shaping the pre-metastatic niches and antitumor immunity. Here, we will focus on the relevant chemokine/chemokine receptor axes that have been described to drive the metastatic process. We elaborate on their role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and immune cell recruitment at both the primary tumor lesions and the pre-metastatic foci. Furthermore, we also discuss the advantages and limits of current pharmacological strategies developed to target chemokine networks for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee NH, Nikfarjam M, He H. Functions of the CXC ligand family in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Pancreatology 2018; 18:705-716. [PMID: 30078614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is the major contributor to the poor prognosis of and low survival from pancreatic cancer (PC). Cancer progression is a complex process reliant on interactions between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the CXCL family of chemokines are present in the pancreatic TME and seem to play a vital role in regulating PC progression. As pancreatic tumors interact with the TME and with PC stem cells (CSCs), determining the roles of specific members of the CXCL family is vital to the development of improved therapies. This review highlights the roles of selected CXCLs in the interactions between pancreatic tumor and its stroma, and in CSC phenotypes, which can be used to identify potential treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Hung Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Serum cytokine profiles and metabolic tumor burden in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing palliative thoracic radiation therapy. Adv Radiat Oncol 2018; 3:130-138. [PMID: 29904737 PMCID: PMC6000081 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiation therapy effectively kills cancer cells and elicits local effects in the irradiated tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of cytokines in the serum of patients with lung cancer undergoing radiation therapy and to identify associations with metabolic tumor burden as determined by 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Methods and materials Forty-five patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer were included in a phase 2 clinical trial and randomized between fractionated thoracic radiation therapy alone or concurrent with an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor. Blood was sampled at 4 different time points: prior to treatment, midtherapy, at the end of therapy, and 6 to 8 weeks after the start of treatment. The serum concentrations of 48 cytokines and 9 matrix metalloproteinases were measured with multiplex immunoassays. A subset of patients was examined by 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography before, during, and after radiation therapy. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of the primary lung tumor, whole-body metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis were calculated, and correlations between the PET parameters and cytokines were investigated. Results The SUVmax decreased from baseline through midtherapy to posttherapy 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography (P = .018). The serum levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 23, CCL24, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1, and interleukin-8 (C-X-C motif ligand [CXCL]8) were significantly correlated to SUVmax, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis before, during, and after radiation therapy. CXCL2 (P = .030) and CXCL6 (P = .010) decreased after the start of therapy and changed significantly across the sample time points. Serum concentrations of CCL15 (P = .031), CXCL2 (P = .028), and interleukin-6 (P = .007) were positively correlated to the irradiated volume during the second week of treatment. Conclusions Cytokine serum levels vary and correlate with metabolic tumor burden in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer undergoing palliative thoracic radiation therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
CXCL6 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell survival and metastasis via down-regulation of miR-515-5p. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1182-1188. [PMID: 29136957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine plays an important role in lung cancer and CXCL6 is one of chemokine, however, its effect on miRNAs profile and its roles in non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) is not elucidated. This study is purposed to explore the influence of CXCL6 on miRNA expression profile and found that CXCL6 could reduce the expression of miR-515-5p in NSCLC cells. MiR-515-5p in NSCLC cells could inhibit NSCLC survival and metastasis. MiR-515-5p acted as a tumor suppressor by targeting CXCL6 in NSCLC cells. These data highlighted a novel molecular interaction between miR-515-5p and CXCL6. MiR-515-5p may constitute a potential therapy target for NSCLC.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mendes F, Antunes C, Abrantes AM, Gonçalves AC, Nobre-Gois I, Sarmento AB, Botelho MF, Rosa MS. Lung cancer: the immune system and radiation. Br J Biomed Sci 2016; 72:78-84. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2015.11666801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mendes
- Biophysics Unit-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine
| | - C. Antunes
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School
| | - A. M. Abrantes
- Biophysics Unit-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine
| | - A. C. Gonçalves
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine
- Applied Molecular Biology and Clinical University of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra
| | - I. Nobre-Gois
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital and University Center of Coimbra
| | - A. B. Sarmento
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine
- Applied Molecular Biology and Clinical University of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra
| | - M. F. Botelho
- Biophysics Unit-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine
| | - M. S. Rosa
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tan CW, Lee YH, Tan HH, Lau MSK, Choolani M, Griffith L, Chan JKY. CD26/DPPIV down-regulation in endometrial stromal cell migration in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:167-177.e9. [PMID: 24825423 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in endometriosis exhibit increased cell motility under hypoxia. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Women with endometriosis (n = 18) or benign gynecological disease (n=19). INTERVENTION(S) Eutopic ESCs were cultured under normoxia (20% O2) or hypoxia (6.5% O2), and migration and invasion capacity assayed, with pathway-focused polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and ELISAs performed. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis and enzymatic activity assay. The ESCs supplemented with Diprotin A (CD26 inhibitor), stromal cell-derived factor-1α, or AMD3100 (C-X-C motif receptor 4; CXCR4 blocker) were assayed for their migratory potential. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Endometrial stromal cell migration and invasion under hypoxia. RESULT(S) Endometriotic ESCs showed significantly higher migration and invasion through collagen gels under hypoxia compared with nonendometriotic ESCs. The PCR array revealed down-regulation of the migration inhibitor CD26/DPPIV and up-regulation of angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor A, C-X-C motif Ligand 6; CXCL6) in endometriotic ESCs under hypoxia. The CD26/DPPIV surface expression and activity as well as angiogenic protein secretions suggested that the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant migratory and angiogenic behavior in endometriotic ESCs. A combinatorial treatment with diprotin A and stromal cell-derived factor-1α effectively enhanced migration and invasion preferentially in endometriotic ESCs cultured hypoxically. CONCLUSION(S) Loss of CD26/DPPIV under hypoxia and the subsequent increase in migratory and angiogenic factors may favor conditions for lesion development in endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wen Tan
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore
| | - Heng Hao Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Matthew Sie Kuei Lau
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda Griffith
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore; Department of Biological and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
De A, De A, Papasian C, Hentges S, Banerjee S, Haque I, Banerjee SK. Emblica officinalis extract induces autophagy and inhibits human ovarian cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, growth of mouse xenograft tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72748. [PMID: 24133573 PMCID: PMC3794841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ovarian cancer (OC) may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy
and/or radiation therapy, although none of these strategies are very effective.
Several plant-based natural products/dietary supplements, including extracts
from Emblicaofficinalis (Amla), have
demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic properties. In this study we determined that
Amla extract (AE) has anti-proliferative effects on OC cells under both
in vitro and in vivo conditions. We also
determined the anti-proliferative effects one of the components of AE,
quercetin, on OC cells under in vitro conditions. AE did not
induce apoptotic cell death, but did significantly increase the expression of
the autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II under in vitro
conditions. Quercetin also increased the expression of the autophagic proteins
beclin1 and LC3B-II under in vitro conditions. AE also
significantly reduced the expression of several angiogenic genes, including
hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in OVCAR3 cells. AE acted synergistically
with cisplatin to reduce cell proliferation and increase expression of the
autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II under in vitro
conditions. AE also had anti-proliferative effects and induced the expression of
the autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II in mouse xenograft tumors.
Additionally, AE reduced endothelial cell antigen – CD31 positive blood vessels
and HIF-1α expression in mouse xenograft tumors. Together, these studies
indicate that AE inhibits OC cell growth both in vitro and
in vivo possibly via inhibition of angiogenesis and
activation of autophagy in OC. Thus AE may prove useful as an alternative or
adjunct therapeutic approach in helping to fight OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok De
- Department of OB/GYN, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas
City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Archana De
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United
States of America
| | - Chris Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of
Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of
America
| | - Shane Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United
States of America
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University
of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of
America
| | - Inamul Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United
States of America
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University
of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of
America
| | - Sushanta K. Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United
States of America
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University
of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of
America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical
Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rationale and Means to Target Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) Signaling in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:929-59. [PMID: 24276377 PMCID: PMC3817732 DOI: 10.3390/ph6080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic inflammation underpins the development of a number of human cancers, with pro-inflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. CXCL8 is an ELR+ pro-inflammatory CXC-chemokine which mediates its effects via signaling through two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. Elevated CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling within the tumor microenvironment of numerous cancers is known to enhance tumor progression via activation of signaling pathways promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion and cell survival. This review provides an overview of established roles of CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer and subsequently, discusses the possible strategies of targeting CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer, covering indirect strategies (e.g., anti-inflammatories, NFκB inhibitors) and direct CXCL8 or CXCR1/2 inhibition (e.g., neutralizing antibodies, small molecule receptor antagonists, pepducin inhibitors and siRNA strategies). Reports of pre-clinical cancer studies and clinical trials using CXCL8-CXCR1/2-targeting strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be discussed. The future translational opportunities for use of such agents in oncology will be discussed, with emphasis on exploitation in stratified populations.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tudoran O, Soritau O, Balacescu O, Balacescu L, Braicu C, Rus M, Gherman C, Virag P, Irimie F, Berindan-Neagoe I. Early transcriptional pattern of angiogenesis induced by EGCG treatment in cervical tumour cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:520-30. [PMID: 21609393 PMCID: PMC3822928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been shown to exhibit antitumour activities in several tumour models. One of the possible mechanisms by which EGCG can inhibit cancer progression is through the modulation of angiogenesis signalling cascade. The tumour cells’ ability to tightly adhere to endothelium is a very important process in the metastatic process, because once disseminated into the bloodstream the tumour cells must re-establish adhesive connections to endothelium in order to extravasate into the target tissues. In this study, we investigated the anti-angiogenic effects of EGCG treatment (10 μM) on human cervical tumour cells (HeLa) by evaluating the changes in the expression pattern of 84 genes known to be involved in the angiogenesis process. Transcriptional analysis revealed 11 genes to be differentially expressed and was further validated by measuring the induced biological effects. Our results show that EGCG treatment not only leads to the down-regulation of genes involved in the stimulation of proliferation, adhesion and motility as well as invasion processes, but also to the up-regulation of several genes known to have antagonist effects. We observed reduced proliferation rates, adhesion and spreading ability as well as invasiveness of HeLa tumour cells upon treatment, which suggest that EGCG might be an important anti-angiogenic therapeutic approach in cervical cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Tudoran
- 'I. Chiricuta Cancer Institute, Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moldenhauer A, Futschik M, Lu H, Helmig M, Götze P, Bal G, Zenke M, Han W, Salama A. Interleukin 32 promotes hematopoietic progenitor expansion and attenuates bone marrow cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1774-86. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
28
|
Välk K, Vooder T, Kolde R, Reintam MA, Petzold C, Vilo J, Metspalu A. Gene expression profiles of non-small cell lung cancer: survival prediction and new biomarkers. Oncology 2011; 79:283-92. [PMID: 21412013 DOI: 10.1159/000322116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the well-defined histological types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a given stage is often associated with wide-ranging survival rates and treatment outcomes. This disparity has led to an increased demand for the discovery and identification of new informative biomarkers. METHODS In the current study, we screened 81 NSCLC samples using Illumina whole-genome gene expression microarrays in an effort to identify differentially expressed genes and new NSCLC biomarkers. RESULTS We identified novel genes whose expression was upregulated in NSCLC, including SPAG5, POLH, KIF23, and RAD54L, which are associated with mitotic spindle formation, DNA repair, chromosome segregation, and dsDNA break repair, respectively. We also identified several novel genes whose expression was downregulated in NSCLC, including SGCG, NLRC4, MMRN1, and SFTPD, which are involved in extracellular matrix formation, apoptosis, blood vessel leakage, and inflammation, respectively. We found a significant correlation between RNA degradation and survival in adenocarcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS Even though the follow-up time was too limited to draw final conclusions, we were able to show better prediction p values in a group selection based on molecular profiles compared to histology. The current study also uncovered new candidate biomarker genes that are likely to be involved in diverse processes associated with NSCLC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Välk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li Y, Flores R, Yu A, Okcu MF, Murray J, Chintagumpala M, Hicks J, Lau CC, Man TK. Elevated expression of CXC chemokines in pediatric osteosarcoma patients. Cancer 2010; 117:207-17. [PMID: 20806347 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. Despite the advent of chemotherapy, the survival of osteosarcoma patients has not been significantly improved recently. Chemokines are a group of signaling molecules that have been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis. METHODS The authors used an antibody microarray to identify chemokines that were elevated in the plasma samples of osteosarcoma patients. The results were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on an independent set of samples. The tumor expressions of 3 chemokines were examined in 2 sets of osteosarcoma tissue arrays. The authors also evaluated the proliferative effect of the chemokines in 4 osteosarcoma cell lines. RESULTS The authors found that the plasma levels of CXCL4, CXCL6, and CXCL12 in the osteosarcoma patients were significantly higher than those in the controls, and the results were validated by an independent osteosarcoma cohort (P < .05). However, CXCL4 (100%) and CXCL6 (91%) were frequently expressed in osteosarcoma, whereas CXCL12 was only expressed in 4%. Survival analysis further showed that higher circulating levels of CXCL4 and CXCL6, but not CXCL12, were associated with a poorer outcome of osteosarcoma patients. Addition of exogenous chemokines significantly promoted the growth of different osteosarcoma cells (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that CXCL4 and CXCL6 are frequently expressed in osteosarcoma, and that the plasma levels of these 2 chemokines are associated with patient outcomes. Further study of these circulating chemokines may provide a promising approach for prognostication of osteosarcoma. Targeting these chemokines or their receptors may also lead to a novel therapeutic invention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Li
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yoshida T, Kobayashi T, Itoda M, Muto T, Miyaguchi K, Mogushi K, Shoji S, Shimokawa K, Iida S, Uetake H, Ishikawa T, Sugihara K, Mizushima H, Tanaka H. Clinical omics analysis of colorectal cancer incorporating copy number aberrations and gene expression data. Cancer Inform 2010; 9:147-61. [PMID: 20706620 PMCID: PMC2918356 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers in Japan, and thus a wide range of methods have been deployed to study the molecular mechanisms of CRC. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of CRC, incorporating copy number aberration (CRC) and gene expression data. For the last four years, we have been collecting data from CRC cases and organizing the information as an “omics” study by integrating many kinds of analysis into a single comprehensive investigation. In our previous studies, we had experienced difficulty in finding genes related to CRC, as we observed higher noise levels in the expression data than in the data for other cancers. Because chromosomal aberrations are often observed in CRC, here, we have performed a combination of CNA analysis and expression analysis in order to identify some new genes responsible for CRC. This study was performed as part of the Clinical Omics Database Project at Tokyo Medical and Dental University. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of genetic instability in CRC by this combination of expression analysis and CNA, and to establish a new method for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Materials and methods: Comprehensive gene expression analysis was performed on 79 CRC cases using an Affymetrix Gene Chip, and comprehensive CNA analysis was performed using an Affymetrix DNA Sty array. To avoid the contamination of cancer tissue with normal cells, laser micro-dissection was performed before DNA/RNA extraction. Data analysis was performed using original software written in the R language. Result: We observed a high percentage of CNA in colorectal cancer, including copy number gains at 7, 8q, 13 and 20q, and copy number losses at 8p, 17p and 18. Gene expression analysis provided many candidates for CRC-related genes, but their association with CRC did not reach the level of statistical significance. The combination of CNA and gene expression analysis, together with the clinical information, suggested UGT2B28, LOC440995, CXCL6, SULT1B1, RALBP1, TYMS, RAB12, RNMT, ARHGDIB, S1000A2, ABHD2, OIT3 and ABHD12 as genes that are possibly associated with CRC. Some of these genes have already been reported as being related to CRC. TYMS has been reported as being associated with resistance to the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil, and we observed a copy number increase for this gene. RALBP1, ARHGDIB and S100A2 have been reported as oncogenes, and we observed copy number increases in each. ARHGDIB has been reported as a metastasis-related gene, and our data also showed copy number increases of this gene in cases with metastasis. Conclusion: The combination of CNA analysis and gene expression analysis was a more effective method for finding genes associated with the clinicopathological classification of CRC than either analysis alone. Using this combination of methods, we were able to detect genes that have already been associated with CRC. We also identified additional candidate genes that may be new markers or targets for this form of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yoshida
- Information Center for Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Galzi JL, Hachet-Haas M, Bonnet D, Daubeuf F, Lecat S, Hibert M, Haiech J, Frossard N. Neutralizing endogenous chemokines with small molecules. Principles and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:39-55. [PMID: 20117133 PMCID: PMC7112609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular responses to external stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines is achieved through the control of all steps of the complex cascade starting with synthesis, going through maturation steps, release, distribution, degradation and/or uptake of the signalling molecule interacting with the target protein. One possible way of regulation, referred to as scavenging or neutralization of the ligand, has been increasingly studied, especially for small protein ligands. It shows innovative potential in chemical biology approaches as well as in disease treatment. Neutralization of protein ligands, as for example cytokines or chemokines can lead to the validation of signalling pathways under physiological or pathophysiological conditions, and in certain cases, to the development of therapeutic molecules now used in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and cancer treatment. This review explores the field of ligand neutralization and tries to determine to what extent small chemical molecules could substitute for neutralizing antibodies in therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Galzi
- IREBS, FRE3211, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhuang Z, Jian P, Longjiang L, Bo H, Wenlin X. Altered phenotype of lymphatic endothelial cells induced by highly metastatic OTSCC cells contributed to the lymphatic metastasis of OTSCC cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:686-92. [PMID: 20028389 PMCID: PMC11159626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) is an interactive surface for cancer cells. This article aims to explore cancer cell-induced changes of LEC, and study the tumor-lymphatic endothelium interaction. Here, LECs were co-cultured with highly and poorly metastatic tongue cancer cells. The differences in biologic behaviors and gene expression profiles between them were examined. The results showed that LECs induced by highly metastatic cancer cells displayed abnormal biologic behaviors, and could secrete chemokines to promote the migration of cancer cells. Therefore, biologic properties and functional status of LECs in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) might be a positive factor in lymphatic dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gerber PA, Hippe A, Buhren BA, Müller A, Homey B. Chemokines in tumor-associated angiogenesis. Biol Chem 2010; 390:1213-23. [PMID: 19804363 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is dependent on several key factors. Apart from immune escape and an efficient blockade of apoptotic signals, tumors require oxygen and nutrients to grow past a diameter of 2 microm. Therefore, it is of vital importance for the tumor to facilitate tumor-associated angiogenesis, e.g., the de novo formation of new blood vessels. In addition to established and key angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, chemokines, a superfamily of cytokine-like proteins that bind to seven transmembrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptors, have been associated with angiogenesis under homeostatic conditions. Chemokines were initially identified as key factors that control the directional migration of leukocytes, stem cells and cancer cells in vitro and which critically regulate their trafficking in vivo. Recently their role in establishing a favorable microenvironment for tumor-associated angiogenesis, a process that requires complex bidirectional interactions of the tumor and associated vessels, has been the focus of research. Chemokine-promoted angiogenesis not only facilitates tumor growth by supplying nutrients and oxygen but it is also a prerequisite to tumor metastasis. Hence, the pharmacologic control of tumor angiogenesis presents a promising strategy for novel anticancer therapeutics. Here, we discuss the current pathogenetic concepts of tumor-associated angiogenesis in the context of chemokines and their receptors and highlight promising therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arne Gerber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Tumor growth is restricted to approximately 2 microm diameters by simple dissociation of nutrients and oxygen. Hence, tumors require the formation of new blood vessels for further growth progression. This process is referred to as tumor neo-angiogenesis. The process of tumor neo-angiogenesis is directed by complex bidirectional interactions between the tumor and the vessels, and creates a favorable microenvironment for angiogenesis. The tumor vessel system not only facilitates tumor growth by providing nutrients and oxygen but also functions as a convenient route for metastasis. A group of small cytokine-like molecules called chemokines have been shown to participate in angiogenesis under homeostatic and neoplastic conditions. This review summarizes their role in tumor-associated angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Pardo OE, Latigo J, Jeffery RE, Nye E, Poulsom R, Spencer-Dene B, Lemoine NR, Stamp GW, Aboagye EO, Seckl MJ. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor PD173074 Blocks Small Cell Lung Cancer Growth In vitro and In vivo. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8645-51. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
Mittal P, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Edwin SS, Gotsch F, Mazaki-Tovi S, Espinoza J, Erez O, Nhan-Chang CL, Than NG, Vaisbuch E, Hassan SS. CXCL6 (granulocyte chemotactic protein-2): a novel chemokine involved in the innate immune response of the amniotic cavity. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:246-57. [PMID: 18782286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM CXCL6 is a potent pro-inflammatory neutrophil chemoattractant and activator whose activity during pregnancy is not well-established. The purpose of this study was to determine if CXCL6 is present in amniotic fluid (AF) and if CXCL6 concentrations in AF change with labor (pre-term and term) or intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI). METHOD OF STUDY A cross-sectional study was designed including the following groups: (1) mid-trimester (n = 65); (2) term no labor (n = 20); (3) term labor (n = 44); (4) patients with pre-term labor (PTL) with subsequent term delivery (n = 57); (5) PTL without IAI who delivered pre-term (n = 47); and (6) PTL with IAI (n = 62). AF CXCL6 concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS CXCL6 was present in all term samples, but undetectable in 64/65 mid-trimester specimens. Patients with PTL and IAI had a significantly higher median AF CXCL6 concentration than those with PTL without IAI [228.9 pg/mL (0.0-8344.8) versus 55.7 pg/mL (0-454.4); P < 0.05] and those with PTL and term delivery [41.5 pg/mL (0-279.0); P < 0.05]. The median AF CXCL6 concentration did not change with spontaneous term labor [term no labor: 81.1 pg/mL (8.5-201.7) versus term labor: 75.2 pg/mL (6.7-378.7): P = 0.7]. CONCLUSION (1) CXCL6 is detectable in AF and its concentration increases with gestational age; (2) IAI results in increased AF CXCL6 concentrations, suggesting that CXCL6 plays a role in the deployment of an inflammatory response; (3) In contrast to related chemokines, specifically IL-8, AF CXCL6 does not appear to be involved in spontaneous term parturition. These observations are novel, and suggest a role for CXCL6 in the innate immune response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rubie C, Frick VO, Wagner M, Schuld J, Gräber S, Brittner B, Bohle RM, Schilling MK. ELR+ CXC chemokine expression in benign and malignant colorectal conditions. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:178. [PMID: 18578857 PMCID: PMC2459188 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR2 chemokine ligands CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL6 were shown to be involved in chemoattraction, inflammatory responses, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Here, we comparatively analyzed their expression profile in resection specimens from patients with colorectal adenoma (CRA) (n = 30) as well as colorectal carcinoma (CRC) (n = 48) and corresponding colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) (n = 16). METHODS Chemokine expression was assessed by microdissection, quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS In contrast to CXCL6, we demonstrated CXCL1 and CXCL5 mRNA and protein expression to be significantly up-regulated in CRC and CRLM tissue specimens in relation to their matched tumor neighbor tissues. Moreover, both chemokine ligands were demonstrated to be significantly higher expressed in CRC tissues than in CRA tissues thus indicating a progressive increase in the transition from the premalignant condition to the development of the malignant status. Although a comparative analysis of the CXCL1/CXCL5 protein expression profiles in CRC patients revealed that the absolute expression level of CXCL1 was significantly higher in comparison to CXCL5, mRNA- and protein overexpression of CXCL5 in CRC and CRLM tissues was much more pronounced (80- and 60- fold in CRC tissues, respectively) in comparison to CXCL1 (5- and 3.5- fold in CRC tissues, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a significant association between CXCL1 and CXCL5 expression with CRC and CRLM suggesting for both chemokine ligands a potential role in the progression from CRA to CRC and thus, in the initiation of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rubie
- Dept. of General -, Visceral-, Vascular - and Pediatric Surgery, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vandercappellen J, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:226-44. [PMID: 18579287 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors have been discovered as essential and selective mediators in leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites and to secondary lymphoid organs. Besides their functions in the immune system, they also play a critical role in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. There are four subgroups of chemokines: CXC, CC, CX(3)C, and C chemokine ligands. The CXC or alpha subgroup is further subdivided in the ELR(+) and ELR(-) chemokines. Members that contain the ELR motif bind to CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and are angiogenic. In contrast, most of the CXC chemokines without ELR motif bind to CXCR3 and are angiostatic. An exception is the angiogenic ELR(-)CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12/SDF-1), which binds to CXCR4 and CXCR7 and is implicated in tumor metastasis. This review is focusing on the role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, attraction of leukocytes to tumor sites and induction of tumor cell migration and homing in metastatic sites. Finally, their therapeutic use in cancer treatment is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Vandercappellen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang J, Chen K, Gong W, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors and cancer. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:3352-63. [PMID: 18508437 DOI: 10.2741/2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptors are a group of seven transmembrane, G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They were initially identified mainly on leukocytes to mediate cell migration in response to pathogen or host-derived chemotactic factors. During the past decade, chemoattractant GPCRs have been discovered not only to mediate leukocyte chemotaxis thus promoting innate and adaptive host immune responses, but also to play essential roles in development, homeostasis, HIV infection, angiogenesis and wound healing. A growing body of evidence further indicates that chemoattractant GPCRs contribute to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis/angiostasis and metastasis. The diverse properties of GPCRs in the progression of malignant tumors have attracted intense interest in their potential as novel anti-tumor pharmacological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chemokines and cancer: migration, intracellular signalling and intercellular communication in the microenvironment. Biochem J 2008; 409:635-49. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate chemokine/receptor expression or regulation is linked to many diseases, especially those characterized by an excessive cellular infiltrate, such as rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. There is now overwhelming evidence that chemokines are also involved in the progression of cancer, where they function in several capacities. First, specific chemokine–receptor pairs are involved in tumour metastasis. This is not surprising, in view of their role as chemoattractants in cell migration. Secondly, chemokines help to shape the tumour microenvironment, often in favour of tumour growth and metastasis, by recruitment of leucocytes and activation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Emerging evidence suggests that chemokine receptor signalling also contributes to survival and proliferation, which may be particularly important for metastasized cells to adapt to foreign environments. However, there is considerable diversity and complexity in the chemokine network, both at the chemokine/receptor level and in the downstream signalling pathways they couple into, which may be key to a better understanding of how and why particular chemokines contribute to cancer growth and metastasis. Further investigation into these areas may identify targets that, if inhibited, could render cancer cells more susceptible to chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
41
|
Duchene J, Lecomte F, Ahmed S, Cayla C, Pesquero J, Bader M, Perretti M, Ahluwalia A. A novel inflammatory pathway involved in leukocyte recruitment: role for the kinin B1 receptor and the chemokine CXCL5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4849-56. [PMID: 17878384 PMCID: PMC3696729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The kinin B1 receptor is an inducible receptor not normally expressed but induced by inflammatory stimuli and plays a major role in neutrophil recruitment, particularly in response to the cytokine IL-1beta. However, the exact mechanism involved in this response is unclear. The aim of this study was to dissect the molecular mechanism involved, in particular to determine whether specific ELR-CXCL chemokines (specific neutrophil chemoattractants) played a role. Using intravital microscopy, we demonstrated that IL-1beta-induced leukocyte rolling, adherence, and emigration in mesenteric venules of wild-type (WT) mice, associated with an increase in B1 receptor mRNA expression, were substantially attenuated (>80%) in B1 receptor knockout mice (B1KO). This effect in B1KO mice was correlated with a selective down-regulation of IL-1beta-induced CXCL5 mRNA and protein expression compared with WT mice. Furthermore a selective neutralizing CXCL5 Ab caused profound suppression of leukocyte emigration in IL-1beta-treated WT mice. Finally, treatment of human endothelial cells with IL-1beta enhanced mRNA expression of the B1 receptor and the human (h) CXCL5 homologues (hCXCL5 and hCXCL6). This response was suppressed by approximately 50% when cells were pretreated with the B1 receptor antagonist des-Arg9-[Leu8]-bradykinin while treatment with des-Arg9-bradykinin, the B1 receptor agonist, caused a concentration-dependent increase in hCXCL5 and hCXCL6 mRNA expression. This study unveils a proinflammatory pathway centered on kinin B1 receptor activation of CXCL5 leading to leukocyte trafficking and highlights the B1 receptor as a potential target in the therapeutics of inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Duchene
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and The London Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Florence Lecomte
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and The London Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Saleh Ahmed
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and The London Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Cecile Cayla
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and The London Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Joao Pesquero
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and The London Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and The London Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Raman D, Baugher PJ, Thu YM, Richmond A. Role of chemokines in tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2007; 256:137-65. [PMID: 17629396 PMCID: PMC2065851 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play a paramount role in the tumor progression. Chronic inflammation promotes tumor formation. Both tumor cells and stromal cells elaborate chemokines and cytokines. These act either by autocrine or paracrine mechanisms to sustain tumor cell growth, induce angiogenesis and facilitate evasion of immune surveillance through immunoediting. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its ligands promote tumor angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. In harsh acidic and hypoxic microenvironmental conditions tumor cells up-regulate their expression of CXCR4, which equips them to migrate up a gradient of CXCL12 elaborated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to a normoxic microenvironment. The CXCL12-CXCR4 axis facilitates metastasis to distant organs and the CCL21-CCR7 chemokine ligand-receptor pair favors metastasis to lymph nodes. These two chemokine ligand-receptor systems are common key mediators of tumor cell metastasis for several malignancies and as such provide key targets for chemotherapy. In this paper, the role of specific chemokines/chemokine receptor interactions in tumor progression, growth and metastasis and the role of chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions in the stromal compartment as related to angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune response to the tumor are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yee Mon Thu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding author Dr. Ann Richmond, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 432 PRB, 23 Avenue South @ Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232. U.S.A. Tel. +1 615 343 7777 Fax: +1 615 936 2911 e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|