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Huber ME, Wurnig SL, Moumbock AFA, Toy L, Kostenis E, Alonso Bartolomé A, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Günther S, Hansen FK, Schiedel M. Development of a NanoBRET Assay Platform to Detect Intracellular Ligands for the Chemokine Receptors CCR6 and CXCR1. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400284. [PMID: 38932712 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A conserved intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) was recently identified at several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This target site allows the binding of allosteric modulators and enables a new mode of GPCR inhibition. Herein, we report the development of a NanoBRET-based assay platform based on the fluorescent ligand LT221 (5), to detect intracellular binding to CCR6 and CXCR1, two chemokine receptors that have been pursued as promising drug targets in inflammation and immuno-oncology. Our assay platform enables cell-free as well as cellular NanoBRET-based binding studies in a nonisotopic and straightforward manner. By combining this screening platform with a previously reported CXCR2 assay, we investigated CXCR1/CXCR2/CCR6 selectivity profiles for both known and novel squaramide analogues derived from navarixin, a known intracellular CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist and phase II clinical candidate for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. By means of these studies we identified compound 10, a previously reported tert-butyl analogue of navarixin, as a low nanomolar intracellular CCR6 antagonist. Further, our assay platform clearly indicated intracellular binding of the CCR6 antagonist PF-07054894, currently evaluated in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, thereby providing profound evidence for the existence and the pharmacological relevance of a druggable IABS at CCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silas L Wurnig
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aurélien F A Moumbock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lara Toy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana Alonso Bartolomé
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, rue Henri Koch 29, 4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l'Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, rue Henri Koch 29, 4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, rue Henri Koch 29, 4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stefan Günther
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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Korbecki J, Bosiacki M, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Bioinformatic Analysis of the CXCR2 Ligands in Cancer Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13287. [PMID: 37686093 PMCID: PMC10487711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CXCR2 has seven ligands, i.e., CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, and CXCL8/IL-8-chemokines with nearly identical properties. However, no available study has compared the contribution of all CXCR2 ligands to cancer progression. That is why, in this study, we conducted a bioinformatic analysis using the GEPIA, UALCAN, and TIMER2.0 databases to investigate the role of CXCR2 ligands in 31 different types of cancer, including glioblastoma, melanoma, and colon, esophageal, gastric, kidney, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. We focused on the differences in the regulation of expression (using the Tfsitescan and miRDB databases) and analyzed mutation types in CXCR2 ligand genes in cancers (using the cBioPortal). The data showed that the effect of CXCR2 ligands on prognosis depends on the type of cancer. CXCR2 ligands were associated with EMT, angiogenesis, recruiting neutrophils to the tumor microenvironment, and the count of M1 macrophages. The regulation of the expression of each CXCR2 ligand was different and, thus, each analyzed chemokine may have a different function in cancer processes. Our findings suggest that each type of cancer has a unique pattern of CXCR2 ligand involvement in cancer progression, with each ligand having a unique regulation of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.B.); (D.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.B.); (D.C.)
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska Str. 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.B.); (D.C.)
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Jiang S, Liang J, Li W, Wang L, Song M, Xu S, Liu G, Du Q, Zhai D, Tang L, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang B. The role of CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in neurological diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110330. [PMID: 37247498 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine ligand (CXCL) 1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR) 2 are widely expressed in the peripheral nervous systems (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS) and are involved in the development of inflammation and pain after various nerve injuries. Once a nerve is damaged, it affects not only the neuron itself but also lesions elsewhere in its dominant site. After the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis is activated, multiple downstream pathways can be activated, such as c-Raf/MAPK/AP-1, p-PKC-μ/p-ILK/NLRP3, JAK2/STAT3, TAK1/NF-κB, etc. These pathways in turn mediate cellular motility state or cell migration. CXCR2 is expressed on the surface of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These cells can be recruited to the lesion through the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis to participate in the inflammatory response. The expression of CXCR2 in neurons can activate some pathways in neurons through the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis, thereby causing damage to neurons. CXCR2 is also expressed in astrocytes, and when CXCR2 activated, it increases the number of astrocytes but impairs their function. Since inflammation can occur at almost any site of injury, elucidating the mechanism of CXCL1/CXCR2 axis' influence on inflammation may provide a favorable target for clinical treatment. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress of the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in neurological diseases, aiming to provide a more meaningful theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Luoyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Meiying Song
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Guixian Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Qiaochu Du
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Dongchang Zhai
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China.
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Rients EL, Deters EL, McGill JL, Belknap CR, Hansen SL. Effects of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product and ractopamine hydrochloride to finishing beef steers on growth performance, immune system, and muscle gene expression. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac311. [PMID: 36592754 PMCID: PMC9831109 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine impacts on immune parameters, anti-oxidant capacity, and growth of finishing steers fed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; NaturSafe; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC; Optaflexx; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). Angus-crossbred steers (N = 288) from two sources were utilized in this 90-d study. Steers were blocked by source, stratified by initial body weight to pens of six steers, and pens randomly assigned to treatments (16 pens per treatment). Three treatments compared feeding no supplemental SCFP (control; CON) and supplemental SCFP for 57 d (SCFP57), and 29 d (SCFP29) before harvest. Supplementation of SCFP was 12 g per steer per d, and all steers were fed RAC at 300 mg per steer per d for 29 d before harvest. Blood samples were collected from3 steers per pen, and muscle samples were collected from 1 steer per pen at 57, 29 (start of RAC), and 13 (midRAC) days before harvest. Blood was analyzed from 2 steers per pen for ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP). Muscle gene expression of myokines, markers of anti-oxidant and growth signaling were assessed. Individual animal BW were also collected on 57, 29, 13, and 1 d before being harvested at a commercial facility (National Beef, Tama, IA). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. The model included fixed effects of treatment and group. Increased BW compared to CON was observed days -29, -13, and -1 in SCFP57 steers (P ≤ 0.05), with SCFP29 being intermediate days -13 and -1. Overall G:F was improved in SCFP29 and SCFP57 (P = 0.01). On day -29, FRAP was greater in SCFP57 than CON (P = 0.02). The percent of gamma delta T cells and natural killer cells in both SCFP29 and SCFP57 was greater than CON on day -13 (P = 0.02). There were no treatment × day effects for muscle gene expression measured (P ≥ 0.25). Interleukin 6 tended to decrease in SCFP29 and SCFP57 on day -13 (P = 0.10). No other treatment effects were observed for muscle gene expression. Muscle gene expression of interleukin 15 was increased (P = 0.01), and expression of interleukin 8 was decreased (P = 0.03) due to RAC feeding. Increased growth in SCFP-fed cattle may be related to changes in anti-oxidant capacity and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rients
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erin L Deters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Vet Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Stephanie L Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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CXCR2 Receptor: Regulation of Expression, Signal Transduction, and Involvement in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042168. [PMID: 35216283 PMCID: PMC8878198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of about 50 chemotactic cytokines crucial for the migration of immune system cells and tumor cells, as well as for metastasis. One of the 20 chemokine receptors identified to date is CXCR2, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) whose most known ligands are CXCL8 (IL-8) and CXCL1 (GRO-α). In this article we present a comprehensive review of literature concerning the role of CXCR2 in cancer. We start with regulation of its expression at the transcriptional level and how this regulation involves microRNAs. We show the mechanism of CXCR2 signal transduction, in particular the action of heterotrimeric G proteins, phosphorylation, internalization, intracellular trafficking, sequestration, recycling, and degradation of CXCR2. We discuss in detail the mechanism of the effects of activated CXCR2 on the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, we describe the involvement of CXCR2 in cancer. We focused on the importance of CXCR2 in tumor processes such as proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells as well as the effects of CXCR2 activation on angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and cellular senescence. We also discuss the importance of CXCR2 in cell recruitment to the tumor niche including tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T (Treg) cells.
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Pleiotropic and Potentially Beneficial Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on the Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060904. [PMID: 34205032 PMCID: PMC8229098 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to molecular dioxygen and its derivative reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are now well established as important signaling messengers. Excessive production of ROS, however, results in oxidative stress, a significant contributor to the development of numerous diseases. Here, we analyze the experimental data and theoretical concepts concerning positive pro-survival effects of ROS on signaling pathways in endothelial cells (ECs). Our analysis of the available experimental data suggests possible positive roles of ROS in induction of pro-survival pathways, downstream of the Gi-protein-coupled receptors, which mimics insulin signaling and prevention or improvement of the endothelial dysfunction. It is, however, doubtful, whether ROS can contribute to the stabilization of the endothelial barrier.
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Dutta P, Sultana S, Dey R, Bishayi B. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus-induced CXCR1 expression via inhibition of receptor mobilization and receptor shedding during dual receptor (TNFR1 and IL-1R) neutralization. Immunol Res 2020; 67:241-260. [PMID: 31290001 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies proposed a radically new idea suggesting interdependency between TNF-α/TNFR1 and IL-1β/IL-1R pathways in modulation of Staphylococcus aureus-induced CXCL8/CXCR1 axis. However, the effects of inhibition of cytokine receptor mobilization at intracellular level and surface TNFR1 and IL-1R shedding on S. aureus-induced CXCR1 expression have not been studied so far in peritoneal macrophages. This study aimed to investigate the role of inhibition of receptor mobilization from the intracellular pool (using brefeldin A) and surface receptor shedding (using TAPI-1) on CXCR1 expression during dual receptor (TNFR1 plus IL-1R) neutralization in peritoneal macrophages isolated from wild-type Swiss Albino mice. Release of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide was measured and cytokine production was done by ELISA. Expression of surface receptors (TNFR1, IL-1R, and CXCR1) and inflammatory mediators was studied by Western blot. It was observed that S. aureus-infected macrophages showed elevated ROS production, secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL8, along with increased expression of surface receptors (TNFR1, IL-1R, and CXCR1), and inflammatory markers (iNOS and COX-2) compared with control or treated groups (p < 0.05). However, prior treatment of macrophages with BFA or TAPI-1 in the presence of anti-TNFR1 antibody and IRAP during S. aureus infection showed significant reduction of all these parameters (p < 0.05). We can conclude that targeting of TNFR1 and IL-1R (with major focus on surface expression study) either through blockage of intracellular receptor trafficking pathway or via surface receptor shedding diminishes TNFR1/IL-1R interaction and consequently downregulates CXCR1 expression along with inflammatory signalling pathways during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Dutta
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Sahin Sultana
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India.
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Lee WB, Yan JJ, Kang JS, Chung S, Kim LK. Mycobacterial cord factor enhances migration of neutrophil-like HL-60 cells by prolonging AKT phosphorylation. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:523-530. [PMID: 28976590 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), or cord factor, is a crucial stimulus of immune responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Although TDM has immuno-stimulatory properties, including adjuvant activity and the ability to induce granuloma formation, the mechanisms underlying these remain unknown. We hypothesized that TDM stimulates transendothelial migration of neutrophils, which are the first immune cells to infiltrate the tissue upon infection. In this study, it was shown that TDM enhances N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced chemotaxis and transendothelial movement by prolonging AKT phosphorylation in human neutrophils. TDM induced expression of macrophage-inducible C-type lectin, a receptor for TDM, and induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in differentiated HL-60 cells. In 2- and 3-D neutrophil migration assays, TDM-stimulated neutrophils showed increased fMLP-induced chemotaxis and transendothelial migration. Interestingly, following fMLP stimulation of TDM-activated neutrophils, AKT, a crucial kinase for neutrophil polarization and chemotaxis, showed prolonged phosphorylation at serine 473. Taken together, these data suggest that TDM modulates transendothelial migration of neutrophils upon mycobacterial infection through prolonged AKT phosphorylation. AKT may therefore be a promising therapeutic target for enhancing immune responses to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project to Medical Sciences, Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06230, Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project to Medical Sciences, Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06230, Korea
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Heo J, Dogra P, Masi TJ, Pitt EA, de Kruijf P, Smit MJ, Sparer TE. Novel Human Cytomegalovirus Viral Chemokines, vCXCL-1s, Display Functional Selectivity for Neutrophil Signaling and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:227-36. [PMID: 25987741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human CMV (HCMV) uses members of the hematopoietic system including neutrophils for dissemination throughout the body. HCMV encodes a viral chemokine, vCXCL-1, that is postulated to attract neutrophils for dissemination within the host. The gene encoding vCXCL-1, UL146, is one of the most variable genes in the HCMV genome. Why HCMV has evolved this hypervariability and how this affects the virus' dissemination and pathogenesis is unknown. Because the vCXCL-1 hypervariability maps to important binding and activation domains, we hypothesized that vCXCL-1s differentially activate neutrophils, which could contribute to HCMV dissemination, pathogenesis, or both. To test whether these viral chemokines affect neutrophil function, we generated vCXCL-1 proteins from 11 different clades from clinical isolates from infants infected congenitally with HCMV. All vCXCL-1s were able to induce calcium flux at a concentration of 100 nM and integrin expression on human peripheral blood neutrophils, despite differences in affinity for the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. In fact, their affinity for CXCR1 or CXCR2 did not correlate directly with chemotaxis, G protein-dependent and independent (β-arrestin-2) activation, or secondary chemokine (CCL22) expression. Our data suggest that vCXCL-1 polymorphisms affect the binding affinity, receptor usage, and differential peripheral blood neutrophil activation that could contribute to HCMV dissemination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Heo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Tom J Masi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Elisabeth A Pitt
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Petra de Kruijf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim E Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
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Lee AY, Phan TK, Hulett MD, Körner H. The relationship between CCR6 and its binding partners: Does the CCR6–CCL20 axis have to be extended? Cytokine 2015; 72:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ha H, Bensman T, Ho H, Beringer PM, Neamati N. A novel phenylcyclohex-1-enecarbothioamide derivative inhibits CXCL8-mediated chemotaxis through selective regulation of CXCR2-mediated signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1551-65. [PMID: 24354854 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Since the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its cognate ligand CXCL8 (IL-8) critically regulate neutrophil trafficking during inflammation, they have been implicated in a number of inflammatory lung diseases. Several CXCR2 antagonists have been described and the blockade of CXCR2 has shown promise in pre-clinical disease models and early clinical trials. However, given its potential, there are fewer distinct classes of antagonists of CXCR2 than of other clinically relevant molecular targets. Thus, we sought to identify additional classes of compounds that alter CXCR2 function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the CXCR2 Tango(TM) assay to screen an in-house library of highly diverse chemical compounds. CX4338 [2-(benzylamino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-N-phenylcyclohex-1-enecarbothioamide] was identified from our screen and additional studies to characterize the compound were performed. Receptor internalization and second-messenger assays were used to assess the effects of CX4338 on CXCR2-mediated signalling. Wound healing, transwell cell migration and LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice were used to determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of CX4338. KEY RESULTS CX4338 selectively inhibited CXCR2-mediated recruitment of β-arrestin-2 and receptor internalization, while enhancing CXCR2-mediated MAPK activation. Additionally, CX4338 inhibited CXCL8-induced chemotaxis in CXCR2-overexpressing cells and human neutrophils. In vivo, CX4338 significantly reduced neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage induced by LPS in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A novel compound CX4338 inhibited CXCR2-mediated cell migration with a mechanism of action not previously reported. Also, selective inhibition of CXCR2-mediated β-arrestin-2 activation is sufficient to inhibit CXCL8-mediated chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ha
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Maeda DY, Peck AM, Schuler A, Quinn MT, Kirpotina LN, Wicomb WN, Fan GH, Zebala JA. Discovery of 2-[5-(4-Fluorophenylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl]phenylboronic Acid (SX-517): Noncompetitive Boronic Acid Antagonist of CXCR1 and CXCR2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8378-97. [PMID: 25254640 PMCID: PMC4207547 DOI: 10.1021/jm500827t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 play key roles in inflammatory diseases and carcinogenesis. In inflammation, they activate and recruit polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) through binding of the chemokines CXCL1 (CXCR1) and CXCL8 (CXCR1 and CXCR2). Structure-activity studies that examined the effect of a novel series of S-substituted 6-mercapto-N-phenyl-nicotinamides on CXCL1-stimulated Ca(2+) flux in whole human PMNs led to the discovery of 2-[5-(4-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl]phenylboronic acid (SX-517), a potent noncompetitive boronic acid CXCR1/2 antagonist. SX-517 inhibited CXCL1-induced Ca(2+) flux (IC50 = 38 nM) in human PMNs but had no effect on the Ca(2+) flux induced by C5a, fMLF, or PAF. In recombinant HEK293 cells that stably expressed CXCR2, SX-517 antagonized CXCL8-induced [(35)S]GTPγS binding (IC50 = 60 nM) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition was noncompetitive, with SX-517 unable to compete the binding of [(125)I]-CXCL8 to CXCR2 membranes. SX-517 (0.2 mg/kg iv) significantly inhibited inflammation in an in vivo murine model. SX-517 is the first reported boronic acid chemokine antagonist and represents a novel pharmacophore for CXCR1/2 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Y. Maeda
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
| | - Angela M. Peck
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
| | - Aaron
D. Schuler
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana
State University, 960
Technology Boulevard, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana
State University, 960
Technology Boulevard, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Winston N. Wicomb
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Guo-Huang Fan
- Department
of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
| | - John A. Zebala
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
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13
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Ha H, Neamati N. Pyrimidine-based compounds modulate CXCR2-mediated signaling and receptor turnover. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2431-41. [PMID: 24896229 DOI: 10.1021/mp500180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR2 is expressed on various immune cells and is essential for neutrophil recruitment and angiogenesis at sites of acute and chronic inflammation caused by tissue injury or infection. Because of its role in inflammation, it has been implicated in a number of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, arthritis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and various types of cancer. CXCR2 and its ligands are up-regulated in cancer cells as well as the tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasiveness. Although pharmaceutical companies have pursued the development of CXCR2-specific small-molecule inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents within the last decades, there are currently no clinically approved CXCR2 inhibitors. Using a high-throughput, cell-based assay specific for CXCR2, we screened an in-house library of structurally diverse compounds and identified a class of pyrimidine-based compounds that alter CXCR2-mediated second messenger signaling. Our lead compound, CX797, inhibited IL8-mediated cAMP signaling and receptor degradation while specifically up-regulating IL8-mediated β-arrestin-2 recruitment. CX797 also inhibited IL8-mediated cell migration. Mechanistic comparison of CX797 and a previously reported CXCR2 inhibitor, SB265610, show these two classes of compounds have a distinct mechanism of action on CXCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ha
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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14
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Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ. Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2563-2582. [PMID: 24892271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1310] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs as a result of exposure of tissues and organs to harmful stimuli such as microbial pathogens, irritants, or toxic cellular components. The primary physical manifestations of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function to the affected area. These processes involve the major cells of the immune system, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, T-cells, and B-cells. However, examination of a range of inflammatory lesions demonstrates the presence of specific leukocytes in any given lesion. That is, the inflammatory process is regulated in such a way as to ensure that the appropriate leukocytes are recruited. These events are in turn controlled by a host of extracellular molecular regulators, including members of the cytokine and chemokine families that mediate both immune cell recruitment and complex intracellular signalling control mechanisms that characterise inflammation. This review will focus on the role of the main cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors in the pathophysiology of auto-inflammatory disorders, pro-inflammatory disorders, and neurological disorders involving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Turner
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Belinda Nedjai
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Hurst
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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15
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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16
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Gilliland CT, Salanga CL, Kawamura T, Trejo J, Handel TM. The chemokine receptor CCR1 is constitutively active, which leads to G protein-independent, β-arrestin-mediated internalization. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32194-32210. [PMID: 24056371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.503797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of G protein-coupled receptors by their associated ligands has been extensively studied, and increasing structural information about the molecular mechanisms underlying ligand-dependent receptor activation is beginning to emerge with the recent expansion in GPCR crystal structures. However, some GPCRs are also able to adopt active conformations in the absence of agonist binding that result in the initiation of signal transduction and receptor down-modulation. In this report, we show that the CC-type chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) exhibits significant constitutive activity leading to a variety of cellular responses. CCR1 expression is sufficient to induce inhibition of cAMP formation, increased F-actin content, and basal migration of human and murine leukocytes. The constitutive activity leads to basal phosphorylation of the receptor, recruitment of β-arrestin-2, and subsequent receptor internalization. CCR1 concurrently engages Gαi and β-arrestin-2 in a multiprotein complex, which may be accommodated by homo-oligomerization or receptor clustering. The data suggest the presence of two functional states for CCR1; whereas receptor coupled to Gαi functions as a canonical GPCR, albeit with high constitutive activity, the CCR1·β-arrestin-2 complex is required for G protein-independent constitutive receptor internalization. The pertussis toxin-insensitive uptake of chemokine by the receptor suggests that the CCR1·β-arrestin-2 complex may be related to a potential scavenging function of the receptor, which may be important for maintenance of chemokine gradients and receptor responsiveness in complex fields of chemokines during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - JoAnn Trejo
- the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Tracy M Handel
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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17
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Neuschäfer-Rube F, Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube A, Hippenstiel S, Kracht M, Püschel GP. NF-κB-dependent IL-8 induction by prostaglandin E(2) receptors EP(1) and EP(4). Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:704-17. [PMID: 22924768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent studies suggested a role for PGE(2) in the expression of the chemokine IL-8. PGE(2) signals via four different GPCRs, EP(1) -EP(4) . The role of EP(1) and EP(4) receptors for IL-8 induction was studied in HEK293 cells, overexpressing EP(1) (HEK-EP(1) ), EP(4) (HEK-EP(4) ) or both receptors (HEK-EP(1) + EP(4) ). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH IL-8 mRNA and protein induction and IL-8 promoter and NF-κB activation were assessed in EP expressing HEK cells. KEY RESULTS In HEK-EP(1) and HEK-EP(1) + EP(4) but not HEK or HEK-EP(4) cells, PGE(2) activated the IL-8 promoter and induced IL-8 mRNA and protein synthesis. Stimulation of HEK-EP(1) + EP(4) cells with an EP(1) -specific agonist activated IL-8 promoter and induced IL-8 mRNA and protein, whereas a specific EP(4) agonist neither activated the IL-8 promoter nor induced IL-8 mRNA and protein synthesis. Simultaneous stimulation of HEK- EP(1) + EP(4) cells with both agonists activated IL-8 promoter and induced IL-8 mRNA to the same extent as PGE(2) . In HEK-EP(1) + EP(4) cells, PGE(2) -mediated IL-8 promoter activation and IL-8 mRNA induction were blunted by inhibition of IκB kinase. PGE(2) activated NF-κB in HEK-EP(1) , HEK-EP(4) and HEK-EP(1) + EP(4) cells. In HEK-EP(1) + EP(4) cells, simultaneous activation of both receptors was needed for maximal PGE(2) -induced NF-κB activation. PGE(2) -stimulated NF-κB activation by EP(1) was blocked by inhibitors of PLC, calcium-signalling and Src-kinase, whereas that induced by EP(4) was only blunted by Src-kinase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that PGE(2) -mediated NF-κB activation by simultaneous stimulation of EP(1) and EP(4) receptors induces maximal IL-8 promoter activation and IL-8 mRNA and protein induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Neuschäfer-Rube
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
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18
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Slack RJ, Hall DA. Development of operational models of receptor activation including constitutive receptor activity and their use to determine the efficacy of the chemokine CCL17 at the CC chemokine receptor CCR4. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1774-92. [PMID: 22335621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The operational model provides a key conceptual framework for the analysis of pharmacological data. However, this model does not include constitutive receptor activity, a frequent phenomenon in modern pharmacology, particularly in recombinant systems. Here, we developed extensions of the operational model which include constitutive activity and applied them to effects of agonists at the chemokine receptor CCR4. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of agonists of CCR4 on [(35) S]GTPγS binding to recombinant cell membranes and on the filamentous (F-) actin content of human CD4(+) CCR4(+) T cells were determined. The basal [(35) S]GTPγS binding was changed by varying the GDP concentration whilst the basal F-actin contents of the higher expressing T cell populations were elevated, suggesting constitutive activity of CCR4. Both sets of data were analysed using the mathematical models. RESULTS The affinity of CCL17 (also known as TARC) derived from analysis of the T cell data (pK(a) = 9.61 ± 0.17) was consistent with radioligand binding experiments (9.50 ± 0.11) while that from the [(35) S]GTPγS binding experiments was lower (8.27 ± 0.09). Its intrinsic efficacy differed between the two systems (110 in T cells vs. 11). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The presence of constitutive receptor activity allows the absolute intrinsic efficacy of agonists to be determined without a contribution from the signal transduction system. Intrinsic efficacy estimated in this way is consistent with Furchgott's definition of this property. CCL17 may have a higher intrinsic efficacy at CCR4 in human T cells than that expressed recombinantly in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Slack
- Respiratory Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, UK
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19
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Mitchell MJ, King MR. Shear-induced resistance to neutrophil activation via the formyl peptide receptor. Biophys J 2012; 102:1804-14. [PMID: 22768936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of fluid shear stress on leukocytes is critical for physiological functions including initial adhesion to the endothelium, the formation of pseudopods, and migration into tissues. The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) on neutrophils, which binds to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and plays a role in neutrophil chemotaxis, has been implicated as a fluid shear stress sensor that controls pseudopod formation. The role of shear forces on earlier indicators of neutrophil activation, such as L-selectin shedding and α(M)β(2) integrin activation, remains unclear. Here, human neutrophils exposed to uniform shear stress (0.1-4.0 dyn/cm(2)) in a cone-and-plate viscometer for 1-120 min showed a significant reduction in both α(M)β(2) integrin activation and L-selectin shedding after stimulation with 0.5 nM of fMLP. Neutrophil resistance to activation was directly linked to fluid shear stress, as the response increased in a shear stress force- and time-dependent manner. Significant shear-induced loss of FPR surface expression on neutrophils was observed, and high-resolution confocal microscopy revealed FPR internalized within neutrophils. These results suggest that physiological shear forces alter neutrophil activation via FPR by reducing L-selectin shedding and α(M)β(2) integrin activation in the presence of soluble ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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20
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Xu H, Zhang H, Luan L, Xu Y, Li C, Wang Y, Han F, Yang T, Ren F, Xiang JN, Elliott JD, Zhao Y, Guo TB, Lu H, Zhang W, Hirst D, Lindon M, Lin X. Discovery of thiadiazole amides as potent, S1P₃-sparing agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 (S1P₁) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2456-9. [PMID: 22386243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of GSK compound collection led to the discovery of a novel series of thiadiazole amides as potent and S1P(3)-sparing sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 (S1P(1)) receptor agonists. Synthesis, structure and activity relationship, selectivity, and some developability properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, R&D China, 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201023, China
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21
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Mihara K, Wijkmans J. Low Molecular Weight CXCR2 Antagonists as Promising Therapeutics. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Whalen EJ, Rajagopal S, Lefkowitz RJ. Therapeutic potential of β-arrestin- and G protein-biased agonists. Trends Mol Med 2010; 17:126-39. [PMID: 21183406 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR), or G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), superfamily represent some of the most successful targets of modern drug therapy, with proven efficacy in the treatment of a broad range of human conditions and disease processes. It is now appreciated that β-arrestins, once viewed simply as negative regulators of traditional 7TMR-stimulated G protein signaling, act as multifunctional adapter proteins that regulate 7TMR desensitization and trafficking and promote distinct intracellular signals in their own right. Moreover, several 7TMR biased agonists, which selectively activate these divergent signaling pathways, have been identified. Here we highlight the diversity of G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated functions and the therapeutic potential of selective targeting of these in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Whalen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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23
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Gore A, Muralidhar M, Espey MG, Degenhardt K, Mantell LL. Hyperoxia sensing: from molecular mechanisms to significance in disease. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:239-54. [PMID: 20586583 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.492254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen therapy using mechanical ventilation with hyperoxia is necessary to treat patients with respiratory failure and distress. However, prolonged exposure to hyperoxia leads to the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing cellular damage and multiple organ dysfunctions. As the lungs are directly exposed, hyperoxia can cause both acute and chronic inflammatory lung injury and compromise innate immunity. ROS may contribute to pulmonary oxygen toxicity by overwhelming redox homeostasis, altering signaling cascades that affect cell fate, ultimately leading to hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI). HALI is characterized by pronounced inflammatory responses with leukocyte infiltration, injury, and death of pulmonary cells, including epithelia, endothelia, and macrophages. Under hyperoxic conditions, ROS mediate both direct and indirect modulation of signaling molecules such as protein kinases, transcription factors, receptors, and pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. The focus of this review is to elaborate on hyperoxia-activated key sensing molecules and current understanding of their signaling mechanisms in HALI. A better understanding of the signaling pathways leading to HALI may provide valuable insights on its pathogenesis and may help in designing more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Gore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Queens, NY, USA
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24
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Kenakin T, Miller LJ. Seven transmembrane receptors as shapeshifting proteins: the impact of allosteric modulation and functional selectivity on new drug discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:265-304. [PMID: 20392808 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is useful to consider seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) as disordered proteins able to allosterically respond to a number of binding partners. Considering 7TMRs as allosteric systems, affinity and efficacy can be thought of in terms of energy flow between a modulator, conduit (the receptor protein), and a number of guests. These guests can be other molecules, receptors, membrane-bound proteins, or signaling proteins in the cytosol. These vectorial flows of energy can yield standard canonical guest allostery (allosteric modification of drug effect), effects along the plane of the cell membrane (receptor oligomerization), or effects directed into the cytosol (differential signaling as functional selectivity). This review discusses these apparently diverse pharmacological effects in terms of molecular dynamics and protein ensemble theory, which tends to unify 7TMR behavior toward cells. Special consideration will be given to functional selectivity (biased agonism and biased antagonism) in terms of mechanism of action and potential therapeutic application. The explosion of technology that has enabled observation of diverse 7TMR behavior has also shown how drugs can have multiple (pluridimensional) efficacies and how this can cause paradoxical drug classification and nomenclatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Mailtstop V-287, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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25
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Saeki S, Kunitomo H, Narita Y, Mimura H, Nishi T, Sasaki K. A reporter assay for G-protein-coupled receptors using a B-cell line suitable for stable episomal expression. Anal Biochem 2010; 400:163-72. [PMID: 20122890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have established a cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated reporter assay system for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) using an oriP-based estrogen-inducible expression vector and the B-cell line (GBC53 or GBCC71) that expresses EBNA-1 and is adapted to serum-free culture. GBC53 harbors a GAL4-ER expression unit and a CRE-luciferase gene in the genome, and GBCC71 also harbors expression units for two chimeric Galphas proteins (Gs/q and Gs/i). Introduction of a GPCR expression plasmid into GBC53 or GBCC71 creates polyclonal stable transformants in 2 weeks, and these are easily expanded and used for assays after induction of the GPCR expression. Using GBC53, we detected ligand-dependent signals of Gs-coupled GPCRs such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) and beta2 adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) with high sensitivity. Interestingly, we also detected constitutive activity of beta2AR. Using GBCC71, we detected ligand-dependent signals of Gq- or Gi-coupled GPCRs such as H1 histamine receptor and CXCR1 chemokine receptor in addition to Gs-coupled GPCRs. An agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist was successfully evaluated in this system. We succeeded in constructing a 384-well high-throughput screening (HTS) system for GLP1R. This system enabled us to easily and rapidly make a large number of efficient GPCR assay systems suitable for HTS as well as ligand hunting of orphan GPCRs.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
- High-Throughput Screening Assays
- Humans
- Ligands
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saeki
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
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26
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Kredel S, Wolff M, Wiedenmann J, Moepps B, Nienhaus GU, Gierschik P, Kistler B, Heilker R. CXCR2 inverse agonism detected by arrestin redistribution. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2009; 14:1076-91. [PMID: 19773589 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109344616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study CXCR2 modulated arrestin redistribution, the authors employed arrestin as a fusion protein containing either the Aequorea victoria-derived enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or a recently developed mutant of eqFP611, a red fluorescent protein derived from Entacmaea quadricolor. This mutant, referred to as RFP611, had earlier been found to assume a dimeric quarternary structure. It was therefore employed in this work as a "tandem" (td) construct for pseudo-monomeric fusion protein labeling. Both arrestin fusion proteins, containing either td-RFP611 (Arr-td-RFP611) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP; Arr-EGFP), were found to colocalize with internalized fluorescently labeled Gro-alpha a few minutes after Gro-alpha addition. Intriguingly, however, Arr-td-RFP611 and Arr-EGFP displayed distinct cellular distribution patterns in the absence of any CXCR2-activating ligand. Under these conditions, Arr-td-RFP611 showed a largely homogeneous cytosolic distribution, whereas Arr-EGFP segregated, to a large degree, into granular spots. These observations indicate a higher sensitivity of Arr EGFP to the constitutive activity of CXCR2 and, accordingly, an increased arrestin redistribution to coated pits and endocytic vesicles. In support of this interpretation, the authors found the known CXCR2 antagonist Sch527123 to act as an inverse agonist with respect to Arr-EGFP redistribution. The inverse agonistic properties of Sch527123 were confirmed in vitro in a guanine nucleotide binding assay, revealing an IC(50) value similar to that observed for Arr-EGFP redistribution. Thus, the redistribution assay, when based on Arr-EGFP, enables the profiling of antagonistic test compounds with respect to inverse agonism. When based on Arr-td-RFP611, the assay may be employed to study CXCR2 agonism or neutral antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kredel
- Institute of Zoology and Endocrinology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Stillie R, Farooq SM, Gordon JR, Stadnyk AW. The functional significance behind expressing two IL-8 receptor types on PMN. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:529-43. [PMID: 19564575 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PMN are critical to innate immunity and are fundamental to antibacterial defense. To localize to sites of infection, PMN possess receptors that detect chemoattractant stimuli elicited at the site, such as chemokines, complement split products, or bioactive lipids. Signaling through these receptors stimulates chemotaxis toward the site of infection but also activates a number of biochemical processes, with the result that PMN kill invading bacteria. PMN possess two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, for the N-terminal ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines, although only two chemokine members bind both receptors and the remainder binding only CXCR2. This peculiar pattern in receptor specificity has drawn considerable interest and investigation into whether signaling through each receptor might impart unique properties on the PMN. Indeed, at first glance, CXCR1 and CXCR2 appear to be functionally redundant; however, there are differences. Considering these proinflammatory activities of activating PMN through chemokine receptors, there has been great interest in the possibility that blocking CXCR1 and CXCR2 on PMN will provide a therapeutic benefit. The literature examining CXCR1 and CXCR2 in PMN function during human and modeled diseases will be reviewed, asking whether the functional differences can be perceived based on alterations in the role PMN play in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- RoseMarie Stillie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Onan D, Allan EH, Quinn JMW, Gooi JH, Pompolo S, Sims NA, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ. The chemokine Cxcl1 is a novel target gene of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein in committed osteoblasts. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2244-53. [PMID: 19147675 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The PTH receptor (PTHR1) is expressed on osteoblasts and responds to PTH or PTHrP in an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine manner, respectively. A microarray study carried out on PTHR1-positive osteoblasts (Kusa 4b10 cells) identified the cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC) family chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1) as a novel immediate PTH/PTHrP-responsive gene. Cxcl1 is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant with recognized roles in angiogenesis and inflammation, but a role in bone biology has not been described. Cxcl1 mRNA levels were up-regulated 1 h after either PTH or PTHrP treatment of differentiated Kusa 4b10 osteoblasts (15-fold) and mouse calvarial osteoblasts (160-fold) and in rat metaphyseal bone (5-fold) 1 h after a single sc injection of PTH. Furthermore, PTH treatment stimulated a 10-fold increase in secreted Cxcl1 protein by both Kusa 4b10 cells and calvarial osteoblasts. Immunohistochemistry and PCR demonstrated that CXCR2, the receptor for Cxcl1, is highly expressed in osteoclast precursors (hemopoietic cells) but is predominantly undetectable in the osteoblast lineage, suggesting that osteoblast-derived Cxcl1 may act as a chemoattractant for osteoclast precursors. Confirming this hypothesis, recombinant Cxcl1 dose-dependently stimulated migration of osteoclast precursors in cell culture studies, as did conditioned media from Kusa 4b10 cells treated with PTH. These data indicate that local action through the PTHR1 could stimulate cells of the osteoblast lineage to release a chemokine capable of attracting osteoclast precursors to the bone environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Döne Onan
- Bone Joint and Cancer Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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29
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CXCR2 antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:55-68. [PMID: 19026683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have long been implicated in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses by virtue of their role in leukocyte chemotaxis. The expression of one of the receptors for these chemokines, CXCR2, on a variety of cell types and tissues suggests that these receptors may have a broad functional role under both constitutive conditions and in the pathophysiology of a number of acute and chronic diseases. With the development of several pharmacological, immunological and genetic tools to study CXCR2 function, an important role for this CXC chemokine receptor subtype has been identified in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Interference with CXCR2 receptor function has demonstrated different effects in the lungs including inhibition of pulmonary damage induced by neutrophils (PMNs), antigen or irritant-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and angiogenesis/collagen deposition caused by lung injury. Many of these features are common to inflammatory and fibrotic disorders of the lung. Clinical trials evaluating small molecule CXCR2 antagonists in COPD, asthma and cystic fibrosis are currently underway. These studies hold considerable promise for identifying novel and efficacious treatments of pulmonary disorders.
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Wang JG, Strong JA, Xie W, Yang RH, Coyle DE, Wick DM, Dorsey ED, Zhang JM. The chemokine CXCL1/growth related oncogene increases sodium currents and neuronal excitability in small diameter sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2008; 4:38. [PMID: 18816377 PMCID: PMC2562993 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered Na+ channel expression, enhanced excitability, and spontaneous activity occur in nerve-injury and inflammatory models of pathological pain, through poorly understood mechanisms. The cytokine GRO/KC (growth related oncogene; CXCL1) shows strong, rapid upregulation in dorsal root ganglion in both nerve injury and inflammatory models. Neurons and glia express its receptor (CXCR2). CXCL1 has well-known effects on immune cells, but little is known about its direct effects on neurons. Results We report that GRO/KC incubation (1.5 nM, overnight) caused marked upregulation of Na+ currents in acutely isolated small diameter rat (adult) sensory neurons in vitro. In both IB4-positive and IB4-negative sensory neurons, TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive currents increased 2- to 4 fold, without altered voltage dependence or kinetic changes. These effects required long exposures, and were completely blocked by co-incubation with protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Amplification of cDNA from the neuronal cultures showed that 3 Na channel isoforms were predominant both before and after GRO/KC treatment (Nav 1.1, 1.7, and 1.8). TTX-sensitive isoforms 1.1 and 1.7 significantly increased 2 – 3 fold after GRO/KC incubation, while 1.8 showed a trend towards increased expression. Current clamp experiments showed that GRO/KC caused a marked increase in excitability, including resting potential depolarization, decreased rheobase, and lower action potential threshold. Neurons acquired a striking ability to fire repetitively; IB4-positive cells also showed marked broadening of action potentials. Immunohistochemical labelling confirmed that the CXCR2 receptor was present in most neurons both in dissociated cells and in DRG sections, as previously shown for neurons in the CNS. Conclusion Many studies on the role of chemokines in pain conditions have focused on their rapid and indirect effects on neurons, via release of inflammatory mediators from immune and glial cells. Our study suggests that GRO/KC may also have important pro-nociceptive effects via its direct actions on sensory neurons, and may induce long-term changes that involve protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0531, USA.
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Bischoff DS, Zhu JH, Makhijani NS, Yamaguchi DT. Acidic pH stimulates the production of the angiogenic CXC chemokine, CXCL8 (interleukin-8), in human adult mesenchymal stem cells via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-kappaB pathways. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1378-92. [PMID: 18275043 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel injury results in limited oxygen tension and diffusion leading to hypoxia, increased anaerobic metabolism, and elevated production of acidic metabolites that cannot be easily removed due to the reduced blood flow. Therefore, an acidic extracellular pH occurs in the local microenvironment of disrupted bone. The potential role of acidic pH and glu-leu-arg (ELR(+)) CXC chemokines in early events in bone repair was studied in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) treated with medium of decreasing pH (7.4, 7.0, 6.7, and 6.4). The cells showed a reciprocal increase in CXCL8 (interleukin-8, IL-8) mRNA levels as extracellular pH decreased. At pH 6.4, CXCL8 mRNA was induced >60x in comparison to levels at pH 7.4. hMSCs treated with osteogenic medium (OGM) also showed an increase in CXCL8 mRNA with decreasing pH; although, at a lower level than that seen in cells grown in non-OGM. CXCL8 protein was secreted into the medium at all pHs with maximal induction at pH 6.7. Inhibition of the G-protein-coupled receptor alpha, G(alphai), suppressed CXCL8 levels in response to acidic pH; whereas phospholipase C inhibition had no effect on CXCL8. The use of specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction inhibitors indicated that the pH-dependent increase in CXCL8 mRNA is due to activation of ERK and p38 pathways. The JNK pathway was not involved. NF-kappaB inhibition resulted in a decrease in CXCL8 levels in hMSCs grown in non-OGM. However, OGM-differentiated hMSCs showed an increase in CXCL8 levels when treated with the NF-kappaB inhibitor PDTC, a pyrrolidine derivative of dithiocarbamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Bischoff
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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32
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Regulation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in airway smooth muscle. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:47-57. [PMID: 18094084 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200705-054vs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to regulate numerous signaling events and functions in airway smooth muscle (ASM). In this article, we detail the function and regulation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in ASM. We further discuss recent advances in the development of experimental tools in the study of G protein signaling, and speculate how these tools might be used in therapeutic strategies that seek to mitigate bronchospasm and airway remodeling that occur in obstructive airway disease.
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Galandrin S, Oligny-Longpré G, Bouvier M. The evasive nature of drug efficacy: implications for drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007; 28:423-30. [PMID: 17659355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of a drug is generally determined by the drug's ability to promote a quantifiable biological response. In the context of the classical receptor-occupancy theory, the efficacy is considered an intrinsic property of the ligand/receptor pair, and it is often assumed to be the same for all the responses evoked by this pair. The recognition that a single receptor can engage different signalling pathways and that various drugs binding to this receptor might differentially influence each of these pathways led to the reassessment of the efficacy concept. Of particular notice is the fact that ligands that behave as agonists toward a given signalling pathway can act, through the same receptor, as antagonists or even inverse agonists on a different pathway in the same cell. These observations, variously referred to as 'ligand-directed trafficking of receptor signalling' (LDTRS), 'functional selectivity', 'biased agonism', 'ligand-biased efficacy', 'collateral efficacy' or 'pluridimensional efficacy', have important implications for the molecular definition of efficacy and the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Galandrin
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Universitaire sur le Médicament, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
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Leach K, Charlton SJ, Strange PG. Analysis of second messenger pathways stimulated by different chemokines acting at the chemokine receptor CCR5. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:881-90. [PMID: 17645873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor, CCR5, responds to several chemokines leading to changes in activity in several signalling pathways. Here, we investigated the ability of different chemokines to provide differential activation of pathways. The effects of five CC chemokines acting at CCR5 were investigated for their ability to inhibit forskolin-stimulated 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and to stimulate Ca(2+) mobilisation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing CCR5. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (D26A) (MIP-1alpha (D26A), CCL3 (D26A)), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, CCL5), MIP-1beta (CCL4) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP-2, CCL8) were able to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation, whilst MCP-4 (CCL13) could not elicit a response. CCL3 (D26A), CCL4, CCL5, CCL8 and CCL13 were able to stimulate Ca(2+) mobilisation through CCR5, although CCL3 (D26A) and CCL5 exhibited biphasic concentration-response curves. The Ca(2+) responses induced by CCL4, CCL5, CCL8 and CCL13 were abolished by pertussis toxin, whereas the response to CCL3 (D26A) was only partially inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating G(i/o)-independent signalling induced by this chemokine. Although the rank order of potency of chemokines was similar between the two assays, certain chemokines displayed different pharmacological profiles in cAMP inhibition and Ca(2+) mobilisation assays. For instance, whilst CCL13 could not inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation, this chemokine was able to induce Ca(2+) mobilisation via CCR5. It is concluded that different chemokines acting at CCR5 can induce different pharmacological responses, which may account for the broad spectrum of chemokines that can act at CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leach
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
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35
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Galandrin S, Bouvier M. Distinct signaling profiles of beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptor ligands toward adenylyl cyclase and mitogen-activated protein kinase reveals the pluridimensionality of efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1575-84. [PMID: 16901982 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.026716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug efficacy is typically considered an intrinsic property of a ligand/receptor couple. However, recent observations suggest that efficacy may also be influenced by the signaling effectors engaged by a unique receptor. To directly and systematically test this possibility, we assessed the ability of a panel of beta-adrenergic ligands to modulate the activity of two effector systems, the adenylyl cyclase (AC) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), via beta(1) and beta(2) adrenergic receptors. Although some compounds displayed similar efficacies toward the two pathways, others showed complex efficacy profiles. For example, compounds that are inverse agonists for the AC activity were found to be either agonists, neutral antagonists, or inverse agonists for the MAPK pathway. Likewise, agonists for the AC were either agonists or neutral antagonists for MAPK. Given this complexity, we propose a Cartesian representation of the efficacies that takes into account the activities of the different effectors that can be engaged by a given receptor. In addition, compounds considered as nonselective for beta(1) and beta(2) adrenergic receptors, based on their binding affinities, showed distinct relative efficacy profiles toward AC and MAPK, adding a new dimension to the concept of ligand selectivity. Taken together, the results suggest that binding of different ligands promote distinct conformational changes leading to specific signaling outcomes. Our data therefore clearly illustrate that efficacy is a pluridimensional parameter that is not an intrinsic characteristic of a ligand/receptor couple. This should have important implications for the future design of screening assays used in drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Galandrin
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Universitaire sur le Médicament and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Tarzami ST, Calderon TM, Deguzman A, Lopez L, Kitsis RN, Berman JW. MCP-1/CCL2 protects cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by a G(alphai)-independent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:1008-16. [PMID: 16102724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, in addition to their chemotactic properties, act upon resident cells within a tissue and mediate other cellular functions. In a previous study, we demonstrated that CCL2 protects cultured mouse neonatal cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-induced cell death. Leukocyte chemotaxis has been shown to contribute to ischemic injury. While the chemoattractant properties of CCL2 have been established, the protective effects of this chemokine suggest a novel role for CCL2 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study examined the cellular signaling pathways that promote this protection. Treatment of cardiac myocyte cultures with CCL2 protected them from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. This protection was not mediated through the activation of G(alphai) signaling that mediates monocyte chemotaxis. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway abrogated CCL2 protection. Caspase 3 activation and JNK/SAPK phosphorylation were decreased in hypoxic myocytes co-treated with CCL2 as compared to hypoxia only-treated cultures. Expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins, Bcl-xL and Bag-1, was increased in CCL2-treated myocytes subjected to hypoxia. There was also downregulation of Bax protein levels as a result of CCL2 co-treatment. These data suggest that CCL2 cytoprotection and chemotaxis may occur through distinct signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima T Tarzami
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Wilson S, Wilkinson G, Milligan G. The CXCR1 and CXCR2 Receptors Form Constitutive Homo- and Heterodimers Selectively and with Equal Apparent Affinities. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28663-74. [PMID: 15946947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413475200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Both homo- and heterodimeric interactions between the CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptors were observed following co-expression of forms of these receptors in HEK293 cells using assays, including co-immunoprecipitation, single cell imaging of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, cell surface time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. These interactions were constitutive and unaffected by the presence of the agonist interleukin 8 and selective as no significant interactions were noted between either the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptor and the alpha(1A)-adrenoreceptor. Saturation bioluminescence resonance energy transfer indicated that heteromeric interactions between CXCR1 and CXCR2 were of similar affinity as the corresponding homomeric interactions. A novel endoplasmic reticulum trapping strategy demonstrated that these interactions were initiated during protein synthesis and maturation and prior to cell surface delivery. These studies indicated that CXCR1-CXCR2 heterodimers are as likely to form in cells co-expressing these two chemokine receptors as the corresponding homodimers and stand in contrast to previous studies indicating an inability of the CXCR1 receptor to homodimerize or to interact with the CXCR2 receptor (Trettel, F., Di Bartolomeo, S., Lauro, C., Catalano, M., Ciotti, M. T., and Limatola, C. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 40980-40988).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Wilson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Kuwata H, Nonaka T, Murakami M, Kudo I. Search of factors that intermediate cytokine-induced group IIA phospholipase A2 expression through the cytosolic phospholipase A2- and 12/15-lipoxygenase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25830-9. [PMID: 15878884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500168200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible expression of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is under the control of group IVA cytosolic PLA2alpha and 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) in rat fibroblastic 3Y1 cells. We show here that this cytokine induction of sPLA2-IIA mRNA requires de novo protein synthesis. By means of cDNA array analysis, we found that the level of the CXC chemokine MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2) was significantly elevated in 12/15-LOX-transfected cells compared with control cells. IL-1beta/TNFalpha-stimulated induction of endogenous MIP-2 preceded that of sPLA2-IIA, and exogenous MIP-2 induced sPLA2-IIA dose-dependently. Moreover, a MIP-2-specific antisense oligonucleotide and small interfering RNA attenuated the IL-1beta/TNFalpha-induced expression of sPLA2-IIA, suggesting that MIP-2 is an absolute intermediate requirement for optimal induction of sPLA2-IIA. In addition, the expression of c-jun and fra-1, which are components of the transcription factor AP-1, was elevated in 12/15-LOX-transfected cells, in which cytokine-dependent binding of AP-1 to the sPLA2-IIA promoter was increased significantly. Conversely, the receptors for transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor, which contributed to down-regulation of sPLA2-IIA expression, were decreased following 12/15-LOX overexpression. Taken together, 12/15-LOX-dependent up-regulation of sPLA2-IIA expression may result from the interplay between accelerated MIP-2 signaling, AP-1 activation, and attenuated transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kuwata
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Stevenson NJ, Haan S, McClurg AE, McGrattan MJ, Armstrong MA, Heinrich PC, Johnston JA. The chemoattractants, IL-8 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, regulate granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling by inducing suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3243-9. [PMID: 15322186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are encoded by immediate early genes known to inhibit cytokine responses in a classical feedback loop. SOCS gene expression has been shown to be induced by many cytokines, growth factors, and innate immune stimuli, such as LPS. In this paper, we report that the chemoattractants, IL-8 and fMLP, up-regulate SOCS1 mRNA in human myeloid cells, primary human neutrophils, PBMCs, and dendritic cells. fMLP rapidly up-regulates SOCS1, whereas the induction of SOCS1 upon IL-8 treatment is delayed. IL-8 and fMLP did not signal via Jak/STATs in primary human macrophages, thus implicating the induction of SOCS by other intracellular pathways. As chemoattractant-induced SOCS1 expression in neutrophils may play an important role in regulating the subsequent response to growth promoting cytokines like G-CSF, we investigated the effect of chemoattractant-induced SOCS1 on cytokine signal transduction. We show that pretreatment of primary human neutrophils with fMLP or IL-8 blocks G-CSF-mediated STAT3 activation. This study provides evidence for cross-talk between chemoattractant and cytokine signal transduction pathways involving SOCS proteins, suggesting that these chemotactic factors may desensitize neutrophils to G-CSF via rapid induction of SOCS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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David R, Machova Z, Beck-Sickinger AG. Semisynthesis and application of carboxyfluorescein-labelled biologically active human interleukin-8. Biol Chem 2004; 384:1619-30. [PMID: 14719805 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human interleukin 8 (hIL-8), a neutrophil-activating and chemotactic cytokine, is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a large number of neutrophil-driven inflammatory diseases. This cytokine belongs to the family of CXC chemokines, mediating the response through binding to the seven-transmembrane helical G protein-coupled receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. For the first time, we employed the expressed protein ligation (EPL) strategy to chemokine synthesis and subsequent modification. The ligation site was chosen with respect to the position of four cysteine residues within the hIL-8 sequence. Ligation with synthetic peptides that carry cysteine at their N-termini resulted in full-length hIL-8 and the specifically carboxyfluorescein-labelled analogue [K69(CF)]hIL-8(1-77). [K69(CF)]hIL-8(1-77) was fully active as shown by inhibition of cAMP production. Furthermore, this analogue was used to study receptor internalisation in human promyelotic HL60 cells that express CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. Binding and quenching studies were performed on HL60 membranes and suggest that the C-terminus of IL-8 is accessible to solvent in the receptor-bound state. Thus, we introduce here a powerful approach that allows the site-specific incorporation of chemical modifications into the sequence of chemokines, which opens new avenues for studying IL-8 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf David
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Danik M, Puma C, Quirion R, Williams S. Widely expressed transcripts for chemokine receptor CXCR1 in identified glutamatergic, ?-aminobutyric acidergic, and cholinergic neurons and astrocytes of the rat brain: A single-cell reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction study. J Neurosci Res 2003; 74:286-95. [PMID: 14515358 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the chemokine interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8 plays important roles in CNS development, neuronal survival, modulation of excitability, and neuroimmune response. Recently, we have shown that CXCL8 can acutely modulate ion channel activity in septal neurons expressing receptors CXCR1 and/or CXCR2. This was a surprising finding, insofar as CXCR1 expression had not been described for the mammalian brain. Here we investigated whether CXCR1 transcripts are present in other brain regions, whether they are expressed at the single-cell level in molecularly identified neurons and astrocytes, and how they are regulated during early postnatal development. In addition, possible cellular colocalization of CXCR1 and CXCR2 transcripts was examined. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that CXCR1 mRNAs were expressed in the septum, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex (temporoparietal and entorhinal) at different levels and appeared to be regulated independently from CXCR2 during development. By using RT multiplex PCR on acutely dissociated cells from these brain regions, we show that CXCR1 transcripts were expressed in 83% of 84 sampled neurons displaying cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase mRNAs), gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (glutamic acid decarboxylases 65 and 67 mRNAs), or glutamatergic (vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 mRNAs) phenotypes. CXCR1 and CXCR2 transcripts were colocalized in 45% of neurons sampled and also were present in some glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA-expressing astrocytes. This is the first study to demonstrate the widespread expression of CXCR1 transcripts in the brain and suggests that CXCR1 may have hitherto unsuspected roles in neuromodulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Danik
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Grutkoski PS, Graeber CT, Lim YP, Ayala A, Simms HH. Alpha-defensin 1 (human neutrophil protein 1) as an antichemotactic agent for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2666-8. [PMID: 12878538 PMCID: PMC166108 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.8.2666-2668.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium conditioned by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (CM-TNF) suppresses PMN migration. Therefore, we wished to identify the agent(s) in CM-TNF that mediated antichemotactic activity. CM-TNF was fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and one fraction with antichemotactic activity contained the bactericidal protein human neutrophil protein 1 (HNP-1). We showed that HNP-1 suppresses PMN migration to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine but not to interleukin 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Grutkoski
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Systems Research, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Chandrasekar B, Melby PC, Sarau HM, Raveendran M, Perla RP, Marelli-Berg FM, Dulin NO, Singh IS. Chemokine-cytokine cross-talk. The ELR+ CXC chemokine LIX (CXCL5) amplifies a proinflammatory cytokine response via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-NF-kappa B pathway. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:4675-86. [PMID: 12468547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cytokines can induce the production of chemokines, but the role of chemokines in the regulation of cytokine expression has not been fully investigated. Exposure of rat cardiac-derived endothelial cells (CDEC) to lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), and to a lesser extent to KC and MIP-2, activated NF-kappaB and induced kappaB-driven promoter activity. LIX did not activate Oct-1. LIX-induced interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter activity, and up-regulated mRNA expression. Increased transcription and mRNA stability both contributed to cytokine expression. LIX-mediated cytokine gene transcription was inhibited by interleukin-10. Transient overexpression of kinase-deficient NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) and IkappaB kinase (IKK), and dominant negative IkappaB significantly inhibited LIX-mediated NF-kappaB activation in rat CDEC. Inhibition of G(i) protein-coupled signal transduction, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and the 26 S proteasome significantly inhibited LIX-mediated NF-kappaB activation and cytokine gene transcription. Blocking CXCR2 attenuated LIX-mediated kappaB activation and kappaB-driven promoter activity in rat CDEC that express both CXCR1 and -2, and abrogated its activation in mouse CDEC that express only CXCR2. These results indicate that LIX activates NF-kappaB and induces kappaB-responsive proinflammatory cytokines via either CXCR1 or CXCR2, and involved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, NIK, IKK, and IkappaB. Thus, in addition to attracting and activating neutrophils, the ELR(+) CXC chemokines amplify the inflammatory cascade, stimulating local production of cytokines that have negative inotropic and proapoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bysani Chandrasekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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Gonsiorek W, Zavodny P, Hipkin RW. The study of CXCR3 and CCR7 pharmacology using [35S]GTPgammaS exchange assays in cell membranes and permeabilized peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2003; 273:15-27. [PMID: 12535794 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The GTPgammaS exchange assay is a functional model corresponding to the first step of G protein-coupled receptor activation. We provide simple methodologies and controls for setting up GTPgammaS exchange assays in both cell membranes and permeabilized peripheral blood lymphocytes. Specifically, we use guanosine 5'-[35S]triphospate ([35S]GTPgammaS) exchange, in concert with radioligand binding assays, to assess the expression and function of two chemokine receptors important in the trafficking of T lymphocytes: CXCR3 and CCR7. The studies presented here illustrate the utility of GTPgammaS exchange assays in the study of chemokine receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Gonsiorek
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, K15 E307C-3945, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539, USA
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46
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Fujiwara K, Ohkawara S, Takagi K, Yoshinaga M, Matsukawa A. Involvement of CXC chemokine growth-related oncogene-alpha in monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis in rabbits. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1297-304. [PMID: 12379764 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000029206.27080.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of neutrophils is a prominent feature of gouty arthritis in which CXC chemokines may play a role. Recently, we have shown that IL-8 (CXCL8) contributes to neutrophil influx in a rabbit model of gouty arthritis. Here, we demonstrate that growth-related oncogene-alpha (GROalpha) (CXCL1), a prototype of CXC chemokine, is also involved in this process. GROalpha level in the joints peaked at 2 hours after intra-articular injection of monosodium urate crystals, at a time before the neutrophil influx reached the maximal level (9 hours). Once decreased, the level increased and reached the second peak at 9 hours. The kinetics was comparable to that of IL-8. Administration of anti-GROalpha mAb attenuated the neutrophil influx at the same level as did the anti-IL-8 IgG, and combination of these antibodies enhanced the inhibition, resulting in a 33% reduction. Interaction of GROalpha with TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 was next investigated by injecting antibodies or receptor antagonist with monosodium urate crystals. Administration of anti-TNFalpha mAb did not alter GROalpha level at 2 hours, but inhibited the levels 9 hours after the injection. Treatment with either IL-1 receptor antagonist or anti-IL-8 IgG resulted in decreased levels of GROalpha at 2 and 9 hours. Neutralization of GROalpha with anti-GROalpha mAb did not alter TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 levels at their peak (2 hours), but decreased the second peak of IL-1beta (9 hours) and IL-8 (12 hours). These results provide evidence that GROalpha as well as IL-8 are involved ad eundem in the neutrophil infiltration in this model. IL-1 and IL-8, but not TNFalpha, are responsible in part for the initial phase of GROalpha, whereas these cytokines induce GROalpha in a late phase. GROalpha does not seem to initiate TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 in an early phase, but induces IL-1beta and IL-8 in a late phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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47
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Shibata F, Konishi K, Nakagawa H. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 activates distinct pathways for chemotaxis and calcium mobilization. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:1217-9. [PMID: 12230122 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-3 (CINC-3) has neutrophil chemotactic activity comparable with that of CINC-1 and CINC-2, but induces calcium mobilization more potently than CINC-1 and CINC-2. However, only one CINC receptor, CXCR2, has been found in rat neutrophils. Therefore we attempted to determine the biochemical basis for the differences in neutrophil responses to CINC-1/-2 versus CINC-3. Both chemotactic activity and calcium mobilization induced by CINC-3 were desensitized by a 100-fold excess of CINC-1, which was consistent with our previous results showing that CINC-1 has 70-fold lower affinity to the receptor on rat neutrophils than CINC-3. Desensitization appeares to be reflected by the affinity of the ligands to the receptor. CINC-1- and CINC-3-induced chemotaxis was sensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin, whereas calcium mobilization induced by CINC-1 and CINC-3 was insensitive. These results suggest that CINCs induce neutrophil chemotaxis and calcium mobilization through distinct G-proteins with different efficiency.
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Cutshall NS, Kucera KA, Ursino R, Latham J, Ihle NC. Nicotinanilides as inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1517-20. [PMID: 12031332 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-fluoronicotinanilides was synthesized and shown to be novel, potent, and selective inhibitors against GRO-alpha-driven human neutrophil chemotaxis. Compounds of this class may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Cutshall
- Department of Chemistry, Celltech R&D Inc., 1631 220th Street SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Werry TD, Christie MI, Dainty IA, Wilkinson GF, Willars GB. Ca(2+) signalling by recombinant human CXCR2 chemokine receptors is potentiated by P2Y nucleotide receptors in HEK cells. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1199-208. [PMID: 11877327 PMCID: PMC1573230 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells expressing recombinant G alpha(i)-coupled, human CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) were used to study the elevation of the intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) in response to interleukin-8 (IL-8) following pre-stimulation of endogenously expressed P2Y1 or P2Y2 nucleotide receptors. 2. Pre-stimulation of cells with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) revealed a substantial Ca(2+) signalling component mediated by IL-8 (E(max)=83 +/- 8% of maximal ATP response, pEC(50) of IL-8 response=9.7 +/- 0.1). 3. 1 microM 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-diphosphate (2MeSADP; P2Y1 selective) and 100 microM uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP; P2Y2 selective) stimulated equivalent maximal increases in [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. However, UTP caused a sustained elevation, whilst following 2MeSADP [Ca(2+)](i) rapidly returned to basal levels. 4. Both UTP and 2MeSADP increased the potency and magnitude of IL-8-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) elevation but the effects of UTP (E(max) of IL-8 response increased to 50 +/- 1% of the maximal response to ATP, pEC(50) increased to 9.8 +/- 0.1) were greater than those of 2MeSADP (E(max) increased to 36 +/- 2%, pEC(50) increased to 8.7 +/- 0.2). 5. 5. The potentiation of IL-8-mediated Ca(2+) signalling by UTP was not dependent upon the time of IL-8 addition following UTP but was dependent on the continued presence of UTP. Potentiated IL-8 Ca(2+) signalling was apparent in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+), demonstrating the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. 6. Activation of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors also revealed Ca(2+) signalling by an endogenously expressed, G alpha(s)-coupled beta-adrenoceptor. 7. In conclusion, pre-stimulation of P2Y nucleotide receptors, particularly P2Y2, facilitates Ca(2+) signalling by either recombinant CXCR2 or endogenous beta-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Werry
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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50
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Grutkoski PS, D'Amico R, Ayala A, Simms HH. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes suppress migration and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a paracrine manner. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:591-7. [PMID: 11990921 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200203000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) play prominent roles in acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion injury, trauma, and sepsis. Whereas direct effects of TNF-alpha on PMN function and viability are well documented, little data are available addressing the ability of PMN to communicate with each other in response to cytokine stimulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether TNF-alpha can modulate PMN function by inducing PMN to secrete products upon stimulation, which would affect other PMN in vitro in a manner independent of cell contact. METHODS PMN were purified daily from blood obtained from a pool of 22 healthy volunteers. Conditioned media (CM-TNF) was prepared by incubating PMN in Hanks' balanced salt solution plus TNF-alpha for 1-4 hrs. Freshly isolated PMN were resuspended in CM-TNF and analyzed for 1) phagocytosis of opsonized Escherichia coli, 2) oxidative metabolism as measured as an index of DCF-DA activation, and 3) migration to chemoattractants through Transwell inserts. RESULTS CM-TNF decreased PMN phagocytotic activity by 8% to 15% and completely suppressed oxidative metabolism but did not modulate the expression of receptors associated with these functions. CM-TNF suppressed the migration of PMN to two biologically relevant agents, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and leukotriene B4, by approximately 65%, but had no effect on PMN migration to interleukin-8. This suppression was observed for migration across plastic filters as well as extracellular matrix proteins. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that PMN stimulated with TNF-alpha suppress the immunologic function and migration of other PMN independent of cell-cell contact and suggest that TNF-alpha may participate in a negative feedback loop by inducing a PMN-derived factor that counteracts its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Grutkoski
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, USA
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