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Valdivia-Silva J, Chinney-Herrera A. Chemokine receptors and their ligands in breast cancer: The key roles in progression and metastasis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 388:124-161. [PMID: 39260935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are a family of chemotactic cytokines with important functions in the immune response in both health and disease. Their known physiological roles such as the regulation of leukocyte trafficking and the development of immune organs generated great interest when it was found that they were also related to the control of early and late inflammatory stages in the tumor microenvironment. In fact, in breast cancer, an imbalance in the synthesis of chemokines and/or in the expression of their receptors was attributed to be involved in the regulation of disease progression, including invasion and metastasis. Research in this area is progressing rapidly and the development of new agents based on chemokine and chemokine receptor antagonists are emerging as attractive alternative strategies. This chapter provides a snapshot of the different functions reported for chemokines and their receptors with respect to the potential to regulate breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Valdivia-Silva
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingenieria (BIO), Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia-UTEC, Barranco, Lima, Peru.
| | - Alberto Chinney-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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2
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Song B, Chen D, Liu Z, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Han W, Zhang R, Gong Y. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 exerts opposing roles through CXCR4 and CXCR7 in angiotensin II-induced adventitial remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 594:38-45. [PMID: 35066378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the role of vascular adventitia inflammation and immune response in hypertension. It has been reported that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) plays various biological functions through its receptors C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CXCR7 in tumor growth and tissue repair. However, it is unclear that whether SDF-1/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis is involved in hypertensive vascular remodeling. In the present study, the involvement of SDF-1/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis was evaluated with lentivirus-mediated shRNA of SDF-1 and CXCR7, CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 and CXCR7 agonist VUF11207 in angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertensive mice and in cultured adventitial fibroblasts (AFs). Results showed that AngII infusion markedly increased SDF-1 expressed in vascular adventitia, but not in media and endothelium. Importantly, blockade of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis strikingly potentiated AngII-induced adventitial thickening and fibrosis, as indicated by enhanced collagen I deposition. In contrast, CXCR7 shRNA largely attenuated AngII-induced adventitial thickness and fibrosis, whereas CXCR7 activation with VUF11207 significantly potentiated AngII-induced adventitial thickening and fibrosis. In consistent with these in vivo study, CXCR4 inhibition with AMD3100 and CXCR7 activation with VUF11207 aggravated AngII-induced inflammation, proliferation and migration in cultured AFs. In summary, these results suggested that SDF-1 exerted opposing effects through CXCR4 and CXCR7 in AngII-induced vascular adventitial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of General Practice, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongrui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiong Liu
- Department of General Practice, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwen Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zebei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanchun Gong
- Department of General Practice, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Shi Y, Riese DJ, Shen J. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 Chemokine Axis in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574667. [PMID: 33363463 PMCID: PMC7753359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small, secreted cytokines which regulate a variety of cell functions. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) binds to C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7). The interaction of CXCL12 and its receptors subsequently induces downstream signaling pathways with broad effects on chemotaxis, cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. Accumulating evidence suggests that the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis plays a pivotal role in tumor development, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this chemokine axis promotes chemoresistance in cancer therapy via complex crosstalk with other pathways. Multiple small molecules targeting CXCR4/CXCR7 have been developed and used for preclinical and clinical cancer treatment. In this review, we describe the roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in cancer progression and summarize strategies to develop novel targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Lokeshwar BL, Kallifatidis G, Hoy JJ. Atypical chemokine receptors in tumor cell growth and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 145:1-27. [PMID: 32089162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are seven-transmembrane cell surface protein receptors expressed in immune cells, normal mesenchymal cells, and several tumor cells. As of this writing, six ACKRs have been characterized by diverse activities. They bind both cysteine-cysteine (CC) type and cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC)-type chemokines, either alone, or together with a ligand bound-functional G-protein coupled (typical) chemokine receptor. The major structural difference between ACKRs and typical chemokine receptors is the substituted DRYLAIV amino acid motif in the second intracellular loop of the ACKR. Due to this substitution, these receptors cannot bind Gαi-type G-proteins responsible for intracellular calcium mobilization and cellular chemotaxis. Although initially characterized as non-signaling transmembrane receptors (decoy receptors) that attenuate ligand-induced signaling by GPCRs, studies of all ACKRs have shown ligand-independent and ligand-dependent transmembrane signaling in both non-tumor and tumor cells. The precise function and mechanism of the differential expression of ACKRs in many tumors are not understood well. The use of antagonists of ACKRs ligands has shown limited antitumor potential; however, depleting ACKR expression resulted in a reduction in experimental tumor growth and metastasis. The ACKRs represent a unique class of transmembrane signaling proteins that regulate growth, survival, and metastatic processes in tumor cells, affecting multiple pathways of tumor growth. Therefore, closer investigations of ACKRs have a high potential for identifying therapeutics which affect the intracellular signaling, preferentially via the ligand-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Georgios Kallifatidis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - James J Hoy
- LCMB Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Mcheik S, Van Eeckhout N, De Poorter C, Galés C, Parmentier M, Springael JY. Coexpression of CCR7 and CXCR4 During B Cell Development Controls CXCR4 Responsiveness and Bone Marrow Homing. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2970. [PMID: 31921208 PMCID: PMC6930800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCL12-CXCR4 axis plays a key role in the retention of stem cells and progenitors in dedicated bone marrow niches. It is well-known that CXCR4 responsiveness in B lymphocytes decreases dramatically during the final stages of their development in the bone marrow. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation and whether it plays a role in B-cell homeostasis remain unknown. In the present study, we show that the differentiation of pre-B cells into immature and mature B cells is accompanied by modifications to the relative expression of chemokine receptors, with a two-fold downregulation of CXCR4 and upregulation of CCR7. We demonstrate that expression of CCR7 in B cells is involved in the selective inactivation of CXCR4, and that mature B cells from CCR7-/- mice display higher responsiveness to CXCL12 and improved retention in the bone marrow. We also provide molecular evidence supporting a model in which upregulation of CCR7 favors the formation of CXCR4-CCR7 heteromers, wherein CXCR4 is selectively impaired in its ability to activate certain G-protein complexes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CCR7 behaves as a novel selective endogenous allosteric modulator of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saria Mcheik
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nils Van Eeckhout
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric De Poorter
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Galés
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Parmentier
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Springael
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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Chang HC, Huang PH, Syu FS, Hsieh CH, Chang SLY, Lu J, Chen HC. Critical involvement of atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7 in allergic airway inflammation. Immunology 2018; 154:274-284. [PMID: 29250768 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trafficking and recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation with spatial and temporal synchronization is crucial for the development of allergic airway inflammation. Particularly, chemokines are known to be key players in these processes. Previous studies revealed that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in regulating allergic airway inflammation. However, the role of CXCR7, a recently discovered second receptor for CXCL12, in regulating airway inflammation has not been explored. Initially, CXCR7 was considered as a decoy receptor; however, numerous subsequent studies revealed that engagement of CXCR7 triggered its own signalling or modulated CXCR4-mediated signalling. In the present study, we detected the expression of CXCR7 in airway epithelial cells. Use of a lentiviral delivery system to knock down the expression of CXCR7 in the lung of sensitized mice abrogated the cardinal features of asthma, indicating that CXCR7 plays a role in regulating allergic airway inflammation. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt signalling in response to CXCL12 in the mouse epithelial cell line MLE-12 was reduced when CXCR7 expression was knocked down. However, either knockdown or overexpression of CXCR7 in MLE-12 did not affect CXCL12-mediated calcium influx, indicating that CXCR7 does not modulate CXCR4-mediated signalling, and that it functions as a signalling receptor rather than a decoy receptor. Finally, we found that the expression of chemokine CCL2 is regulated by CXCR7/CXCL12-mediated signalling through β-arrestin in airway epithelial cells. Hence, regulating the expression of CCL2 in airway epithelial cells may be one mechanism by which CXCR7 participates in regulating allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Sheng Syu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sunny Li-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jean Lu
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Genomics Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Programme, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Yang J, Huang XB, Hao XY, Wei L, Jing WT, Guo TK. Clinical significance of expression of chemokine factor receptor 7 in gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:139-146. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of chemokine factor receptor 7 (CXCR7) in gastric cancer and evaluate its clinical significance.
METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wanfang were searched for case-control studies on the significance of expression of CXCR7 in gastric cancer. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevManv.5.3 software to yield odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
RESULTS A total of four case-control studies involving 320 gastric cancer tissues and 105 normal gastric tissues were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that the positive rate of CXCR7 expression was higher in gastric cancer tissues than in normal gastric tissues (OR = 46.35, 95%CI: 19.99-107.43), and CXCR7 expression in gastric cancer tissues was significantly associated with deep invasion (OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.05-0.58), lymph node metastasis (OR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.12-0.44), and advanced clinical stage (OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.16-0.54). However, no significant correlation was found between CXCR7 expression and the degree of differentiation in gastric cancer.
CONCLUSION The expression of CXCR7 in gastric cancer is higher than that in normal tissue. CXCR7 expression is associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage, indicating that CXCR7 may play a role in gastric cancer metastasis.
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Ma DM, Luo DX, Zhang J. SDF-1/CXCR7 axis regulates the proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:256. [PMID: 27716367 PMCID: PMC5052806 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-1009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More recent studies have revealed that chemokine receptor CXCR7 plays an important role in cancer development. However, little is known about the effect of CXCR7 on the process of gastric cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of CXCR7 in gastric cancer cell lines and to evaluate the role of CXCR7 in the proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells. Methods Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to examine the mRNA and protein levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in five gastric cancer cell lines (HGC-27, MGC-803, BGC-823, SGC-7901, and MKN-28). CXCR7-expressing shRNA was constructed and subsequently stably transfected into the human gastric cancer cells. In addition, the effect of CXCR7 inhibition on cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, VEGF secretion, and tube formation was evaluated. Results The mRNA and protein of CXCR7 were expressed in all five gastric cancer cell lines; in particular, the expression of CXCR7 was the highest in SGC-7901 cells. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was found to induce proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and tube formation. Moreover, the VEGF secretion in SGC-7901 cells was also enhanced by SDF-1 stimulation. These biological effects were inhibited by the silencing of CXCR7 in SGC-7901 cells. Conclusions Increased CXCR7 expression was found in gastric cancer cells. Knockdown of CXCR7 expression by transfection with CXCR7shRNA significantly inhibits SGC-7901 cells’ proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis. This study provides new insights into the significance of CXCR7 in the invasion and angiogenesis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Min Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Dezhou, Dezhou, Shandong Province, 253014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Xi Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, People's Hospital of Dezhou, 1751 Xin Hu Road, Dezhou, Shandong Province, 253014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, People's Hospital of Dezhou, 1751 Xin Hu Road, Dezhou, Shandong Province, 253014, People's Republic of China.
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Downregulation of CXCL12 in mesenchymal stromal cells by TGFβ promotes breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 36:840-849. [PMID: 27669436 PMCID: PMC5311419 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are one of major components of the tumour microenvironment. Recent studies have shown that MSC tumour residence and their close interactions with inflammatory factors are important factors that affect tumour progression. Among tumour-associated inflammatory factors, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is regarded as a key determinant of malignancy. By employing a lung metastasis model of a murine breast cancer, we show here that the prometastatic effect of MSCs was dependent on their response to TGFβ. Interestingly, we found that MSC-produced CXCL12, an important chemokine in tumour metastasis, was markedly inhibited by TGFβ. Furthermore, silencing of CXCL12 in TGFβ-unresponsive MSCs restored their ability to promote tumour metastasis. We found that 4T1 breast cancer cells expressed high levels of CXCR7, but not of CXCR4, both of which are CXCL12 receptors. In presence of CXCL12, CXCR7 expression on tumour cells was decreased. Indeed, when CXCR7 was silenced in breast cancer cells, their metastatic ability was inhibited. Therefore, our data demonstrated that sustained expression of CXCL12 by MSCs in the primary tumour site inhibits metastasis through reduction of CXCR7, while, in the presence of TGFβ, this CXCL12 effect of MSCs on tumour cells is relieved. Importantly, elevated CXCR7 and depressed CXCL12 expression levels were prominent features of clinical breast cancer lesions and were related significantly with poor survival. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of MSC effects on malignant cells through which crosstalk between MSCs and TGFβ regulates tumour metastasis.
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Wu K, Cui L, Yang Y, Zhao J, Zhu D, Liu D, Zhang C, Qi Y, Li X, Li W, Zhao S. Silencing of CXCR2 and CXCR7 protects against esophageal cancer. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:3398-3408. [PMID: 27648130 PMCID: PMC5009392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the functional roles of cytokine receptor (CXCR) CXCR2 and CXCR7 in esophageal cancer (EC). Specific small interfering RNAs (siRNA) against CXCR2 and CXCR7 were transfected into EC cell lines TE-1, EC9706, and EC109 cells. Expression of CXCR2 and CXCR7 was validated, along with cell viability, chemotaxis, apoptosis rate, and ERK1/2 pathways associated protein after transfection. Moreover, EC9706 cells treated with or without CXCR2/7 siRNA were injected into athymic nude mice. Tumor volumes were measured. Besides, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to investigate the expression of CXCR2/7 in adjacent normal tissues and tumor tissues from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Also, the associations between CXCR2/7 expression and clinicopathological features and progression were explored. The mRNA levels of CXCR2 and CXCR7 were significantly reduced after transfection. Silencing of CXCR2 and CXCR7 statistically decreased cell viability and chemotaxis, and increased apoptotic rate. Cells invasion was significantly reduced by silencing of CXCR2, however, no significance was found in silencing of CXCR7. The protein levels of pERK1/2 were significantly decreased by silencing of CXCR2 and CXCR7. Besides, silencing of CXCR2 and CXCR7 significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo, and associated with clinicopathological features and progression. Silencing of CXCR2 and CXCR7 protects against EC by inhibiting cell growth and chemotaxis, and inducing apoptosis though ERK1/2 pathways. Silencing of CXCR2 and CXCR7 has potentially therapeutic target for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Lingling Cui
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Dengyan Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
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Kim HY, Lee SY, Kim DY, Moon JY, Choi YS, Song IC, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Jo DY. Expression and functional roles of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood Res 2015; 50:218-26. [PMID: 26770949 PMCID: PMC4705047 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.4.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-X-C chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) has been shown to be a decoy receptor for CXCR4 in certain cell types. We investigated the expression status and functional roles of CXCR7 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in vitro. METHODS CXCR7 mRNA was knocked down in AML cells by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, and subsequent biological alterations in the cells were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS All AML cell lines examined in this study (U937, K562, KG1a, HL-60, and MO7e) and primary CD34(+) cells obtained from patients with AML expressed CXCR7 mRNA at various levels. Western blotting showed that all AML cells produced CXCR7. Furthermore, all AML cells expressed CXCR7 in both the cytoplasm and on the cell surface at various levels. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1; C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12)) induced internalization of cell surface CXCR7. However, neither hypoxia nor the examined hematopoietic growth factors (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-3, IL-6, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte, macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, and stem cell factor) and proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were found to alter cell surface CXCR7 expression. The transfection of AML cells with CXCR4 siRNA, but not CXCR7 siRNA, significantly impaired the CXCL12-induced transmigration of the cells. The transfection of AML cells with CXCR7 siRNA did not affect the survival or proliferation of these cells. Knockdown of CXCR7, but not CXCR4, induced the upregulation of CXCL12 mRNA expression and CXCL12 production in AML cells. CONCLUSION CXCR7 is involved in the regulation of autocrine CXCL12 in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yon Kim
- Department of Drug Activity, New Drug Development Center, Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, Daejeon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Deog-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwan-Jung Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Samyong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Deog-Yeon Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Crosstalk between SDF-1/CXCR4 and SDF-1/CXCR7 in cardiac stem cell migration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16813. [PMID: 26578388 PMCID: PMC4649491 DOI: 10.1038/srep16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine that can be expressed in injured cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction (MI). By combining with its receptor CXCR4, SDF-1 induced stem and progenitor cells migration. CXCR7, a novel receptor for SDF-1, has been identified recently. We aimed to explore the roles of SDF-1/CXCR4 and SDF-1/CXCR7 pathway and their crosstalk in CSCs migration. In the present study, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression were identified in CSCs. Transwell assay showed that SDF-1 caused CSCs migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which could be significantly suppressed by CXCR4 or CXCR7 siRNA. Phospho-ERK, phospho-Akt and Raf-1 significantly elevated in CSCs with SDF-1 stimulation. Knockdown of CXCR4 or CXCR7 significantly decreased phospho-ERK or phospho-Akt, respectively, and eventually resulted in the inhibition of CSCs migration. Moreover, western blot showed that MK2206 (Akt inhibitor) increased the expression of phospho-ERK and Raf-1, whereas PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) had no effect on phospho-Akt and Raf-1. GW5074 (Raf-1 inhibitor) upregulated the expression of phospho-ERK, but had no effect on phospho-Akt. The present study indicated that SDF-1/CXCR7/Akt and SDF-1/CXCR4/ERK pathway played important roles in CSCs migration. Akt phosphorylation inhibited Raf-1 activity, which in turn dephosphorylated ERK and negatively regulated CSCs migration.
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Chemokine-Derived Peptides: Novel Antimicrobial and Antineoplasic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12958-85. [PMID: 26062132 PMCID: PMC4490481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a burgeoning family of chemotactic cytokines displaying a broad array of functions such as regulation of homeostatic leukocyte traffic and development, as well as activating the innate immune system. Their role in controlling early and late inflammatory stages is now well recognized. An improper balance either in chemokine synthesis or chemokine receptor expression contributes to various pathological disorders making chemokines and their receptors a useful therapeutic target. Research in this area is progressing rapidly, and development of novel agents based on chemokine/chemokine receptors antagonist functions are emerging as attractive alternative drugs. Some of these novel agents include generation of chemokine-derived peptides (CDP) with potential agonist and antagonist effects on inflammation, cancer and against bacterial infections. CDP have been generated mainly from N- and C-terminus chemokine sequences with subsequent modifications such as truncations or elongations. In this review, we present a glimpse of the different pharmacological actions reported for CDP and our current understanding regarding the potential use of CDP alone or as part of the novel therapies proposed in the treatment of microbial infections and cancer.
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Liu Z, Teng XY, Meng XP, Wang BS. Expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1 and CXCR7 ligand receptor system in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:348. [PMID: 25407240 PMCID: PMC4252985 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine that is expressed in some cancer cells and is involved in tumor cell migration and metastasis. CXCR7, a novel receptor for SDF-1, has been identified recently. Research has demonstrated that SDF-1/CXCR7 interaction could play an important role in cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of the SDF-1/CXCR7 ligand receptor system and the relationship between this expressions and clinicopathological characteristics in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS Expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR7 in 64 cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue and 24 cases of normal pancreatic tissue were detected immunohistochemically. RESULTS Expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR7 were negative in normal pancreatic tissues. Respectively, positive expression rates of SDF-1 and CXCR7 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma were 45.3% and 51.6%. The expression of SDF-1 correlated with histological grades; the expression rate in moderate to low differentiation was higher than in high differentiation (P<0.05). The expression of CXCR7 positively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). A log-rank test showed that the expression of SDF-1+/CXCR7+ correlated with poor prognosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The SDF-1/CXCR7 receptor ligand system may take part in invasive progression and metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and might be useful as an index for evaluating invasiveness and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 China
| | - Xu-Yong Teng
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 China
| | - Xiang-Peng Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 China
| | - Bao-Sheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004 China
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15
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Ghanem I, Riveiro ME, Paradis V, Faivre S, de Parga PMV, Raymond E. Insights on the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:340-352. [PMID: 25075251 PMCID: PMC4113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, a group of small chemotactic cytokines, and their G-protein-coupled receptors were originally identified for their ability to mediate various pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Beyond the influence of chemokines and their cognate receptors in several inflammatory diseases, several malignancies have been shown to be dependent of chemokines for progression, tumor growth, cellular migration and invasion, and angiogenesis; those later facilitating the development of distant metastases. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chemokines were shown to affect leukocyte recruitment, neovascularization and tumor progression. CXCL12 (stromal-derived factor 1 alpha- SDF-1) is the primary ligand for the seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor CXCR4. The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis exerts a variety of functions at different steps of HCC tumor progression, using autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms to sustain tumor cell growth, to induce angiogenesis and to facilitate tumor escape through evasion of immune surveillance. In this review, we have comprehensively described the role of CXCR4/CXCL12 in HCC and also investigated the role of CXCR7, an alternative receptors that also binds CXCL12 with potentially distinct downstream effects. Preclinical data converge to demonstrate that inhibition of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis may lead to direct inhibition of tumor migration, invasion, and metastases. This pathway is under investigation to identify potential novel treatments in HCC and other cancers. However, one of the major challenges faced in this emerging field targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway, is the translation of current knowledge into the design and development of effective inhibitors of CXCR4 and/or CXCL12 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Ghanem
- Department of Medical Oncology, La Paz University HospitalMadrid, Spain
| | - Maria E Riveiro
- INSERM U728 and Medical Oncology Departments, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot)100 bd du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
- Oncology Therapeutic DevelopmentClichy, France
| | - Valerie Paradis
- INSERM U773 and Anatomopathology Departments, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot)100 bd du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - Sandrine Faivre
- INSERM U728 and Medical Oncology Departments, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot)100 bd du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
| | | | - Eric Raymond
- INSERM U728 and Medical Oncology Departments, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot)100 bd du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
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Liu Z, Yang L, Teng X, Zhang H, Guan H. The involvement of CXCR7 in modulating the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Surg Res 2014; 191:379-88. [PMID: 24814201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has favorable prognosis, it is prone to cervical lymph node metastasis. Chemokine receptors play a role in metastasis of tumor cells, and accumulating evidence suggests an important role for the chemokine receptor CXCR7 in cancer development. We previously demonstrated high expression of CXCR7 protein in PTC tissue. In this study, we further evaluated the role of CXCR7 in PTC. METHODS The expression of CXCR7 messenger RNA and protein in 79 cases of PTC and peritumoral tissues was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The association between CXCR7 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in PTC was analyzed. Stable CXCR7 overexpression and knockdown PTC cells were constructed and used to examine proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion of PTC cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, propidium iodide staining, 7-amino-actinomycin D staining, and invasion assay. We examined cell cycle regulatory protein levels by Western blot. RESULTS CXCR7 messenger RNA and protein levels were markedly increased in PTC and correlated with tumor progression. CXCR7 could regulate proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins involved in the S-G2 phase transition. Knockdown of CXCR7 in PTC cells suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, decreased expression of cyclin A, CDK2 and PCNA, increased expression of p21 and p57, induced S phase arrest, and promoted apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS CXCR7 plays an important role in regulating growth and metastasis ability of PTC cell and provides a potential target for therapeutic interventions in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuyong Teng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Gagliardi F, Narayanan A, Reni M, Franzin A, Mazza E, Boari N, Bailo M, Zordan P, Mortini P. The role of CXCR4 in highly malignant human gliomas biology: current knowledge and future directions. Glia 2014; 62:1015-23. [PMID: 24715652 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given the extensive histomorphological heterogeneity of high-grade gliomas, in terms of extent of invasiveness, angiogenesis, and necrosis and the poor prognosis for patients despite the advancements made in therapeutic management. The identification of genes associated with these phenotypes will permit a better definition of glioma heterogeneity, which may ultimately lead to better treatment strategies. CXCR4, a cell surface chemokine receptor, is implicated in the growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis in a wide range of malignant tumors, including gliomas. It is overexpressed in glioma cells according to tumor grade and in glioma tumor initiating cells. There have been various reports suggesting that CXCR4 is required for tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and modulation of the immune response. It may also serve as a prognostic factor in characterizing subsets of glioblastoma multiforme, as patients with CXCR4-positive gliomas seem to have poorer prognosis after surgery. Aim of this review was to analyze the current literature on biological effects of CXCR4 activity and its role in glioma pathogenesis. A better understanding of CXCR4 pathway in glioma will lead to further investigation of CXCR4 as a novel putative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Gagliardi
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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Tripathi V, Kumar R, Dinda AK, Kaur J, Luthra K. CXCL12-CXCR7 signaling activates ERK and Akt pathways in human choriocarcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:221-8. [PMID: 24450273 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract CXCL12 acts as a physiological ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR7. Chemokine receptor expression by human trophoblast and other placental cells have important implications for understanding the regulation of placental growth and development. We had previously reported the differential expression of CXCR7 in different stages of the human placenta suggesting its possible role in regulation of placental growth and development. In this study, we determined the expression of CXCR7 in human choriocarcinoma JAR cells at the mRNA level and protein level and the downstream signaling pathway mediated by CXCL12-CXCR7 interaction. We observed that binding of CXCL12 to CXCR7 activates the ERK and Akt cell-survival pathways in JAR cells. Inhibition of the ERK and Akt pathways using specific inhibitors (Wortmanin & PD98509) led to the activation of the p38 pathway. Our findings suggest a possible role of CXCR7 in activating the cell survival pathways ERK and Akt in human choriocarcinoma JAR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwas Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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19
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Abstract
Chemokines are low-molecular-weight, secreted proteins that act as leukocyte-specific chemoattractants. The chemokine family has more than 40 members. Based on the position of two conserved cysteines in the N-terminal domain, chemokines can be divided into the CXC, C, CC, and CX3C subfamilies. The interaction of chemokines with their receptors mediates signaling pathways that play critical roles in cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. The receptors for chemokines are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and thus far, seven CXC receptors have been cloned and are designated CXCR1-7. Constitutively active GPCRs are present in several human immune-mediated diseases and in tumors, and they have provided valuable information in understanding the molecular mechanism of GPCR activation. Several constitutively active CXC chemokine receptors include the V6.40A and V6.40N mutants of CXCR1; the D3.49V variant of CXCR2; the N3.35A, N3.35S, and T2.56P mutants of CXCR3; the N3.35 mutation of CXCR4; and the naturally occurring KSHV-GPCR. Here, we review the regulation of CXC chemokine receptor signaling, with a particular focus on the constitutive activation of these receptors and the implications in physiological conditions and in pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of CXC chemokine receptors may aid in pharmaceutical design and the screening of inverse agonists and allosteric modulators for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Han
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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20
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Heckmann D, Maier P, Laufs S, Li L, Sleeman JP, Trunk MJ, Leupold JH, Wenz F, Zeller WJ, Fruehauf S, Allgayer H. The disparate twins: a comparative study of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in SDF-1α-induced gene expression, invasion and chemosensitivity of colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:604-16. [PMID: 24255072 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In colorectal cancer, increased expression of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been shown to provoke metastatic disease due to the interaction with its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Recently, a second SDF-1 receptor, CXCR7, was found to enhance tumor growth in solid tumors. Albeit signaling cascades via SDF-1/CXCR4 have been intensively studied, the significance of the SDF-1/CXCR7-induced intracellular communication triggering malignancy is still only marginally understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In tumor tissue of 52 patients with colorectal cancer, we observed that expression of CXCR7 and CXCR4 increased with tumor stage and tumor size. Asking whether activation of CXCR4 or CXCR7 might result in a similar expression pattern, we performed microarray expression analyses using lentivirally CXCR4- and/or CXCR7-overexpressing SW480 colon cancer cell lines with and without stimulation by SDF-1α. RESULTS Gene regulation via SDF-1α/CXCR4 and SDF-1α/CXCR7 was completely different and partly antidromic. Differentially regulated genes were assigned by gene ontology to migration, proliferation, and lipid metabolic processes. Expressions of AKR1C3, AXL, C5, IGFBP7, IL24, RRAS, and TNNC1 were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Using the in silico gene set enrichment analysis, we showed that expressions of miR-217 and miR-218 were increased in CXCR4 and reduced in CXCR7 cells after stimulation with SDF-1α. Functionally, exposure to SDF-1α increased invasiveness of CXCR4 and CXCR7 cells, AXL knockdown hampered invasion. Compared with controls, CXCR4 cells showed increased sensitivity against 5-FU, whereas CXCR7 cells were more chemoresistant. CONCLUSIONS These opposing results for CXCR4- or CXCR7-overexpressing colon carcinoma cells demand an unexpected attention in the clinical application of chemokine receptor antagonists such as plerixafor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Heckmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center); Department of Translational Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT) and DKFZ, Heidelberg; Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Medical Research Center, University Medical Centre Mannheim; Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), University Medical Centre Mannheim; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim; KIT Karlsruhe Campus Nord, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen; and Center for Tumor Diagnostics and Therapy, Paracelsus Klinik, Osnabrueck, Germany
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CXCR7-mediated progression of osteosarcoma in the lungs. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1579-85. [PMID: 24002596 PMCID: PMC3776992 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumour in children and adolescents with a high propensity for lung metastasis. Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been described to have an important role in many malignancies including OS. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CXCR7 receptor in OS tissues and its role in the progression of the disease in the lungs. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to study CXCR7 expression in primary tumours and metastatic tissues from patients with OS. Its contribution to tumour expansion in the lungs has been also assessed using animal models and synthetic-specific CXCR7 ligands. Results: CXCR7 was expressed on human primary bone tumours and on lung metastases. Its expression was predominantly located on tumour-associated blood vessels. Mice challenged with OS cells and systematically treated with synthetic CXCR7 ligands presented a significant reduction of lung nodules compared with untreated mice. Conclusion: This study shows that CXCR7 has a critical role in OS progression in the lungs, where are expressed CXCR7 ligands, especially CXCL12. Moreover, we highlight that synthetic CXCR7 ligands could represent a powerful therapeutic tool to impede lung OS progression.
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Kheirelseid EAH, Miller N, Chang KH, Nugent M, Kerin MJ. Clinical applications of gene expression in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 4:144-57. [PMID: 23730510 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite developments in diagnosis and treatment, 20% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients present with metastatic disease and 30% of cases recur after curative surgery. Furthermore, the molecular factors involved in prognosis and response to therapy in CRC is poorly understood. The aims of this study were to quantitatively examine the expression of target genes in colorectal cancer and to correlate their expression levels with clinico-pathological variables. METHODS A detailed analysis of published CRC microarray data was performed to identify the most prominent genes. The selected genes were validated in fifty-two pairs of fresh colorectal tumour and associated normal tissue specimens by RQ-PCR using TaqMan(®) assays. Statistical analysis and correlation with clinicopathological data was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS Expression levels of CXCL12 (P=0.000), CDH17 (P=0.026), MUC2 (P=0.000), L-FABP (P=0.000) and PDCD4 (P=0.000) were down regulated and IL8 (P=0.000) was upregulated in tumours compared to normal colorectal tissues. No significant differences were noted in expression of CEACAM5, CXCR4, CXCR7, TGFB1, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. Furthermore, we found significant associations of gene expression levels and clinicopathological variables such as tumour size, grade, invasion and lymph node status. CONCLUSIONS We identified a comprehensive list of genes with highly differential expression patterns in colorectal cancer that could serve as molecular markers to complement existing histopathological factors in diagnosis, follow up and therapeutic strategies for individualised care of patients.
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Kim HY, Oh YS, Song IC, Kim SW, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Jo DY. Endogenous stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) supports autonomous growth of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2013; 37:566-72. [PMID: 23473997 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liu Z, Sun DX, Teng XY, Xu WX, Meng XP, Wang BS. Expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1 and CXCR7 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2012; 23:247-53. [PMID: 23070788 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-012-9223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine that is expressed in some cancer cells and is involved in tumor cell migration and metastasis. CXCR7, a novel receptor for SDF-1, has been identified recently. Researches demonstrated that interaction between SDF-1 and CXCR7 could play an important role in cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR7 and the relationship between their expressions and clinicopathological characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR7 in 33 cases of thyroid benign lesion tissue and 79 cases of PTC tissue and peritumoral non-malignant tissue were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR7 were negative in peritumoral non-malignant tissues. Respectively, positive expression rates of SDF-1 and CXCR7 were 69.6 and 65.8 % in PTC, 12.1 and 30.3 % in thyroid benign tissue. The expression of SDF-1 and CXCR7 were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. SDF-1 and CXCR7 expressions were related with the lymph nodes metastasis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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25
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Guillemot E, Karimdjee-Soilihi B, Pradelli E, Benchetrit M, Goguet-Surmenian E, Millet MA, Larbret F, Michiels JF, Birnbaum D, Alemanno P, Schmid-Antomarchi H, Schmid-Alliana A. CXCR7 receptors facilitate the progression of colon carcinoma within lung not within liver. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1944-9. [PMID: 23169289 PMCID: PMC3516689 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver and lung metastases are the predominant cause of colorectal cancer (CRC)-related mortality. Chemokine-receptor pairs have a critical role in determining the metastatic progression of tumours. Our hypothesis was that disruption of CXCR7/CXCR7 ligands axis could lead to a decrease in CRC metastases. Methods: Primary tumours and metastatic tissues from patients with CRC were tested for the expression of CXCR7 and its ligands. Relevance of CXCR7/CXCR7 ligands for CRC metastasis was then investigated in mice using small pharmacological CXCR7 antagonists and CRC cell lines of human and murine origins, which – injected into mice – enable the development of lung and liver metastases. Results: Following injection of CRC cells, mice treated daily with CXCR7 antagonists exhibited a significant reduction in lung metastases. However, CXCR7 antagonists failed to reduce the extent of liver metastasis. Moreover, there were subtle differences in the expression of CXCR7 and its ligands between lung and liver metastases. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the activation of CXCR7 on tumour blood vessels by its ligands may facilitate the progression of CRC within lung but not within liver. Moreover, we provide evidence that targeting the CXCR7 axis may be beneficial to limit metastasis from colon cancer within the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guillemot
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice 06108, France
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Tang T, Xia QJ, Chen JB, Xi MR, Lei D. Expression of the CXCL12/SDF-1 Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 in Human Brain Tumours. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5281-6. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.10.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Yan X, Cai S, Xiong X, Sun W, Dai X, Chen S, Ye Q, Song Z, Jiang Q, Xu Z. Chemokine receptor CXCR7 mediates human endothelial progenitor cells survival, angiogenesis, but not proliferation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1437-46. [PMID: 22173725 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a critical regulator of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) mediated physiological and pathologic angiogenesis. It was considered to act via its unique receptor CXCR4 for a long time. CXCR7 is a second, recently identified receptor for SDF-1, and its role in human EPCs is unclear. In present study, CXCR7 was found to be scarcely expressed on the surface of human EPCs derived from cord blood, but considerable intracellular CXCR7 was detected, which differs from that on EPCs derived from rat bone marrow. CXCR7 failed to support SDF-1 induced human EPCs migration, proliferation, or nitric oxide (NO) production, but mediated human EPCs survival exclusively. Besides that, CXCR7 mediated EPCs tube formation along with CXCR4. Blocking CXCR7 with its antagonist CCX733 impaired SDF-1/CXCR4 induced EPCs adhesion to active HUVECs and trans-endothelial migration. Those results suggested that CXCR7 plays an important role in human cord blood derived EPCs in response to SDF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Sartina E, Suguihara C, Ramchandran S, Nwajei P, Rodriguez M, Torres E, Hehre D, Devia C, Walters MJ, Penfold MET, Young KC. Antagonism of CXCR7 attenuates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:682-8. [PMID: 22337226 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemokines may directly participate in the pathogenesis of neonatal chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Although stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been shown to be involved in PH, the role of its most recently discovered receptor, chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7), remains unclear. We sought to determine whether antagonism of the CXCR7 receptor would decrease pulmonary vascular remodeling in newborn mice exposed to chronic hypoxia by decreasing pulmonary vascular cell proliferation. METHODS Neonatal mice were exposed to hypoxia (fractional inspired oxygen concentration = 0.12) or room air (RA) for 2 wk. After 1 wk of exposure, mice received daily injections of placebo or a CXCR7 antagonist (CCX771) from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P14. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), the ratio of the weight of the right ventricle to left ventricle + septum (RV/LV + S), and pulmonary vascular cell proliferation and remodeling were determined at P14. RESULTS As compared with mice exposed to RA, hypoxia placebo mice had a significant increase in the lung protein expression of CXCR7. Although hypoxic placebo-treated mice had a significant increase in RVSP, RV/LV+S, and pulmonary vascular cell proliferation and remodeling, the administration of CCX771 markedly decreased these changes. DISCUSSION These results indicate that antagonism of CXCR7 may be a potent strategy to decrease PH and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecaterina Sartina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Maishi N, Ohga N, Hida Y, Akiyama K, Kitayama K, Osawa T, Onodera Y, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Shindoh M, Hida K. CXCR7: A novel tumor endothelial marker in renal cell carcinoma. Pathol Int 2012; 62:309-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kim HY, Hwang JY, Oh YS, Kim SW, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Yang YJ, Jo DY. Differential effects of CXCR4 antagonists on the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:244-52. [PMID: 22259630 PMCID: PMC3259516 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Antagonists of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), including AMD3100, induce peripheral mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and have been approved for clinical use. We explored whether the CXCR4 antagonists affected the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. Methods The effects of CXCR4 antagonists AMD3100 and T140 on the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cell lines (U937, HL-60, MO7e, KG1a, and K562) as well as CD34+ cells obtained from patients with AML and CML were analyzed by flow cytometry by using annexin V and a colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Results AMD3100, but not T140, stimulated the proliferation of leukemia cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner for up to 5 days (~2-fold increase at a concentration of 10-5 M), which was not abrogated by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, but was attenuated by RNAi knockdown of CXCR7 transcripts. In contrast, AMD3100 induced a marked decrease in the cell numbers after 5-7 days. AMD3100, but not T140, induced phosphorylation of MAPK p44/p42. AMD3100 increased the number and size of leukemia cell colonies and reduced cell apoptosis during the first 5-7 days of incubation, but the phenomena were reversed during the later period of incubation. Conclusion The effects of CXCR4 antagonists on the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells are not uniform. AMD3100, but not T140, exerts dual effects, initially enhancing and subsequently inhibiting the survival and proliferation of the cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Dai X, Tan Y, Cai S, Xiong X, Wang L, Ye Q, Yan X, Ma K, Cai L. The role of CXCR7 on the adhesion, proliferation and angiogenesis of endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1299-309. [PMID: 21418513 PMCID: PMC4373330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies confirmed that stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was a principal regulator of retention, migration and mobilization of haematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) during steady-state homeostasis and injury. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been considered as the unique receptor of SDF-1 and as the only mediator of SDF-1-induced biological effects for many years. However, recent studies found that SDF-1 could bind to not only CXCR4 but also CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7). The evidence that SDF-1 binds to the CXCR7 raises a concern how to distinguish the potential contribution of the SDF-1/CXCR7 pathway from SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway in all the processes that were previously attributed to SDF-1/CXCR4. In this study, the role of CXCR7 in EPCs was investigated in vitro. RT-PCR, Western blot and flow cytometry assay demonstrate that both CXCR4 and CXCR7 were expressed highly in EPCs. The adhesion of EPCs induced by SDF-1 was inhibited by blocking either CXCR4 or CXCR7 with their antibodies or antagonists. SDF-1 regulated the migration of EPCs via CXCR4 but not CXCR7. However, the transendothelial migration of EPCs was inhibited by either blocking of CXCR4 or CXCR7. Both CXCR7 and CXCR4 are essential for the tube formation of EPCs induced by SDF-1. These results suggested that both CXCR7 and CXCR4 are important for EPCs in response to SDF-1, indicating that CXCR7 may be another potential target molecule for angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Dai
- Key laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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C-terminal region of EBNA-2 determines the superior transforming ability of type 1 Epstein-Barr virus by enhanced gene regulation of LMP-1 and CXCR7. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002164. [PMID: 21857817 PMCID: PMC3145799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains immortalize B lymphocytes in vitro much more efficiently than type 2 EBV, a difference previously mapped to the EBNA-2 locus. Here we demonstrate that the greater transforming activity of type 1 EBV correlates with a stronger and more rapid induction of the viral oncogene LMP-1 and the cell gene CXCR7 (which are both required for proliferation of EBV-LCLs) during infection of primary B cells with recombinant viruses. Surprisingly, although the major sequence differences between type 1 and type 2 EBNA-2 lie in N-terminal parts of the protein, the superior ability of type 1 EBNA-2 to induce proliferation of EBV-infected lymphoblasts is mostly determined by the C-terminus of EBNA-2. Substitution of the C-terminus of type 1 EBNA-2 into the type 2 protein is sufficient to confer a type 1 growth phenotype and type 1 expression levels of LMP-1 and CXCR7 in an EREB2.5 cell growth assay. Within this region, the RG, CR7 and TAD domains are the minimum type 1 sequences required. Sequencing the C-terminus of EBNA-2 from additional EBV isolates showed high sequence identity within type 1 isolates or within type 2 isolates, indicating that the functional differences mapped are typical of EBV type sequences. The results indicate that the C-terminus of EBNA-2 accounts for the greater ability of type 1 EBV to promote B cell proliferation, through mechanisms that include higher induction of genes (LMP-1 and CXCR7) required for proliferation and survival of EBV-LCLs. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human virus that is involved in several types of cancer and directly causes human B lymphocytes to proliferate when they become infected. EBV occurs naturally as two different viral types (type 1 and type 2). The genomes of these viruses are mostly very similar but they differ in a few genes, particularly the EBNA-2 gene. For many years it has been known that type 1 EBV is much more effective than type 2 EBV at causing B lymphocyte proliferation and this difference is mediated by the EBNA-2 gene. Here we have shown that the greater ability of type 1 EBNA-2 to cause B cell proliferation is due to superior induction of the EBV LMP-1 and the cell CXCR7 genes, both of which are required for growth of EBV-infected lymphocytes. We mapped the section of type 1 EBNA-2 responsible for this to the C-terminus of the protein, including the transactivation and EBNA-LP interaction domains. The results provide a mechanism for the long-standing question of the functional difference between these two major types of EBV and will be important in understanding the significance of the EBV types in human infection.
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Gebauer F, Tachezy M, Effenberger K, von Loga K, Zander H, Marx A, Kaifi JT, Sauter G, Izbicki JR, Bockhorn M. Prognostic impact of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:140-5. [PMID: 21520098 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in the tumorigenesis of many malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). METHODS Expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in specimens from 249 patients with PAC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray and matched with clinicopathological parameters and overall survival. RESULTS Expression of CXCR4 was detected in 215 patients (86.4%) and CXCR7 in 47 patients (18.9%). No association between CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression was evident, although all the CXCR7 positive tumors were also CXCR4 positive. pT1/2 tumors showed a higher frequency of CXCR7 expression than pT3/4 tumors (P = 0.018), while more dedifferentiated tumors had elevated CXCR7 expression (P = 0.036). Overall and disease-free survival revealed no association with either CXCR4 or CXCR7 expression. CONCLUSION CXCR7 is associated with tumor grade and inversely associated with tumor size and may play a potential role in tumor progression and differentiation. In contrast to previously reported data our results revealed no significant association between CXCR4 expression and clinical or pathological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gebauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Johnson-Holiday C, Singh R, Johnson E, Singh S, Stockard CR, Grizzle WE, Lillard JW. CCL25 mediates migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase expression by breast cancer cells in a CCR9-dependent fashion. Int J Oncol 2011; 38:1279-85. [PMID: 21344163 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in North American women. Most deaths are caused by metastasis, and BrCa is characterized by a distinct metastatic pattern involving lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, liver and brain. Migration of metastatic cells share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which are regulated by chemokines and their receptors. The current study evaluates the expression and functional role of CCR9, and its only known ligand, CCL25, in BrCa cell migration and invasion. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed that both moderately and poorly differentiated BrCa tissue expressed significantly more (P<0.0001) CCR9 compared to non-neoplastic breast tissue. Interestingly, poorly differentiated BrCa tissue expressed significantly more (P<0.0001) CCR9 compared to moderately differentiated BrCa tissue. Similarly, CCR9 was highly expressed by the aggressive breast cancer cell line (MDA-MD-231) compared to the less aggressive MCF-7. Migration as well as invasion assays were used to evaluate the functional interaction between CCR9 and CCL25 in BrCa cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Neutralizing CCR9-CCL25 interactions significantly impaired the migration and invasion of BrCa cells. Furthermore, CCL25 enhanced the expression of MMP-1, -9, -11 and -13 active proteins by BrCa cells in a CCR9-dependent fashion. These studies show CCR9 is functionally and significantly expressed by BrCa (poorly > moderately differentiated) tissue and cells as well as that CCL25 activation of this receptor promotes breast tumor cell migration, invasion and MMP expression, which are key components of BrCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Johnson-Holiday
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA
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Li T, Li H, Wang Y, Harvard C, Tan JL, Au A, Xu Z, Jablons DM, You L. The expression of CXCR4, CXCL12 and CXCR7 in malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Pathol 2011; 223:519-30. [PMID: 21294125 DOI: 10.1002/path.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, are involved in tumour progression, metastasis, and survival. We investigated the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and CXCR7 in malignant pleural mesothelioma to determine if they are possible biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Forty-one mesothelioma tumour tissues, ten normal human pleural tissues, and two mesothelioma cell lines were stained with anti-CXCR4, anti-CXCL12, anti-CXCR7, and anti-p-Akt antibodies. RT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and CXCR7 in six human mesothelioma cell lines (H28, 211H, H2052, ms-1, H290, and H513) and one human normal mesothelial cell line, LP9. These seven cell lines were also stained with anti-CXCR7. We found that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were expressed in 97.6% and 78.0% mesothelioma tissue samples, concurrently with strong expression of p-Akt (R(2) = 0.739 and 0.620, respectively). In addition, CXCR7 expression was weaker than CXCR4 expression in mesothelioma tissues. Furthermore, RT-PCR showed that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were overexpressed in 5/6 mesothelioma cell lines (211H, H2052, ms-1, H290, and H513), whereas CXCR7 was overexpressed in only 2/6 (H513 and H2052). Moreover, we found that the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 inhibited the growth of all five mesothelioma cell lines that overexpress CXCR4 and CXCL12. Our results suggest that the Akt-mTOR pathway is involved during the interruption of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in these five mesothelioma cell lines. In conclusion, CXCR4 and CXCL12 are highly expressed in most mesothelioma cell lines and tumour tissues, suggesting that CXCR4 and CXCL12 may be used as biomarkers for patients with mesothelioma. The CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction may be a potential therapeutic target for mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Grymula K, Tarnowski M, Wysoczynski M, Drukala J, Barr FG, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Overlapping and distinct role of CXCR7-SDF-1/ITAC and CXCR4-SDF-1 axes in regulating metastatic behavior of human rhabdomyosarcomas. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2554-68. [PMID: 20162608 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that the α-chemokine stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1-CXCR4 axis plays an important role in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) metastasis. With the recent description of CXCR7, a new receptor for SDF-1 that also binds the interferon-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant (ITAC) chemokine, we became interested in the role of the CXCR7-SDF-1/ITAC axis in RMS progression. To address this issue, we evaluated 6 highly metastatic alveolar (A)RMS and 3 less metastatic embryonal (E)RMS cell lines and found that all these cell lines express CXCR7. Although CXCR4 was expressed at a much higher level by highly metastatic ARMS lines, CXCR7 was present at a high level on ERMS lines. We also noticed that CXCR7 expression on RMS cells was downregulated in hypoxic conditions. More importantly, the CXCR7 receptor on RMS cell lines was functional after stimulation with ITAC and SDF-1 as evidenced by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)p42/44 and AKT phosphorylation as well as CXCR7 internalization, chemotaxis, cell motility and adhesion assays. Similarly to CXCR4, signaling from activated CXCR7 was not associated with increased RMS proliferation or cell survival. Moreover, CXCR7(+) RMS cells responded to SDF-1 and I-TAC in the presence of CXCR4 antagonists (T140, AMD3100). Furthermore, while intravenous injection of RMS cells with overexpressed CXCR7 resulted in increased seeding efficiency of tumor cells to bone marrow, CXCR7 downregulation showed the opposite effect. In conclusion, the CXCR7-SDF-1/ITAC axis is involved in the progression of RMS; targeting of the CXCR4-SDF-1 axis alone without simultaneous blockage of CXCR7 will be an inefficient strategy for inhibiting SDF-1-mediated prometastatic responses of RMS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grymula
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Rigo A, Gottardi M, Zamò A, Mauri P, Bonifacio M, Krampera M, Damiani E, Pizzolo G, Vinante F. Macrophages may promote cancer growth via a GM-CSF/HB-EGF paracrine loop that is enhanced by CXCL12. Mol Cancer 2010. [PMID: 20946648 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-273]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased numbers of tumour-associated macrophages correlate with shortened survival in some cancers. The molecular bases of this correlation are not thoroughly understood. Events triggered by CXCL12 may play a part, as CXCL12 drives the migration of both CXCR4-positive cancer cells and macrophages and may promote a molecular crosstalk between them. RESULTS Samples of HER1-positive colon cancer metastases in liver, a tissue with high expression of CXCL12, were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In all of the patient biopsies, CD68-positive tumour-associated macrophages presented a mixed CXCL10 (M1)/CD163 (M2) pattern, expressed CXCR4, GM-CSF and HB-EGF, and some stained positive for CXCL12. Cancer cells stained positive for CXCR4, CXCL12, HER1, HER4 and GM-CSF. Regulatory interactions among these proteins were validated via experiments in vitro involving crosstalk between human mononuclear phagocytes and the cell lines DLD-1 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), which express the above-mentioned ligand/receptor repertoire. CXCL12 induced mononuclear phagocytes to release HB-EGF, which activated HER1 and triggered anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals in cancer cells. The cancer cells then proliferated and released GM-CSF, which in turn activated mononuclear phagocytes and induced them to release more HB-EGF. Blockade of GM-CSF with neutralising antibodies or siRNA suppressed this loop. CONCLUSIONS CXCL12-driven stimulation of cancer cells and macrophages may elicit and reinforce a GM-CSF/HB-EGF paracrine loop, whereby macrophages contribute to cancer survival and expansion. The involvement of mixed M1/M2 GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages in a tumour-promoting loop may challenge the paradigm of tumour-favouring macrophages as polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Rigo A, Gottardi M, Zamò A, Mauri P, Bonifacio M, Krampera M, Damiani E, Pizzolo G, Vinante F. Macrophages may promote cancer growth via a GM-CSF/HB-EGF paracrine loop that is enhanced by CXCL12. Mol Cancer 2010. [PMID: 20946648 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-273].] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased numbers of tumour-associated macrophages correlate with shortened survival in some cancers. The molecular bases of this correlation are not thoroughly understood. Events triggered by CXCL12 may play a part, as CXCL12 drives the migration of both CXCR4-positive cancer cells and macrophages and may promote a molecular crosstalk between them. RESULTS Samples of HER1-positive colon cancer metastases in liver, a tissue with high expression of CXCL12, were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In all of the patient biopsies, CD68-positive tumour-associated macrophages presented a mixed CXCL10 (M1)/CD163 (M2) pattern, expressed CXCR4, GM-CSF and HB-EGF, and some stained positive for CXCL12. Cancer cells stained positive for CXCR4, CXCL12, HER1, HER4 and GM-CSF. Regulatory interactions among these proteins were validated via experiments in vitro involving crosstalk between human mononuclear phagocytes and the cell lines DLD-1 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), which express the above-mentioned ligand/receptor repertoire. CXCL12 induced mononuclear phagocytes to release HB-EGF, which activated HER1 and triggered anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals in cancer cells. The cancer cells then proliferated and released GM-CSF, which in turn activated mononuclear phagocytes and induced them to release more HB-EGF. Blockade of GM-CSF with neutralising antibodies or siRNA suppressed this loop. CONCLUSIONS CXCL12-driven stimulation of cancer cells and macrophages may elicit and reinforce a GM-CSF/HB-EGF paracrine loop, whereby macrophages contribute to cancer survival and expansion. The involvement of mixed M1/M2 GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages in a tumour-promoting loop may challenge the paradigm of tumour-favouring macrophages as polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Rigo A, Gottardi M, Zamò A, Mauri P, Bonifacio M, Krampera M, Damiani E, Pizzolo G, Vinante F. Macrophages may promote cancer growth via a GM-CSF/HB-EGF paracrine loop that is enhanced by CXCL12. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:273. [PMID: 20946648 PMCID: PMC2964621 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased numbers of tumour-associated macrophages correlate with shortened survival in some cancers. The molecular bases of this correlation are not thoroughly understood. Events triggered by CXCL12 may play a part, as CXCL12 drives the migration of both CXCR4-positive cancer cells and macrophages and may promote a molecular crosstalk between them. RESULTS Samples of HER1-positive colon cancer metastases in liver, a tissue with high expression of CXCL12, were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In all of the patient biopsies, CD68-positive tumour-associated macrophages presented a mixed CXCL10 (M1)/CD163 (M2) pattern, expressed CXCR4, GM-CSF and HB-EGF, and some stained positive for CXCL12. Cancer cells stained positive for CXCR4, CXCL12, HER1, HER4 and GM-CSF. Regulatory interactions among these proteins were validated via experiments in vitro involving crosstalk between human mononuclear phagocytes and the cell lines DLD-1 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), which express the above-mentioned ligand/receptor repertoire. CXCL12 induced mononuclear phagocytes to release HB-EGF, which activated HER1 and triggered anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals in cancer cells. The cancer cells then proliferated and released GM-CSF, which in turn activated mononuclear phagocytes and induced them to release more HB-EGF. Blockade of GM-CSF with neutralising antibodies or siRNA suppressed this loop. CONCLUSIONS CXCL12-driven stimulation of cancer cells and macrophages may elicit and reinforce a GM-CSF/HB-EGF paracrine loop, whereby macrophages contribute to cancer survival and expansion. The involvement of mixed M1/M2 GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages in a tumour-promoting loop may challenge the paradigm of tumour-favouring macrophages as polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Berahovich RD, Penfold MET, Schall TJ. Nonspecific CXCR7 antibodies. Immunol Lett 2010; 133:112-4. [PMID: 20691730 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Watanabe K, Penfold MET, Matsuda A, Ohyanagi N, Kaneko K, Miyabe Y, Matsumoto K, Schall TJ, Miyasaka N, Nanki T. Pathogenic role of CXCR7 in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3211-20. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Imai H, Sunaga N, Shimizu Y, Kakegawa S, Shimizu K, Sano T, Ishizuka T, Oyama T, Saito R, Minna JD, Mori M. Clinicopathological and therapeutic significance of CXCL12 expression in lung cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:153-64. [PMID: 20378003 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 or CXCR7 are involved in tumor growth and metastasis in various types of human cancer. However, CXCL12 expression and its role in lung cancer are not fully elucidated. Here we examined the expression of CXCL12 in 54 lung cancer cell lines consisting of 23 small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) and 31 non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). CXCL12 was overexpressed in lung cancer cell lines compared to non-malignant human bronchial epithelial cell lines (N = 6). CXCL12 expression was positively but weakly correlated with the expression of CXCR4 or CXCR7. We also examined CXCL12 expression in 89 NSCLC specimens and found that CXCL12 expression was significantly higher in tumor specimens from female patients, non-smokers and adenocarcinoma patients. Small interfering RNAs targeting CXCL12 inhibited cellular proliferation, colony formation and migration of CXCL12-overexpressing lung cancer cells; however, this inhibition did not occur in lung cancer cells that lacked CXCL12. Furthermore, the anti-CXCL12 neutralizing antibody mediated inhibitory effects in three lung cancer cell lines that overexpressed CXCL12, but not in two CXCL12 non-expressing lung cancer cell lines nor two non-malignant bronchial epithelial cell lines. The present study demonstrates that: CXCL12 is concomitantly overexpressed with CXCR4 or CXCR7 in lung cancers; CXCL12 is highly expressed in NSCLCs from females, non-smokers and adenocarcinoma patients; and disruption of CXCL12 inhibits the growth and migration of lung cancer cells. Our findings indicate that CXCL12 is required for tumor growth and provide a rationale for the anti-CXCL12 treatment strategy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imai
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J, Lucius R, Müerköster SS, Penfold MET, Schall TJ, Mentlein R. The chemokine receptor CXCR7 is highly expressed in human glioma cells and mediates antiapoptotic effects. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3299-308. [PMID: 20388803 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4 play a major role in tumor invasion, proliferation, and metastasis. Recently, CXCR7 was identified as a novel, alternate receptor for CXCL12 and CXCL11/I-TAC. Because both chemokines are expressed abundantly in human astrocytomas and glioblastomas, we investigated the occurrence and function of both receptors in astroglial tumors. In situ, CXCR7 is highly expressed on tumor endothelial, microglial, and glioma cells whereas CXCR4 has a much more restricted localization; CXCL12 is often colocalized with CXCR7. CXCR7 transcription in tumor homogenates increased with malignancy. In vitro, CXCR7 was highly expressed in all glioma cell lines investigated whereas CXCR4 was only scarcely transcribed on one of eight lines. In contrast, a tumor stem-like cell line preferentially expressed CXCR4 which diminished upon differentiation, whereas CXCR7 increased drastically. Stimulation of CXCR7-positive glioma cells (CXCR4- and CXCR3-negative) by CXCL12 induced transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases Erk1/2, indicating that the receptor is functionally active. The phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 effectively inhibited Erk activation and suggests that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is activated indirectly. Whereas proliferation and migration were little influenced, chemokine stimulation prevented camptothecin- and temozolomide-induced apoptosis. The selective CXCR7 antagonist CCX733 reduced the antiapoptotic effects of CXCL12 as shown by nuclear (Nicoletti) staining, caspase-3/7 activity assays, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Thus, CXCR7 is a functional receptor for CXCL12 in astrocytomas/glioblastomas and mediates resistance to drug-induced apoptosis. Whereas CXCR7 is found on "differentiated" glioma cells, the alternate receptor CXCR4 is also localized on glioma stem-like cells.
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Zheng K, Li HY, Su XL, Wang XY, Tian T, Li F, Ren GS. Chemokine receptor CXCR7 regulates the invasion, angiogenesis and tumor growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:31. [PMID: 20380740 PMCID: PMC2859378 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background In spite of recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic measures, the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients remains poor. Therefore, it is crucial to understand what factors are involved in promoting development of HCC. Evidence is accumulating that members of the chemokine receptor family are viewed as promising therapeutic targets in the fight against cancer. More recent studies have revealed that chemokine receptor CXCR7 plays an important role in cancer development. However, little is known about the effect of CXCR7 on the process of HCC cell invasion and angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of CXCR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cell lines and to evaluate the role of CXCR7 in tumor growth, angiogenesis and invasion of HCC cells. Methods We constructed CXCR7 expressing shRNA, and CXCR7shRNA was subsequently stably transfected into human HCC cells. We evaluated the effect of CXCR7 inhibition on cell invasion, adhesion, VEGF secretion, tube formation and tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry was done to assess the expression of CXCR7 in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and CD31 in tumor of mice. We also evaluated the effect of VEGF stimulation on expression of CXCR7. Results CXCR7 was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. We showed that high invasive potential HCC cell lines express high levels of CXCR7. In vitro, CXCL12 was found to induce invasion, adhesion, tube formation, and VEGF secretion in SMMC-7721 cells. These biological effects were inhibited by silencing of CXCR7 in SMMC-7721 cells. In addition, we also found that VEGF stimulation can up-regulate CXCR7 expression in SMMC-7721 cells and HUVECs. More importantly, enhanced expression of CXCR7 by VEGF was founctional. In vivo, tumor growth and angiogenesis were suppressed by knockdown of CXCR7 in SMMC-7721 cells. However, silencing of CXCR7 did not affect metastasis of tumor in vivo. Conclusions Increased CXCR7 expression was found in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Knockdown of CXCR7 expression by transfected with CXCR7shRNA significantly inhibits SMMC-7721 cells invasion, adhesion and angiogenesis. Finally, down-regulation of CXCR7 expression lead to a reduction of tumor growth in a xenograft model of HCC. This study provides new insights into the significance of CXCR7 in invasion and angiogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Department of Endocrine Surgery and breast cancer centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Odemis V, Boosmann K, Heinen A, Küry P, Engele J. CXCR7 is an active component of SDF-1 signalling in astrocytes and Schwann cells. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1081-8. [PMID: 20197403 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.062810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative SDF-1 (stromal cell derived factor-1) receptor, CXCR7, has been suggested to act as either a scavenger of extracellular SDF-1 or a modulator of the primary SDF-1 receptor, CXCR4. CXCR7, however, also directly affects the function of various tumor-cell types. Here, we demonstrate that CXCR7 is an active component of SDF-1 signalling in astrocytes and Schwann cells. Cultured cortical astrocytes and peripheral nerve Schwann cells exhibit comparable total and cell-surface levels of expression of both SDF-1 receptors. Stimulation of astrocytes with SDF-1 resulted in the temporary activation of Erk1/2, Akt and PKCzeta/lambda, but not p38 and PKCalpha/beta. Schwann cells showed SDF-1-induced activation of Erk1/2, Akt and p38, but not PKCalpha/beta and PKCzeta/lambda. The respective signalling pattern remained fully inducible in astrocytes from CXCR4-deficient mice, but was abrogated following depletion of astrocytic CXCR7 by RNAi. In Schwann cells, RNAi-mediated depletion of either CXCR4 or CXCR7 silenced SDF-1 signalling. The findings of the astrocytic receptor-depletion experiments were reproduced by CXCR7 antagonist CCX754, but not by CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, both of which abolished astrocytic SDF-1 signalling. Further underlining the functional importance of CXCR7 signalling in glial cells, we show that the mitogenic effects of SDF-1 on both glial cell types are impaired upon depleting CXCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Odemis
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Lazennec G, Richmond A. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: new insights into cancer-related inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:133-44. [PMID: 20163989 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are involved in cellular interactions and tropism in situations frequently associated with inflammation. Recently, the importance of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation associated with carcinogenesis has been highlighted. Increasing evidence suggests that chemokines are produced by tumor cells as well as by cells of the tumor microenvironment including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and more recently tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs). In addition to affecting tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, chemokines also seem to modulate senescence and cell survival. Here, we review recent progress on the roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in cancer-related inflammation, and discuss the mechanisms underlying chemokine action in cancer that might facilitate the development of novel therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendal Lazennec
- INSERM, U844, Site Saint Eloi - Bâtiment INM - 80 rue Augustin Fliche, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, F-34090, France.
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Kashfi K. Anti-inflammatory agents as cancer therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2009; 57:31-89. [PMID: 20230759 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer prevention sometimes referred to as tertiary prevention or chemoprevention makes use of specific xenobiotics or drugs to prevent, delay, or retard the development of cancer. Over the last two decades or so cancer prevention has made significant strides. For example, prevention of lung cancer through smoking cessation; cervical cancer prevention through regular Pap smear tests; colon cancer prevention through screening colonoscopy; and prostate cancer reductions by prostate-specific antigen measurements in conjunction with regular prostate examinations. The seminal epidemiological observation that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent colon and other cancers has provided the impetus to develop novel chemoprevention approaches against cancer. To that end, a number of "designer drugs" have been synthesized that are in different stages of development, evaluation, and deployment. Some include the cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors (coxibs), nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs and NONO-NSAIDs), hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, modulators of the lipoxygenase pathway, prostanoid receptor blockers, and chemokine receptor antagonists. In addition to these novel agents, there are also a host of naturally occurring compounds/micronutrients that have chemopreventive properties. This chapter reviews these classes of compounds, their utility and mechanism(s) of action against the background of mediators that link inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City College of The City University of New York, New York 10031, USA
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Jin Z, Nagakubo D, Shirakawa AK, Nakayama T, Shigeta A, Hieshima K, Yamada Y, Yoshie O. CXCR7 is inducible by HTLV-1 Tax and promotes growth and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2229-35. [PMID: 19623653 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), encodes the potent transcriptional activator Tax, which is required for HTLV-1-induced immortalization of T cells. CXCR7 is an atypical chemokine receptor frequently expressed by tumor cells and known to promote cell growth and survival. We found that HTLV-1-immortalized T cells expressing Tax consistently expressed CXCR7. Induction of Tax in JPX-9 upregulated CXCR7. Wild-type Tax efficiently activated the CXCR7 promoter via a proximal NF-kappaB site, while a mutant Tax selectively defective in NF-kappaB activation did not. CCX754, a synthetic CXCR7 antagonist, inhibited cell growth and increased apoptosis of HTLV-1-immortalized T cells. Knockdown of CXCR7 by small interfering RNA also reduced cell growth. Stable expression of CXCR7 in a CXCR7-negative ATL cell line promoted cell growth and survival. Taken together, CXCR7 is inducible by Tax and may play an important role in HTLV-1-induced immortalization of T cells by promoting growth and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Wang D, Dubois RN, Richmond A. The role of chemokines in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:688-96. [PMID: 19734090 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for several gastrointestinal malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Recent epidemiological studies and clinical trials demonstrate that long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) markedly reduced the relative risk of colorectal cancer. Chronic inflammation associated with development of cancer is partly driven by the chemokine system. Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that recruit leukocytes from the circulatory system to local inflammatory sites. In this review, we highlight recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the role of chemokines in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer from animal models and human studies. These findings provide a rationale for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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Van Rechem C, Rood BR, Touka M, Pinte S, Jenal M, Guérardel C, Ramsey K, Monté D, Bégue A, Tschan MP, Stephan DA, Leprince D. Scavenger chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 7 (CXCR7) is a direct target gene of HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer 1). J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20927-35. [PMID: 19525223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.022350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene HIC1 (Hypermethylated in Cancer 1) that is epigenetically silenced in many human tumors and is essential for mammalian development encodes a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor. The few genes that have been reported to be directly regulated by HIC1 include ATOH1, FGFBP1, SIRT1, and E2F1. HIC1 is thus involved in the complex regulatory loops modulating p53-dependent and E2F1-dependent cell survival and stress responses. We performed genome-wide expression profiling analyses to identify new HIC1 target genes, using HIC1-deficient U2OS human osteosarcoma cells infected with adenoviruses expressing either HIC1 or GFP as a negative control. These studies identified several putative direct target genes, including CXCR7, a G-protein-coupled receptor recently identified as a scavenger receptor for the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12. CXCR7 is highly expressed in human breast, lung, and prostate cancers. Using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses, we demonstrated that CXCR7 was repressed in U2OS cells overexpressing HIC1. Inversely, inactivation of endogenous HIC1 by RNA interference in normal human WI38 fibroblasts results in up-regulation of CXCR7 and SIRT1. In silico analyses followed by deletion studies and luciferase reporter assays identified a functional and phylogenetically conserved HIC1-responsive element in the human CXCR7 promoter. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP upon ChIP experiments demonstrated that endogenous HIC1 proteins are bound together with the C-terminal binding protein corepressor to the CXCR7 and SIRT1 promoters in WI38 cells. Taken together, our results implicate the tumor suppressor HIC1 in the transcriptional regulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR7, a key player in the promotion of tumorigenesis in a wide variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Van Rechem
- CNRS UMR 8161 Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille NORD de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59017 Lille, France
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