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Ventura E, Xie C, Buraschi S, Belfiore A, Iozzo RV, Giordano A, Morrione A. Complexity of progranulin mechanisms of action in mesothelioma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:333. [PMID: 36471440 PMCID: PMC9720952 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesothelioma is an aggressive disease with limited therapeutic options. The growth factor progranulin plays a critical role in several cancer models, where it regulates tumor initiation and progression. Recent data from our laboratories have demonstrated that progranulin and its receptor, EphA2, constitute an oncogenic pathway in bladder cancer by promoting motility, invasion and in vivo tumor formation. Progranulin and EphA2 are expressed in mesothelioma cells but their mechanisms of action are not well defined. In addition, there are no data establishing whether the progranulin/EphA2 axis is tumorigenic for mesothelioma cells. METHODS The expression of progranulin in various mesothelioma cell lines derived from all major mesothelioma subtypes was examined by western blots on cell lysates, conditioned media and ELISA assays. The biological roles of progranulin, EphA2, EGFR, RYK and FAK were assessed in vitro by immunoblots, human phospho-RTK antibody arrays, pharmacological (specific inhibitors) and genetic (siRNAs, shRNAs, CRISPR/Cas9) approaches, motility, invasion and adhesion assays. In vivo tumorigenesis was determined by xenograft models. Focal adhesion turnover was evaluated biochemically using focal adhesion assembly/disassembly assays and immunofluorescence analysis with focal adhesion-specific markers. RESULTS In the present study we show that progranulin is upregulated in various mesothelioma cell lines covering all mesothelioma subtypes and is an important regulator of motility, invasion, adhesion and in vivo tumor formation. However, our results indicate that EphA2 is not the major functional receptor for progranulin in mesothelioma cells, where progranulin activates a complex signaling network including EGFR and RYK. We further characterized progranulin mechanisms of action and demonstrated that progranulin, by modulating FAK activity, regulates the kinetic of focal adhesion disassembly, a critical step for cell motility. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results highlight the complexity of progranulin oncogenic signaling in mesothelioma, where progranulin modulate functional cross-talks between multiple RTKs, thereby suggesting the need for combinatorial therapeutic approaches to improve treatments of this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ventura
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Christopher Xie
- grid.412726.40000 0004 0442 8581Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- grid.412726.40000 0004 0442 8581Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- grid.412726.40000 0004 0442 8581Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA ,grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
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Mondaca JM, Guijarro ACC, Flamini MI, Sanchez AM. Heregulin-induced cell migration is prevented by trastuzumab and trastuzumab-emtansine in HER2+ breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:363-377. [PMID: 33474679 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heregulin (HRG) signaling has been implicated in the development of an aggressive phenotype in breast cancer (BC) cells, and HER2 overexpression has been associated with a worse prognosis in BC patients. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms through which HRG affects the efficiency of anti-HER2 therapies such as trastuzumab (Tz) and trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) are currently unknown. METHODS In the present study, we evaluate the molecular action of HRG toward fundamental scaffold proteins and several kinases in the signal transduction pathways triggered via HER2/HER3, which integrate precise and sequential steps to promote changes in cell morphology to impulse BC cell migration. In addition, we evaluate the effectiveness of Tz and T-DM1 on the control of key proteins involved in BC cell motility, since the acquisition of a migratory phenotype is essential to promote invasion and metastasis. RESULTS We show that HRG induces actin cytoskeleton reorganization and focal adhesion complex formation, and promotes actin nucleation in BT-474 BC cells. This signaling is triggered by HER2/HER3 to c-Src, FAK and paxillin. When paxillin is phosphorylated, it recruits PAK1, which then phosphorylates cortactin. In parallel, paxillin signals to N-WASP, and both signalings regulate Arp2/3 complex, leading to the local reorganization of actin fibers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal an original mechanism by which HRG increases HER2+ BC cell motility, and show that the latter can be abolished by Tz and T-DM1 treatments. These results provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms involved in cell motility and drug resistance. They will be useful to develop new and more specific therapeutic schemes that interfere with the progression and metastasis of HER2+ BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselina Magali Mondaca
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Av. Ruiz Leal S/N. Parque Gral, San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Carla Castro Guijarro
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Av. Ruiz Leal S/N. Parque Gral, San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marina Inés Flamini
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Av. Ruiz Leal S/N. Parque Gral, San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Angel Matias Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Av. Ruiz Leal S/N. Parque Gral, San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
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3
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Beiranvand E, Torkashvand F, Ostad SN, Mirzaie M, Ardakani EM, Zandi F, Sardari S, Salekdeh GH, Shokrgozar MA, Vaziri B. Proteomics Analysis of Trastuzumab Toxicity in the H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Cell Line and its Inhibition by Carvedilol. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1377-1385. [PMID: 32410562 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200515135548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heart dysfunctions are the major complications of trastuzumab in patients with Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers. METHODS In this study, the cytotoxicity of trastuzumab on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was demonstrated, and the proteome changes of cells were investigated by a tandem mass tagging quantitative approach. The Differentially Abundant Proteins (DAPs) were identified and functionally enriched. RESULTS We determined that carvedilol, a non-selective beta-blocker, could effectively inhibit trastuzumab toxicity when administrated in a proper dose and at the same time. The proteomics analysis of carvedilol co-treated cardiomyoblasts showed complete or partial reversion in expressional levels of trastuzumab-induced DAPs. CONCLUSION Downregulation of proteins involved in the translation biological process is one of the most important changes induced by trastuzumab and reversed by carvedilol. These findings provide novel insights to develop new strategies for the cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Beiranvand
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Torkashvand
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed N Ostad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaie
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Esmat M Ardakani
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zandi
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Jaques R, Xu S, Matsakas A. Evaluating Trastuzumab in the treatment of HER2 positive breast cancer. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1059-1075. [PMID: 32323293 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane oncoprotein HER2 is encoded by ERBB2 gene and overexpressed in around 20% of invasive breast cancers. It can be specifically targeted by Trastuzumab (Herceptin®), a humanised IgG1 antibody. Trastuzumab has been regarded as one of the most effective therapeutic drugs targeted to HER2 positive cancers. However, there are drawbacks, notably cardiotoxicity and resistance, which have raised awareness in clinical use. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of action is vital to establish improved therapeutic strategies. Here we evaluate Trastuzumab application in the treatment of HER2 positive breast cancer, focusing on its mechanistic actions and clinical effectiveness. Alternative therapies targeting the HER2 receptor and its downstream anomalies will also be discussed, as these could highlight further targets that could be key to improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jaques
- Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Sam Xu
- Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Zhou Z, Li M, Zhang L, Zhao H, Şahin Ö, Chen J, Zhao JJ, Songyang Z, Yu D. Oncogenic Kinase-Induced PKM2 Tyrosine 105 Phosphorylation Converts Nononcogenic PKM2 to a Tumor Promoter and Induces Cancer Stem-like Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2248-2261. [PMID: 29440169 PMCID: PMC5932213 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) in tumor progression has been controversial. Previous studies showed that PKM2 promoted tumor growth in xenograft models; however, depletion of PKM2 in the Brca1-loss-driven mammary tumor mouse model accelerates tumor formation. Because oncogenic kinases are frequently activated in tumors and PKM2 phosphorylation promotes tumor growth, we hypothesized that phosphorylation of PKM2 by activated kinases in tumor cells confers PKM2 oncogenic function, whereas nonphosphorylated PKM2 is nononcogenic. Indeed, PKM2 was phosphorylated at tyrosine 105 (Y105) and formed oncogenic dimers in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, whereas PKM2 was largely unphosphorylated and formed nontumorigenic tetramers in nontransformed MCF10A cells. PKM2 knockdown did not affect MCF10A cell growth but significantly decreased proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with tyrosine kinase activation. Multiple kinases that are frequently activated in different cancer types were identified to phosphorylate PKM2-Y105 in our tyrosine kinase screening. Introduction of the PKM2-Y105D phosphomimetic mutant into MCF10A cells induced colony formation and the CD44hi/CD24neg cancer stem-like cell population by increasing Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization. ErbB2, a strong inducer of PKM2-Y105 phosphorylation, boosted nuclear localization of YAP and enhanced the cancer stem-like cell population. Treatment with the ErbB2 kinase inhibitor lapatinib decreased PKM2-Y105 phosphorylation and cancer stem-like cells, impeding PKM2 tumor-promoting function. Taken together, phosphorylation of PKM2-Y105 by activated kinases exerts oncogenic functions in part via activation of YAP downstream signaling to increase cancer stem-like cell properties.Significance: These findings reveal PKM2 promotes tumorigenesis by inducing cancer stem-like cell properties and clarify the paradox of PKM2's dichotomous functions in tumor progression. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2248-61. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Özgür Şahin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Gong T, Zhang ZR, Fu Y. Matrix Stiffness Differentially Regulates Cellular Uptake Behavior of Nanoparticles in Two Breast Cancer Cell Lines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25915-25928. [PMID: 28718278 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix stiffness regulates cell behavior in various biological contexts. In breast tumors, the deposition of extracellular matrix correlates with increasing matrix stiffness and poor survival. Nanoparticulate carriers represent a promising therapeutic vehicle for disease diagnosis and efficient anticancer drug delivery. However, how matrix stiffness influences cellular uptake of nanoparticles remains largely unexplored. Here, we selected photopolymerized polyacrylamide gels with varying stiffnesses as model substrates and studied the impact of matrix stiffness on cell morphology and nanoparticle uptake efficiency in two representative breast cancer cell lines with varying invasiveness, that is, MCF-7 with low invasiveness and MDA-MB-231 with high invasiveness. In our study, both cell lines showed similar morphological changes with changing stiffness. MCF-7 cells adhered on compliant substrates (1 kPa) showed a roundlike morphology with the lowest cell uptake efficiency among four stiffnesses under investigation at each given time point, whereas for MDA-MB-231 cells, the uptake efficiency showed no significant differences across varying stiffnesses. The percentages of MCF-7 cell proliferation on a 1 kPa substrate were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h as compared to those on stiff substrates and coverslips. When treated with pluronic/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mixed micelle-loaded paclitaxel, cells on stiff substrates of 7, 20, and 25 kPa showed higher cell apoptosis rates as compared to those of cells on 1 kPa substrates. To sum up, our work presents an example of how physical cues impact specific cellular behavior and function, which may further contribute to engineering nanoparticulate delivery systems for more efficient delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
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Jørgensen JT, Nielsen KB, Kjærsgaard G, Jepsen A, Mollerup J. Gene Signal Distribution and HER2 Amplification in Gastroesophageal Cancer. J Cancer 2017; 8:1517-1524. [PMID: 28775770 PMCID: PMC5535706 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HER2 serves as an important therapeutic target in gastroesophageal cancer. Differences in HER2 gene signal distribution patterns can be observed at the tissue level, but how it influences the HER2 amplification status has not been studied so far. Here, we investigated the link between HER2 amplification and the different types of gene signal distribution. Methods: Tumor samples from 140 patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma where analyzed using the HER2 IQFISH pharmDx™ assay. Specimens covered non-amplified and amplified cases with a preselected high proportion of HER2 amplified cases. Based on the HER2/CEN-17 ratio, specimens were categorized into amplified or non-amplified. The signal distribution patterns were divided into homogeneous, heterogeneous focal or heterogeneous mosaic. The study was conducted based on anonymized specimens with limited access to clinicopathological data. Results: Among the 140 analyzed specimens 83 had a heterogeneous HER2 signal distribution, with 62 being focal and 21 of the mosaic type. The remaining 57 specimens had a homogeneous signal distribution. HER2 amplification was observed in 63 of the 140 specimens, and nearly all (93.7%) were found among specimens with a heterogeneous focal signal distribution (p<0.0001). The mean HER2/CEN-17 ratio for the focal heterogeneous group was 8.75 (CI95%: 6.87 - 10.63), compared to 1.53 (CI95%: 1.45 - 1.61) and 1.70 (CI95%: 1.22 - 2.18) for the heterogeneous mosaic and homogeneous groups, respectively, (p<0.0001). Conclusions: A clear relationship between HER2 amplification and the focal heterogeneous signal distribution was demonstrated in tumor specimens from patients with gastroesophageal cancer. Furthermore, we raise the hypothesis that the signal distribution patterns observed with FISH might be related to different subpopulations of HER2 positive tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gitte Kjærsgaard
- Agilent Technologies, Produktionsvej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anna Jepsen
- Agilent Technologies, Produktionsvej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jens Mollerup
- Agilent Technologies, Produktionsvej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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Cohen PA, Donini CF, Nguyen NT, Lincet H, Vendrell JA. The dark side of ZNF217, a key regulator of tumorigenesis with powerful biomarker value. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41566-81. [PMID: 26431164 PMCID: PMC4747174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently described oncogene ZNF217 belongs to a chromosomal region that is frequently amplified in human cancers. Recent findings have revealed that alternative mechanisms such as epigenetic regulation also govern the expression of the encoded ZNF217 protein. Newly discovered molecular functions of ZNF217 indicate that it orchestrates complex intracellular circuits as a new key regulator of tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent research on ZNF217-driven molecular functions in human cancers, revisiting major hallmarks of cancer and highlighting the downstream molecular targets and signaling pathways of ZNF217. We also discuss the exciting translational medicine investigating ZNF217 expression levels as a new powerful biomarker, and ZNF217 as a candidate target for future anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale A Cohen
- ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Caterina F Donini
- ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nhan T Nguyen
- ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hubert Lincet
- ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julie A Vendrell
- ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
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da Silva SD, Marchi FA, Xu B, Bijian K, Alobaid F, Mlynarek A, Rogatto SR, Hier M, Kowalski LP, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Predominant Rab-GTPase amplicons contributing to oral squamous cell carcinoma progression to metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21950-63. [PMID: 26110570 PMCID: PMC4673138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is frequently associated with recurrent gene abnormalities at specific chromosomal loci. Here, we utilized array comparative genomic hybridization and genome-wide screening of metastatic and non-metastatic tongue tumors to investigate genes potentially contributing to OSCC progression to metastasis. We identified predominant amplifications of chromosomal regions that encompass the RAB5, RAB7 and RAB11 genes (3p24-p22, 3q21.3 and 8p11-12, respectively) in metastatic OSCC. The expression of these Rab GTPases was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in OSCC tissues from a cohort of patients with a follow-up of 10 years. A significant overexpression of Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 was observed in advanced OSCC cases and co-overexpression of these Rabs was predictive of poor survival (log-rank test, P = 0.006). We generated a Rab interaction network and identified central Rab interactions of relevance to metastasis signaling, including focal adhesion proteins. In preclinical models, mRNA and protein expression levels of these Rab members were elevated in a panel of invasive OSCC cell lines, and their down-regulation prevented cell invasion at least in part via inhibition of focal adhesion disassembly. In summary, our results provide insights into the cooperative role of Rab gene amplifications in OSCC progression and support their potential utility as prognostic markers and therapeutic approach for advanced OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada.,Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology on Oncogenomics (INCITO), Brazil
| | - Fabio Albuquerque Marchi
- NeoGene Laboratory, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, and International Research Center (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, Brazil.,Inter-Institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bin Xu
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
| | - Krikor Bijian
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
| | - Faisal Alobaid
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada
| | - Alex Mlynarek
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- NeoGene Laboratory, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, and International Research Center (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, Brazil
| | - Michael Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Canada
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology on Oncogenomics (INCITO), Brazil
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
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10
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Lu S, Seong J, Wang Y, Chang SC, Eichorst JP, Ouyang M, Li JYS, Chien S, Wang Y. Decipher the dynamic coordination between enzymatic activity and structural modulation at focal adhesions in living cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5756. [PMID: 25056908 PMCID: PMC4108961 DOI: 10.1038/srep05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are dynamic subcellular structures crucial for cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. It remains an enigma how enzymatic activities in these local complexes regulate their structural remodeling in live cells. Utilizing biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we developed a correlative FRET imaging microscopy (CFIM) approach to quantitatively analyze the subcellular coordination between the enzymatic Src activation and the structural FA disassembly. CFIM reveals that the Src kinase activity only within the microdomain of lipid rafts at the plasma membrane is coupled with FA dynamics. FA disassembly at cell periphery was linearly dependent on this raft-localized Src activity, although cells displayed heterogeneous levels of response to stimulation. Within lipid rafts, the time delay between Src activation and FA disassembly was 1.2 min in cells seeded on low fibronectin concentration ([FN]) and 4.3 min in cells on high [FN]. CFIM further showed that the level of Src-FA coupling, as well as the time delay, was regulated by cell-matrix interactions, as a tight enzyme-structure coupling occurred in FA populations mediated by integrin αvβ₃, but not in those by integrin α₅β₁. Therefore, different FA subpopulations have distinctive regulation mechanisms between their local kinase activity and structural FA dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0435
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jihye Seong
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Current address: Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Shiou-chi Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - John Paul Eichorst
- Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0435
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Julie Y.-S. Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0435
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0435
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0435
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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11
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Xu B, Teng LH, Silva SDD, Bijian K, Al Bashir S, Jie S, Dolph M, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Bismar TA. The significance of dynamin 2 expression for prostate cancer progression, prognostication, and therapeutic targeting. Cancer Med 2013; 3:14-24. [PMID: 24402972 PMCID: PMC3930386 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin 2 (Dyn2) is essential for intracellular vesicle formation and trafficking, cytokinesis, and receptor endocytosis. In this study, we investigated the implication of Dyn2 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for progressive prostate cancer (PCA). We evaluated Dyn2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in two cohorts: men with localized PCA treated by retropubic radical prostatectomy (n = 226), and men with advanced/castrate-resistant PCA (CRPC) treated by transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) (n = 253). The role of Dyn2 in cell invasiveness was assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments using androgen-responsive and refractory PCA preclinical models. Dyn2 expression was significantly increased across advanced stages of PCA compared to benign prostate tissue (P < 0.0001). In the CRPC cohort, high Dyn2 was associated with higher Gleason score (P = 0.004) and marginally with cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.052). In preclinical models, Dyn2 gene silencing significantly reduced cell migration and invasion in vitro, as well as tumor size and lymph node metastases in vivo. In isolated PCA cells, Dyn2 was found to regulate focal adhesion turnover, which is critical for cell migration; this mechanism requires full Dyn2 compared to mutants deficient in GTPase activity. In conclusion, Dyn2 overexpression is associated with neoplastic prostate epithelium and is associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition of Dyn2 prevents cell invasiveness in androgen-responsive and -refractory PCA models, supporting the potential benefit of Dyn2 to serve as a therapeutic target for advanced PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Segal Cancer Center and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Boivin B, Chaudhary F, Dickinson BC, Haque A, Pero SC, Chang CJ, Tonks NK. Receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase α regulates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and ErbB2 oncoprotein-mediated mammary epithelial cell motility. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36926-35. [PMID: 24217252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) in regulating signaling by the ErbB2 oncoprotein in mammary epithelial cells. Using this model, we demonstrated that activation of ErbB2 led to the transient inactivation of PTPα, suggesting that attenuation of PTPα activity may contribute to enhanced ErbB2 signaling. Furthermore, RNAi-induced suppression of PTPα led to increased cell migration in an ErbB2-dependent manner. The ability of ErbB2 to increase cell motility in the absence of PTPα was characterized by prolonged interaction of GRB7 with ErbB2 and increased association of ErbB2 with a β1-integrin-rich complex, which depended on GRB7-SH2 domain interactions. Finally, suppression of PTPα resulted in increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase on Tyr-407, which induced the recruitment of vinculin and the formation of a novel focal adhesion kinase complex in response to ErbB2 activation in mammary epithelial cells. Collectively, these results reveal a new role for PTPα in the regulation of motility of mammary epithelial cells in response to ErbB2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Boivin
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
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13
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Bijian K, Lougheed C, Su J, Xu B, Yu H, Wu JH, Riccio K, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Targeting focal adhesion turnover in invasive breast cancer cells by the purine derivative reversine. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2810-8. [PMID: 24169345 PMCID: PMC3844920 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The dynamics of focal adhesion (FA) turnover is a key determinant for the regulation of cancer cell migration. Here we investigated FA turnover in a panel of breast cancer models with distinct invasive properties and evaluated the impact of reversine on this turnover in relation to cancer cell invasion in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Methods: Live imaging and immunofluorescence assays were used to investigate FA turnover in breast cancer cells. Biochemical studies were used to investigate the impact of reversine on FA signalling and turnover. In vivo activity was investigated using orthotopic breast cancer mouse models. Results: Accelerated FA disassembly from plasma membrane protrusions was observed in invasive compared with non-invasive breast cancer cells or non-immortalised mammary epithelial cells. Reversine significantly inhibited FA disassembly leading to stable FAs, which was associated with reduced cell motility and invasion. The inhibitory effect of reversine on FA turnover accounted for a large part on its capacity to interfere with FAK function on regulating its downstream targets. In orthotopic breast cancer mouse models, reversine revealed a potent inhibitory activity on tumour progression to metastasis. Conclusion: These results support the utility of targeting FA turnover as a therapeutic approach for invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bijian
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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14
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Focal adhesion dynamics are altered in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:418-26. [PMID: 23482246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from genetic association studies implicate genes involved in neural migration associated with schizophrenia risk. Neural stem/progenitor cell cultures (neurosphere-derived cells) from olfactory mucosa of schizophrenia patients have significantly dysregulated expression of genes in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, a key pathway regulating cell adhesion and migration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether olfactory neurosphere-derived cells from schizophrenia patients have altered cell adhesion, cell motility, and focal adhesion dynamics. METHODS Olfactory neurosphere-derived cells from nine male schizophrenia patients and nine male healthy control subjects were used. Cells were assayed for cell adhesion and cell motility and analyzed for integrins and FAK proteins. Focal adhesions were counted and measured in fixed cells, and time-lapse imaging was used to assess cell motility and focal adhesion dynamics. RESULTS Patient-derived cells were less adhesive and more motile than cells derived from healthy control subjects, and their motility was reduced to control cell levels by integrin-blocking antibodies and by inhibition of FAK. Vinculin-stained focal adhesion complexes were significantly smaller and fewer in patient cells. Time-lapse imaging of cells expressing FAK tagged with green fluorescent protein revealed that the disassembly of focal adhesions was significantly faster in patient cells. CONCLUSIONS The evidence for altered motility and focal adhesion dynamics in patient-derived cells is consistent with dysregulated gene expression in the FAK signaling pathway in these cells. Alterations in cell adhesion dynamics and cell motility could bias the trajectory of brain development in schizophrenia.
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15
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Hoffmann M, Schwarz US. A kinetic model for RNA-interference of focal adhesions. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:2. [PMID: 23311633 PMCID: PMC3616989 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesions are integrin-based cell-matrix contacts that transduce and integrate mechanical and biochemical cues from the environment. They develop from smaller and more numerous focal complexes under the influence of mechanical force and are key elements for many physiological and disease-related processes, including wound healing and metastasis. More than 150 different proteins localize to focal adhesions and have been systematically classified in the adhesome project (http://www.adhesome.org). First RNAi-screens have been performed for focal adhesions and the effect of knockdown of many of these components on the number, size, shape and location of focal adhesions has been reported. RESULTS We have developed a kinetic model for RNA interference of focal adhesions which represents some of its main elements: a spatially layered structure, signaling through the small GTPases Rac and Rho, and maturation from focal complexes to focal adhesions under force. The response to force is described by two complementary scenarios corresponding to slip and catch bond behavior, respectively. Using estimated and literature values for the model parameters, three time scales of the dynamics of RNAi-influenced focal adhesions are identified: a sub-minute time scale for the assembly of focal complexes, a sub-hour time scale for the maturation to focal adhesions, and a time scale of days that controls the siRNA-mediated knockdown. Our model shows bistability between states dominated by focal complexes and focal adhesions, respectively. Catch bonding strongly extends the range of stability of the state dominated by focal adhesions. A sensitivity analysis predicts that knockdown of focal adhesion components is more efficient for focal adhesions with slip bonds or if the system is in a state dominated by focal complexes. Knockdown of Rho leads to an increase of focal complexes. CONCLUSIONS The suggested model provides a kinetic description of the effect of RNA-interference of focal adhesions. Its predictions are in good agreement with known experimental results and can now guide the design of RNAi-experiments. In the future, it can be extended to include more components of the adhesome. It also could be extended by spatial aspects, for example by the differential activation of the Rac- and Rho-pathways in different parts of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hoffmann
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Pentassuglia L, Sawyer DB. ErbB/integrin signaling interactions in regulation of myocardial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:909-16. [PMID: 23261977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin (Nrg)/ErbB and integrin signaling pathways are critical for the normal function of the embryonic and adult heart. Both systems activate several downstream signaling pathways, with different physiological outputs: cell survival, fibrosis, excitation-contraction coupling, myofilament structure, cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction. Activation of ErbB2 by Nrg1β in cardiomycytes or its overexpression in cancer cells induces phosphorylation of FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) at specific sites with modulation of survival, invasion and cell-cell contacts. FAK is also a critical mediator of integrin receptors, converting extracellular matrix alterations into intracellular signaling. Systemic FAK deletion is lethal and is associated with left ventricular non-compaction whereas cardiac restriction in adult hearts is well tolerated. Nevertheless, these hearts are more susceptible to stress conditions like trans-aortic constriction, hypertrophy, and ischemic injury. As FAK is both downstream and specifically activated by integrins and Nrg-1β, here we will explore the role of FAK in the heart as a protective factor and as possible mediator of the crosstalk between the ErbB and Integrin receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
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17
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Bristow JM, Reno TA, Jo M, Gonias SL, Klemke RL. Dynamic phosphorylation of tyrosine 665 in pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1) is essential for the regulation of cell migration and focal adhesion turnover. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:123-31. [PMID: 23105102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1) is a recently described tyrosine kinase that associates with the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion (FA) in migrating cells. PEAK1 is known to promote cell migration, but the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that PEAK1 controls FA assembly and disassembly in a dynamic pathway controlled by PEAK1 phosphorylation at Tyr-665. Knockdown of endogenous PEAK1 inhibits random cell migration. In PEAK1-deficient cells, FA lifetimes are decreased, FA assembly times are shortened, and FA disassembly times are extended. Phosphorylation of Tyr-665 in PEAK1 is essential for normal PEAK1 localization and its function in the regulation of FAs; however, constitutive phosphorylation of PEAK1 Tyr-665 is also disruptive of its function, indicating a requirement for precise spatiotemporal regulation of PEAK1. Src family kinases are required for normal PEAK1 localization and function. Finally, we provide evidence that PEAK1 promotes cancer cell invasion through Matrigel by a mechanism that requires dynamic regulation of Tyr-665 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Bristow
- Department of Pathology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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18
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Qi Y, Su T, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Yuan W, Wang W, Cui B, Ning G. Gene expression profiles of phaeochromocytomas with ERBB2 overexpression reveal a new molecular mechanism tumourigenicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:399-406. [PMID: 22429000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phaeochromocytomas (PHEO) and functional paragangliomas (PGLs) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours. Although most PHEO/PGLs are benign, 10-35% present as (or develop into) malignant tumours with a poor prognosis. Overexpression of ERBB2 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 2) has been reported to be associated with malignant PHEO. We used gene expression profiling of PHEO/PGLs to gain a better understanding of the tumourigenic pathways associated with ERBB2. METHODS We used the Affymetrix Gene Chip U133 Plus 2·0 genome-wide gene expression cDNA microarray of 18 PHEO/PGLs (12 benign and six malignant, divided into two groups depending on ERBB2 expression levels) to analyse the gene expression patterns. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of transcription profiles of 18 samples identified two dominant expression clusters corresponding to samples belonging to the ERBB2+ and ERBB2- groups. According to the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases, the differentially expressed genes were classified into diverse functional categories and signalling pathways. In particular, the focal adhesion signalling pathway showed significant differences between the groups; specifically, the FAK-Src-MAPK pathway was prominently activated in the ERBB2+ group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, ERBB2+ PHEO/PGLs have a distinct expression pattern compared with the ERBB2- group. The focal adhesion signalling pathway may participate in ERBB2-induced tumourigenesis in PHEO/PGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Garcia AG, Nedev H, Bijian K, Su J, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Saragovi HU. Reduced in vivo lung metastasis of a breast cancer cell line after treatment with Herceptin mAb conjugated to chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncogene 2012; 32:2527-33. [PMID: 22797066 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines and taxanes have remarkable anticancer efficacy, but have poor selectivity and high toxicity. Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics has emerged as a strategy to achieve higher drug levels at the tumor site, to spare noncancerous tissue and potentially to use lower systemic drug doses, thus preventing side effects. In this study, we targeted the HER2 receptor using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Herceptin (Trastuzumab) chemically conjugated to Doxorubicin or Taxol. In vitro, drug-Herceptin conjugates exhibited cytotoxicity comparable to equimolar concentrations of free drugs, with the benefit that the cytotoxicity of the conjugates was selective for cells expressing the HER2 target. In vivo, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with Taxol-Herceptin conjugates had a reduction of primary tumors comparable to equivalent doses of free drugs. However, Taxol-Herceptin conjugates significantly reduced metastasis compared with equivalent doses of free drugs. Thus, the data support the concept that conjugates might target metastasis better than primary tumors. This would offer a potential therapeutic approach for management of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galan Garcia
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Vendrell JA, Thollet A, Nguyen NT, Ghayad SE, Vinot S, Bièche I, Grisard E, Josserand V, Coll JL, Roux P, Corbo L, Treilleux I, Rimokh R, Cohen PA. ZNF217 Is a Marker of Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer That Drives Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3593-606. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Zebda N, Dubrovskyi O, Birukov KG. Focal adhesion kinase regulation of mechanotransduction and its impact on endothelial cell functions. Microvasc Res 2011; 83:71-81. [PMID: 21741394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells lining the blood vessels form the interface between the bloodstream and the vessel wall and as such they are continuously subjected to shear and cyclic stress from the flowing blood in the lumen. Additional mechanical stimuli are also imposed on these cells in the form of substrate stiffness transmitted from the extracellular matrix components in the basement membrane, and additional mechanical loads imposed on the lung endothelium as the result of respiration or mechanical ventilation in clinical settings. Focal adhesions (FAs) are complex structures assembled at the abluminal endothelial plasma membrane which connect the extracellular filamentous meshwork to the intracellular cytoskeleton and hence constitute the ideal checkpoint capable of controlling or mediating transduction of bidirectional mechanical signals. In this review we focus on focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a component of FAs, which has been studied for a number of years with regards to its involvement in mechanotransduction. We analyzed the recent advances in the understanding of the role of FAK in the signaling cascade(s) initiated by various mechanical stimuli with particular emphasis on potential implications on endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Zebda
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Lung Injury Center, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Baker EL, Srivastava J, Yu D, Bonnecaze RT, Zaman MH. Cancer cell migration: integrated roles of matrix mechanics and transforming potential. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20355. [PMID: 21647371 PMCID: PMC3103552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie breast cancer progression; yet, much less is known about the associated cellular biophysical traits. To this end, we use time-lapsed confocal microscopy to investigate the interplay among cell motility, three-dimensional (3D) matrix stiffness, matrix architecture, and transforming potential in a mammary epithelial cell (MEC) cancer progression series. We use a well characterized breast cancer progression model where human-derived MCF10A MECs overexpress either ErbB2, 14-3-3ζ, or both ErbB2 and 14-3-3ζ, with empty vector as a control. Cell motility assays showed that MECs overexpressing ErbB2 alone exhibited notably high migration speeds when cultured atop two-dimensional (2D) matrices, while overexpression of 14-3-3ζ alone most suppressed migration atop 2D matrices (as compared to non-transformed MECs). Our results also suggest that co-overexpression of the 14-3-3ζ and ErbB2 proteins facilitates cell migratory capacity in 3D matrices, as reflected in cell migration speed. Additionally, 3D matrices of sufficient stiffness can significantly hinder the migratory ability of partially transformed cells, but increased 3D matrix stiffness has a lesser effect on the aggressive migratory behavior exhibited by fully transformed cells that co-overexpress both ErbB2 and 14-3-3ζ. Finally, this study shows that for MECs possessing partial or full transforming potential, those overexpressing ErbB2 alone show the greatest sensitivity of cell migration speed to matrix architecture, while those overexpressing 14-3-3ζ alone exhibit the least sensitivity to matrix architecture. Given the current knowledge of breast cancer mechanobiology, these findings overall suggest that cell motility is governed by a complex interplay between matrix mechanics and transforming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Cancer Biology Program, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roger T. Bonnecaze
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Lin CI, Du J, Shen WT, Whang EE, Donner DB, Griff N, He F, Moore FD, Clark OH, Ruan DT. Mitogen-inducible gene-6 is a multifunctional adaptor protein with tumor suppressor-like activity in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E554-65. [PMID: 21190978 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low tumoral expression of mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) is associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) recurrence after thyroidectomy. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that Mig-6 behaves as a tumor suppressor in PTC. DESIGN Mig-6 expression and promoter methylation status were compared in 31 PTC specimens with matched normal thyroid tissue from the same patient. The impact of Mig-6 loss and gain of function on nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation, global tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, and cellular invasion was determined in vitro. RESULTS Mig-6 protein was abundant in all normal thyroid specimens, whereas 77% of PTC had low Mig-6 expression. Mig-6 promoter methylation was found in 79% of PTC with low Mig-6 expression. Low Mig-6 expression in PTC specimens was associated with low NF-κB activity but high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERK phosphorylation. Mig-6 expression inversely correlated with PTC size but had no association with other clinicopathological variables including age, extrathyroidal extension, lymphovascular invasion, or histological subtype. Mig-6 knockdown in thyroid cancer cell lines resulted in EGFR phosphorylation and diminished NF-κB activity, whereas Mig-6 overexpression had the opposite effects. Mig-6 knockdown activated ErbB2, Met, and Src phosphorylation. Furthermore, Mig-6 regulated ERK phosphorylation independent from its effects on EGFR. Mig-6 knockdown promoted cellular proliferation, as determined by clonogenic survival. Lastly, Mig-6 knockdown increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities and increased cellular invasion. CONCLUSIONS Mig-6 has tumor suppressor-like activity in PTC. In vivo studies are required to confirm that Mig-6 is a putative tumor suppressor in PTC, and future studies should investigate the utility of Mig-6 as a diagnostic marker.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytosol/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Diffusion Chambers, Culture
- Down-Regulation
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Humans
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Iou Lin
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Baker EL, Lu J, Yu D, Bonnecaze RT, Zaman MH. Cancer cell stiffness: integrated roles of three-dimensional matrix stiffness and transforming potential. Biophys J 2011; 99:2048-57. [PMID: 20923638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While significant advances have been made toward revealing the molecular mechanisms that influence breast cancer progression, much less is known about the associated cellular mechanical properties. To this end, we use particle-tracking microrheology to investigate the interplay among intracellular mechanics, three-dimensional matrix stiffness, and transforming potential in a mammary epithelial cell (MEC) cancer progression series. We use a well-characterized model system where human-derived MCF10A MECs overexpress either ErbB2, 14-3-3ζ, or both ErbB2 and 14-3-3ζ, with empty vector as a control. Our results show that MECs possessing ErbB2 transforming potential stiffen in response to elevated matrix stiffness, whereas non-transformed MECs or those overexpressing only 14-3-3ζ do no exhibit this response. We further observe that overexpression of ErbB2 alone is associated with the highest degree of intracellular sensitivity to matrix stiffness, and that the effect of transforming potential on intracellular stiffness is matrix-stiffness-dependent. Moreover, our intracellular stiffness measurements parallel cell migration behavior that has been previously reported for these MEC sublines. Given the current knowledge base of breast cancer mechanobiology, these findings suggest that there may be a positive relationship among intracellular stiffness sensitivity, cell motility, and perturbed mechanotransduction in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Shen X, Zhu J, Zhang L, Zou J, Guo Z. Finding co-mutated genes and candidate cancer genes in cancer genomes by stratified false discovery rate control. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1158-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu ZJ, Zhu Y, Huang DR, Wang ZQ. Constructing the HBV-human protein interaction network to understand the relationship between HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:146. [PMID: 21078198 PMCID: PMC2999591 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have clearly validated the association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with chronic HBV infection are at increased risk of HCC, in particular those with active liver disease and cirrhosis. Methods We catalogued all published interactions between HBV and human proteins, identifying 250 descriptions of HBV and human protein interactions and 146 unique human proteins that interact with HBV proteins by text mining. Results Integration of this data set into a reconstructed human interactome showed that cellular proteins interacting with HBV are made up of core proteins that are interconnected with many pathways. A global analysis based on functional annotation highlighted the enrichment of cellular pathways targeted by HBV. Conclusions By connecting the cellular proteins targeted by HBV, we have constructed a central network of proteins associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, which might be to regard as the basis of a detailed map for tracking new cellular interactions, and guiding future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Xu Y, Bismar TA, Su J, Xu B, Kristiansen G, Varga Z, Teng L, Ingber DE, Mammoto A, Kumar R, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Filamin A regulates focal adhesion disassembly and suppresses breast cancer cell migration and invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2421-37. [PMID: 20937704 PMCID: PMC2964581 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The actin cross-linking protein filamin A reduces migration, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer cells. The actin cross-linking protein filamin A (FLNa) functions as a scaffolding protein and couples cell cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix and integrin receptor signaling. In this study, we report that FLNa suppresses invasion of breast cancer cells and regulates focal adhesion (FA) turnover. Two large progression tissue microarrays from breast cancer patients revealed a significant decrease of FLNa levels in tissues from invasive breast cancer compared with benign disease and in lymph node–positive compared with lymph node–negative breast cancer. In breast cancer cells and orthotopic mouse breast cancer models, down-regulation of FLNa stimulated cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis formation. Time-lapse microscopy and biochemical assays after FLNa silencing and rescue with wild-type or mutant protein resistant to calpain cleavage revealed that FLNa regulates FA disassembly at the leading edge of motile cells. Moreover, FLNa down-regulation enhanced calpain activity through the mitogen-activated protein kinase–extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade and stimulated the cleavage of FA proteins. These results document a regulation of FA dynamics by FLNa in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Johnson E, Seachrist DD, DeLeon-Rodriguez CM, Lozada KL, Miedler J, Abdul-Karim FW, Keri RA. HER2/ErbB2-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion require p120 catenin activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29491-501. [PMID: 20595387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers that overexpress the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2/HER2/Neu result in poor patient outcome because of extensive metastatic progression. Herein, we delineate a molecular mechanism that may govern this malignant phenotype. ErbB2 induction of migration requires activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. The ability of ErbB2 to activate these small GTPases necessitated expression of p120 catenin, which is itself up-regulated by signaling through ErbB2 and the tyrosine kinase Src. Silencing p120 in ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cell lines dramatically inhibited migration and invasion as well as activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. In contrast, overexpression of constitutively active mutants of these GTPases reversed the effects of p120 silencing. Lastly, ectopic expression of p120 promoted migration and invasion and potentiated metastatic progression of a weakly metastatic, ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cell line. These results suggest that p120 acts as an obligate intermediate between ErbB2 and Rac1/Cdc42 to modulate the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emhonta Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Xu M, Bower KA, Chen G, Shi X, Dong Z, Ke Z, Luo J. Ethanol enhances the interaction of breast cancer cells over-expressing ErbB2 with fibronectin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:751-60. [PMID: 20201928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol is a tumor promoter and may enhance the metastasis of breast cancer. However, the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Amplification of ErbB2 or HER2, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the ErbB family, is found in 20 to 30% of patients with breast cancer. We have previously demonstrated that the effect of ethanol on the migration/invasion of breast cancer cells positively correlated with the expression levels of ErbB2. Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important initial step for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol on the adhesion of MCF7 breast cancer cells over-expressing ErbB2 (MCF7(ErbB2)) to human plasma fibronectin. METHODS To test the hypothesis that ethanol may enhance the attachment of human breast cancer cells to fibronectin, an important component of the ECM, we evaluated the effect of ethanol on the expression of focal adhesions, cell attachment, and ErbB2 signaling in cultured MCF7(ErbB2) cells. RESULTS Exposure to ethanol drastically enhanced the adhesion of MCF(ErbB2) cells to fibronectin and increased the expression of focal adhesions. Ethanol induced phosphorylation of ErbB2 at Tyr1248, FAK at Tyr861, and cSrc at Try216. Ethanol promoted the interaction among ErbB2, FAK, and cSrc, and the formation of a focal complex. AG825, a selective ErbB2 inhibitor, attenuated the ethanol-induced phosphorylation of ErbB2 and its association with FAK. Furthermore, AG825 blocked ethanol-promoted cell/fibronectin adhesion as well as the expression of focal adhesions. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ethanol enhances the adhesion of breast cancer cells to fibronectin in an ErbB2-dependent manner, and the FAK pathway plays an important role in ethanol-induced formation of a focal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, 40536, USA
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Schwock J, Dhani N, Hedley DW. Targeting focal adhesion kinase signaling in tumor growth and metastasis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:77-94. [PMID: 20001212 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903460340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a crucial mediator of integrin and growth factor signaling, is a novel and promising target in cancer therapy. FAK resides within focal adhesions which are contact points between extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeleton, and increased expression of the kinase has been linked with cancer cell migration, proliferation and survival. The aim of this review is to summarize the current research in the area and to assess the potential of different FAK-targeting strategies for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We briefly examine the evidence pointing towards FAK as potential anti-cancer target since its discovery in 1992. Then, we summarize different approaches developed to interfere with FAK signaling and important results reported from these experiments. Finally, we discuss the potential of these strategies to accomplish inhibition of tumor growth and distant spread as well as potentially meaningful combinations with other therapeutic modalities in the context of the currently available evidence. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The review emphasizes the link between FAK biology and the consequences of interference with FAK signaling. Based on this foundation an opinion is formed with regard to the future of FAK as therapeutic target. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Inhibition of FAK harbours the potential to restrain malignant growth and progression with minimal side effects in normal tissues. Small molecule inhibitors of the kinase should be examined in further clinical studies and combinations with existing therapies need to be explored. More efforts are required to identify markers which predict response towards FAK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Schwock
- Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute (PMH/OCI), Toronto M5G 2M9, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y. Breast cancer metastasis driven by ErbB2 and 14-3-3zeta: A division of labor. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:7-9. [PMID: 20009581 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.1.10497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. ErbB2, a metastasis-promoting oncoprotein, is overexpressed in 50-60% of noninvasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, only 25% of invasive breast cancer (IBC) overexpress ErbB2, indicating that ErbB2 alone is not sufficient to drive metastasis and additional risk factors are necessary for the progression of ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS to IBC. A recent study published in Cancer Cell identified 14-3-3xi as a risk factor aiding the transition of ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS into IBC. Furthermore, the study elucidated molecular mechanisms by which ErbB2 and 14-3-3xi co-overexpression drives metastasis. Namely, ErbB2 promotes cell motility and migration via the activation of Src, while 14-3-3xi induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating TGFbeta pathway to reduce cell adhesion. On the other hand, two studies recently published in British Journal of Cancer and Oncogene provide mechanistic insight into how ErbB2 signalling is transduced via Src, focal adhesion kinase and Ste20-like kinase to regulate focal adhesion turnover and modulate cell motility and migration. Taken together, these studies reveal that metastasis engages a variety of players that must show team spirit to win the game of spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqun Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Luo M, Guan JL. Focal adhesion kinase: a prominent determinant in breast cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2009; 289:127-39. [PMID: 19643531 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition to its role as a major mediator of signal transduction by integrins, FAK also participates in signaling by a wide range of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptor agonists, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. The link between FAK and breast cancers is strongly suggested by a number of reports showing that FAK gene is amplified and overexpressed in a large fraction of breast cancer specimens. In addition, increased FAK expression and activity frequently correlate with metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Since its discovery in early 1990s, numerous studies have shown a role for FAK in the regulation of cell spreading, adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Many of these studies in cultured cells provided strong evidence to connect FAK expression/activation to the promotion of cancer. Recently, a prominent role of FAK in promoting mammary tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis has been unveiled by different animal models of human breast cancer, including xenograft models in immunodeficient rodents and spontaneous tumor models in transgenic mice that have specific deletion of FAK in the mammary epithelial cells during embryonic or postnatal development. These in vivo studies established FAK as a prominent determinant in mammary cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Furthermore, a novel function of FAK in maintaining mammary cancer stem/progenitor cells in vivo has been recently reported, which may provide a novel cellular mechanism of FAK in promoting breast cancer initiation and progression. The wealth of knowledge accumulated over almost two decades of research on FAK should help to design potentially novel therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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