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Balistrieri A, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Pathophysiology and pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension: role of membrane receptors, ion channels, and Ca 2+ signaling. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1827-1897. [PMID: 36422993 PMCID: PMC10110735 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary circulation is a low-resistance, low-pressure, and high-compliance system that allows the lungs to receive the entire cardiac output. Pulmonary arterial pressure is a function of cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the intraluminal radius of the pulmonary artery. Therefore, a very small decrease of the pulmonary vascular lumen diameter results in a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a fatal and progressive disease with poor prognosis. Regardless of the initial pathogenic triggers, sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction, concentric vascular remodeling, occlusive intimal lesions, in situ thrombosis, and vascular wall stiffening are the major and direct causes for elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and other forms of precapillary pulmonary hypertension. In this review, we aim to discuss the basic principles and physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of lung vascular hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular function, the changes in the pulmonary vasculature that contribute to the increased vascular resistance and arterial pressure, and the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. We focus on reviewing the pathogenic roles of membrane receptors, ion channels, and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Balistrieri
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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2
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Influence of Hyperpolarization Caused by High Salt Diet on β-Adrenoceptor–Mediated Responses in Rat Pulmonary Artery. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:23-32. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182555097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of salbutamol on acute and chronic models of inflammation in rats: involvement of an antioxidant mechanism. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:438912. [PMID: 22665951 PMCID: PMC3361306 DOI: 10.1155/2012/438912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of β-2 adrenergic receptors in modulation of inflammatory and nociceptive conditions suggests that the β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, salbutamol, may have beneficial anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Therefore, in this study, we induced inflammatory and nociceptive responses with carrageenan-induced paw edema or cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models, both of which result in oxidative stress. We hypothesized that salbutamol would prevent inflammatory and nociceptive responses by stimulating β-2 adrenergic receptors and the prevention of generation of ROS during the acute inflammation process in rats. Both doses of salbutamol used in the study (1 and 2 mg/kg) effectively blocked the acute inflammation and inflammatory nociception induced by carrageenan. In the cotton-pellet-induced granuloma test, both doses of salbutamol also significantly decreased the weight of granuloma tissue on the cotton pellets when compared to the control. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of salbutamol were found to be comparable with those of indomethacin. Salbutamol decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and level of glutathione (GSH) during the acute phase of inflammation. In conclusion, salbutamol can decrease acute and chronic inflammation, possibly through the stimulation of β-2 adrenergic receptors. This anti-inflammatory effect may be of significance in asthma treatment, where inflammation also takes part in the etiopathology. This study reveals that salbutamol has significant antioxidative effects, which at least partially explain its anti-inflammatory capabilities. These findings presented here may also shed light on the roles of β-2 adrenergic receptors in inflammatory and hyperalgesic conditions.
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4
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Xu M, Remillard CV, Sachs BD, Makino A, Platoshyn O, Yao W, Dillmann WH, Akassoglou K, Yuan JXJ. p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates agonist-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1529-38. [PMID: 18689502 PMCID: PMC2593496 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00115.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A member of the TNF receptor family, the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) has been previously shown to play a role in the regulation of fibrin deposition in the lung. However, the role of p75(NTR) in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone in the lung is unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of p75(NTR) in mouse pulmonary arteries and the putative role of p75(NTR) in modulating pulmonary vascular tone and agonist responsiveness using wild-type (WT) and p75(NTR) knockout (p75(-/-)) mice. Our data indicated that p75(NTR) is expressed in both smooth muscle and endothelial cells within the pulmonary vascular wall in WT mice. Pulmonary artery rings from p75(-/-) mice exhibited significantly elevated active tension due to endothelin-1-mediated Ca(2+) influx. Furthermore, the contraction due to capacitative Ca(2+) entry (CCE) in response to phenylephrine-mediated active depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores was significantly enhanced compared with WT rings. The contraction due to CCE induced by passive store depletion, however, was comparable between WT and p75(-/-) rings. Active tension induced by serotonin, U-46619 (a thromboxane A(2) analog), thrombin, 4-aminopyridine (a K(+) channel blocker), and high extracellular K(+) in p75(-/-) rings was similar to that in WT rings. Deletion of p75(NTR) did not alter pulmonary vasodilation to sodium nitroprusside (a nitric oxide donor). These data suggest that intact p75(NTR) signaling may play a role in modulating pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 and by active store depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlin Xu
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0725, USA
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5
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El-Haroun H, Clarke DL, Deacon K, Bradbury D, Clayton A, Sutcliffe A, Knox AJ. IL-1beta, BK, and TGF-beta1 attenuate PGI2-mediated cAMP formation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by multiple mechanisms involving p38 MAP kinase and PKA. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L553-62. [PMID: 18156442 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00044.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-1beta, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, or bradykinin (BK) impair cAMP generation in response to prostacyclin analogs in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASM), suggesting that inflammation can impair the effects of prostacyclin analogs on PASM in pulmonary hypertension. Here we explored the biochemical mechanisms involved. We found that IL-1beta, BK, and TGF-beta1 reduced adenylyl cyclase isoform 1, 2, and 4 mRNA, increased Galphai protein levels, and reduced prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) mRNA expression. In contrast, Galphas protein levels were unchanged. Protein kinase A (PKA) (H-89, KT-2750, PKIm) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (SB-202190) inhibitors attenuated these effects, but protein kinase C (bisindolylmaleide) or phosphoinositol 3-kinase (LY-294002) inhibitors did not. Fluorescent kemptide assay and Western blotting confirmed that PKA and p38 MAP kinase were activated by IL-1beta, BK, and TGF-beta1. These studies suggest that IL-1beta, BK, and TGF-beta1 impair IP receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation by multiple effects on different components of the signaling pathway and that these effects are PKA and p38 MAP kinase dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El-Haroun
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Science Bldg., City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
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6
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Kang KB, van der Zypp A, Majewski H. Endogenous nitric oxide attenuates beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation in rat aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:95-101. [PMID: 17201742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Divergent evidence suggests that the intracellular signalling pathways for beta-adrenoceptor-mediated vascular relaxation involves either cAMP/protein kinase (PK) A or endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release and subsequent activation of cGMP/PKG. The present study identifies the relative roles of NO and cAMP, as well as dependence on the endothelium for beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat isolated aortas. 2. Cumulative concentration-response curves to isoprenaline (0.01-3 micromol/L) in phenylephrine (0.1 micromol/L)-preconstricted endothelium-intact and -denuded aortas were constructed. Isoprenaline-mediated relaxation was partially reduced by endothelium removal and the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (0.1 mmol/L), but not by the cAMP antagonist (Rp)-cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS; 0.5 mmol/L). 3. In contrast, in endothelium-denuded aortas, the isoprenaline-mediated relaxation was inhibited by Rp-cAMPS and this inhibition was lost in the presence of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (1 nmol/L). This effect was not due to phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity because the non-selective PDE inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1 micromol/L) failed to affect the isoprenaline vasorelaxant response. 4. The K(+) channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA; 1 mmol/L) attenuated isoprenaline-induced relaxation in endothelium-denuded aorta, but its effect was non-additive with Rp-cAMPS, suggesting that the K(+) channel component may involve cAMP. In endothelium-intact aortas, TEA but not Rp-cAMPS reduced isoprenaline relaxation, suggesting an additional non-cAMP component. 5. These findings suggest that beta-adrenoceptors induce vascular smooth muscle relaxation by acting through the NO-cGMP pathway and, when that is disrupted by endothelium removal or the presence of an NO synthase inhibitor, the cAMP pathway in smooth muscles is used. The lack of cAMP participation in endothelium-intact vessels may be because NO suppresses or overrides the cAMP effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong Bee Kang
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Vizioli EO, Spadin MD, Corrêa FMA, Viaro F, Evora PRB, Chies AB. Acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation studied in salbutamol treated rats. J Smooth Muscle Res 2006; 41:271-81. [PMID: 16428866 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.41.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation of the rat aorta is entirely mediated by endothelium derived-nitric oxide (NO). However, some authors have reported that indomethacin pretreatment attenuates ACh-induced relaxation of rat aortic ring preparations. Moreover, it has also been suggested that cAMP accumulation may regulate either nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in different tissues. Thus, in this in vitro study we have investigated the endothelial mechanisms involved in the ACh-induced relaxation of ring preparations of the rat thoracic aorta, as well as the influence chronic treatment with the selective beta(2)-agonist salbutamol had upon such mechanisms. Results of functional experiments show that N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 3 x 10(-4) M) considerably inhibited the ACh-induced relaxation of rat aortic ring preparations. However, indomethacin (10(-5) M) was also found to partially attenuate this ACh response, suggesting that although NO is the most important mediator of the ACh-induced relaxation of the rat aortic ring preparations, vasorelaxation may also involve prostanoids. Moreover, the results suggest that treatment with salbutamol failed to produce any change in the ACh-induced relaxation of rat aortic ring preparations.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Albuterol/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Cyclic AMP/analysis
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle Relaxation/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/physiology
- Prostaglandins/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednir O Vizioli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Marília, SP, Brazil
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8
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Pourageaud F, Leblais V, Bellance N, Marthan R, Muller B. Role of β2-adrenoceptors (ß-AR), but not ß1-, β3-AR and endothelial nitric oxide, in β-AR-mediated relaxation of rat intrapulmonary artery. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2005; 372:14-23. [PMID: 16133491 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-005-1082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR)-mediated relaxation in rat intralobar pulmonary artery. The relaxant responses of beta-AR agonists were characterized using beta-AR antagonists in prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-precontracted arteries. The role of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium in beta-AR-mediated relaxation was also investigated. Isoprenaline (a non-selective beta-AR agonist) and salbutamol (a selective beta2-AR agonist) induced vasorelaxation. ICI 118551 (a selective beta2-AR antagonist) antagonized the effect of both isoprenaline and salbutamol (pA2 values of 9.57 and 9.51 respectively). In contrast, atenolol (1 microM) and CGP 20712A (0.1 microM), two beta1-AR antagonists, did not modify the relaxing effect of isoprenaline. The response to isoprenaline obtained in the presence of nadolol (10 microM, a beta1/beta2-AR antagonist) was not further inhibited by SR 59230A (1 microM, a selective beta3-AR antagonist). The non-beta1/beta2-AR agonists studied (BRL 37344, SR 58611A, and CGP 12177A) did not elicit vasorelaxation. Relaxation to isoprenaline and salbutamol was unaffected by L-N(G)-nitro-arginine methyl ester (100 microM, an inhibitor of NO synthase) or after endothelium removal. These results demonstrate the role of beta2-AR in mediating relaxation in rat intralobar pulmonary artery precontracted with PGF2alpha. They indicate that beta2-AR-mediated relaxation in this artery is NO- and endothelium-independent. Furthermore, they do not provide evidence of a relaxant role of either beta1- or beta3-AR in PGF2alpha-precontracted rat intrapulmonary artery.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Albuterol/pharmacology
- Animals
- Atenolol/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Propanolamines/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pourageaud
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM EMI-0356, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Casier 83, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux cedex, France.
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9
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Pauvert O, Bonnet S, Rousseau E, Marthan R, Savineau JP. Sildenafil alters calcium signaling and vascular tone in pulmonary arteries from chronically hypoxic rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L577-83. [PMID: 15155272 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00449.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil, a potent type 5 nucleotide-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, has been recently proposed as a therapeutic tool to treat or prevent pulmonary artery hypertension (PAHT). We thus studied the effect of sildenafil on both the calcium signaling of isolated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and the reactivity of pulmonary artery (PA) obtained from chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats compared with control (normoxic) rats. CH rats were maintained in an hypobaric chamber (50.5 kPa) for 3 wk leading to full development of PAHT. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in PASMCs loaded with the calcium fluorophore indo 1. Unlike in control rats, sildenafil (10–100 nM) decreased the resting [Ca2+]ivalue in PASMCs obtained from CH rats. In PASMCs from both control and CH rats, sildenafil concentration dependently inhibited the [Ca2+]iresponse induced by G-coupled membrane receptor agonists such as angiotensin II and phenylephrine but had no effect on the amplitude of the [Ca2+]iresponse induced by caffeine. Sildenafil (0.1 nM–1 μM) concentration dependently reduced basal PA tone that is present in CH rats and relaxed PA rings precontracted with phenylephrine in both control and CH rats. These data show that sildenafil is a potent pulmonary artery relaxant in CH rats and that it normalizes CH-induced increases in resting [Ca2+]iand basal tone. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of sildenafil-sensitive PDE5 downregulates the Ca2+signaling pathway involved in this model of pulmonary hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Caffeine/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/physiology
- Purines
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sildenafil Citrate
- Sulfones
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pauvert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, INSERM (E 356 and IFR 4 Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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10
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El-Haroun H, Bradbury D, Clayton A, Knox AJ. Interleukin-1beta, transforming growth factor-beta1, and bradykinin attenuate cyclic AMP production by human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in response to prostacyclin analogues and prostaglandin E2 by cyclooxygenase-2 induction and downregulation of adenylyl cyclase isoforms 1, 2, and 4. Circ Res 2003; 94:353-61. [PMID: 14670842 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000111801.48626.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension. Prostacyclin (PGI2) analogues, which relax pulmonary vessels mainly through cAMP elevation, have a major therapeutic role. In this study, we show that prolonged incubation with bradykinin (BK), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) markedly impairs cAMP accumulation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in response to short-term incubation with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the PGI2 analogues iloprost and carbaprostacyclin. A similar reduction in cAMP accumulation in response to a direct adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, suggested that the effect was attributable to downregulation of adenylyl cyclase. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction studies showed downregulation of adenylyl cyclase isoforms 1, 2, and 4. The effect of IL-1beta, BK, and TGF-beta1 on cAMP levels was abrogated by the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398. Furthermore, it was mimicked by prolonged incubation with the COX-2 product PGE2 and PGI2 analogues or the COX substrate arachidonic acid, suggesting that it was mediated by endogenous prostanoids produced by COX-2. Consistent with this, IL-1beta, BK, and TGF-beta1 all induced COX-2 and PGE2 release. These results show that BK, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta1 downregulate adenylyl cyclase in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via COX-2 induction and prostanoid release. This suggests a novel mechanism whereby mediators and cytokines produced in pulmonary hypertension may impair the therapeutic effects of prostacyclin analogues such as iloprost and carbaprostacyclin.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adult
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Epoprostenol/analogs & derivatives
- Epoprostenol/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitrobenzenes/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandins/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Affiliation(s)
- H El-Haroun
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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11
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Pauvert O, Salvail D, Rousseau E, Lugnier C, Marthan R, Savineau JP. Characterisation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoforms in the media layer of the main pulmonary artery. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1763-72. [PMID: 12007579 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are involved in the control of pulmonary vascular tone. In the present study, we measured the cyclic nucleotide specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in the media of bovine isolated main pulmonary artery (MPA). Total cAMP- and cGMP-PDE activities were measured in microsomal and cytosolic fractions. Both cyclic nucleotides were hydrolysed in these subcellular fractions at consistently higher rate in the cytosolic than in the microsomal fraction. Using different classes of PDE modulator, at least four PDE isoforms (PDE1, 3, 4 and 5) were identified in these fractions. PDE3 (cilostamide-sensitive), PDE4 (rolipram-sensitive) and PDE5 (zaprinast- and DMPPO-sensitive) isoforms appeared as the main isozymes implicated in the cAMP and cGMP hydrolytic activities. Calcium-camodulin stimulated PDE activity (PDE1) was mainly present in the cytosolic fraction. PDE2, although present, had a lower hydrolytic activity since addition of its specific inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3nonyl)adenine (EHNA), to a combination of inhibitors of PDE3, 4 and 5 produced no further significant reduction in the enzymatic activity. Resolution of PDE activities from the cytosolic fraction using anion exchange chromatography confirmed this finding. Functional experiments performed in endothelium-denuded rings of rat MPA revealed that all specific PDE inhibitors used relaxed precontracted vascular smooth muscle preparations in a concentration-dependent manner. The rank order of potency was cilostamide >zaprinast>rolipram>>EHNA. The present study demonstrates the presence in the smooth muscle cells-containing layer of MPA of PDE1, 3, 4 and 5 isoforms and suggests that PDE3, 4 and 5 are the main enzymes involved in the control of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pauvert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, INSERM (EMI 9937), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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12
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Sekiguchi F, Miyake Y, Kashimoto T, Sunano S. Unaltered caffeine-induced relaxation in the aorta of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). J Smooth Muscle Res 2002; 38:11-22. [PMID: 12199529 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.38.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine-induced relaxation was studied in aortic segments from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Although acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was impaired in preparations from SHRSP, the relaxation induced by caffeine was identical in both groups. In addition, caffeine-induced relaxation was not affected by removal of the endothelium in either group. The relaxation induced by N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (db-cAMP), a membrane-permeable analog of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), was identical in both groups. No significant difference was observed in the increase in cAMP content induced by caffeine in the aortic smooth muscle between the groups, although the basal content was significantly higher in preparations from SHRSP. These results suggest that the relaxation induced by caffeine in these preparations is brought about by its direct effect on smooth muscle and that the response of the smooth muscle to caffeine, including cAMP production, is not altered in preparations from SHRSP compared with those from WKY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan.
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13
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Abstract
alpha2 -Adrenergic agonists cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in a number of isolated blood vessels. This effect is explained by the activation of endothelial alpha 2 -adrenoceptors linked to nitric oxide synthase by G i -coupling proteins. The endothelial response to alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists is blunted considerably after regeneration of the endothelium and in atherosclerotic arteries. The relaxation of isolated arteries caused by beta-adrenergic agonists is reduced by removal of the endothelium and, in most cases, by inhibitors of the l -arginine nitric oxide pathway. Likewise, in the intact animal and in the human forearm the vasodilatation to beta 2 -adrenergic agonists is blunted by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Whether these findings reflect the presence of functional beta-adrenoceptors on the endothelium remains controversial. Several beta-adrenergic blockers cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in vitro or augment the production of nitric oxide in vivo. However, these responses cannot be attributed to interactions with endothelial beta-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Vanhoutte
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Courbevoie, France
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14
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Goineau S, Pape D, Guillo P, Ramée MP, Bellissant E. Increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to nitric oxide in dilated cardiomyopathy of Syrian hamsters (Bio TO-2 strain). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 37:290-300. [PMID: 11243419 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200103000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the evolution with time of the responsiveness of three vascular beds in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters of the Bio TO-2 strain. Eight cardiomyopathic hamsters and 8 control hamsters were investigated at 180 and 300 days of age. Thoracic aorta and mesenteric and renal artery rings were studied in isolated organ baths. Cumulative concentration-response relations to phenylephrine, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and angiotensin II were established for each ring. Maximum effect (Emax) and concentration inducing 50% of Emax (EC50) were determined from each concentration-response curve and pD2 was calculated as -log(EC50). Compared with control hamsters, in cardiomyopathic hamsters, Emax of phenylephrine was not modified in aorta, whereas it was significantly lower in mesenteric (-6% and -33% at 180 and 300 days, respectively) and renal (-17% and -24%) arteries. Emax of acetylcholine was significantly higher in aorta (+57% and +30%), mesenteric (+42% and +34%), and renal (+168% and +70%) arteries. Emax of sodium nitroprusside was significantly higher in aorta (+26% and +16%) and tended to be higher in mesenteric (+25% and +23%) and renal (+27% and +10%) arteries. Emax of angiotensin II was not modified in aorta and tended to be lower in mesenteric artery at 300 days. The pD2 of phenylephrine was significantly increased in aorta and the pD2 of sodium nitroprusside was significantly increased in aorta and renal artery. In conclusion, in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters, endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilations are enhanced early, demonstrating increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to nitric oxide. This abnormality may be involved in the decreased responsiveness to phenylephrine and angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goineau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, UPRES EA 1263 Electrophysiology and Hemodynamics of Congestive Heart Failure, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
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15
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Hucks D, Khan NM, Ward JPT. Essential role of L-arginine uptake and protein tyrosine kinase activity for NO-dependent vasorelaxation induced by stretch, isometric tension and cyclic AMP in rat pulmonary arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1475-81. [PMID: 11090123 PMCID: PMC1572474 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The NO-dependent component of cyclic AMP-induced vasorelaxation in rat pulmonary arteries is critically dependent on extracellular L-arginine but independent of endothelial cell intracellular [Ca(2+)]. We examined whether L-arginine uptake was also essential for NO production induced by passive stretch or isometric tension, processes also reported to be Ca(2+)-independent. 2. The passive length-tension curve was depressed by physiological concentrations of L-arginine (400 microM; P<0.05). Inhibition of the y(+) transporter with 10 mM L-lysine, NO synthase with L-NAME (100 microM), or protein tyrosine kinase with erbstatin A (30 microM) caused identical upward shifts (P<0.001), alone or in combination. Tyrphostin 23 was similar to erbstatin A, whilst the inactive analogue tyrphostin A1 and genistein were without effect. 3. L-arginine (400 microM) shifted the PGF(2 alpha) concentration-response curve under isometric conditions to the right (P<0.05), whereas L-NAME or L-lysine caused a leftward shift (P<0.001). Tyrphostin 23 (30 microM) more than reversed the L-arginine-induced suppression of PGF(2 alpha)-induced tension; subsequent addition of L-NAME had no effect. The L-lysine-sensitive component of CPT cyclic AMP-induced vasorelaxation was abolished by erbstatin A. 4. ACh-induced vasorelaxation was approximately 80% inhibited by L-NAME, but was not affected by L-lysine or 400 microM L-arginine. Erbstatin A reduced the vasorelaxation by only approximately 25%. 5. We conclude that activation of NO production by stretch, isometric tension, or cyclic AMP in rat pulmonary arteries is critically dependent on the presence and uptake of physiological concentrations of extracellular L-arginine, and protein tyrosine kinase activity. This directly contrasts with ACh-induced vasorelaxation, which was independent of extracellular L-arginine, and relatively unaffected by tyrosine kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hucks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - Nayeem M Khan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - Jeremy P T Ward
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
- Author for correspondence:
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16
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Crauwels HM, Van Hove CE, Herman AG, Bult H. Heterogeneity in relaxation mechanisms in the carotid and the femoral artery of the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 404:341-51. [PMID: 10996599 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The participation of prostanoids, nitric oxide and non-prostanoid non-nitric oxide factors in endothelium-dependent relaxations was investigated in phenylephrine (PE)-constricted carotid and femoral arteries of C57BL6 mice. The carotid artery was more sensitive to acetylcholine as compared to the femoral artery, and cyclooxygenase inhibition did not influence the relaxation in either vessel. In the carotid artery, high doses of acetylcholine caused transient constrictions, which were abolished by indomethacin or piroxicam. In the carotid but not the femoral artery, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) enhanced PE-induced contractions enormously, suggesting that endogenous nitric oxide production is much higher in the carotid artery. While in the carotid artery all relaxation was abolished by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine or ODQ, a residual response (34+/-5% and 74+/-4%, respectively) but with a different shape, was maintained in the femoral artery. This N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-resistant relaxation was abolished by the combination of apamin and charybdotoxin. In both arteries, ODQ abolished relaxation to S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine, while N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine enhanced the sensitivity to this donor of exogenous nitric oxide. In 30 mM KCl, the relaxation to acetylcholine was abolished by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine or ODQ in either artery. In conclusion, in the carotid artery endothelium-dependent relaxation is mediated predominantly by nitric oxide acting via cyclic GMP-dependent pathways, while in the femoral artery part of the relaxation can be attributed to a non-prostanoid non-nitric oxide factor operating via apamin/charybdotoxin-sensitive potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Crauwels
- Division of Pharmacology (T2), University of Antwerp (UIA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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17
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Hucks D, Ward JPT. Critical dependence of the NO-mediated component of cyclic AMP-induced vasorelaxation on extracellular L-arginine in pulmonary arteries of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:997-1004. [PMID: 10882383 PMCID: PMC1572160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A component of isoprenaline-mediated vasorelaxation in pulmonary arteries is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). We examined the effects of physiological concentrations (</=400 microM) of L-arginine on isoprenaline-induced relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries, and following inhibition of L-arginine uptake with L-lysine. In addition, we examined the role of the endothelium, and whether L-arginine affected acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation. Isoprenaline-induced relaxation was potentiated by 400 microM L-arginine in pulmonary arteries; maximum relaxation was increased from 83+/-4% of initial tone to 94+/-4% (P<0.05). L-lysine (10 mM) not only abolished the potentiation by L-arginine, but suppressed relaxation compared to control (70+/-4%, P<0.05), even in the absence of L-arginine added to the bath. Blockade of NO synthase with 100 microM L-NMMA or removal of the endothelium inhibited isoprenaline-induced relaxation to the same extent as L-lysine, and under these conditions the presence or absence of 400 microM L-arginine made no difference. L-lysine had no additional effect when applied in combination with L-NMMA. The effect of extracellular L-arginine was concentration dependent, with an apparent EC(50) of approximately 1-7 microM. Relaxation to the membrane permeant cyclic AMP analogue CPT cyclic AMP was also potentiated by L-arginine and inhibited by L-lysine. There was however no difference in relaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in the presence of L-arginine or L-lysine, and isoprenaline-induced relaxation of mesenteric arteries was unaffected by L-arginine or L-lysine. These results strongly suggest that extracellular L-arginine is critically important for development of the NO- and endothelium-dependent component of cyclic AMP-induced vasorelaxation in rat pulmonary arteries, but is not required for ACh-induced relaxation. As the apparent EC(50) for this effect is in the low micromolar range it is likely to be fully activated in vivo, as plasma L-arginine is >150 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hucks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - J P T Ward
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
- Author for correspondence:
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